Bibliography

Adler, Paul. 1986. "New Technologies, New Skills." California Management Review 29 (1): 9-28.

Argyris, Chris. 1955. "Organizational Leadership and Participative Management." Journal of Business 28 (1): 1-7.

Athos, Anthony, and Richard Pascale. 1981. The Art of Japanese Management: Applications for American Executives. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Baran, Barbara, and Suzanne Teegarden. 1987. "Women's Labor in the Office of the Future: A Case Study of the Insurance Industry." Pp. 201-224 in Lourdres Beneria and Catherine Stimpson, eds. Women, Households and the Economy. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press.

Baron, James, and William Bielby. 1980. "Bringing the Firms Back In: Stratification, Segmentation, and the Organization of Work." American Sociological Review 45 (5): 737-765.

Becker, Howard. 1970. "Problems in Inference and Proof in Participant Observation." Pp. 25-38 in Sociological Work: Method and Substance. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.

Beer, Michael, and Bert Spector. 1985. "Corporatewide Transformations in Human Resource Management." Pp. 219-253 in Richard Walton and Paul Lawrence, eds. Human Resources Management: Trends and Challenges. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Bell, Daniel. 1973. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books.

Bendix, Reinhard. 1956. Work and Authority in Industry: Ideologies of Management in the Course of Industrialization. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Berg, Ivar, Marcia Freedman, and Michael Freeman. 1978. Managers and Work Reform: A Limited Engagement. New York: Free Press.

Berle, Adolph, and Gardiner Means. 1968. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Berman, Melissa, ed. 1986. Corporate Culture and Change. Report from the Conference Board. Report No. 888.

Biggart, Nicole. 1983. "Rationality, Meaning, and Self-Management: Success Manuals, 1950-1980." Social Problems 30 (3): 298-311.

Blau, Peter. 1955. The Dynamics of Bureaucracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Blau, Peter, and Richard Schoenherr. 1971. The Structure of Organizations. New York: Basic Books.

Block, Fred. 1986. "Productivity as a Social Problem: The Uses and Misuses of Social Indicators." American Sociological Review 51 (1): 767-780.

Bluestone, Barry, and Bennett Harrison. 1982. The Deindustrialization of America. New York: Basic Books.

Blum, Linda, and Vicki Smith. 1988. "Women's Mobility in the Corporation: A Critique of the Politics of Optimism." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 13 (3): 528-545.

Blumberg, Paul. 1975. "Alienation and Participation." Pp. 324-338 in Jaroslav Vanek, ed. Self-Management: Economic Liberation of Man. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Bolwijn, P. T., and T. Kumpe. 1986. "Toward the Factory of the Future." McKinsey Quarterly, Spring, pp. 40-49.

Bowles, Samuel, David Gordon, and Thomas Weisskopf. 1984. Beyond the Wasteland: A Democratic Alternative to Economic Decline. Garden City, New Jersey: Anchor Press/Doubleday.

Bradley, Keith, and Stephen Hill. 1987. "Quality Circles and Managerial Interests." Industrial Relations 26 (1): 68-82.

Brand, Horst, and John Duke. 1982. "Productivity in Commercial Banking: Computers Spur the Advance." Monthly Labor Review 105 (12): 19-27.

Brandt, Steven. 1986. Entrepreneurs in Established Companies: Managing Toward the Year 2000. New York: New American Library.

Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Labor in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Brewer, E., and J. W. C. Tomlinson. 1964. "The Manager's Working Day." Journal of Industrial Economics 12 (3): 191-197.

Bunker, Barbara, and Howard Williams. 1986. "Managing Organizational Decline." Personnel 63 (6): 31-40.

Burawoy, Michael. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1983. "Between the Labor Process and the State: The Changing Face of Factory Regimes Under Advanced Capitalism." American Sociological Review 48 (5): 587-605.

Burawoy, Michael, and János Lukács. 1989. "What is Socialist about Socialist Production? Autonomy and Control in a Hungarian Steel Mill." Pp. 295-316 in Stephen Wood, ed. The Transformation of Work? Skill, Flexibility and the Labour Process. London: Unwin Hyman.

Bureau of National Affairs. 1986. The Changing Workplace: New Directions in Staffing and Scheduling. Bureau of National Affairs. 1231 25th St., N.W. Room N-215. Washington, D.C.

