INDEX

A

AALL (American Association for Labor Legislation), 83 , 123 -24, 126

Aaron, Henry J., 54

ADC (Aid to Dependent Children), 103 -4, 194 n6

Adequacy-equity dilemma, 94 -95

Administrative complexity, 82 ;

and AFDC, 93 , 108 -9, 113 -17, 118 ;

with housing vouchers, 150 -51;

investments approach and, 150 -51, 159 -60;

Medicare and, 133 -35, 137 ;

social security and, 93 -96, 99 -100

Administrative costs, SSA, 92

Administrative safeguards, for expanded social insurance, 145

Advanced societies:

American social programs compared with other, 3 -4, 6 , 16 -17, 22 , 23 , 83 , 122 -23, 161 , 165 n6, 191 n25

Adversive control, 52 -53

AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children

AFDC-UP, 104 , 114

Affirmative action, 58

Age criterion:

of Medicare, 126 -27, 137 ;

for retirement benefits, 14

Aging, 16 , 104 ;

medical care for, 35 , 136 .

See also Elderly

Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), 103 -4, 194 n6

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 5 -6, 12 -13, 19 -20, 21 -22, 51 , 69 , 84 , 102 -21, 140 , 162 , 192 -97 passim;

administrative complexity and, 93 , 108 -9, 113 -17, 118 ;

and economic efficiency, 53 , 55 , 107 , 108 -13, 118 ;

and human dignity, 65 , 107 , 118 , 120 ;

minorities served by, 57 -58, 104 ;

negative liberty constraints of, 48 , 107 -8;

practicality and, 74 , 76 , 77 , 119 ;

regional variations in, 71 , 113 ;

turnover in, 21 -22, 105 , 113 ;

universal supplementary child allowances and, 147 ;

and vertical redistribution, 47 , 106 -7, 108 , 111 , 118

Altmeyer, Arthur (SSB chairman and first SSA commissioner), 190 n13

AMA. See American Medical Association

American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL), 83 , 123 -24, 126

American Federation of Labor, 123

American Hospital Association, 125

American Medical Association (AMA), 47 , 48 -49, 95 , 98 , 123 , 125

"Analog I," 173 n6

Antistatism, 23 , 24

Ascription, criterion of, 38 , 42 -43, 44

Assembly, right of, 59 , 68

Association, freedom of, 46

Attitudinalist position, on poverty, 20 , 21

Austria, 173 n3

B

Ball, Robert M., 85

Banfield, Edward C., 20

Bargaining council, national, 138 -39, 153 , 159 -60, 163

Beard, Charles A., 60 -61

Belgium, 173 n3

Benefits:

AFDC, 12 -13, 107 , 109 , 111 -12;

self-help and, 141 -42;

social security, 84 -100 passim, 143 -44;

taxation of, 141 -42, 143 -44, 146 , 156 , 159 ;

for universal supplementary child allowances, 147 , 148

Berlin, Isaiah, 45 , 179 n14

Beveridge, William, 26 , 34

Beyond Entitlement (Mead), 119 , 171 n31

Bismarck, Otto von, 73

Black lung payments, 17

Blacks, 71 , 105 , 120

Blind people, 21 , 84 -85, 194 n3

Blue Cross, 133

Britain. See United Kingdom

Bureau of Public Assistance, 103

Burn, Richard, 2 -3

Business:

attitude toward social programs by, 54 -55, 56 , 123 ;

risk taking in, 51 , 54 -55, 65 , 91 -92, 111 , 130 , 158

C

Capacities for self-support, 36 , 50 , 146 , 149

Capitalism, transition from rural commercial to advanced industrial, 65 , 70

Carter administration, 56 , 86 , 105 -6, 107 , 114 , 131 , 190 n19

Caseworkers, investments approach and, 157

Cates, Jerry, 96 , 190 n13

Centralization, 70 -72, 76 , 93

Chamber of Commerce, 95 , 98 , 125

Charity, AFDC seen as, 12

Childbirth, 35 , 143 , 144

Children, 18 , 21 , 33 , 36 -37, 58 ;

ADC and, 103 ;

AFDC and, 12 -13, 102 , 106 , 107 , 195 n16;

child-care for, 17 , 110 , 121 , 148 , 149 , 151 , 159 ;

extended education for, 151 , 202 n16;

and medical care with investments approach, 153 , 154 ;

preventive health program for, 124 ;

survivor, 11 -12;

universal supplementary allowances for, 146 -48, 153 , 154 , 156 , 158 , 159 , 161

Child-support payments, 148

Citizens' rights, 26 , 44

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 149

Civil rights. See Negative liberty

Civil War pensions, 83 , 166 n9

Claims, vs. rights, 27

Class-conflict theories, 140 -41

Cold War, 125

College students, grants for, 21 , 171 n24

Community solidarity, 45 , 61 -62, 65

Community Work and Training (CWT), 104

Complexity:

practical, 67 -72, 75 -76, 77 , 101 .

