Index

A

Acharya Dev, 403 -4

Adhikar , 281 ;

of chief listener, 148 ;

in Katha tradition, 139 -40;

of women as expounders, 172

Adhyatmaramayana^[*] , 392 ;

influence on Manas , 7

Advaita philosophy, influence on Manas , 7

Agradas, 314 -15

Ahir caste: participation in Ramlila , 274 ;

status, 425

Aj , 269 -70, 273

Akbar the Great, 368 -69

Akhand^[*]path^[*] : defined, 55 ;

rituals described, 74 -79

Akhara^[*] , 47 , 291 n. 75;

martial dancing dubs, 291 -92

Allegory: in Katha , 228 -31;

of Manas Lake, 20 -22

All-India Hindu Mahasabha. See Hindu Mahasabha

Aranya^[*]kand^[*] , 13 ;

scene in Ramlila , 306

Arnoul of Boheriss, 240

Arti , 77 ;

after Katha performance, 188 ;

at Ramnagar Ramlila , 326 -27;

text and ceremony, 72

Arya Samaj, 361 , 364 , 366 , 370 , 383

Ashvin, month of, 255

Assi Ghat Ramlila . See Tulsi Ghat Ramlila

Astayam^[*] , 317 -18

Athavale, Pandurang, 433

Avadh, Nawabs of, 259 -61. See also Daula, Asaf ud-

Avadh, peasant revolt in, 374 -78, 381 -82

Avadhi dialect, 415 ;

Sufi literature in, 15 -16

Awasthi, Induja, 256 -57, 266 -67, 277

Ayodhya, 261 , 369 ;

Babari Mosque controversy, 391 ;

daily Katha programs in, 193 ;

Katha tradition in, 139 , 171 , 330 ;

Ram-nam banks, 413 -14;

Ram Navami festival, 250 ;

Shish Mahal Temple, 246 ;

Swing festival, 330 -31;

Vivah Panchami festival, 250

Ayodhyakand^[*] : final couplet in ritual, 71 ;

nineteenth century popularity of, 418 ;

opening couplet in singing program, 105 ;

Prayagdas's ignorance of, 320 ;

Ramkinkar's interpretation of verse, 229 -30

B

Baba Ramchandra, 375 -76

Babineau, Edmour, 351 , 359

Bacchu Sur, 161

Bahrialang^[*] , 296 -300

Balaram, 171

Balkand^[*] , 26 ;

in Khojwan Ramlila , 285 ;

length, 13 ;

Parashuram episode, 221 -22;

rasik emphasis on, 320 ;

in singing programs, 104 -5

Banaras, 8 , 42 -52;

bahrialang^[*] , 296 -300;

development of Ramlila , 254 -67;

Malviya's activities in, 366 ;

popularity of Manas singing, 100 ;

popularity of Ramlila , 267 -71

Banaras, maharajas of, 63 ;

patronage of Katha135 -37;

patronage of Ramlila , 259 -67;

as personification of Shiva, 331 ;

role in Kot^[*]Vidai ceremony, 308

Banarsipan , 44 , 296

Bare Ganesh Temple, Manas singing group, 102 , 109 -10

Bauman, Richard, 33 ;

on framing, 18 , 23

Bayly, Christopher A., 362 , 374 -75, 420 -21

Bengali Vaishnavas. See Gauriya Vaishnavas

Benimadhav Das, 59

Bernard, Saint, 237

Bhagavadgita: as Hindu "Bible," 361 ;

Manas passage compared to, 202

Bhagavatapurana^[*] , 7 , 366 ;

Katha based on, 115 -16, 195 -96;

phalsuti of, 57 -58

Bhaktamal: praise of Tulsidas, 9 ;

Priyadas on Tulsi's Katha129

Bhaktirasbodhini See Bhaktamal

Bhakti tradition, 281 ;

emphasis on performance, 255 ;

importance of satsang^[*] , 111 ;

Puranic exposition tradition, 124 ;

reinterpretations of Ramayan, 4 -5

Bhang, 46 ;

use in bahrialang^[*] , 297 , 300

Bhanita See Poetic signature

Bharat, as fraternal ideal, 348 -49

Bharat Dharm Mahamandal, 365 -66

Bharati, Agehananda, 361 , 419

Bharatiya Jana Sangh. See Jana Sangh

Bharat Milap, 258 -59, 262 , 265 , 347 ;

of Chitrakut Ramlila , 271 -77

Bhat^[*] , 124

Bhav , in Katha tradition, 132 , 187 , 225

Bhavisya^[*]purana^[*] , 126

Bhavprakas commentary, 142

Bhumihar caste, 135

Bhushundi. See Kak Bhushundi

Binduji, 161 -62, 174

Birla Academy of Art and Culture, 204

Birla family, 203 -6, 422 , 424 -46

Birla Temple. See Lakshmi Narayan Temple

Bonazzoli, Giorgio, 58 -59, 124 -27

Bose, Subhas Chandra, 379

Brahmanas (texts), 121

Brahman caste: emphasis on varnasram^[*]dharm , 389 ;

as expounders of Manas , 135 , 170 ;

as mediators of Sanskrit epics, 123 -24;

opposition to Tulsidas, 8 -10, 142 ;