Burnham, James. 1941. The Managerial Revolution. New York: John Day Co.

Businessweek. 20 December 1982. "A Flood of Pinkslips for Middle Management." Pp. 20-21.

———. 25 April 1983a. "A New Era for Management." Pp. 50-53.

———. 25 April 1983b. "The Shrinking of Middle Management." Pp. 54-61.

———. 14 May 1984. "Changing a Corporate Culture." Pp. 130-138.

———. 21 January 1985. "The New Corporate Elite." Pp. 62-81.

———. 7 April 1986. "Roger Smith's Campaign to Change the GM Culture." Pp. 84-85.

———. 19 May 1986. "Bad Blood at Big Steel Could Lead to a Costly Strike." Pp. 82-84.

———. 7 July 1986. "IBM's Fancy Footwork to Sidestep Layoffs." Pp. 54-55.

———. 4 August 1986. "The End of Corporate Loyalty?" Pp. 42-49.

———. 8 September 1986. "A Union's Novel Attempt at Shaping a Buyout." P. 31.

———. 27 October 1986. "What Ails Corporate America--And What Should Be Done." P. 101.

———. 20 April 1987. "UAL's Pilots May Put the Airline into Play." P. 25.

———. 12 September 1988. "Caught in the Middle: Six Managers Speak Out on Corporate Life." Pp. 80-88.

———. 20 March 1989. "The Mommy Track." Pp. 126-134.

———. 26 June 1989. "Suddenly, USX Is Playing Mr. Nice Guy." Pp. 151-152.

———. 10 July 1989. "The Payoff from Teamwork." Pp. 56-62.

Cameron, Kim, R. Sutton, and D. Whetton. 1988. "Introduction: Issues in Organizational Decline." Pp. 3-19 in Readings in Organizational Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.

Cameron, Kim, and Raymond Zammuto. 1988. "Matching Managerial Strategies to Conditions of Decline." Pp. 117-128 in K. Cameron, R. Sutton, and D. Whetton, eds. Readings in Organizational Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.

Cameron, Kim, M. Kim, and D. Whetton. 1987. "Organiza-

tional Effects of Decline and Turbulence." Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (2): 222-240.

Capelli, Peter, and Robert McKersie. 1987. "Management Strategy and the Redesign of Workrules." Journal of Management Studies 24 (5): 440-462.

Carey, Max, and Kim Hazelbaker. 1986. "Employment Growth in the Temporary Help Industry." Monthly Labor Review 109 (4): 37-44.

Chandler, Alfred. 1962. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

———. 1977. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press.

Child, John. 1977. Organization: A Guide to Problems and Practice. London: Harper & Row.

Clawson, Dan. 1980. Bureaucracy and the Labor Process: The Transformation of U.S. Industry, 1860-1920. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Clegg, Stewart. 1981. "Organization and Control." Administrative Science Quarterly 26 (4): 545-562.

Clegg, Stewart, and David Dunkerly. 1980. Organization, Class and Control. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Cohen, Stephen, and John Zysman. 1987. Manufacturing Matters: The Myth of the Post-Industrial Economy. New York: Basic Books.

Collins, Sharon. 1989. "The Marginalization of Black Executives." Social Problems 36 (4): 317-331.

CommunicationsWeek. 16 February 1987. "AT & T Psychologist Documents Companywide Morale Crisis." Pp. 1, 12.

Corrigan, Richard, and Rochelle Stanfield. 1984. "Casualties of Change." National Journal 11 (February): 252-264.

Crozier, Michel. 1964. The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dahrendorf, Ralph. 1959. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Dalton, Melville. 1959. Men Who Manage. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Darby, Michael. 1984. "The U.S. Productivity Slowdown: A Case of Statistical Myopia." American Economic Review 74 (3): 301-322.

Dawson, P., and I. McLoughlin. 1986. "Computer Technology and the Redefinition of Supervision: A Study of the Effects of Computerization on Railway Freight Supervisors." Journal of Management Studies 23 (1): 116-132.

Deitch, Cynthia, and Robert Erickson. 1987. "'Save Dorothy': A Political Response to Structural Change in the Steel Industry." Pp. 241-279 in R. Lee, ed. Redundancy, Layoffs and Plant Closures. London: Croom Helm.

Delehanty, George. 1968. Nonproduction Workers in U.S. Manufacturing. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.

