1. Fred Baker, “Dr Ritter and the Founding of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography,” Presentation and Acceptance of a Portrait of Dr. William Emerson Ritter, First Director of the Scripps Institution, Presented by Miss Ellen Browning Scripps to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, Bulletin 15 (Non-Technical) of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California Press, Berkeley, January 28, 1928, p. II.

2. Mary Bennett Ritter, More Than Gold in California, 1849–1933, The Professional Press, Berkeley, 1933, p. 239.

3. William E. Ritter, The Marine Biological Station of San Diego: Its History, Present Conditions, Achievements, and Aims, University of California Publication in Zoology, Vol. 9, No. 4, University of California Press, Berkeley, March 9, 1912, p. 144 (hereafter cited as The Marine Biological Station, 1912).

4. The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole was established in 1888, the Stazione Zoologica on the Bay of Naples, Italy, in 1872.

5. W. E. Ritter, “The Harriman Alaskan Expedition,” University Chronicle, August, 1899, pp. 228–229.

6. Benjamin Ide Wheeler to William E. Ritter, December 14, 1900. This and other letters cited are preserved in the archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library, La Jolla, California (hereafter referred to as SIO Archives).

7. Ritter, The Marine Biological Station, 1912, p. 152.

8. W. E. Ritter, “A Summer's Dredging on the Coast of Southern California,” Science (A weekly journal devoted to the Advancement of Science, publishing the official notices and proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science), January 10, 1902, pp. 55–65.

9. “Students Seeking Marine Life,” the San Diego Union, July 18, 1901, p. 7.

10. Fred Baker to F. R. Burnham, January 30, 1903.

11. Ritter's report elaborates on this: “No similar occurrence of this organism on the Pacific Coast of North America is recorded so far as I am aware. Indeed, inquiry among many old fishermen, and longshore seamen, who have been familiar with the region for many years, elicited the affirmation, in every instance, that such a thing had never before taken place within the period of their acquaintance with the coast.” W. E. Ritter, “Preliminary Report to the President of the University of California on the Marine Biological Explorations Conducted by the Zoological Department of the University on the Coast of Southern California during the Summer of 1901,” unpublished manuscript, SIO Archives.

12. Ibid., p. 11.

13. Ritter to Baker, May 26, 1902.

14. Ritter, The Marine Biological Station, 1912, p. 152.

1. Dr. Fred Baker was an ear, eye, nose and throat specialist; Dr. Charlotte, a general practitioner.

2. Baker to Ritter, May 15, 1903.

3. Baker to Ritter, March 15, 1903.

4. W. E. Ritter, “Report of the Marine Biological Laboratory to the Chamber of Commerce Committee,” quoted in the San Diego Union, August 1, 1903.

5. Ibid. The following people were named as members of the fund gathering committee: Dr. Fred Baker, H. P. Wood, Dr. F. R. Burnham, J. N. Newkirk. “Other benefactors” included E. W. Scripps, Miss Ellen Scripps, Homer H. Peters, Coronado Beach Company by E. S. Babcock, Manager, Mrs. Fannie Keating, U. S. Grant, Jr., George W. Marston, San Diego Electrical Company by W. E. Clayton, Manager, and H. W. Putnam.

6. Ibid.

7. Albert Britt, Ellen Browning Scripps, Journalist and Idealist, Printed for Scripps College at the University Press, Oxford, 1960, p. 42.

8. Baker to Ritter, March 15, 1903.

9. Ritter to Baker, August 22 and 23, 1903.

10. Maker to Ritter, September 17, 1903.

10. Ibid.

1. E. W. Scripps to Baker, August 12, 1903.

2. Governor George C. Pardee to Ritter, March 23, 1904.

3. Wheeler and Pardee to Peters, undated letter, SIO Archives.

4. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, March 30, 1904.

5. Ritter to Baker, December 12, 1904.

6. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, February 9, 1905.