Parashuram episode, 221 -22;

relation to Kshatriyas, 349 , 353 , 357 -58;

Tulsi's attitude toward, 398

Brahmo Samaj, 360 , 364

British period: economic impact of, 420 -24;

impact on Katha tradition, 137 ;

peasant revolt during, 374 -78;

scholarly appreciation of Manas , 29

Bryant, Kenneth, 312

C

Calendar, ritual, 64

Canticle of Canticles, 237 , 239

Caran^[*] , 124

Caupai , 14

Chaitganj Ramlila , 289 -90

Chaiti, 100

Chakkanlal, Munshi, 148 -50

Chand , 16 -17

Children, as Manas expounders, 172 n. 13

Chini Kshetra: daily Katha , 194 ;

recitation of Manas , 54

Chitrakut, 50 , 119 , 271 , 351

Chitrakut Ramlila , 258 -59, 271 -82, 325

Choteji, Sant, 156 ;

encouragement of women expounders, 172

Christianity: controversial scripture passages, 400 ;

interpretation of Manas , 30 -31;

Katha compared to sermons, 234 -42;

monastic lectio divina , 176 ;

scripture as mirror, 246

Citra ramayan^[*] , 136 , 330

Coburn, Thomas, 127

Colonial period. See British period

Communalism, dispute over Gyan Vapi, 80

Congress Party. See Indian National Congress

Cow protection, 365 -66, 386 -87

D

Daksina^[*] : to expounders, 165 ;

to reciters at Gyan Vapi, 85

Dandi^[*] order, 384

Dark Age. See Kali Yuga

Dashahra festival, 51 , 66 , 248

Datt, Purushottam, 153

Daula, Asaf ud-, 141

Dayanand Sarasvati, 360 -61, 368

Delhi, 260 , 429 ;

Birla Temple program, 205 ;

Ramlila productions, 252 -53

Devanagari script, 364 -65

Devi. See Goddess

DeviBhagavatapurana^[*] , 59 , 67

Dev Tirth Swami. See Kashthajihva Swami

Dham , 186

Dharma, 343 -44, 352 -54, 434 ;

in Gandhi's thought, 380 -81;

in modern Hindi, 363 n. 54;

Rajagopalachari's view of, 388 -89

Dhyan , 313

Din, Jayramdas, 177 , 393 -97

Divali festival, 75 -78

Doha , 14 -15

Domestication, in folk narratives, 212 -13

Dumrao, royal patronage of Manas , 137

Durga dancers, 291 -92

Durga Puja, 81

Dvivedi, Ramgulam, 139 , 144 -46, 321

Dvivedi, Thakur Prasad, 322 , 324

E

Eck, Diana, 43 , 267 -68

Erdman, Howard, 383

F

Farquhar, John N., 360 -61

Flower garden episode. See Phulvari

Folksinging: Chaiti, 100 ;

Holi, 100 , 110 ;

Kajli, 100 -101,105 -6, 109 -10;

Manas in, 97 -112;

women's, 77 -78

Formulas, in Katha , 191 -92, 235

Four ghats, narrative framing of Manas , 25 -27

Framing, 18 ;

allegory of Manas Lake, 20 -22;

narration as, 22 -29

G

Galiyam^[*] : in joint family, 350 ;

in women's folksongs, 77 -78, 251

Gandhi, Mohandas K., 161 , 368 , 399 ;

interpretation of Ramraj , 378 -82;

response to peasant revolt, 377 -78;

on Tulsi's language, 417

Ganesh, 68

Ganga (Ganges River), 42 -43;

excursions across, 296 -300;

Tulsi's mention of origin, 120

Garuda, 28

Gauriya Vaishnavas: influence on Ramlila , 264 , 309 -11;

view of Ram, 356

Gautamcandrika: founding of Ramlila , 255 -56, 309 ;

Tulsi as expounder, 128 -29

Gita Press, 60 , 66 -67, 177 ;

Manas edition, 61 -62, 368 ;

Manaspiyus^[*] edition, 154 ;

Manas recitation system, 55 -56

Goddess: devipith^[*] , 182 ;