Dickson, John. 1981. "Participation as a Means of Organizational Control." Journal of Management Studies 18 (2): 159-176.

Drago, Robert. 1988. "Quality Circle Survival: An Exploratory Analysis." Industrial Relations 27 (3): 336-351.

Dun's Business Month. July 1985. "The No Lay-off Payoff." Pp. 64-66.

Edwards, Richard. 1979. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.

Fallows, James. 1985. "America's Changing Economic Landscape." The Atlantic Monthly , March, pp. 47-68.

Feldman, Steven. 1986. "Management in Context: An Essay on the Relevance of Culture to the Understanding of Organizational Change." Journal of Management Studies 23 (6): 587-607.

Ferris, Gerald, Deborah Schellenberg, and Raymond Zammuto. 1984. "Human Resource Management Strategies in Declining Industries." Human Resource Management 23 (4): 381-394.

Fischer, Frank, and Carmen Sirianni, eds. 1984. Critical Stud-

ies in Organization and Bureaucracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Flaim, Paul, and Ellen Sehgal. 1987. "Reemployment and Earnings." Pp. 101-130 in Paul Staudohar and Holly Brown, eds. Deindustrialization and Plant Closure. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, Lexington Books. Originally published as "Displaced Workers of 1979-83: How Well Have They Fared?" Monthly Labor Review 108 (6): 3-16.

Fortune. 20 September 1982. "Hard Times Catch up with Executives." Pp. 50-54.

———. 6 February 1984. "The Recovery Skips Middle Managers." Pp. 112-120.

———. 28 October 1985a. "Management Layoffs Won't Quit." Pp. 46-49.

———. 28 October 1985b. "Managers Without a Company." Pp. 51-56.

———. 10 November 1986. "GM is Tougher Than You Think." Pp. 56-64.

———. 2 February 1987. "The Economy of the 1990s: How Managers Will Manage." Pp. 47-50.

———. 2 March 1987. "Pushed out at 45: Now What?" Pp. 26-30.

Freedman, Audrey. 1988. "How the 1980s Changed Industrial Relations." Monthly Labor Review 111 (5): 35-38.

Freeman, Richard, and James Medoff. 1984. What Do Unions Do? New York: Basic Books.

Friedman, Andrew. 1977. Industry and Labour. London: Macmillan.

Fulmer, Robert. 1986. "Educating Managers for the Future." Personnel 63 (2): 70-73.

Gardner, Burleigh, and William F. Whyte. 1945. "The Man in the Middle: Position and Problems of the Foreman." Applied Anthropology 4 (2): 1-28.

Gilmore, Thomas, and Larry Hirschhorn. 1983. "Management Challenges Under Conditions of Retrenchment." Human Resource Management 22 (4): 341-357.

Ginzberg, Eli, and George Vojta. 1985. Beyond Human Scale. New York: Basic Books.

Gold, Raymond. 1970. "Roles in Sociological Field Observations." Pp. 370-380 in Norman Denzin, ed. Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.

Gordon, Jack. 1986a. "Training Magazine's Industry Report 1986." Training: Magazine of Human Resources Development 23 (10): 26-28.

———. 1986b. "Where the Training Goes." Training: Magazine of Human Resources Development 23 (10): 49-68.

Gough, Jamie. 1986. "Industrial Policy and Socialist Strategy: Restructuring and the Unity of the Working Class." Capital and Class 29 (Summer): 58-81.

Gouldner, Alvin. 1954. Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press.

Greenbaum, Joan. 1979. In the Name of Efficiency: Management Theory and Shopfloor Practice in Data-Processing Work. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Greenhalgh, L., R. McKersie, and R. Gilkey. 1986. "Rebalancing the Workforce at IBM: A Case Study of Redeployment and Revitalization." Organizational Dynamics 14 (4): 30-47.

Grenier, Guillermo. 1988. Inhuman Relations: Anti-Unionism in American Industry. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Hales, Colin. 1986. "What Do Managers Do? A Critical Review of the Evidence." Journal of Management Studies 23 (1): 88-115.

Hall, Douglas, and Lynn Isabella. 1985. "Downward Movement and Career Development." Organizational Dynamics 14 (1): 5-23.

Halloran, Keith D. 1985. "The Impact of Merger and Acquisition Programs on Corporate Identity." Mergers and Acquisitions 20 (1): 60-66.

