1. See Gilles Kepel, Les banlieues de l’Islam: Naissance d’une religion en France (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1987), pp. 192–196.

2. On this ironic state of affairs, see Nawal El Saadawi, “Guarding My Tongue,” Guardian, August 10, 1992, p. 21.

3. Georges Tarabishi, Woman Against Her Sex: A Critique of Nawal el-Saadawi, trans. Basil Hatim and Elisabeth Orsini (London: Saqi Books, 1988). El Saadawi had a chance to reply to Tarabishi in the same volume. For another critique of Tarabashi, see Sumayya Ramadân, “al-Radd ‘alâ Kitâb Unthâ Didd al-Unûtha,” in al-Fikr al-‘Arabî al-Mu‘âsir wal-Mar’a (Cairo: Dâr Tadâmun al-Mar’a al-‘Arabiyya, 1988), pp. 125–131.

4. A great deal has been written on Yûsuf Idrîs. For book-length studies, see Sasson Somekh, ed., Dunyâ Yûsuf Idrîs (Jerusalem: Matba‘at al-Sharq al-Ta‘âwuniyya, 1976); P. M. Kurpershoek, The Short Stories of Yûsuf Idrîs (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1981); Sasson Somekh, Lughat al-Qissa fî Adab Yûsuf Idrîs (Acre: Matba‘at al-Sarûjî, 1984). The recent volume Yûsuf Idrîs (1927–1991), ed. Samîr Sarhân and I‘tidâl ‘Uthmân (Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-‘Amma lil-Kitâb, 1991), contains extensive bibliographical materials. See also Mona Mikhail, Studies in the Short Fiction of Mahfouz and Idris (New York: New York University Press, 1992).

5. See, for example, Michel Foucault, Naissance de la clinique: Une archéologie du regard médical (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1963).