Durga dancers in Ramlila , 291 -92;

recitation during Navratra festival, 66 -67

Goswami, Piyush. See Piyush Goswami

Goswami, Rupa. See Rupa Goswami

Greaves, Edwin, 416 -17

Gregory the Great, 237

Grierson, Sir George, 29 , 63

Growse, Frederic Salmon, 63 ;

appreciation of Manas , 29 , 418 ;

use of rhyme in translation, 16

Guru, role in Katha tradition, 137 -41

Gyan Vapi, 80

Gyan Vapi Manas festival: evening Katha program, 200 -203;

payment to performers, 167 ;

recitation program, 80 -91, 163 , 188

H

Haberman, David, 135 n. 50 , 310

Hanuman, 11 -12, 65 , 68 , 228 ;

birthday observances, 100 , 161 ;

in Chitrakut Ramlia , 272 ;

daily temple routine, 195 ;

encounter with Lankini, 242 -43;

as incarnation of Shiva, 48 ;

invocation by expounders, 184 ;

order to Ramgulam Dvivedi, 144 -45;

order to Jnani Sant Singh, 141 -42;

prominence in Banaras, 47 -51;

Ramnarayan Shukla's devotion to, 174 , 199 . See also Sankat Mochan Temple

Hanumancalisa , 11 -12, 47 , 68 , 89 , 195

Harikatha , 116 , 159 n. 100

Harishchandra, Bharatendu, 147 , 267

Heesterman, J. C., 392

Hein, Norvin, 243 , 248 -49, 256 , 267 , 269 ;

on Braj Ramlila , 285 ;

on kathak tradition, 116 ;

on linguistic archaism, 415 ;

on Ramraj , 374 ;

origins of Ramlila , 254 ;

Vaishnava child actors, 309

Hess, Linda, 249 , 281 , 326 -27, 395 , 404 -6

Hijra^[*] , 286 ;

Shurpankha impersonated by, 290

Hindi language, 419 . See also Khari Boli dialect

Hindu Mahasabha, 365 , 382 -83

Hindu Renaissance, 360 -61, 419

Holi, 100 , 110

I

Improvisation, in Katha , 187 , 235 -36

Indian National Congress, response to peasant revolt, 377 -78

Iramavataram , 5

J

Jagannath, 281

Janakpur (Mithila), 250 -51

Jana Sangh, 383 , 386 -87

Jhanki: in Manas text, 313 ;

in Ramlila , 256 -57, 277 ;

in recitation festival, 94

Jhulamela , 330 -31

John of Fecamp, 238

Joint family, 344 -49

K

Kabir, 351 , 355

Kaithi script, Manas manuscripts in, 9

Kajli, 100 -101, 109 -10;

in Visheshvar Ganj, 105 -6

Kakar, Sudhir, 408

Kak Bhushundi, 28 , 170 ;

as model for devotees, 318

Kali Yuga, 28 , 370 -71, 405 , 427 ;

duration of, 371 n. 76;

and foreign rule, 368 ;

importance of Puranic recitation, 58 ;

importance of scriptural exposition, 125

Kalyan^[*] , 67 ;

Manas recitation rituals prescribed, 70 -72;

Manasank , 62

Kamaksha Devi Temple, 67 , 92

Kampan, 5

Kanak Bhavan Temple, 70 , 319 ;

performance by Ramkumar Mishra, 151 -52, 166 ;

in rasik tradition, 316

Kapindraji, 161

Karpatri, Swami, 96 , 155 , 183 n. 29, 204 , 366 -67, 437 ;

leader of R.R.P., 384 -88

Kashi, 42 , 200 .See also Banaras

Kashthajihva Swami, 146 -47, 266 , 321

Katha , 40 , 115 -19;

on commuter trains, 409 -10;

compared to Christian sermons, 234 -42;

contemporary popularity of, 427 -33, 438 ;

defined, 115 ;

economic aspects of, 165 -69;

performers, 170 -75;

preparation for performance, 176 -82;

relation to Ramlila , 330 -32;

sammelan performances, 160 -64, 200 -203;

in sociopolitical movements, 365 ;

spiritual power of, 197 -98;

techniques of, 210 -31

Kathak , 124

Kathakalaksepam^[*] , 116 , 438

Kathakara , 39 , 116

Kathavacak , 157

Kavitavali , 6 , 128 ;

verse cited in Katha , 219

Kayasth caste, 9 , 148

Keshavdas, 267

Kevat^[*]prasang^[*] , 181 , 208

Khari Boli dialect, 45 ;

impact on popularity of Manas , 415 -19;

use in Ramlila , 267

Khari Kuan, Manas singing group, 102 , 109 , 111

Khojwan Ramlila , 173 , 268 , 282 -94, 325

Kirtan: after recitation ceremony, 77 ;

prior to Katha , 185 -86

Kisan Sabha movement, 375 -76

Kiskindha^[*]kand^[*] , 13 -14;

phalsruti of, 38

Kop Bhavan episode, 286 -89

Kot^[*]Vidai , 266 , 308

Krishna: contrasted to Ram, 356 -57;

Holi songs about, 110 ;

as junior brother, 349 ;

in Kajli lyrics, 106 ;

in Pushti Marg, 275 ;

in rasik tradition, 309 -11, 321 ;

scholarly response to, 30

Krsna^[*] paksa^[*] , 64

Kshatriya caste, 262 -63;