See also Administrative complexity

Compliance conflicts, 67 , 74 , 76 -78, 82 ;

with AFDC, 114 -17;

investments approach and, 160 -61;

Medicare and, 135 -36;

with social security, 96 -98

Compulsory participation, 46 -47, 48 -49, 64 , 157 ;

in AFDC costs, 108 ;

in medical care with investments approach, 153 ;

in Medicare financing, 46 -47, 128 ;

in social security, 89 , 95 , 100 , 157

Conflicts of interest, 72 -73, 82 ;

AFDC and, 114 -17;

investments approach and, 160 -61, 163 -64;

Medicare and, 124 , 135 -36;

social security and, 85 , 96 -98.

See also Compliance conflicts

Congress, U.S., 162 , 163 ;

and AFDC, 106 , 109 , 115 , 117 ;

and guaranteed income, 105 ;

and Medicare, 125 , 126 , 135 ;

and public health insurance (general), 124 , 125 ;

and social security, 25 , 85 , 91 -97 passim

Consent, free, 41

Conservatives, 58 , 96 -97, 120 -21

Consolidation period, 163

Constitution, U.S., 25

Constitutional law, 23 , 25

Corporatist democracies, 26 , 173 n3

Cost-of-living increases, of social security benefits, 85

Costs, 55 , 69 , 71 ;

AFDC, 19 -20, 22 , 106 -7, 108 , 111 , 115 , 117 ;

medical care, 125 -36 passim, 152 -53, 154 -55, 160 -61;

for social insurance expansions with investments approach, 145 -46, 158 , 160 -61, 162 ;

social security, 4 , 19 -20, 91 -92, 98 , 99 , 100 , 143 , 145

Coughlin, Richard M., 187 n32

Courts, finances for, 30

Cranston, Maurice, 32 , 33

Cultural enrichment, 29

D

Darwinism, social, 38

Decentralization, 3 , 113

Demand:

with investments approach, 160 ;

labor, 150 ;

for medical care, 125 -26, 128 , 134 , 136 ;

social security and, 95

Democracy, 23 , 25 , 45 , 59 -61;

corporatist, 26 , 173 n3;

property-rights-asanterior conception of, 60 -61, 64 ;

triple-rights conception of, 60 , 61 , 65 , 96

Depression, Great (1930s), 24 -25, 83 -84, 91 , 94 , 96 , 103 , 124

Deregulation, 56

Derthick, Martha, 189 n7, 196 n29, 197 n40

Desertion, 12 , 104 , 120 , 143 , 145

Developmental liberty, 46 , 48 , 49 -51, 59 , 65 , 179 n14

Diagnostically related groups (DRGs), 129

Differentiating criteria, for distributive justice, 38 , 39 , 44

Disability, ix , 35 , 117 , 194 n3;

investments approach and, 143 , 144 , 146 , 154 ;

private insurance for, 18 ;

social security and, 4 , 11 , 35 , 53 , 84 -85, 90 , 91 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 125 , 144 , 145 , 199 n10;

total, 144 , 146 , 154 .

See also Workers' compensation

Discipline, 1 , 2

Disincentives, for responsible activity, 1 , 21 , 22 , 91 , 100 , 109 -10

Distribution:

market, 25 , 28 -29, 34 , 57 , 162 , 175 n28.

See also Distributive justice; Horizontal/life-cycle redistribution; Vertical redistribution

Distributive justice, 16 -19, 23 -24, 25 , 45 , 57 , 60 , 81 , 175 n28;

and AFDC, 106 -7, 118 ;

investments approach and, 156 -57;

Medicare and, 126 -28, 137 ;

and social security, 86 -89, 95 , 96 , 99

Divorce, ix , 11 , 14 , 104 , 112 , 120 , 143 , 145

Duncan, Greg J., 194 nn8-9

Dworkin, Ronald, 36

E

Eating, rights of free expression and, 27 -30

Eckstein, Harry, 167 n17

"Ecological fallacy," 194 n6

Economic efficiency, 45 , 51 -56, 61 , 64 , 82 , 162 ;

and AFDC, 53 , 55 , 107 , 108 -13, 118 ;

investments approach and, 53 , 55 , 64 , 158 -59;

Medicare and, 126 , 129 -33, 137 ;

of public health insurance (general), 123 ;

and social security, 53 , 90 -93, 97 , 99 , 100 .

See also Costs

Education, as investment, 40 , 41

Education programs, 6 , 19 , 21 , 36 , 50 , 73 , 184 n12;

in AFDC, 110 , 113 ;

extended for children, 151 , 202 n16;

investments approach and, 149 , 150 , 151 -52.

See also Training programs

Efficiency, economic. See Economic efficiency

Effort criterion, 38 -42 passim, 53 , 57 , 64 ;

investments approach and, 44 , 142 , 156 -57;

Medicare and, 126 , 137 , 199 n10;

for social security, 87 , 96 , 99 , 101

Egalitarian criteria:

for distributive justice, 38 , 39 .