Hammer, Tove, and Robert Stern. 1986. "A Yo-Yo Model of Cooperation: Union Participation in Management at the Rath Packing Company." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (3): 337-349.

Hardy, Cynthia, and Andrew Pettigrew. 1985. "The Use of Power in Managerial Strategies for Change." Pp. 11-45 in Richard Rosenbloom, ed. Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy 2. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Harrigan, Kathryn. 1988. Managing Maturing Businesses: Restructuring Declining Industries and Revitalizing Troubled Operations. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

Hartman, Frank, and Robert Hill. 1983. "New Life for Ailing Big Firms by Cutting Them Down to Size." Management Review 72 (6): 17-22.

Hayes, Robert, and William Abernathy. 1980. "Managing Our Way to Economic Decline." Harvard Business Review 58 (4): 67-77.

Helfgott, Roy. 1988. Computerized Manufacturing and Human Resources. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, Lexington Books.

Henderson, Jeffrey, and Manuel Castells, eds. 1987. Global Restructuring and Territorial Development. London: Sage Publications.

Hershey, Paul, and Kenneth Blanchard. 1977. Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Hickey, John. 1987. "GE: Self-Directed Work Teams Make Less Supervision Better." Work in America , February, pp. 1-2.

Hirsch, Paul. 1975. "Organization Analysis and Industrial Sociology." American Sociologist 10 (1): 3-12.

Hirschhorn, Larry. 1984. Beyond Mechanization. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

———. 1988. "The Post-Industrial Economy: Labor, Skills and the New Mode of Production." Service Industries , January.

Hochschild, Arlie. 1983. The Managed Heart. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Hodgetts, Jane, Paul Lawrence, and Leonard Schlesinger. 1985. "Tiner Trucking Industry: From Control to Commitment." Human Resource Management 24 (1): 25-50.

Hoerr, John. 1988. And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of

the American Steel Industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Holland, Max. 1989. When the Machine Finally Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Horne, J. H., and Tom Lupton. 1965. "The Work Activities of 'Middle Managers'--An Exploratory Study." Journal of Management Studies 2 (1): 14-33.

Horowitz, Robert. 1986. "Understanding Deregulation." Theory and Society 15 (1-2): 139-174.

Howard, Robert. 1985. Brave New Workplace. New York: Viking Books.

Jacoby, Sanford. 1984. "The Development of Internal Labor Markets in American Manufacturing Firms." Pp. 23-69 in Paul Osterman, ed. Internal Labor Markets. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

———. 1985. Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jaikumar, Ramchandran. 1986. "Post-Industrial Manufacturing." Harvard Business Review 64 (6): 69-76.

John, D. Geoffrey. 1987. "Staffing with Temporary Help." Personnel Administrator 32 (1): 96-99.

Judson, Arnold. 1982. "The Awkward Truth About Productivity." Harvard Business Review 60 (5): 93-97.

Juravich, Tom. 1985. Chaos on the Shop Floor: A Worker's View of Quality, Productivity, and Management. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Kanter, Donald, and Philip Mirvis. 1989. The Cynical Americans: Living and Working in an Age of Discontent and Disillusion. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1983. The Changemasters. New York: Simon & Schuster.

———. 1986. "The Reshaping of Middle Management." Management Review 75 (1): 19-20.

———. 1987. "The Attack on Pay." Harvard Business Review 65 (2): 60-67.

Kenney, Martin, and Richard Florida. 1988. "Beyond Mass Production: Production and the Labor Process in Japan." Politics and Society 16 (1): 121-158.

Kerr, Clark. 1964. Industrialism and Industrial Man. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kimberley, John, and Robert Quinn. 1984. Managing Organizational Transitions. Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin.

Kochan, Thomas, and Peter Capelli. 1984. "The Transformation of the Industrial Relations and Personnel Function." Pp. 133-161 in Paul Osterman, ed. Internal Labor Markets. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Kochan, Thomas, Harry Katz, and Robert McKersie. 1986. The Transformation of American Industrial Relations. New York: Basic Books.

Kotter, John. 1982. "What Effective General Managers Really Do." Harvard Business Review 60 (6): 156-167.