Ahir claim to be, 425 ;

relation to Brahmans, 349 , 353 -54, 357 -58

Kumar, Nita: on bahri alang, 296 -97;

on Manas singing, 100 -103;

on Ramlila , 271 , 282 -83, 289 , 291 n. 75

Kurmi, Baijnath, 158

L

Lacy, Reverend Rubin, 244

Lakshman, 17 , 213 , 221 ;

angry speech to Sumantra, 333 ;

as fraternal ideal, 348 -51

Lakshman Chaitanya, 183 n. 29

Lakshmi Narayan Temple, 181 , 205

Language, intelligibility of Manas, 415 -20

Lanka^[*]kand^[*] , 13 , 230 , 347 ;

controversy over verse, 336 ;

jhanki of Ram, 313

Leclercq, Jean, 232 , 237 -41

Lectio divina , 176 , 238

Lila , 249 -51;

theological views of, 322 -25;

worldly and esoteric dimensions, 316 -17

Lilavani^[*] , 69 , 301 -2

Literacy: and appreciation of poetry, 37 ;

and popularization of Manas , 60 ;

and standardization of texts, 431 ;

in Uttar Pradesh, 113

Lord, Albert, 35

Love of Learning and the Desire for God, The , 237 -41

M

McLuhan, Marshall, 431

Madhya Hindu Samaj, 382

Mahabharata: compared to Ramayana^[*] , 342 , 346 , 352 ;

motif of change-of-sex, 60 n. 14;

sanatanadharma in, 363 ;

suta as bard, 122 -23

Mahatma Gandhi. See Gandhi, Mohandas K.

Malviya, Madanmohan, 101 , 293 , 366 -68

Manas . See Ramcaritmanas

Manasank . See Kalyan^[*]

Manasarovar. See Manas Lake

Manasdipika commentary, 146 , 329 -30

Manas Lake, 20 ;

in Khojwan Ramlila , 283 ;

in Ramnagar Ramlila , 265

Manasmayank^[*] commentary, 143 -44

Manasmimamsa^[*] , 401 -3

Manasmuktavali , 177

Manaspiyus^[*] . commentary, 131 , 153 -54, 177

Mangalacaran^[*] , 183 -85

Mani Parvat, 331

Mantra, 19 , 75 ;

bijmantra , 245 ;

effect of mispronunciation, 89 n. 50

Marcus, Scott, 410

Marriot, McKim, 434

Marwari community, 421 -26, 428 ;

folktale of merchant's pilgrimage, 198 ;

patronage of Gyan Vapi festival, 85 , 93

Marwari Seva Sangh, 81

Maryada , 135 , 355

Masparayan^[*] , 73 -74;

defined, 55

Megha Bhagat, 257 -59, 271 -72

Mehta, Bhanushankar, 257 , 275 , 337 -39

Memorization: and appreciation of poetry, 37 ;

in Christian and Hindu tradition, 240 ;

in expounder's training, 176 ;

Hindi idiom for, 75 , 99 , 244

Miracle Plays of Mathura , The , 243

Mishra, Bankeram, 368

Mishra brothers, 396

Mishraji, Hari, 201

Mishra, Jvalaprasad, 366

Mishra, Kamlakar, photo, 304

Mishra, Krishnadatt, 128 . See also Gautamcandrika

Mishra, Ramkumar, 145 , 149 -53, 159 , 166 , 328 , 336

Mishra, Shrinath, 156 , 164 , 176 , 189 , 227 , 245 , 307 ;

on Brahman expounders, 170 ;

choice of career, 174 ;

on Parashuram episode, 222 -23;

performance fees, 169 ;

photo, 181 ;

on popularity of Katha , 429 ;

preparation for performance, 179 -81;

on satsang^[*] , 242 -43;

story from Bengali Ramayan, 133 ;

style of vyakhya , 212 ;

textual sources, 177 -78;

translations of performances, 213 -21

Mishra, Vishvanath Prasad, 256

Mithila, 250 -51

Morari Bapu, 432

Muhalla s: Khojwan as, 282 ;

Manas singing groups in, 100 ;

Ramlilas in, 268 -71

Muhammad, Rajesh, 172

Mukesh, 410 -11

Mulgosaim^[*]carit , 59 -60;

Tulsi as performer, 128 -30

Mundan^[*] , 53 n. 1

Musayra , 163

Muslims: as corrupters of women, 399 ;

Gyan Vapi dispute, 80 ;

impact on Ramlila , 254 -55, 259 -61;

influence on Katha tradition, 133 -34;

influence on rasik theology, 310 -11;

Sanatan Dharm view of, 368 -69

Mussoorie, 252 n. 10

N

Nabha Das, 9 , 315

Nakb-sikh , 311 -12, 317

Nakkatayya, 284 -85, 289 -94

Name of Ram. See Ram-nam

Nammalvar, 311

Namsankirtan^[*] . See Kirtan

Naradvani^[*] . See Lilavani^[*]