7. Ritter to Baker, December 2, 1904.

1. Baker to Ritter, February 2 and 27, 1905.

2. Resolution adopted by the Board of Regents of the University of California, February 13, 1906, official copy preserved in SIO Archives.

3. E. W. Scripps to Mayor John L. Sehon, August 29, 1906.

4. The story of the Loma's demise came largely from conversations with Miss Molly Baker, Dr. Fred's daughter, who, until her death in 1965, still lived on the Roseville land. Dr. Fred's home can be seen at 842 Rosecrans. Miss Baker was home from Stanford University the summer of 1906, assisting at the La Jolla station, and remembered the shipwreck clearly.

5. Ellen B. Scripps to Charles A. Kofoid, July 30, 1906.

6. W. E. Ritter, “The Marine Biological Association of San Diego,” Science, September 20, 1907.

7. Baker to Ritter, November 7, 1905.

8. Ritter to Mayor Sehon and the San Diego City Council, January 3, 1906.

9. E. W. Scripps to Sehon, August 22, 1906.

10. E. W. Scripps to Sehon, August 27, 1906.

11. Ritter to H. W. Heller, September 4, 1906.

12. E. W. Scripps to Heller, August 22, 1906.

13. Draft of the enabling act preserved in SIO Archives.

1. E. W. Scripps to Mayor Sehon, August 29, 1906.

2. Miss Ellen Scripps to Baker, May 1, 1907.

3. Mrs. Mary B. Ritter to Baker, May 1, 1907.

4. Miss Ellen Scripps to Baker, May 1, 1907.

5. Baker to Ritter, October 15, 1906.

6. C. E. Richards to Members of the Marine Biological Association, July 29, 1907.

7. W. E. Ritter, “A Popular Lecture to the Citizens of La Jolla, July, 1907,” unpublished speech, SIO Archives.

8. Copy of resolutions drawn up by E. W. Scripps in 1907, SIO Archives.

9. Ritter to Kofoid, June 12, 1908.

10. W. E. Ritter, “The Scientific Work of the San Diego Marine Biological Station During the Year 1908,” Science, September 11, 1908, pp. 329–333.

11. Ritter to Julius Wangenheim, January 31, 1907.

12. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, November 9, 1908.

13. Quoted in letter from J. C. Harper to Ritter, February 25, 1909.

14. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, February 2, 1909.

15. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, February 25, 1909.

1. W. E. Ritter, The Marine Biological Station, 1912, p. 146–147.

2. Ritter to C. L. Holliday, November 22, 1909.

3. Ritter to Holliday, February 8, 1912.

4. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, June 19, 1910.

5. E. W. Scripps, “The Biological Station Begins to be a Disappointment,” June 2, 1909, unpublished disquisition, SIO Archives.

6. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, June 19, 1910.

7. J. C. Harper to Ritter, July 25, 1910.

8. Ritter to Harry L. Titus, August 8, 1910.

9. Ellis L. Michael to Ritter, March 8, 1911.

10. E. W. Scripps to Albert Schoonover, November 25, 1911.

11. C. A. Kofoid to Ritter, October 20, 1911.

12. E. W. Scripps to Schoonover, November 25, 1911.

13. E. W. Scripps to Ritter, February 24, 1911.

14. Ritter to President Wheeler, November 3, 1910.

15. W. E. Ritter, The Marine Biological Station of San Diego, Frye and Smith, San Diego, January, 1910, p. 8.

1. Ralph P. Merritt to Ellen B. Scripps, July 12, 1912.

2. J. C. Harper to Governor Hiram Johnson, March 12, 1913.

3. Merritt to W. C. Crandall, April 11, 1913.

4. Helen Raitt's interview with Mrs. F. B. Sumner, March 6, 1962.

5. Mary Bennett Ritter, More Than Gold in California, 1849–1933, p. 302.

6. Ritter to C. A. Kofoid, June 26, 1913.

7. W. E. Ritter, “Scripps Institution for Biological Research,” in the Annual Report of the President of the University on behalf of th$eA Regents to His Excellency the Governor of the State, 1913–1914 (hereafter referred to as Annual Report,) July 1, 1914, reprint preserved in SIO Archives.