Kraft, Philip. 1977. Programmers and Managers: The Routinization of Computer Programming in the United States. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Krantz, James. 1988. "Group Process Under Conditions of Organizational Decline." Pp. 265-278 in K. Cameron, R. Sutton, and D. Whetton, eds. Readings in Organizational Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.

Kruisinga, H. J. 1954. The Balance Between Centralization and Decentralization in Managerial Control. Leiden: H. E. Stenfert Kroese.

Lawler, E., and S. Mohrman. 1985. "Quality Circles After the Fad." Harvard Business Review 85 (1): 65-71.

Lawrence, Anne. 1987. "Union Responses to Plant Closure." Pp. 201-215 in Paul Staudohar and Holly Brown, eds. Deindustrialization and Plant Closure. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, Lexington Books.

Lawrence, Paul. 1985. "The History of Human Resource Management in American Industry." Pp. 15-34 in Richard Walton and Paul Lawrence, eds. Human Resources Management: Trends and Challenges. Boston: Harvard Business School.

LeGrande, Linda. 1983. Economic Growth and Changing Labor Markets: Those Left Behind, Dislocated Workers. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. Report no. 83-220E.

Levine, Hermine. 1986. "The Squeeze on Middle Management." Personnel 63 (1): 62-69.

Liker, Jeffrey, David Roitman, and Ethel Roskies. 1987. "Changing Everything All at Once: Work Life and Technological Change." Sloan Management Review 28 (4): 29-47.

Litterer, Joseph. 1963. "Systematic Management: Design for Organizational Recoupling in American Manufacturing Firms." Business History Review 37 (4): 369-391.

Lupton, Tom. 1963. On the Shop Floor. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

McClellan, Hassell. 1981. Managing One-Bank Holding Companies. New York: Praeger Publishers.

McGregor, Douglas. 1960. The Human Side of the Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Mangum, G., D. Mayall, and K. Nelson. 1985. "The Temporary Help Industry: A Response to the Dual Internal Labor Market." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38 (4): 599-611.

Manz, Charles, and Henry Sims. 1987. "Leading Workers to Lead Themselves: The External Leadership of Self-Managing Work Teams." Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (1): 106-129.

March, James, and Herbert Simon. 1958. Organizations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Margolis, Diane R. 1979. The Managers: Corporate Life in America. New York: William Morris.

Martin, Thomas. 1988. "Building a Quality Culture at Westinghouse." Pp. 451-469 in Ralph Kilman and Teresa Covin, eds. Corporate Transformation: Revitalizing Organizations for a Competitive World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Melman, Seymour. 1951. "The Rise of Administrative Overhead in the Manufacturing Industries of the U.S., 1899-1947." Oxford Economic Papers 3 (1): 62-112.

———. 1983. Profits Without Production. New York: Alfred Knopf.

Miller, Richard. 1985. Banker's Almanac. Boston: Banker's Publishing Co.

Mills, C. Wright. 1951. White Collar. London: Oxford University Press.

Mintzberg, Henry. 1975. "The Manager's Job: Folklore and Fact." Harvard Business Review 53 (4): 49-61.

———. 1979. The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.

"Mismanagement." 1987. Labor Research Review 6 (1). Special issue.

Monsen, R. Joseph, and Borje Saxberg. 1977. "When Workers Won't Work and Managers Won't Manage." Management Review 66 (8): 26-28, 37-39.

Munro, David. 1985. "Programs and Prospects for Economic Recovery: A Business Perspective." Pp. 194-201 in Betty Lall, ed. Economic Dislocation and Job Loss. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations.

Naisbett, John. 1982. Megatrends. New York: Warner Books.

Nelson, Daniel. 1975. Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

New York Times. 23 June 1982. "The White Collar Pay Freeze." Sec. 4, p. 1.

———. 17 October 1982a. "Merger Mania Adds to Executive Woes." Sec. 12, p. 10.

———. 17 October 1982b. "Middle Managers Are Getting Squeezed Out." Sec. 12, p. 10.

———. 15 December 1982. "Discontent of Middle Managers." Sec. 4, p. 17.

———. 8 November 1986. "Treasury Official Assails 'Inefficient' Big Business." Pp. 1, 28.

———. 4 January 1987. "The Ax Falls on Equal Opportunity." Sec. 3, pp. 1, 27.

———. 22 March 1987. "Managerial Class Gets Roughed Up." Sec. 12, pp. 11-13.