Nath, Gokarna, 201 -2

Nati Imli, 271

Nautanki^[*] , 288

Navahparayan^[*] : defined, 55 ;

established by Tulsidas, 59 -60;

preliminary purification, 87 -89

Naval Kishor Press, 61

Navratra festival, 66 -67

Nawabs of Avadh. See Avadh, Nawabs of

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 382

Nemi , 298 -300

New Delhi. See Delhi

Nine-day recitation. See Navah parayan^[*]

Nirgun^[*] devotional tradition, 10 , 26

Numerology: in Christian exegesis, 238 -39;

in recitation cycles, 64 -65;

significance of nine, 65 ;

use in Katha , 225 -28

O

Oral-formulaic theory, 35

Oral performance. See Performance, theory of

Otto, Rudolph, 212 n. 39

P

Padma purana^[*] , 126

Pandey, Gyan, 377

Pandey, Ramji, 156 , 175 , 234 , 328 -29;

photo, 303 ;

at Ramnagar Ramlila , 302 -3, 307 -8

Paramanand, 383

Parashuram, 221 -22, 335 -36, 357 -58

Parayan^[*]path^[*] , 54 , 266 . See also Path^[*]

Parvati, 217 -18

Path^[*] , 39 -40;

akhand^[*]path^[*] , 74 -79;

contemporary popularity of, 427 -28;

defined, 54 ;

literacy as encouraging, 63 ;

melodies used in, 69 ;

Ramlila chanting as, 301 -2;

relation to Katha , 331 ;

ritual applications of, 70 -72

Pathak, Kashinath, 288

Pathak, Shivlal, 139 , 142 -44, 321 ;

royal patronage, 137

Pathak, Shrinivas, 202 -3

Pathak, Vandan, 147 -48, 151 , 231 ;

anecdote on virtuosity, 187 n. 38;

sankavali^[*] text, 177

Patronage: of Katha , 160 -61, 164 ;

of Manas , 420 ;

by Marwari community, 420 -26;

of Ramlila , 269 , 282 -85

Pauranika^[*] , 124

Performance, theory of, 33 -37, 340 ;

technique of framing, 18

Phagua . See Holi

Phalsruti: defined, 38 ;

encouragement of recitation in, 117 ;

use in Puranas, 57 -58

Phulvari , 7 ;

in Kajli singing, 105 , 109 ;

in Ramnagar Ramlila , 332 ;

temple tableau of, 94

Pith^[*] . See Vyaspith^[*]

Piyush Goswami, 174 , 202 -3

Poddar, Hanuman Prasad, 62 , 368

Poetic signature, 10 -11, 17 -18

Pollock, Sheldon, 346 , 351 , 354 -55, 394

Possession, of expounder by Hanuman, 199

Postman, Neil, 431

Praman^[*] , 159 , 187 , 379

Prasang^[*] , 17

Pravacan , 160 , 178

Prayagdas, 319 -20

Premchand, 268

Publishing: early Manas editions, 61 -62;

impact of, 62 -63.See also Literacy

Puja-path^[*] , 54

Puranas: recitation tradition, 57 -59;

role of oral expounder, 124 -27

Pushti Marg, 275

R

Radha, 106

Raga, 187

Raghunath Das "Sindhi," 146 , 329 -30

Rajagopalachari, C, 388 -89

Ram: in bhakti tradition, 4 ;

rasik interpretation of, 310 , 316 ;

in Sanskrit tradition, 3 ;

Tulsi's view of, 355 -56

Ramanandi order: growing conservatism of, 436 ;

mangalacaran^[*] of expounders, 184 -86;

patronage by Banaras kings, 261 ;

at Ramnagar Ramlila , 298 ;

rasik branches of, 314 -18

Ramanandlahari commentary, 140 -41

Ramanujan, A. K, 212 , 393

Ramanuja order, 184 -85

Ramayana^[*] of Valmiki, 3 -4, 367 ;

compared to Mahabharata , 346 , 352 ;

inconsistencies in, 342 ;

in founding of Ramlila , 256 ;

kingship in, 354 ;

Lava and Kusha as performers, 122 -23;

popular ignorance of, 12 ;

sanatanadharma in, 363 ;

scholarly attention to, 30 ;