See also Effort criterion; Equality; Equity; Need criterion

Elderly, 63 , 72 , 73 -74, 75 , 104 , 117 ;

health insurance for, 125 (see also Medicare);

labor force participation of, 14 , 52 ;

public assistance for, 21 , 146 , 194 n3;

social security and, 4 , 84 -85, 88 , 91 , 95 , 97 , 98 -99, 117 .

See also Retirement pensions

Electoral competition, 59 -60, 72 , 185 n19

Eligibility, 36 -37;

ADC, 104 ;

AFDC, 12 , 108 -9, 110 -11, 114 ;

inclusive, 142 ;

investments approach and, 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 158 ;

Medicare, 134 ;

social security, 11 -12, 35 , 84 , 110 , 143 , 144 , 145 ;

unemployment insurance, 110 , 145

Elites:

in democracies, 59 , 60 ;

and social program support, 72 -73, 115 , 118 , 162 -64;

in social security policymaking, 96 -97;

values of, 24 , 39

Employers:

and medical care with investments approach, 152 -53;

and social security, 91 -92, 97 , 189 -90n9, 190 n19

Employment and Training Choices (ET), Massachusetts's, 119

Employment services, public, 146

Episodic resource inadequacy, 15 -18, 35 , 36 -37, 51 , 53 , 58 -59, 74 , 76 -77, 119 ;

AFDC for, 105 , 109 , 110 , 116 , 118 -21;

medical care with investments approach and, 154 ;

Medicare and, 17 , 133 , 137 ;

social security and, 17 , 93

Equality, 23 , 38 , 43 , 45 , 56 -59, 179 n16;

of life chances, 58 -59;

of opportunity, 2 , 56 , 57 -59, 65 , 181 n41;

of results, 56 -57, 65 ;

strict, 38 , 39 -40

Equity:

and adequacy-equity dilemma, 94 -95;

horizontal/support, 86 -87, 101 , 107 ;

vertical/work, 86 , 156

Europe. See Western European societies

Exertion. See Effort criterion

Expansion period, 163

Experimentation period, 163

F

Fairness. See Distributive justice

Families:

economically self-sustaining, 14 ;

instability in, 12 -13, 104 , 112 , 120 , 143 , 145 (See also Divorce);

migration of, 112 , 148 ;

nuclear, 14 ;

self-sufficiency lost by, 14 , 15 , 44 .

See also Children; Fathers; Mothers; Single-parent households

Family Assistance Plan (FAP), 105 , 120

Family planning programs, 110

FAP (Family Assistance Plan), 105 , 120

Fathers, and AFDC, 104 , 112

Federal government, 3 , 70 ;

and ADC, 103 ;

and AFDC, 111 , 115 -16, 196 n29;

employment by, 87 , 149 -50;

and medical care, 124 -25, 131 -32, 136 , 138 -39;

poverty measured by, 20 , 69 , 169 n8, 194 n9;

and social security, 83 -84, 87 , 90 , 93 , 94 , 95 .

See also Congress, U.S.; individual agencies

Federal Security Agency, 84

Fee-for-service, medical, 129 , 153

Feinberg, Joel, 27

Feldstein, Martin, 53 -54, 192 n42

Feudalism, 60

Finance Committee, Senate, 85

Financial shortfalls:

Medicare, 130 ;

personal episodic, 15 -18;

social security, 86 , 88 -89, 94 , 100 .

See also Poverty

First Amendment rights, 68

Focused comparison technique, 5 , 81

Food needs, 68 , 69

Food stamps, 12 , 19 , 48 , 50 , 107 , 109 , 195 n13

Ford administration, 117

France, 54

Freedom. See Liberty

G

Gans, Herbert J., 20

General assistance, 19

George, Alexander, 5 , 81

German social programs, World War I and, 123 -24

Germany, Federal Republic of, 48 , 52 , 152 , 158 , 173 n3, 187 n29

Global competitiveness, 51 , 55 , 92 , 100 , 111 , 130 , 158

Gompers, Samuel, 123

Government:

limited, 70 -72, 95 , 100 -101, 114 , 135 , 160 .

See also Federal government; Local government; State government

Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN), California's, 119

Gross National Product (GNP), as measurement of social product, 32 -33

Guaranteed-income approach, 56 , 64 , 105 , 107 , 110 , 112 , 113 -14

H

Hard services, 113

Harmonization, 6 , 68 -70;

AFDC and, 114 , 118 ;

investments approach and, 159 -60;

Medicare and, 134 ;

social security and, 95

Hayek, Friedrich A., 184 n11

Health. See Medical care; Public health measures

Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), Department of, 84 , 104 , 115 , 117

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 128 , 132 , 153

Health Systems Agencies (HSAs), 131

Heclo, Hugh, 163 , 185 n19

HI. See Hospital Insurance

HMOs (health maintenance organizations), 129 , 132 , 153

Hobbes, Thomas, 28 , 46

Hochschild, Jennifer L., 23 , 37 -39, 40 , 41 -42, 87 , 187 n31

Horizontal/life-cycle redistribution, 17 , 35 , 40 , 47 , 48 -49, 51 ;

and investments approach, 147 -48, 158 ;

and Medicare, 130 ;

and social security, 88 , 92 -93

Horizontal/support equity, 86 -87, 101 , 107

Hospital Insurance (HI), 125 , 126 , 128 , 130 , 133

Housing programs, 6 , 19 , 48 , 73 ;