8. Crandall to Merritt, April, 1915.

9. Ritter, Annual Report, July 1, 1915.

10. Undated newspaper clipping preserved in SIO Archives.

11. This commons building was connected to the institution road by a long, narrow foot-bridge on the east. In 1963 the canyon was filled in and this area became the site of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics.

12. Ritter to C. C. Nutting, February 8, 1915.

13. These descriptions and much of the information concerning life at the institution during this period came from interviews by Helen Raitt with Mrs. F. B. Sumner, Mrs. W. C. Crandall, Mrs. G. F. McEwen, Dr. Myrtle Johnson, Dr. Anita Laton and Dr. Edna Watson Bailey, Dr. Ritter's literary executor.

14. Ritter to Crandall, February 21, 1914.

15. Crandall to Ritter, February 21, 1914.

16. The Hannay family, who kept this farm, raised goats as well as cows and chickens. Later this area was the site of a research laboratory connected with the Scripps Metabolic Clinic in La Jolla, and large numbers of stray dogs collected on the streets of Tijuana were kept there for experimentation. In 1957 the institution's radio facilities for ship to shore communication were established in the same general location.

17. The winding road built with Miss Scripps' 1907 donation was for a long time called the Biological Grade, then the Scripps Grade and later La Jolla Shores Drive.

18. In October, 1916, F. B. Sumner began construction of cottages on his acre adjoining the campus on the cliff at the north. One of these was built for his mother. After Dr. Sumner's death in 1945, Mrs. Sumner disposed of the property, and two new houses were built on the acre in addition to the original Sumner house, which still stands at 9030 La Jolla Shores Drive.

P. S. Barnhart completed his building in November, 1916, on his acre on top of the hill. The family sold the house to a Mrs. Shute four years later, as they wished to move inland away from the sea breezes. A later resident, Mr. Broderick, sold gasoline for a number of years at a small station that can still be seen near the remodelled Barnhart house at 9410 La Jolla Shores Drive.

Today is seems surprising that no other staff members took advantage of E. W.'s offer. Early residents explain that at the time these acres seemed too isolated and remote.

19. E. W.'s dream of having these forty acres used for homes by the staff of the Scripps institution came partially true much later. Attorney Smithton remembered Scripps' intention and many years after E. W.'s death, when the estate wished to sell the property, he called Dr. Walter Munk of the institution staff and gave him only twenty-four hours to raise the money to purchase the forty acres. The author and others who attended a hastilycalled meeting decided that raising the required sum within the time alloted was an impossibility. The land subsequently went to a single buyer who sold eight acres soon after World War II for a number of homes on Poole Street and La Jolla Shores Drive, which today house many university people.

All but the best view acreage was sold in 1951 to the cooperative Scripps Estates Association, made up largely of institution staff members, who subdivided it among themselves for home sites. Their non-profit corporation did not allow the land to be sold at a profit to anyone, and in other ways controlled the use of the land, as had been the intention in 1916. The S.E.A. followed E. W.'s wish in naming the central road Ellentown, but houses were built on these forty acres which cost considerably more than the original $2500 limit. The first nineteen members of this association chose their building sites in a lottery, and also decided to preserve the canyon adjacent to them in its natural state.

1. Francis Bertody Sumner, Life History of an American Naturalist, The Jaques Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1945, p. 205.

2. Annual Report, July 1, 1941, p. 6 (during term of Director H. U. Sverdrup).

3. Among the artists was sculptor Arthur Putnam, protege of E. W. Scripps whose bust of the publisher was given to the institution at a later date. At one time Putnam and two other artists lived in the institution cottages. The two painters left their imprint in the form of a huge mural at the top of the museum-library stairs, depicting sea nymphs and assorted other sea creatures.

