Before the Nickelodeon "d0e30880"

C

Caine, Hall, 470

Cameramen: associated with Edison, 176 , 197 , 251 -52, 449 , 454 -55, 511 n.126;

availability of, 447 ;

cameraman system of production, 161 , 325 ;

multi-unit coverage of single event, 140 -41, 187 . See also Collaborative system of film production

Camera movement. See Panoramas

Camera technology. See also Cinematography; Patents

—Biograph's friction-feed, 70mm camera, 91

—Demeny beater (Gaumont) camera, 375 , 438 -39

—double camera (exposes two negatives), 240

—Edison's large-format camera, 144

—invention of kinetograph, 29 -32, 506 n.3

—portable camera, 5 , 65 , 100 -101

—stereoscopic (3-D), 474 -75

—time-lapse photography, 186

—tripod: panning capabilities, 107 , 108 , 109 -10, 153 -54;

panning with time-lapse photography, 186 ;

tilting capabilities, 153 , 154 , 175 -76

—Warwick camera, 333 , 375

Cameron, Walter, 253

Canadian Pacific Railroad, 192

Cannock, Francis B., 118 -19, 474 , 510 n.92

Carmencita, 40 , 42

Carroll, Lewis, 350

Casino Company, 395

Censorship, 10 , 43 , 427 -32, 450 . See also National Board of Censorship

Centaur Film Company, 434 , 465

Centograph projector, 91

Chanan, Michael, 3

Chang, Li Hung, 69 , 117

Chanson d'Alexis , 227

Chanson de geste , 227 -29

Chanson de Roland , 227 -29

Chaplin, Charles, 7

Charles Urban Trading Company, 238 , 273 , 355

Charley's Aunt (play), 409

Charmion (vaudeville performer), 179

Chase films, 259 -60, 280 -82, 286 -87, 354 -55, 391 , 415

Chasers (in vaudeville), 195

Chautauquas, 208

Chicago Film Exchange, 328 , 440 , 443 -44. See also Lewis, Max

Chicago Marine Band, 64

Chicago Novelty Company, 218

Chicago Tribune , 427

Choreutoscope, 35

Church, Melville, 281

Church-based institutions. See Religious institutions

Cinderella (pantomime), 200

Cinema: as art, 427 , 462 ;

effect, versus lantern slides, 122 -24;

as mass communication, 372 , 406 -7;

as novelty, 64 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 78 , 80 -81, 100 , 119 ;

a special kind of theater, 401 -2;

as a visual newspaper, 10 , 142 , 162 -67, 192 , 193 , 195 , 252 -53

Cinématographe projector (Joly), 118

Cinématographe projector (Lumière), 58 , 59 , 60 , 68 -69, 87 -88, 91 , 98 , 117 -18,

― 557 ―

507 n.25. See also Lumière, Auguste and Louis

Cinematographers. See Cameramen

Cinematograph projector (Eden Musee), 118 -19, 121 , 442 . See also Eden Musee

Cinematography. See also Camera technology; Editing; Special effects

—dream balloons and visions, 174 , 200 -201, 203 , 205 , 223 -24, 412 , 412

—frames per second, 45 -46, 143

—framing, 105 , 107 ;

close views, 169 , 173 , 245 -50, 264 -65, 304 , 318 -19, 341 , 513 n.165, 524 n.48;

and double exposures, 341 , 342 ;

establishing/far shots, 297 , 362 , 363 , 407 , 408 , 425 , 447 , 462 , 465 -66, 469 , 513 n.165;

point-of-view shots, 345 -46;

two-shots, 250 , 304

—isolating performers and objects against plain background, 31 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 114 , 246 -47, 250 , 524 n.48

—lighting, 392 ;

arc lights, 191 , 388 , 475 ;

complaints about, 422 , 426 , 451 ;

Cooper-Hewitt lights, 388 ;

sunlight, 32 , 152

—reverse motion, 176

—silhouettes, 419 -20, 461

—split-screen exposures, 192 -93

—time-lapse photography, 186

—use of depth, 79 , 94 , 95 , 95 -96, 97 , 105

Circuses, 22 , 23 , 51 , 100 -101

City versus country, 274 -75, 302 -3, 305 -11, 390 -91, 421 -22

Clair, René, 476

The Clansman (play), 303

Clark, Alfred, 56

Clark, Harry, 88 , 89

Clark, Marguerite, 470

Class:

—class conflict, 18 -21, 280 -82, 296 , 301 -2, 305 , 307 , 317 , 327 -28, 355

—differences effaced or transcended, 200 , 221 -23, 311 -17, 345 -46

—elites: as audiences, 31 , 327 ;

as represented in films, 280 -82, 296 -302

—middle class, 10 -11, 23 , 24 , 292 -304, 305 -11, 312 -17, 327 -28, 473 ;

as audiences, 116 -17, 327 ;

old versus new, 11 , 309 -10, 406 ;

as represented in films, 223

—working class: as audiences, 326 -27, 355 (see also Nickelodeons);

as represented in films, 222 -23, 280 -82, 295 -96, 473

Cleveland, Grover, 69

Cline, Eugene, 328 , 444

Close-ups, 318 -19

Cloward, N. Dushane, 244 , 251 , 524 n.53

Cock fight films, 41 , 44

Cody, William ("Buffalo Bill"), 50 , 338

Cogan, James, 417 , 466

Coke industry, 15 , 18 -20;

strikes, 19 -20

Collaborative system of film production, 25 , 105 , 160 -61, 268 , 271 -72, 449 -50, 461 -63, 465 , 475 , 546 n.67. See also Film production; Working methods