AFDC and, 12 , 109 ;

investments approach and, 150 -51;

working poor and, 195 n13

Human dignity, 2 , 24 , 45 , 62 -64, 65 , 69 , 76 ;

AFDC and, 65 , 107 , 118 , 120 ;

investments approach and, 156 , 158 , 160 ;

social security and, 63 , 87 , 96

Huntington, Samuel P., 23 , 24 , 70 , 162 , 198 n2

I

Illness, ix , 15 , 18 , 123 , 143 , 144 .

See also Medical care

Incentives, 36 , 146 .

See also Disincentives; Work incentives

Inclusivity, 37 , 62 , 140 , 142 , 157 , 159 , 160

Income, 6 ;

discretionary, 46 , 47 , 49 , 64 , 89 , 95 , 108 , 118 ;

guaranteed, 56 , 64 , 105 , 107 , 110 , 112 , 113 -14;

of private medical service providers, 48 , 49 , 64 , 73 , 129 , 130 , 135 -36.

See also Income maintenance; Labor force; Payroll taxes; Wages

Income maintenance, 6 , 35 ;

investments approach and, 144 , 145 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 159 .

See also Benefits; Public assistance; Social insurance

Income taxes, 178 n9;

negative, 52 , 112 ;

social security taxes compared with, 89 ;

after training programs, 149 .

See also Payroll taxes

Independence effect, 112

Individualism, 1 , 23 , 46 , 61 , 62 , 81 -82, 100

Inflation, 14 -15, 70 ;

with investments approach, 160 ;

in medical services, 134 ;

and pensions, 18 ;

and social security, 86 , 89 , 95 , 100 , 189 n5

Injury:

disabilities from, 143 , 144 .

See also Workers' compensation

Insurance. See Medical insurance; Private insurance; Social insurance

Interest groups. See Conflicts of interest

Internal Revenue Service, 146

International competitiveness, 51 , 55 , 92 , 100 , 111 , 130 , 158

Investments, 40 -41, 44 ;

capital, 54 -55

Investments approach, 4 -5, 44 -51 passim, 81 , 140 -64, 200 -203 passim;

and economic efficiency, 53 , 55 , 64 , 158 -59;

and medical services, 122 , 137 , 152 -55, 156 , 159 -60, 163 ;

and social security, 41 , 83 , 87 , 141 , 142 , 143 -46

"Invisible hand" theory, 29

Involuntary participation. See Compulsory participation

J

Jaynes, Julian, 173 n6

Johnson administration, 117

Jones, Peter, 179 n14

Justice, 179 n16;

procedural, 38 , 41 , 43 , 57 , 58 .

See also Distributive justice

K

Kaiser Permanente, 132

Kantian views, 29

Kennedy administration, 115

Kidney dialysis patients, 199 n10

L

Labor, Department of, 108

Labor force, 32 -33, 34 , 46 , 51 , 52 , 140 , 141 , 158 ;

AFDC and, 12 -13, 22 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 120 ;

business risk taking and, 55 ;

capacities improved for, 149 (see also Self-help);

demand for, 150 ;

effort in, 40 -41, 87 , 96 , 99 , 101 , 137 (see also Effort criterion);

elderly in, 14 , 52 ;

government-employed, 87 , 149 -50;

and medical care with investments approach, 152 -53;

and Medicare, 129 , 137 ;

mobility in, 90 ;

and poverty elimination, 119 -21;

secondary, 52 ;

unrecorded, 98 .

See also Payroll taxes; Training programs; Unions, labor; Wages

Law, 23 , 25 , 27

Left, political, 5

Legal rights, 27

Legal services, 6

Leiss, William, 69

Level wage assumption, social security and, 85

Liberalism, 23 , 38 , 120 -21, 140 -41

Libertarianism, 48 , 184 n11;

and AFDC, 107 -8;

and investments approach, 140 -41, 152 ;

and social security, 89 , 99

Liberty, 23 , 27 -32, 45 -51, 95 , 179 n14, 179 n16;

positive, 29 -32, 45 -46, 60 , 179 n14 (see also Developmental liberty).

See also Negative liberty

Life-cycle redistribution.

See Horizontal/life-cycle redistribution

Life expectancy, 14 , 17

Life insurance, 18

Life-maintenance techniques, extraordinary, 127

Limited government, 70 -72, 95 , 100 -101, 114 , 135 , 160

Limits, 68 -70, 75 ;

AFDC, 114 , 118 ;

investments approach and, 145 , 159 -60;

Medicare, 127 , 134 ;

social security, 94 -95

Lipset, Seymour Martin, 167 n11

Local government, 3 , 23 , 70 -72;

and AFDC, 114 , 117 ;

employment by, 87 , 150 ;

and Medicare, 135 ;

and social security, 87 , 95 , 100 -101;

and "widows' pensions," 102 , 103 -4

Locke, John, 13 , 23 , 28 , 46 , 70 , 89

Losing Ground (Murray), x , 1 -2

Lottery, 43

M

McIver, Robert M., 179 n14

Macpherson, C. B., 45 -46, 179 n14, 179 n16

Market system, 28 , 45 , 46 , 156 ;

achievement in, 41 -42;

of distribution, 25 , 28 -29, 34 , 57 , 162 , 175 n28;

freedom in, 45 , 99 ;

investments approach and, 156 -57, 162 ;

of production, 34 .