4. Quoted in Annual Report, July 1, 1921.

5. Annual Report, July 1, 1920.

6. Annual Report, July 1, 1914.

7. History in the News, 1919–1933, November 7, 1922. This is a collection of news releases preserved in the SIO Archives.

8. Ritter to F. B. Sumner, June 20, 1913.

9. Annual Report, July 1, 1912.

10. Ritter to Sumner, June 25, 1913.

11. Annual Report, (T. Wayland Vaughan, Director), July 1, 1924.

12. Preserved in SIO Archives.

13. Annual Report, July 1, 1918.

14. Much later the San Diego Union, on September 12, 1960, told the story of this capture in “The Servicemen's Column”:

In March of 1918, the Yorktown made a comic opera capture of a former Scripps research ship, the Alexander Agassiz, that was said to have been in Mazatlan outfitted as a German commerce raider . . . News reports made the tiny “Hun Raider” sound like a bristling battle ship.

Actually it carried a crew of five, including a woman, and didn't have a gun bigger than a rifle.

The Yorktown seized the 60-foot-long vessel off Mazatlan and brought it into San Diego. The prisoners were manacled and brought ashore under guard of sailors with fixed bayonets . . .

The Navy said the Agassiz was intended to capture American merchant ships, although it was never determined how this could be done with an armament of one or two rifles and a crew of five.

15. Helen Raitt's interview with Mrs. W. C. Crandall in 1962. Even Dr. Ritter came under fire for alleged pro-German sympathies. When he was invited to address a community meeting on his views of the German war effort and dwelt, among other things, on German “efficiency,” he met sharp criticism from the audience. The La Jolla Journal of August 3, 1917, began its report:

A violent attack from the trenches on the German position as outlined by Dr. Ritter converted last Monday night's Community House meeting into an open forum of a most rabid sort. One highly excited lady who objected to the speaker's alleged pro-German remarks was heard to mutter over and over again, “I can think of nothing but soft, ripe tomatoes.”

1. Ritter to President Wheeler, November 21, 1918.

2. Ibid.

3. Ritter to Crandall, April 15, 1921.

4. Walter P. Taylor to Ritter, May 6, 1921. The significance of this information should not be underestimated. By 1917 Dr. Ritter, always interested in natural phenomena, had begun his study of the California woodpecker which led many years later to the publication of one of his most well-known books, The California Woodpecker and I. His humorous introduction to this book is explanatory: “. . .birds and men are much alike in doing essentially useful things to an absurdly useless degree. . .” (W. E. Ritter, The California Woodpecker and I, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1938, p. 4.)

5. Crandall to Ritter, March 17, 1921.

6. Crandall to Ellen B. Scripps, September 18, 1922.

7. Crandall to Ellen B. Scripps, July 26, 1923.

8. Ritter to W. A. Herdman, November 15, 1922.

9. Ritter to Mary B. Ritter and staff, November 17, 1922.

10. Crandall to J. W. Turrentine, March 8, 1923.

11. F. B. Sumner, undated speech preserved in SIO Archives.

12. Quoted by Mary B. Ritter in More Than Gold in California, 1849–1933, p. 368.

13. F. B. Sumner, Life History of an American Naturalist, p. 208.

14. F. B. Sumner, undated speech preserved in SIO Archives.

15. W. B. France, “A Nature Hike on the Bottom of the Sea,” San Diego Sun, July 16, 1925.

16. Quoted by Mary B. Ritter in More Than Gold in California, 1849–1933, p. 364.

1. T. Wayland Vaughan to President W. W. Campbell, March 18, 1927.

2. North of the institution was grazing land and the Torrey Pines Reserve, which the city was able to make into a park with the help of Miss Scripps and Guy Fleming. In 1927 Fleming moved from the institution to his own home in the park near Torrey Pines Lodge. As naturalist, conservationist and superintendent of the state parks of the southern district, he carried out many park conservation projects such as the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Cuyamaca, Palomar and others.