———. 17 April 1987. "Gurus Hired to Motivate Workers Are Raising Fears of 'Mind Control.'" Sec. 1, p. 10.

———. 12 June 1987. "Allegis Hopes to Recruit a Top Labor Negotiator." Sec. 4, pp. 1, 4.

———. 17 August 1987. "Top Tiers Still Elude Corporate Women." Sec. 2, p. 4.

———. 24 January 1988. "Why Being Fired Is Losing Its Taint." Sec. 3, pp. 1, 11.

———. 9 March 1989. "Rare Labor Unity." Sec. 2, p. 15.

Nichols, Theo. 1980. "Management, Ideology and Practice." Pp. 292-302 in Geoff Esland and Graeme Salaman, eds. The Politics of Work and Occupations. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Nichols, Theo, and Huw Beynon. 1977. Living with Capitalism: Class Relations and the Modern Factory. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

"1988 Profile." 1989. Mergers and Acquisitions 23 (6): 53.

Oaklander, Harold. 1982. "U.S. Policies Toward Redundant Workers." Pp. 187-214 in Edward Yemin, ed. Workforce Reductions in Undertakings: Policies and Measures for the Protection of Redundant Workers in Seven Industrialized Market Economy Countries. Geneva: International Labour Office.

"Organizational Culture." 1983. Administrative Science Quarterly 28 (3). Special issue.

"Organizational Culture." 1983. Organizational Dynamics 12 (2). Special issue.

"Organizational Culture and Control." 1986. Journal of Management Studies 23 (3). Special issue.

Osterman, Paul. 1988. Employment Futures: Reorganization, Dislocation, and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ouchi, William. 1981. Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the American Challenge. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Ouchi, William, and Alan Wilkins. 1985. "Organizational Cultures." Annual Review of Sociology 11: 457-483.

Parker, Mike, and Jane Slaughter. 1988. Choosing Sides: Unions and the Team Concept. Boston: South End Press.

Pascale, Richard. 1984. "Fitting New Employees into the Company Culture." Fortune , 28 May, pp. 28-42.

Patten, Thomas. 1968. The Foreman: Forgotten Man of Industry. New York: American Management Association.

Perlo, Victor. 1982. "The False Claim of Declining Productivity and Its Political Use." Science and Society 46 (3): 284-327.

Perrow, Charles. 1986. Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay. 3d ed. New York: Random House.

Perry, Lee Tom. 1986. "Least-Cost Alternatives to Layoffs in Declining Industries." Organizational Dynamics 14 (4): 48-61.

Peters, Tom. 1985. "Why Smaller Staffs Do Better." New York Times , 21 April, sec. 3, pp. 1, 14-15.

Peters, Tom, and Robert Waterman. 1984. In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-Run Companies. New York: Warner Books.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and James Baron. 1988. "Taking the Workers Back In: Recent Trends in the Structuring of Employment." Pp. 257-303 in Barry Staw and L. L. Cummings, eds. Research in Organizational Behavior 10. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Piore, Michael, and Charles Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.

Prechel, Harland. 1986. Capital Accumulation and Corporate Rationality: Organizational Change in an American Steel Corporation. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas.

Raelin, Joseph. 1985. "The Basis for the Professional's Resistance to Managerial Control." Human Resource Management 24 (2): 147-175.

Ravenscroft, David, and F. M. Scherer. 1987. Mergers, Sell-offs

and Economic Efficiency. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

Ray, Carol Axtell. 1986. "Corporate Culture: The Last Frontier of Control." Journal of Management Studies 23 (3): 287-297.

———. 1989. "Skill Reconsidered: The Deskilling and Reskilling of Managers." Work and Occupations 16 (1): 65-79.

Reed, Michael. 1985. Redirections in Organizational Analysis. London: Tavistock Publications.

Reich, Robert. 1983. The Next American Frontier. New York: Times Books.

Reskin, Barbara, and Patricia Roos. 1987. "Status Hierarchies and Sex Segregation." Pp. 3-21 in Christine Bose and Glenna Spitze, eds. Ingredients for Women's Employment Policy. Albany: SUNY Press.

Restructuring Turnaround: Experiences in Corporate Renewal. 1987. Business International Research Report. Business International, 12-14, Chemin Riew, CH-1211, Geneva 17, Switzerland.