See also Labor force

Marriage:

to escape poverty, 120 .

See also Desertion; Divorce

Maslow, Abraham H., 179 n14

Maternal and Child Health Program, 124

Mead, Lawrence, 2 , 119 -20, 171 n31, 178 n12

Means tests, AFDC, 110 , 116

Medicaid, 19 , 22 , 35 , 125 ;

AFDC and, 12 , 13 , 107 , 109 ;

working poor and, 195 n13

Medical care, 6 , 15 , 17 , 22 -23, 28 , 35 , 62 , 75 -76;

investments approach and, 122 , 137 , 152 -55, 156 , 159 -60, 163 ;

in United Kingdom, 44 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 61 ,

Medical care (continued )

133 .

See also Medical insurance; Physicians; Private medical service providers

Medical insurance:

catastrophic, 6 ;

group, 35 , 153 ;

private, 18 , 138 , 153 , 163 .

See also Medicaid; Medicare; National health insurance

Medicare, 5 -6, 17 , 35 , 49 , 122 -39, 157 , 162 , 197 -200 passim;

investments approach and, 152 , 154 , 155 ;

negative liberty and, 46 -47, 49 , 90 , 128 -29, 135 , 137 ;

and social security, 35 , 46 -47, 83 , 84 , 101 , 125 , 126 , 135 , 136 .

See also Supplementary Medical Insurance

Men:

ADC and, 104 ;

and AFDC, 104 , 112 , 114 , 120 ;

labor force participation of, 52

Merging. See Social merging

Migration, 112 , 148

Minorities, 20 -21, 57 -58, 71 , 104 , 105 , 120

Moral consequences, of social programs, 1 -2

Moral rights, 27 , 32 -33

Mothers:

AFDC, 12 -13, 112 , 195 n23;

health program for, 124 ;

single, 21 , 112 , 120 , 195 n23.

See also Childbirth; Single-parent households

Murray, Charles, x , 1 -2, 74

N

National bargaining council, in medical care, 138 -39, 153 , 159 -60, 163

National health insurance, 17 , 23 , 123 -25, 126 , 130 , 136 , 137 , 138 -39;

British, 48 , 49 , 50 , 61 , 133 ;

investments approach to, 152 -55, 163

National Health Service (NHS), British, 48 , 49 , 50 , 61 , 133

Need criterion, 38 , 40 , 44 , 68 -69, 154 , 171 n24;

and AFDC, 106 , 107 ;

and Medicare, 127 , 137 ;

and social security, 87 -88

Negative liberty (civil rights), 45 , 46 -49, 50 , 51 , 56 -64 passim, 81 -82, 162 ;

and AFDC, 48 , 107 -8;

investments approach and, 157 , 160 -61;

Medicare and, 46 -47, 49 , 90 , 128 -29, 135 , 137 ;

and social security, 89 -90, 99 , 100

Netherlands, 173 n3

New Deal, 63 , 95 , 124 , 162

NHS. See National Health Service, British

Nixon administration, 56 , 105 , 107 , 114 , 128 , 131

Norway, 173 n3

Nozick, Robert, 29

Nursing homes, 73

O

Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI), 11

Opportunity, 49 -50;

equality of, 2 , 21 , 22 , 36 , 56 , 57 -59, 65 , 146 -49, 181 n41

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 191 n25

P

Pacific Rim nations, 165 n6

Participation dynamic. See Compulsory participation; Voluntary participation

Payroll taxes, 47 , 49 ;

investments approach and, 35 , 46 , 143 , 147 -48, 155 , 158 ;

for Medicare, 128 , 130 ;

social security, 41 , 84 , 86 , 91 -92, 96 , 97 , 100 , 130

PBJI (Program for Better Jobs and Income), 105 -6, 120

Pensions, 4 ;

Civil War, 83 , 166 n9;

employer-sponsored, 67 ;

"widows'," 83 , 102 , 103 -4, 106 .

See also Disability; Retirement pensions; Survivors

Perkins, Roswell, 98

Peterson, Peter G., 95

Physicians:

income of, 48 , 49 , 73 , 129 , 130 ;

investments approach and, 152 , 157 , 161 ;

liberty/autonomy of, 46 , 48 , 49 , 90 , 122 , 125 , 161 ;

and Medicare, 46 , 49 , 122 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 135 , 136 ;

in National Health Service (U.K.), 133 ;

and social security, 88

Physiological hazards:

social insurance for, 35 .