3. J. W. Gregg.

4. The late Obie Maler, gardener who planted many of the eucalytus trees for Dr. Vaughan, took Helen Raitt on a tour of the campus on June 23, 1962. He pointed out where the eucalytus trees had survived on the south sides of canyons and at places where they were watered by leaks in the old wooden water pipe that crossed the institution's land. The eucalyptus trees planted as the border of the Biological Grade were six inches high when set out, he said, and these and other trees had to be watered by hand from a truck which carried tanks. Mr. Maler also described the city farm, sometimes called the Pueblo Farm, directly east of the institution, where many more eucalyptus trees were planted. This was run by the city and garbage was fed to the hogs kept there. Rude bunkhouses were maintained for itinerant workers who stopped by needing jobs.

5. One of the most frequently recounted stories concerns the Vaughans' evening dinner parties, which were “rather formal” affairs served by a Filipino houseboy. As the finale on these occasions the houseboy would bring in three meatballs on a small silver plate, which he would present to Dr. Vaughan. The dignified director would then put his dog, invariably a German Shepherd, through a series of tricks to obtain these dainty rewards, and the meal would be brought to a close.

Staff members during the Vaughan era never fail to mention Mrs. Dorothy Q. Vaughan, and feel that she was largely responsible for the “cultural tone” of the institution in these years. A niece of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Mrs. Vaughan had spent a large part of her girlhood in the Washington home of the Chief Justice, and was regarded as a lady of “real culture and refinement.” She did much to further the institution's “town and gown” associations and was known as a gracious hostess to staff and visitors alike.

6. Vaughan to Professor C. L. A. Schmidt, March 4, 1931.

7. J. C. Harper to President W. W. Campbell, April 10, 1929.

8. T. Wayland Vaughan, “Research Facilities at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography,” The Collecting Net, Vol. viii, No. 1, July 1, 1933.

9. Resolution adopted by the National Academy of Sciences on April 27, 1927, quoted in a memorandum from F. R. Lillie, Chairman of the Committee on Oceanography, to the members of the committee, June 15, 1927.

10. In a letter dated May 26, 1927, Vaughan told Lillie that he had hoped different branches of oceanography would be represented. “At present,” he noted, “the committee is composed of three biologists, one geologist and an oceanographer.” The composition of the committee remained the same, however, although other scientists were brought in on some of the decision-making. In addition to Chairman F. R. Lillie, who was chairman of the Department of Zoology at the University of Chicago and (in 1928) president of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, the members of the Committee on Oceanography were: William Bowie, Chief of the Division of Geodesy with the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey; E. G. Conklin, Professor of Zoology at Princeton University; B. M. Duggar, Professor of Plant Physiology at the University of Wisconsin and head of the Department of Botany at the Woods Hole Laboratory; John C. Merriam, President of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C.; and T. Wayland Vaughan, Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

11. F. R. Lillie to members of the Committee on Oceanography, June 15, 1927.

12. A part of the Bigelow report, entitled Oceanography, Its Scope, Problems and Economic Importance, was subsequently published as a book.

13. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was to be an entirely independent foundation, free from any governmental control, and an independent entity not dominated by some one university or group of universities.

14. Vaughan to Lillie, November 29, 1929.

15. W.E. Allen to President R. G. Sproul, July 25, 1929.

16. Vaughan to J. C. Harper, February 26, 1934.

17. O. B. Lokken to Vaughan, April 5, 1926.

18. Vaughan to President R. G. Sproul, May 10, 1932.

1. Quoted in letter from Vaughan to Sproul, May 28, 1931.

2. See appendix.

3. Frank R. Lillie to Sproul, December 2, 1931.

4. Vaughan to Sproul, May 10, 1932.

5. Ibid.

6. Vaughan to Louderback, December 28, 1935.

7. Sverdrup had been offered other positions in the U.S. In a letter written on February 1, 1936, to Dean Vern O. Knudsen of the UCLA Graduate School, who had requested biographical information, he wrote: “I may add, confidentially, that I was again offered a position at the (Carnegie Institution) Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in 1930, and that if I had been ready to accept I would have been made the director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution when that was organized in 1931.”