Roethlisberger, Fritz. 1945. "The Foreman: Master and Victim of Double Talk." Harvard Business Review 23 (3): 283-298.

Rosenbaum, James. 1979. "Organizational Career Mobility: Promotion Changes in a Corporation During Periods of Growth and Contraction." American Journal of Sociology 85 (1): 21-48.

Rothschild, Emma. 1981. "Reagan and the Real America." New York Review of Books , 5 February, pp. 12-18.

Roussakis, Emmanuel. 1984. Commercial Banking in an Era of Deregulation. New York: Praeger.

Sabel, Charles. 1982. Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Salaman, Graeme. 1978. "Towards a Sociology of Organizational Structure." Sociological Review 26 (3): 519-554.

Salaman, Graeme, and Kenneth Thompson. 1980. Control and Ideology in Organizations. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

San Francisco Chronicle. 23 March 1987. "PacBell's New Way to Think." Pp. 1, 6.

———. 27 March 1987. "PacBell 'Kroning'--Figures Soar." P. 1.

Schein, Edgar. 1989. "Reassessing the Divine Rights of Managers." Sloan Management Review 30 (2): 63-68.

Schlesinger, Leonard, and B. Oshry. 1984. "Quality of Work Life and the Manager: Muddle in the Middle." Organizational Dynamics 13 (1): 4-19.

Schwartz, Felice. 1989. "Management Women and the New Facts of Life." Harvard Business Review 89 (1): 65-76.

Schwartz, Jim. 1989. "UAW New Directions: Struggle for the Soul of the Union." The Nation , 3 July, pp. 8-10.

Scott, John. 1985. Corporations, Classes and Capitalism. London: Hutchison.

Sheinkman, Jack. 1985. "Sharing the Cost of Economic Transition: A Labor Perspective." Pp. 187-193 in Betty Lall, ed. Economic Dislocation and Job Loss. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations.

Sherwood, John. 1988. "Creating Work Culture with Competitive Advantage." Organizational Dynamics 16 (3): 4-27.

Shorris, Earl. 1984. Scenes from Corporate Life: The Politics of Middle Management. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Silvestri, G., and J. Lukasiewicz. 1985. "Occupational Employment Projections: The 1984-1995 Outlook." Monthly Labor Review 108 (11): 42-57.

Simmons, John, and William Mares. 1985. Working Together. New York: Alfred Knopf.

Simpson, Ida Harper. 1989. "The Sociology of Work: Where Have the Workers Gone?" Social Forces 76 (3): 563-581.

Smith, Vicki. 1983. "The Circular Trap: Women and Part-Time Employment." Berkeley Journal of Sociology 28: 1-17.

Starbuck, William. 1965. "Organizational Growth and Development." Pp. 451-533 in James March, ed. Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand-McNally.

Staudohar, Paul, and Holly Brown, eds. 1987. Deindustriali-

zation and Plant Closure. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, Lexington Books.

Staw, B., L. Sandelands, and J. Dutton. 1988. "Threat-Rigidity Effects in Organizational Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis." Pp. 95-116 in K. Cameron, R. Sutton, and D. Whetton, eds. Readings in Organizational Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.

Stewart, Rosemary. 1976. "To Understand the Manager's Job: Consider Demands, Constraints, Choices." Organizational Dynamics 4 (4): 22-32.

Strober, Myra, and Carolyn Arnold. 1987. "The Dynamics of Occupational Segregation Among Bank Tellers." Pp. 107-157 in Clair Brown and Joseph Pechman, eds. Gender in the Workplace. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

"Ten-Year Merger Completion Record." 1987. Mergers and Acquisitions 21 (6): 57.

Thackray, John. 1986. "America's Vertical Cutback." McKinsey Quarterly, Autumn, pp. 41-52.

Thomas, Robert. 1988. "Technological Choice: Obstacles and Opportunities for Union-Management Consultation on New Technology." Paper presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, Georgia, August 27, 1988.

Turnstall, W. Brooke. 1986. "The Break-up of the Bell System: A Case Study in Cultural Transformation." California Management Review 28 (2): 110-124.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1989. Statistical Abstracts of the United States. Table no. 642. "Employed Civilians by Occupation, Sex and Race: 1987." Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Useem, Michael. 1989. "Business Restructuring, Management Control, and Corporate Organization." Department of Sociology, Boston University. Unpublished manuscript.