Tulsi's reference to Uttara kanda^[*] , 120

Ramayanis: in Chitrakut Ramlila , 275 -76;

in Khojwan Ramlila , 287 ;

in Ramnagar Ramlila , 301 -8

Ramayan^[*]paricaryaparisist^[*]prakas commentary, 147

Rambhaktimem^[*]rasik sampraday , 131 n. 45

Ramcandrika , 267

Ramcaritmanas: abbreviation of title, 12 ;

as basis for Ramlila , 248 -49;

date of composition, 8 ;

early manuscripts, 141 n. 59;

early publishing history, 61 -62;

framing of narrative, 18 -29;

as Hindi Veda, 367 , 435 ;

as Katha , 117 -18;

metrical structure, 13 -18;

popularity in nineteenth century, 63 ;

problems in translating, 31 -33;

significance of title, 18 -20

Ramcharandas, Mahant, 140 -41, 145 -46;

as rasik preceptor, 315 -16

Ramji Vyas, 178 -79

Ramkumar Das, 59 n. 12, 170 -71, 177 , 395

Ramlila , 41 , 45 ;

annual season, 251 -52;

in Banaras, 267 -71;

contemporary popularity of, 430 ;

geographical spread, 252 ;

melody used in recitation, 69 ;

outdoor staging, 263 -64;

rasik influence on, 320 -21;

Shivpur production, 337 -39;

theological interpretation, 322 -25. See also Ramnagar Ramlila

Ramnagar: construction of fortress, 135 -36;

selection of site, 263 ;

symbolic geography of, 263 -65

Ramnagar Ramlila , 136 , 147 , 194 , 233 -34;

arti ceremony, 326 -27;

and bahrialang^[*] , 296 -300;

enthronement mela , 97 -99;

experience for participant, 326 -29;

founding of, 262 -67;

influence on Khojwan, 284 -85;

as Manas commentary, 329 -36;

photos, 295 , 303 -5;

Raghuraj Singh's participation, 320 ;

Ramayanis, 301 -8;

rising cost of, 430 ;

theological interpretation, 322 -24

Ram-nam: as bij mantra , 245 ;

in epic's title, 19 ;

in Kali Yuga, 392 ;

Ram-nam banks, 413 -14;

as revolutionary cry, 376

Ram Navami, 66 , 250 , 330

Ramprasad, Paramhams, 143

Ramraj , 135 , 208 , 261 , 354 ;

rightist view of, 382 -92;

Sanatan Dharm interpretation, 368 ;

Tulsi's view of, 371 -74

Ram Rajya Parishad (R.R.P.), 384 -88

Ramsvayamvar^[*] , 320

Ras , 187

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (R.S.S.), 383 , 387

Rasik tradition, 310 -21;

definition of rasik , 311 ;

influence on Ramlila , 323 -25;

Kashthajihva Swami, 146 ;

sakha and sakhi branches, 315

Raslila , 357

Ratnavali, 6

Ravan, 91 , 252 -53

Recitation. See Path^[*]

Renoir, Pierre Auguste, 242

Revelation, Book of, 244 -45

Rewa, 137

Rg^[*]veda. See Veda

Riti poetry, 314

Ritual: recitation as, 78 -79, 95 -96;

Ramlila as, 266 . See also Vedic ritual; Yajña

Rosenberg, Bruce A., 234 -36, 238 , 240

Roy, Rammohan, 360

R.R.P. (Ram Rajya Parishad), 384 -88

R.S.S. (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh), 383 , 387

Rudra. See Shiva

Rupa Goswami, 311

Rupert of Deutz, 241

Rupkala, Sitaramsharan Bhagvanprasad, 151 , 153

S

Sacrifice: Manas recitation as, 95 -96;

Puranic recitation as, 58 . See also Ritual; Vedic ritual; Yajña

Sadhus, 298 . See also Ramanandi order

Sagar, Ramanand, 412

Sagun^[*] devotional tradition, 10 , 26

Saket, 316 -18

Sakha and sakhi traditions. See Rasik tradition

Sammelan. See Katha

Samput^[*] , 69 -72

Samvad , 17 ;

as framing device, 21 ;

relation to Katha , 117

Sanatan Dharm movement: defined, 362 -63;

development of, 360 -71;

emphasis on varnasram^[*]dharm , 389 -90;

influence on Manas interpretation, 177 ;

role of Gita Press, 62

Sanka^[*] : concerning Sundar kand^[*] , 210 -11;

published collections, 177 ;

in Puranic tradition, 127 ;

in Vaishnava exegesis, 393

Sankat Mochan Temple, 49 -51, 156 , 169 , 174 , 189 , 414 ;

daily Katha program, 194 -200;

folksinging program at, 100 ;

Katha festival, 161 -63, 368 ;

Ramlila sponsorship, 255 ;

recitation festival, 92

Sankirtan^[*] . See Kirtan

Sanmarg , 155 , 384

Sanskrit language, 30 ;

diction in Katha , 190 ;

as father tongue, 436 -37;

promotion by R.S.S., 387 ;

use in recitation rituals, 89

Santi , 407 -8

Sant tradition, 356

Sarasvati, Dayanand. See Dayanand Sarasvati

Sati (goddess), 201 -2

Satsang^[*] , 111 ;

as milieu of Katha , 118 -19, 196

Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 382

Schechner, Richard, 96 , 249 , 266 , 284 , 298 , 331

Second Great Awakening, 235

Seva , 281

Shaivism, 10 , 24

Shaktism. See Goddess

Shankaracharya order, of dandi^[*] , 384

Sharan, Anjaninandan, 57 , 62 ;

on economics of Katha , 166 ;

emphasis on originality, 175 ;

essay on Katha tradition, 131 -39;