—characteristic of old middle-class ideology, 340

—compared to later studio system, 336 -37

—and nonspecialization, 393 -94, 463

—specific examples of: Dickson and Heise, 32 -34, 105 ;

Porter and Anderson, 253 , 525 n.59;

Porter and Dawley, 383 -85, 390 -93, 402 , 417 , 450 , 461 , 466 -69;

Porter and Fleming, 160 -62, 192 ;

Porter and McCutcheon, 291 , 302 , 325 , 336 -40, 349 , 360 , 364 -65, 390 ;

Porter and Smith, 240 -41;

Porter's later career, 461 -63, 465 ;

White and Blechynden, 105 -12;

White and Heise, 95 -101, 105

Colonial Virginia Company, 333

Color images: hand tinted, 41 , 62 , 254 , 397 , 401 ;

Kinemacolor, 401 ;

tinted and toned, 331 , 397 , 401

Columbia Phonograph Company, 45 , 71 , 89 , 444

Comedies, 113 -14, 138 , 143 , 148 , 163 -74, 179 , 189 -90, 198 -99, 208 , 209 -11, 245 -50, 256 , 259 , 262 -64, 267 -72, 274 -75, 280 -82, 284 -86, 287 , 303 -4, 307 , 310 , 311 -14, 317 -22, 332 , 342 -53, 409 -10, 412 -13, 415 , 423 . See also Bad-boy films; Tramp comedies

Comic strips, 167 ;

as conventions in films, 162 ;

provide characters for films, 165 , 167 , 245 , 267 -72, 311 , 353 -54, 354 ;

as subjects for films, 267 -72, 270 , 281 . See also Political cartoons

Commercial methods: relationship to production and representation, 11 -12

Commissioned films, 190 -92, 333, 368 , 378

Comstock, Laura, 173

Coney Island: as exhibition venue, 67 ;

as film subject, 67 -68, 93 , 94 , 148 -49, 192 , 220 , 245 , 249 -51, 275 , 276 , 321 ,

― 558 ―

Coney Island (continued )

323 , 324 , 391 , 419 . See also Amusement parks

Connellsville, Pennsylvania, 15 -28, 311

—coke industry in, 15 , 18 -20, 496 n.23

—cultural activities in, 15 , 21 -24

—as influence on Porter's films, 11 , 15 , 17 -18, 19 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 320

—local merchants exhibit vitascope, 73 -86

—small business versus large scale capital, 18 -21, 292 , 307

—and technological innovation, 24 -26

—vitascope rights owners, 73 -86, 503 n.54;

in Indiana, 88 -91;

in Los Angeles, 81 -86;

in San Francisco, 77 -81

Connellsville Courier , 25 , 27 , 74 -75. See also Keystone Courier

Conot, Robert, 71

Continental Commerce Company, 46 -47;

involvement in film production, 49 , 52 . See also Maguire & Baucus

Continuity, 171 -72

—nonlinear continuity between shots, 99 -100, 209 -11, 225 , 515 n.23;

versus discontinuity of Eisenstein, 227

—seamless linear continuity, 227 , 403 -7;

incorrectly attributed to Porter, 189 , 205 -7, 230 -33

—within shots (between subshots), 69 , 173

Cook, David, 491 -92n.4

—legislation, 542 n.170

—litigation against Edison, 268 , 281 -82, 420 -21

—litigation by and against others, 465

—litigation by Edison, 134 , 197 , 207 -8, 213 , 237 -39, 240 , 281 , 528 n.136

—methods and submissions: Biograph, 281 -82;

Edison, 39 , 93 -94, 103 -4, 114 , 131 , 156 , 207 , 237 , 254 , 528 n.136;

Lubin, 244 -55

—and restrictions on borrowings, 421

Corbett, James, 48 -49, 79 -80, 139 , 500 n.44

Cotton States' Exposition, 56 , 57

Count of Monte Cristo (play), 22 , 465

Court cases: anti-trust, 471 ;

breach of contract, 322 -33;

patent infringement cases, 12 , 114 , 115 -16, 125 , 134 , 143 , 144 , 154 -56, 176 -79, 195 , 196 , 236 -37, 241 , 278 , 289 -90, 333 -34, 335 , 375 -76, 379 -80, 442 , 459 , 471 ;

replevin suits, 441 ;

warrants, 53 . See also Copyright; Patents

Courtney, Peter, 48 -49

Couvares, Francis G., 24 , 221 -22

Coxe, Judge Alfred C., 333

Crahan, Thomas, 144 -45

Craver, William, 338

Crawford, Oliver T., 375 , 377 , 399

Crime films, 253 -59, 286 -87, 292 -303, 310 , 311 -17, 428 , 430 -31

Crocker, Mayor Richard, 143 , 191

Cronjager, Henry, 391 , 417 , 449 , 455

Cross cutting. See Editing; Parallel editing

Cultural antecedents, 10

Cultural elites, 66

Culver, E. C., 370

Currier and Ives, 220

Cushing, Jack, 47

Customs and Times of Washington (illustrated lecture), 23

Czologz, Leon, 184 , 187 -90, 517 n.78, 518 n.85