See also Aging; Childbirth; Illness; Injury

Police, 30 , 31

Policing, intraprogram, 119

Political culture, American values of. See Values, American core

Political elites, 72 , 115 , 118 , 162 -64

Political parties, American, 163

Political rights, 29 -30, 31 , 45 , 59 , 60 , 62

Poverty, 1 -3, 4 , 15 -23 passim, 36 , 38 , 52 , 119 -21, 168 n7, 170 n21;

ADC and, 104 ;

AFDC and, 102 , 104 -5, 106 -7, 109 , 117 , 119 -20;

boundaries of, 69 , 169 n8, 194 n9;

Medicaid and, 19 , 22 , 107 , 109 , 125 , 195 n13;

Medicare and, 130 ;

percentage of people experiencing, 16 , 20 , 169 n8, 194 n9;

SSI and, 84 -85;

turnover in those designated in, 105 , 194 n8

Practicality, 33 , 34 -37, 67 -78;

AFDC

and, 74 , 76 , 77 , 119 ;

of social security, 99 -100, 101

Pragmatism, 23 , 33 , 34 , 89

Preference satisfaction, 29

Press, freedom of, 46

Preventive health care, 123 , 124 , 129 , 133 , 134

Price-indexing:

of minimum wage, 148 ;

of social security benefits, 85 , 143

Prices, 14 -15.

See also Inflation

Prisons, finances for, 30

Private contractors, with AFDC, 117

Private initiatives, 67

Private insurance, 17 -18, 138 , 153 , 163

Private medical service providers:

income of, 48 , 49 , 64 , 73 , 129 , 130 , 135 -36;

investments approach and, 152 , 153 , 157 , 160 -61, 163 ;

liberty/autonomy of, 46 , 48 , 49 , 64 , 90 , 122 , 125 , 128 -29, 135 , 137 -38, 160 -61;

and Medicare, 46 , 49 , 122 , 129 -32, 135 -36, 137 -38.

See also Physicians

Private property rights. See Property rights

Private retirement pensions, 18 , 89

Private schools, 151 -52

Procedural justice, 38 , 41 , 43 , 57 , 58

Procedures:

democracies and, 59 -60, 63 -64;

negative rights and, 30

Producers' rights, 34

Productivity, socioeconomic rights and, 51 -52

Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs), 131

Program for Better Jobs and Income (PBJI), 105 -6, 120

Progressive era, 62 -63

Property rights, 60 -61, 63 -64, 88 , 99 , 128 , 156

Providers. See Private medical service providers

Public assistance, 19 -22, 48 , 51 , 63 , 117 , 195 n19;

investments approach and, 37 , 51 , 142 , 146 , 150 , 161 ;

means-based, 142 ;

social security (SSI), 19 , 35 , 71 , 84 -85, 146 , 154 , 194 n3.

See also Aid to Families with Dependent Children; Food stamps

Public health measures:

preventive, 123 , 124 .

See also Medical care; National health insurance

Public opinion surveys, on socioeconomic rights, 69

Public schools, 151 -52

Public work programs, 149

R

Race. See Minorities; Racism

Racism, 43 , 58 , 114

Rae, Douglas, 181 n41

Railroad retirement, 17 , 199 n10

Rainwater, Lee, 169 n8

Reagan administration, 31 , 48 ;

and AFDC, 106 , 107 , 109 ;

and Medicare, 129 ;

and private medical sector, 131 ;

and social security, 86 ;

welfare reform by, 6

Reciprocity, 32 -33, 37 , 140 , 142 , 160

Redistribution. See Horizontal/life-cycle redistribution; Vertical redistribution

Reform periods, American, 162

Reformulation period, 163

Regional variations, in social programs, 71 , 113

Regulation, of medical services, 131 -32, 136 , 153 , 155

Resource inadequacy, 11 -25, 142 ;

education programs and, 50 ;

and medical care, 122 ;

patterns of, 15 -23;

persistent, 15 , 16 , 51 , 105 , 116 , 119 -20 (see also Poverty).

See also Episodic resource inadequacy

Responsibility, personal, 1 , 2 , 21

Results:

criterion of, 38 , 41 -42, 44 , 87 , 156 ;

equality of, 56 -57, 65

Retirement pensions, 35 , 53 , 117 , 187 n32;

investments approach and, 143 -44, 145 ;

private, 18 , 89 ;

railroad, 17 , 199 n10.

See also Social security

Rights, 5 , 27 , 29 , 60 ;

legal, 27 ;

moral, 27 , 32 -33;

negative (civil), see Negative liberty;

political, 29 -30, 31 , 45 , 59 , 60 , 62 ;

positive, 29 -32, 60 (see also Developmental liberty).

See also Liberty; Socioeconomic rights

Risk taking, in business, 51 , 54 -55, 65 , 91 -92, 111 , 130 , 158

Roosevelt (F. D.) administration, 63 , 95 , 124 , 162

Roosevelt, Theodore, 123

Rose, Richard, 165 n6

S

Savings, 51 , 53 -54, 56 , 64 , 65 ;

AFDC and, 110 ;

investments approach and, 158 ;

Medicare and, 129 -30;

social security and, 192 n42

Schools:

desegregation in, 187 n31;

private, 151 -52;

public, 151 -52.