Manaspiyus^[*] , 153 -54

Sharan, Mohini, 93

Sharan, Rampriya, 320

Sharan, Sitaram, 186

Sharma, Din Dayal, 360 -62

Shastri, Rajnikant, 401 -3, 406 -7, 413 , 428

Shastri, Shivkumar, 367

Shastri, Srimati Krishna, 171

Shastri, Sunita, 171

Shatrughna, 349 n. 15

Shiva, 10 , 24 , 71 n. 35;

allegorical interpretation of, 230 ;

cited in Katha , 217 , 224 ;

Hanuman as incarnation, 48 ;

prominence in Banaras, 46 ;

in Ramnagar Ramlila , 331 ;

Vishvanath Temple, 80 ;

yajña honoring Rudra, 95

Shiva Narayan, 86 -87, 203

Shivpur Ramlila , 337 -39

Shravan, month of: festival at Tulsi Manas Temple, 51 ;

folksinging during, 105 -9;

Swing Festival, 330 -31

Shri Venkateshvar Steam Press, 61

Shudra caste, 394 -95, 402 -4

Shukla, Ramchandra, 347

Shukla, Ramnarayan, 156 , 179 , 228 , 307 , 432 ;

choice of vocation, 173 ;

daily Katha described, 197 -200;

interaction with audience, 189 -90;

mangalacaran^[*] , 184 ;

performance fees, 167 , 169 ;

photo, 168 ;

reverence for Manas , 182 ;

style of vyakhya , 211 ;

use of epithets, 192 ;

use of local dialect, 191

Shulman, David, 352 -53, 371

Shurpankha, 289 -90, 294

Singh, Balvant, 135 -36, 259 -60

Singh, Bhagavati Prasad, 320 -21

Singh, Chandradharprasad Narayan (C. N. Singh), 9 n. 18, 210 -11

Singh, Chet, 260 , 265

Singh, Gopal Sharan, 137

Singh, Ishvariprasad Narayan, 136 , 146 -49, 266 -67, 321

Singh, Jnani Sant, 141 -42

Singh, Mansaram, 135

Singh, Narayan, 398 -99

Singh, Prabhu Narayan, 136

Singh, Raghuraj, 137 , 266 -67, 320

Singh, Udit Narayan, 136 ;

founding of Ramlila , 262 -66, 321 , 329

Singh, Vibhuti Narayan, 63 , 276 , 322 , 330

Singh, Vishvanath, 137 , 141 , 145

Sita: characterization of, 344 -46;

illusory Sita, 7 ;

in Kajli song; 109 ;

in Kampan Ramayan, 5 ;

in Ramnagar Ramlila , 334 ;

in rasik tradition, 315 -17, 319 -20

Sitayan , 320

Smaran^[*] , 313

Song of Songs. See Canticle of Canticles.

Sontag, Susan, 232

Soratha^[*] , 14 -15

Srisampraday , 184 -85

Srngar^[*] , 275 ;

in rasik tradition, 316 ;

as temple festival, 53 n. 1

Srngari^[*]bhakti . See Rasik tradition

Srngariya^[*] , 274 -75

Sugriv, 213 -19

Suklapaksa^[*] , 64

Sumeru Temple, 265

Sundar kand^[*] , 48 , 50 , 307 -8;

exposition by Ramkumar Mishra, 151 ;

exposition by Shrinath Mishra, 213 -19;

Gandhi's interpretation of, 379 ;

Hanuman and Lankini, 242 -43;

in Kajli singing, 109 ;

modern popularity of, 418 ;

phalsruti of, 38 ;

problematic verse in, 210 -11;

use of framing in, 25 ;

verse written on trucks, 51 -52

Surdas, Ramsahay, 11 , 70

Surkishor, 319

Sursagar , 11

Suta , 122 -24, 170

Svang , 292 -93

Svarup: defined, 94 n. 54;

in Chitrakut Ramlila , 273 ;

in festivals, 251

Swadhyaya movement, 433

Swatantra Party, 383

Swing Festival, 330 -31

T

Tableau. See Jhanki

Tamil Ramayan. See Iramavataram

Tantric tradition, 24 , 309 -10, 314 , 316

Taraka, 230

Television, serialization of Ramayan, 12 , 411 -12, 432 -33

tika^[*] , 132 -33

Tikamgarh, 151

Tilak , 132 -33

Tivari, Devipalat, 152

Todar Mal, 47

Translation, problems in, 31 -33

Treta Yuga, 3 -4

Tripathi, Narayankant, 156 ;

childhood Ramlila role, 173 ;

daily Katha described, 194 -97;

training of grandsons, 174 -75

Tripathi, Rameshvar Prasad: childhood Ramlila role, 173 ;