8. Vaughan to Louderback, December 28, 1935.

9. Vaughan to Louderback, March 6, 1936.

10. Memorandum from Bjorn Helland-Hansen dated November 18, 1935, preserved in SIO Archives.

11. Helland-Hansen to Monroe F. Deutsch, November 16, 1935.

12. Helland-Hansen to Vaughan, December 11, 1935.

13. Louderback to Vaughan, December 19, 1935.

14. H. U. Sverdrup to Vaughan, April 11, 1936.

15. Dr. Sverdrup was accompanied by his attractive wife, Gudrun, and daughter Anna. After they were greeted at an outdoor supper at the Guy Flemings' Torrey Pines Park home the first evening, the Sverdrups soon moved into the Director's house vacated by the Vaughans. The dark redwood interiors were painted white in accordance with the Sverdrup's wishes, and the house took on a Scandinavian flavor.

16. Sverdrup wrote a letter on January 15, 1937, to Captain Oakley J. Hall, manager of the Star & Crescent Boat Company which had acquired the Scripps, requesting a change of name. “I would consider it somewhat unfortunate and somewhat of a degradation if the name SCRIPPS, after having been applied to a research vessel, should be used for a garbage hauler,” he noted. As a result the garbage scow ended its days with the more appropriate name of Abraham Lincoln.

17. Graduate students of the year 1938–39, as stated in the annual report, included: C. C. Davis, Sallie May Davis, Peter Doudoroff, R. D. Gordon, John Lyman, C. R. Monk, Sydney Rittenberg, B. T. Scheer, Lois Sorkness and Richard Tibby.

18. Nor had they foreseen its success. According to Miss Ruth Ragan, who typed the original manuscript and worked closely with the authors throughout, Sverdrup originally estimated that The Oceans might sell about 550 copies. Publishers Prentice-Hall report that to the end of 1965, 23,766 copies of the American edition have been sold and in foreign editions the work has had widespread sale abroad. Hailed from all sides as “the most comprehensive and authoritative” treatise yet published in the field, The Oceans contained 128 tables and 265 illustrations, many of which had been prepared by oceanographer Eugene C. La Fond.

1. Minutes of staff meeting September 22, 1936, preserved in SIO Archives.

2. Annual Report, 1940.

3. Sverdrup to President's office, November 8, 1939.

4. Annual Report, 1941.

5. San Diego Sun, January 15, 1939.

6. These assistants were Kenneth Emery and Robert Dietz who were associated in various ways with the institution for some years.

7. Microbiologist ZoBell joined the cruise at Guaymas. On the drive from La Jolla to that port, he was accompanied by Mrs. Revelle, Mrs. Shepard and Carl Johnson. This was the era when women were not allowed to step foot on the E. W. Scripps, and, according to their testimony, these two women were no exceptions.

8. Sverdrup to Sproul, May 1, 1940.

1. At the Radio and Sound Laboratory Revelle worked on problems of Radar Propagation and Harbor Defense and organized a Radar Operator's School, and in the latter part of the period was also officer in charge of the Sonar Division of the laboratory.

2. The deep scattering layer was discovered by Henry Eyring, Ralph Christensen and Russell Raitt in studies being made to determine the causes of scattering of underwater sound which interfered with the detection of submarines by sonic echo ranging.