See also Education

Schumpeter, Joseph, 59

Self-actualization, 179 n14

Self-help:

expanding capacities for, 36 , 50 , 146 , 149 ;

supplementation of, 37 , 63 , 65 , 69 , 140 , 141 -42, 156 , 158

Self-reliance, value of, 1 , 2 , 24 , 62 -63, 64 , 87 , 115

Sexism, 43

Shue, Henry, 29

Sickness. See Illness

Sick pay, 123

Single-parent households, 18 , 21 , 120 , 121 ;

AFDC, 12 -13, 107 , 112 , 195 n23;

investments approach and, 148 , 149

Situationalist interpretation, of poverty, 20

SMI. See Supplementary Medical Insurance

Smith, Adam, 13 , 23

Social class:

and attitude toward social security, 191 n26.

See also Elites; Poverty

Social Darwinism, 38

Social insurance, 51 , 65 ;

and episodic inadequacy, 16 -18, 19 ;

investments approach to, 37 , 42 , 46 , 51 , 140 , 142 , 143 -46, 155 , 157 , 158 , 162.

See also Social security; Unemployment insurance

Socialism, 4 , 5 , 166 -67n11

Social membership, 12 , 62 , 69 , 76 , 77.

See also Human dignity; Social merging

Social merging, 4 , 18 -23, 56 ;

investments approach to, 37 , 39 -40, 47 , 49 , 51 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 146 -50, 158 -59, 162

Social product, contributions to, 32 -33

Social security, 4 , 5 -6, 17 -25 passim, 35 , 52 , 65 -66, 83 -101, 188 -92 passim;

compulsory participation in, 89 , 95 , 100 , 157 ;

costs of, 4 , 19 -20, 91 -92, 98 , 99 , 100 , 143 , 145 ;

developmental liberty and, 51 ;

and disability, 4 , 11 , 35 , 53 , 84 , 85 , 90 , 91 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 125 , 144 , 145 ;

and distributive justice, 86 -89, 95 , 96 , 99 ;

eligibility for, 11 -12, 35 , 84 , 110 , 143 , 144 , 145 ;

human dignity and, 63 , 87 , 96 ;

inclusivity of, 62 ;

investments approach and, 41 , 83 , 87 , 141 , 142 , 143 -46;

Medicare and, 35 , 46 -47, 83 , 84 , 101 , 125 , 126 , 135 , 136 ;

migration facilitated by, 112 ;

regional variations in, 71 ;

SMI and, 46 -47, 177 n6;

survivors covered under, 4 , 11 -12, 45 , 91 , 94 , 103 , 144 ;

and work incentives, 53 , 90 -91, 97 , 100 .

See also Social Security Administration

Social Security Act (1935), 71 , 83 , 84 , 89 , 96 , 102

Social Security Administration (SSA), 84 -104 passim, 117 , 125 , 133 -34, 146

Social Security Board (SSB), 24 , 84 , 96 , 98 , 103 , 115 , 117

Social solidarity, 45 , 61 -62, 65

Social workers, investments approach and, 157 , 161

Socioeconomic rights, 5 , 25 , 26 -44, 45 , 60 -66 passim, 70 , 164 ;

and developmental liberty, 50 , 59 , 65 ;

and economic efficiency, 51 -52, 61 , 64 ;

interest group competition and, 72 , 73 ;

investments approach to, see Investments approach;

and negative liberties, 29 -32, 46 -49, 57 -64 passim;

practical issues with, 33 , 34 -37, 67 , 68 -69, 75 -78;

principles of, 37 , 140 -43

Socioeconomic status:

practical problems related to, 74 , 76 , 77 .

See also Poverty; Social class

Softer services, 113

Speech, freedom of, 27 -30, 46 , 59 , 68

Spending (figures):

AFDC, 19 -20, 106 -7, 111 ;

Medicare, 130 ;

social security, 4 , 19 -20, 92 , 98 .

See also Costs

SSA. See Social Security Administration

SSB. See Social Security Board

SSI. See Supplementary Security Income

Stagflation, 85 -86, 163

State government, 3 , 71 , 83 , 102 -3;

and AFDC, 111 , 113 , 114 , 115 -16, 117 , 197 n40;

employment by, 87 , 150 ;

and "widows' pensions," 102 , 103 ;

workers' compensation, 12 , 83 , 123

Statism, 98 .