daily recitation regimen, 75

Tripathi, Vidyabhaskar, 175 , 194

Tripathi, Vijayanand, 133 , 154 -55, 192 , 307 , 384 ;

chronology of Ramayan, 65 n. 25;

influence on Ramnarayan Shukla, 173 ; 179 . See also Vijayatika^[*] commentary

Tulsidas, 5 -7;

association with Banaras, 47 ;

concept of Manas as Katha , 117 -18;

devotion to Krishna, 275 n. 59;

encounter with Hanuman, 49 -50;

as founder of Ramlila , 255 -58;

as oral expounder, 128 -29;

originator of nine-day recitation, 59 -60;

poetic works, 10 -11;

social views of, 341 , 355 -56

Tulsi Ghat Ramlila255 -56, 262

Tulsi Manas Temple, 51

Tulsiparampara , 137 -57;

diagram, 138

Tulsivani^[*]69 , 89

U

Unmani, Sant, 158

Upadhyay, Ramkinkar, 156 , 164 , 174 , 432 ;

allegorical interpretations, 228 -31;

criticism of, 230 -31;

economic success, 167 -68;

interpretation of Ram's wedding, 223 -25;

metaphor of mirror, 225 , 246 -47;

patronage by Birlas, 425 ;

performance described, 203 -9;

Sanskritized diction, 191 ;

spontaneity of performance, 181 -82;

written works, 177

Upanishads, 121 ,353

Urdu, in Katha , 190

Urmila, 350

Uttar kand^[*] , 13 ;

vision of Ramraj , 371 -74

V

Vaishnavism: bodily signs of Vishnu, 223 ;

four aspects of Lord, 250 ;

eternality of lila , 225 ;

impact of Muslim rule, 134 ;

importance of Katha in, 115 ;

influence of Tulsidas on, 10 ;

Ram and Krishna compared, 356 ;

Ramanandi-Ramanuja distinction, 185 ;

rasik tradition in, 309 -11, 314 ;

theology of lila , 249 -51;

visualization techniques, 316 -21

Vaishya caste, 423

Valmiki, 247

Valmiki Ramayana^[*] . See Ramayana^[*] of Valmiki

Vandana . See Mangalacaran^[*]

Van yatra , 264 , 324

Varanasi. See Banaras

Varnasram^[*]dharm , 208 , 385 , 389 , 437 -38

Veda, 58 , 247 ;

authority of, 434 -35;

as frozen text, 127 ;

Mahabharata as Veda, 123 ;

Manas as Hindi Veda, 79 , 360 , 366 -67, 428 , 435 , 437 , 439 ;

as oral tradition, 56 ;

Vyasa as expounder of, 125 . See also Vedic ritual

Vedic ritual: havan in recitation ceremony, 78 -79;

model for Manas recitation, 437 ;

Ramlila compared to, 266 ;

revival of public rites, 95 -96;

storytelling during, 121 -22

Vibhishan, 213 -19, 276

Vighna Haran Hanuman Temple, 92 -94

Vijayatika^[*] commentary, 133 , 155 , 219 n. 69

Vijaydashami festival, 252 , 262

Vinay patrika , 7 , 128 ;

cited in Katha , 215

Virah , 101 , 109

Visheshvar Ganj, Manas singing group, 102 , 104 -8

Vishnu, 32 , 223 , 342 ;

Ram's association with, 354 . See also Vaishnavism

Vishva Hindu Parishad, 391

Vishvanath Temple, 46 , 80 ;

entry of untouchables, 385 ;

testing of Manas , 9 -10

Visualization, 225 ;

in rasik tradition, 316 -21

Vivah Panchami festival, 250 -51;

use of Vedic ritual, 96 n. 56

Vivekananda, Swami, 361 -62, 367

Vrat , use of Katha in, 116

Vyakhya , 125 ;

in Katha performance, 210 -11;

in Ramlila , 332

Vyakhyatr^[*] , 125 , 170

Vyas:Ramlila director as, 332 ;

role of Puranic expounder, 125 -26

Vyasa, Krishna Dvaipayana: as archetypal expounder, 125 ;

association with Ramnagar, 136 ;

and vyas seat, 182 -83

Vyaspith^[*] , 82 , 182 -83

Vyas seat. See Vyas pith^[*]

W

Wadley, Susan, 431

Weiner, Myron, 390

Women: exclusion from recreation, 300 ;

as expounders, 171 -72;

folksongs in ritual, 77 -78;

as Manas reciters, 73 -74, 405 -6;

in Marwari community, 424 ;

relation with brother-in-law, 350 ;

Shurpankha's mutilation, 289 -90;

Tulsi's attitude toward, 394 -403

Y

Yajamana , 58 , 78

Yajña: Manas recitation as, 95 -96, 437 , 439 ;

Puranic recitation as, 58 ;

Ramlila as, 266 . See also Sacrifice; Vedic ritual