F

Face, 65 , 306 , 308

Family: conflict in, 20 , 38 , 48 , 49 n, 60 -61, 270 -71, 327 -29

interests of, 2 , 4 , 11 , 15 , 19 , 21 -22, 150 , 185 , 191 , 252 , 271 , 294 -96

interests of individuals in, 11 , 16 , 19 , 21 , 35 , 57 , 75 , 150 , 172 , 188 , 191 , 230 , 252 , 253 , 256 -57, 259 , 261 , 265 -67, 271 -74, 278 -79, 296 , 298 , 305 -6, 327 , 331

joint, 21 , 27 , 30 -34, 43 -45, 47 -48, 78 -79, 81 , 98 -102, 115 , 150 -51, 319

life (or development) cycle of, 3 , 7 , 8 , 17 , 43 -44, 55 -61, 78 -80, 98 -102, 144 , 167 , 232

networked, 1 , 8 , 9 , 18 , 40 -45, 49 , 56 -61, 115 , 147 , 148 -49, 154 , 215 -16, 271 -73, 320 -21, 330 -31

(see also Connections, personal)

nuclear, 5 , 8 , 9 , 21 , 27 -32, 34, 36 , 40 , 43 -45, 55 -56, 98 -99, 115 , 151 , 189 , 197 , 319

separation of, 8 , 34, 42 , 58 , 59 -60

stem, 27 -49, 55 -56, 81 , 98 -101, 115 , 150 -51, 197 , 319

traditional, 1 , 2 , 6 -7, 17 , 20 -22, 33 , 39 -40, 48 , 53 , 61 -68, 78 -79, 97 , 103 , 308 -9

(see also Confucian ideals)

welfare functions of, 2 , 17 -20, 21 , 146 , 178 -79, 200 , 277 -78, 294 -96, 307 -8, 325 -26, 330 , 331 -32

(see also Welfare).

See also Daughters; Family business; Family obligations; Family relations; Family strategies; Family structure; Households; Kin; Parents; Sons; Women

Family business, 1 , 87 , 152 , 254 , 270 -71, 308 -9.

See also Entrepreneurs

Family obligations: contract (reciprocal) nature of, 2 -3, 55 , 57 -61, 65 , 148 -49, 170 , 183 -84, 191 -92, 257 -59, 273 -74, 294 -96, 312 , 324 , 327 -29, 331 -33

to reproduce, 13 , 168 , 170 , 186 -88, 189 , 255 , 257 , 264

to support family members, 2 -3, 17 , 19 , 21 , 49 , 52 , 55 , 56 -61, 146 , 147 , 148 , 177 , 178 , 180 , 188 , 200 , 216 , 231 -32, 271 -74, 277 , 284 , 294 -96, 307 , 318 , 328 , 331 -33

Family relations, 1 , 2 -3, 17 , 35 -37, 48 , 97 , 115 , 167 , 183 -84, 191 -92, 200 , 216 , 252 , 265 -68, 286 , 290 , 318 , 320 -21, 323 -24, 326

economic basis of, 1 -22, 33 , 38 , 40 -42, 47 -48, 50 , 56 -57, 62 -68, 78 , 80 , 94 , 97 -102, 103 -4, 127 , 144 , 146 -47, 152 -55

168 -71, 177 , 182 -84, 187 -88, 208 , 231 -32, 255 -59, 262 -67, 271 , 273 -74, 301 , 305 -6, 308 -10, 312 , 317 , 320 -24, 327 -28, 331 , 332 -33.

See also Women: power of in family

Family strategies, 18 -19, 20 -22, 79 , 80 , 101 , 139 -40, 142 -52, 167 , 176 , 189 , 191 -92, 210 , 211 -12, 215 -16, 277 -78, 327 -29, 331 -33.

See also Disabilities: strategies to cope with; Fertility strategies; Housing strategies; Marriage strategies; Parents: strategies for support of in old age; Rational calculation; Welfare: strategies

Family structure, 6 , 21 -22, 27 -49, 75 , 77 -81, 98 -102, 115 , 140 , 142 -52, 285 -87, 297 -98

city size and, 35 -36.

See also Household composition

Farming. See Agriculture

Feasts. See Rituals and feasts

Fen jia , 100 .

See also Household division

Fertility: control of, 3 -4, 7 , 14 -16, 52 , 77 -78, 79 -80, 146 -47, 252

decline in, 7 , 14 -15, 92 -98, 224 , 261 -62, 274

low, 16 -17, 52 , 96 -98

marital, 14 , 92 , 253 , 261 -62.

See also Birth control programs; Birth limitation, voluntary; Birth rate

Fertility rates, 13 , 14 , 50 , 75 n, 79 -80, 146 -47, 224 , 252 , 262

Fertility strategies, 13 , 80 , 86 -89, 95 -98, 252 .

See also Birth control programs: strategies in response to

Filial piety, 19 , 41 , 48 , 266 -67, 308 -9, 322 , 331 , 333

Fines: difficulty in collecting, 236 , 240 -42

payment of, 227

Five-cities survey (Beijing, Chengdu, Nanjing, Shanghai, Tianjin), 8 , 27 , 28 , 31 -33, 41 , 304 .

See also Surveys: multiple-city

Foreign exchange earnings, 114

Foreign investment, 108 -9

Freedman, Maurice, 168

Fucheng (Wantong) village, Dongguan shi, Guangdong, 111 -14, 117 , 119 , 123 -24, 134

Fujian, 104

studies in, 16 n, 36 , 64