See also Antistatism

Subsistence rights, 60

Suffrage rights, 31

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI), 125 , 127 , 130 ;

administration of, 133 ;

financing of, 46 -47, 128 , 177 n6;

voluntary participation in, 47 , 128 , 157 , 177 n6

Supplementary Security Income (SSI), 19 , 35 , 84 -85, 146 , 154 , 194 n3

Supplementation, of self-help, 37 , 63 , 65 , 69 , 140 , 141 -42, 156 , 158

Supreme Court, U.S., 25

Survivors:

investments approach and, 144 , 145 ;

social security and, 4 , 11 , 91 , 94 , 103 , 144 , 145

Sweden, 52 , 54 , 61 -62, 173 n3

T

Targeting:

AFDC, 110 , 111 -12, 113 , 118 ;

Medicare, 137 ;

social security, 93 , 101 ;

universal, 76 , 77 ;

for univer-

sal supplementary child allowances, 147 , 159

Taxes, 29 , 35 , 61 , 64 ;

AFDC covered by, 108 , 111 ;

of benefits, 141 -42, 143 -44, 146 , 156 , 159 ;

social security, 41 , 63 , 71 , 84 -100 passim, 125 , 130 , 143 -44, 145 -46, 189 n5.

See also Income taxes; Payroll taxes

Thatcher government, 44

Thurow, Lester, 52

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 70

Townsendites, 95

Training:

as investment, 40 .

See also Education

Training programs, 36 ;

in AFDC, 110 , 113 , 118 ;

investments approach and, 140 , 149 , 158 , 159

Transportation provision, 6

Truman administration, 124

U

Unemployment, ix , 16 , 70 , 94 , 143 .

See also Unemployment insurance

Unemployment insurance, 17 , 18 , 35 -36, 55 , 74 , 187 n32;

ADC substituting for, 104 , 194 n6;

AFDC substituting for, 110 -11;

eligibility for, 110 , 145 ;

social security and, 71 , 84 , 86 , 97 , 99 , 102 , 145 ;

state, 12 , 83 ;

and work incentives, 53 , 97

Unions, labor, and medical insurance, 123 , 124 , 125

United Kingdom, 26 ;

medical care in, 44 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 61 , 133 ;

and secondary labor market, 52

Universality:

of child allowances, 147 , 159 ;

of distribution, 33 -34.

See also Inclusivity

Urban areas, 14 , 105 , 120

V

Values, American core, 1 -6 passim, 23 -25, 45 -66;

and distributive justice, 37 -44, 45 , 60 ;

of elites, 24 , 29 ;

investments approach and, 155 -61, 162 , 164 ;

program compatibility/incompatibility with, 162 ;

and social security, 101 .

See also individual values

Vertical redistribution, 17 , 35 , 39 -40, 49 , 65 ;

AFDC and, 47 , 106 -7, 108 , 111 , 118 ;

investments approach and, 47 , 147 -48, 156 , 158 ;

Medicare and, 128 , 130

Vertical/work equity, 86 , 156

Veterans' benefits, 17 , 19 , 76

Visibility, of programs, 76

Voluntary participation:

in AFDC, 107 -8, 118 ;

in Medicare financing, 128

Vouchers, housing, 150 -51

W

Wages:

dependency and vulnerability with, 13 -15, 28 , 61 , 63 ;

minimum, 148 , 170 n21;

social security and level of, 85 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 99 , 189 n5, 190 n19;

solidaristic approaches to, 61 .

See also Income maintenance

Wagner, Robert F., 124

Wagner-Murray-Dingell bills, 124

Walzer, Michael, 33 -34, 57 , 168 n7, 175 n28

Wants, 68 -69

War, social solidarity in, 61 , 62

Ways and Means Committee, House, 85 , 125

"Welfare." See Aid to Families with Dependent Children

Welfare reform (1988), 6

Welfare state, 4 , 5

Well-being:

and American values, 38 ;

rights of, 27 -33

Western European societies:

periods in development of social programs in, 163 ;

U.S. social programs compared with, 16 -17, 83 , 165 n6, 191 n25.

See also Advanced societies; individual countries

West Germany. See Germany, Federal Republic of

WET (Work Experience Training), 104

What's Fair? (Hochschild), 37 -39

"Widows' pensions," 83 , 102 , 103 -4, 106

Wilensky, Harold, 52 , 53 , 165 n6

Williams, Bernard, 28 -29

WIN. See Work Incentive program

Wisconsin school of social policy, 96

Wisconsin unemployment insurance, 71

Withering thesis, 103 -4, 105 , 119

Women:

labor force participation of, 52 .

See also Mothers

Workers' compensation, 17 , 35 , 123 , 145 ;

state, 12 , 83 , 123

"Work ethic," 32 , 44

Work Experience Training (WET), 104

Workfare, 4 , 106 , 120 -21, 161

Work Incentive (WIN) program, 104 , 109 , 110 , 115 , 120

Work incentives, 51 -53, 55 , 56 , 65 ;

AFDC and, 107 , 108 -10, 118 ;

investments approach and, 158 ;

social security and, 53 , 90 -91, 97 , 100

Working poor, 21 , 195 n13

Work programs, public, 149

World War I, 123 -24

World War II, 124

Y

Youth, 73 -74.

See also Children

Compositor: G&S Typesetters
Text: 11/13 Sabon
Display: Sabon
Printer: Maple-Vail Book Mfg. Group
Binder: Maple-Vail Book Mfg. Group