Uttal, Bro. 1983. "The Corporate Culture Vultures." Fortune, 17 October, pp. 66-72.

Wall Street Journal. 2 June 1982. "More Managers are Working Part Time." P. 50.

———. 26 October 1984. "Despite the Expansion, Many Companies Trim Their Labor-Force Size." Pp. 1, 26.

———. 29 November 1984. "Many Middle Managers Fight Back as More Firms Trim Work Forces." Pp. 33, 52.

———. 3 December 1985. "Ford's Leaders Push Radical Shift in Culture as Competition Grows." Pp. 1, 26.

———. 13 January 1987. "IBM Dissidents Hope for Increased Support as Work Force Is Cut." Pp. 1, 27.

———. 3 March 1987. "GM Changes Merit Formula, Cuts Pay Pool." P. 2.

———. 8 April 1987. "Cutting Output, IBM Tells Some Workers: Move, Retire or Quit." Pp. 1, 19.

———. 9 April 1987. "UAL Inc. Takeover Talk Is in the Air." P. 6.

———. 4 May 1987. "As Big Firms Continue to Trim Their Staffs, Two-Tier Setup Emerges." Pp. 1, 12.

———. 26 May 1987a. "Stable Cycles of Executive Careers Shattered by Upheaval in Business." P. 31.

———. 26 May 1987b. "GM is Plagued with Drop in Morale as Payrolls are Cut." Pp. 1, 18.

———. 15 June 1989. "UAW Hotly Debates Whether It is Too Cozy with Car Companies." Pp. 1, A8.

Wallace, Michael, and Joyce Rothschild. 1988. "Deindustrialization and the Restructuring of American Industry." Research in Politics and Society 3. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press. Special issue.

Walton, Richard, and Paul Lawrence, eds. 1985. Human Resources Management: Trends and Challenges. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Wells, Donald M. 1987. Empty Promises: Quality of Working Life Programs and the Labor Movement. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Whalley, Peter. 1986. "Markets, Managers, and Technical Autonomy." Theory and Society 15 (1-2): 223-247.

Whetton, David. 1980. "Sources, Responses, and Effects of Organizational Decline." Pp. 342-374 in John Kimberly and Robert Miles, eds. The Organizational Life Cycle: Issues in

the Creation, Transformation and Decline of Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

———. 1988. "Organizational Growth and Decline Processes." Pp. 27-44 in K. Cameron, R. Sutton, and D. Whetton, eds. Readings in Organizational Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.

Whyte, William Foote. 1987. "The Employee Ownership Alternative." Pp. 217-226 in Paul Staudohar and Holly Brown, eds. Deindustrialization and Plant Closure. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, Lexington Books.

Whyte, William H. 1956. The Organization Man. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Wilkins, Alan. 1989. Developing Corporate Character: How to Successfully Change an Organization Without Destroying It. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Willis, Rod. 1987. "What's Happening to America's Middle Managers?" Management Review 76 (1): 24-33.

Wishard, Betty. 1985. "Merger: The Human Dimension." Magazine of Bank Administration 61 (6): 70-74.

Wood, Stephen. 1982. The Degradation of Work? Skill, Deskilling and the Labour Process. London: Hutchison.

Wood, Stephen, ed. 1989. The Transformation of Work? Skill, Flexibility and the Labour Process. London: Unwin Hyman.

Work in America. 1973. Report of a Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Wray, Donald. 1949. "Marginal Men of Industry: The Foremen." American Journal of Sociology 54 (4): 298-301.

Wright, Erik, and Bill Martin. 1987. "The Transformation of the American Class Structure, 1960-1980." American Journal of Sociology 93 (1): 1-29.

Zeitlin, Maurice. 1974. "Corporate Ownership and Control." American Journal of Sociology 79 (5): 1073-1119.

Zimbalist, Andrew, ed. 1979. Case Studies on the Labor Process. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Zipp, John, and Katherine Lane. 1987. "Plant Closings and

Control over the Workplace: A Case Study." Work and Occupations 14 (1): 62-87.

Zuboff, Shoshanna. 1985. "Technologies That Informate: Implications for Human Resource Management in the Computerized Industrial Workplace." Pp. 103-139 in Richard Walton and Paul Lawrence, eds. Human Resources Management: Trends and Challenges. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

———. 1988. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books.