3. Speech by H. U. Sverdrup: “Forecasting Sea, Swell and Surf for Amphibious Operations.” Preserved in SIO Archives.

4. Of the officers who studied at SIO in the war, a number of those who returned to Scripps Institution as graduate students are still involved in the field of oceanography. Robert Arthur, associated with SIO since 1944, is now a professor of oceanography. Wayne Burt is head of the department of Oceanography at Oregon State. Dale Leipper for a time directed the department at Texas A & M where Robert O. Reid joined him. Warren Thompson and Jacob Wickham have initiated the oceanographic program at the Navy's post graduate school in Monterey, California.

5. Sverdrup's speech op cit.

6. Dennis Fox was concerned with special investigations of the fouling of submerged surfaces for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships.

7. To Scripps Institution of Oceanography, founded in 1912, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, founded in 1930, had been added, after the war, Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University.

8. Iselin to Sverdrup, April 10, 1946.

9. F. N. D. Kurie to Sproul, February 8, 1946.

10. Cochran to Sproul, January 3, 1946.

11. The Office of Research and Inventions in Washington, D. C., was reorganized as the Office of Naval Research in 1945. Roger Revelle was made head of the Geophysics Branch of this office.

12. Annual Report of Business Office, 1947.

13. These temporary buildings, T1 and T2, still stand on the ocean front, south of the Director's office, in 1966. T3 came a short time later from Camp Elliot and provided a 1400 square foot machine shop. The buildings itself was obtained for $355, but cost $5000 to move and install.

Temporary buildings also housed graduate students of Scripps Institution after the war. This left-over war housing was located on the present site of Revelle College. Rents were minimal—$30.00 a month—and, according to reports, the buildings were substandard compared with the graduate student housing provided today.

14. Biennial Report, 1946.

15. Popular Science, November, 1949.

16. Not all were in the best of condition. The E. W. Scripps had suffered from its wartime conversion and badly needed refitting. In December, 1948, the wife of the Scripps Captain became so concerned for her husband's safety aboard the ship that she had papers prepared, including marine surveyors reports and copies of letters from her husband, “sufficient to bring suit, against the University of California, the State of California, all responsible employees, in the amount of five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) in the event the Motor Vessel E. W. Scripps is lost at sea.” (SIO Archives.)

At a much later date the E. W. Scripps was retired and Roger Revelle told a reporter of its demise. “We sold it because the fastenings were all coming loose . . . Mike Todd bought it to use as the Henrietta in “Around the World in 80 Days.” Then it became a South Seas island schooner. We heard not long ago that someone opened all the petcocks during a roaring party and now the E. W. Scripps rests at the bottom of Papeete Bay in Tahiti where all Oceanographers want to go when they die.” Quote from Mary Hall, “Revelle” in San Diego Magazine, May, 1961, p. 133.

17. Annual Report, Business Office, 1947.

18. Sverdrup to James Corley, September 24, 1947.

19. Quoted in Munk and Revelle's introduction to anniversary volume.

20. Ibid., p. 127.

Another interesting aspect of Sverdrup's experiences on the Maud expedition was his winter of 1920–21 among the Reindeer Chuckchi, one of the least known tribes of Eastern Siberia. He wrote a book on his attempt to live with these nomadic people who eat reindeer meat morning, noon and night, and told of their customs and how he learned their language. This amazing chronicle was published in Oslo in 1938 as Hos Tundra-Folket. While in La Jolla he attempted to publish his English translation “Reindeer Hair in My Food.” His efforts did not meet with success and this translation reposes in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's library today. Walter Munk remembers how Sverdrup entertained his students with stories of the Chuckchi tribe and demonstrated his physical fitness at the age of sixty by standing on his head.

21. “Summary of Investigations—1950,.” manuscript prepared for American Year Book, 1950, preserved in SIO Archives.

22. List of Scientific Personnel of Mid-Pacific Expedition

23. W. E. Ritter to W. A. Herdman, November 15, 1922.

24. W. E. Ritter, The Marine Biological Station, 1912, p. 146–147.