S

Le Sacrifice d'Abraham (Lefebvre), 87 -88, 292

Sadoul, Georges, 273

Salvemini, Gaetano, 39 , 151

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 3 , 79 , 298

Schumann, Maurice, 297

Schumuckle, Karl, 277

Science, 40 , 91 , 97

and communism, 92 , 93 , 99

Gandhi's distrust of, 120 , 123

and Marxism, 71 , 93

and religion, 138

Search for a Method (Sartre), 79

Secours Rouge International, 190

Seldte, Franz, 273

Selvinsky, Ilya, 221

Le Semeur (periodical), 245

Serge, Victor, 216 , 253 , 269 , 271 , 274

Soviet persecution of, 244 -245

Shakespeare, William, 14 , 237 , 254

Shaw, George Bernard, 47 , 68 -70, 160

Siddhartha (Hesse), 118

Sinclair, Upton, 60 , 160

Slade, Madeleine, 130 -131

Social Democratic Party (German), 57 -58, 180 , 184

Socialism: and Amsterdam-Pleyel movement, 161 , 162 -164, 166

and antifascism, 160

and anti-Sovietism, 274

and Clarté , 91

and "embourgeoisement," 164

evolutionary, 96 , 189

excluded from European governments, 79

French, 81 , 187 , 203

and Gandhism, 139

in India, 139

and intellectuals, 263

and internationalism, 67 , 91

Italian, 148 , 172

martyrs of, 67

and oceanic feeling, 12 , 22

and opportunism, 166 , 170

and pacifism, 67 , 76

and reformism, 225

scientific, 91 , 92

"sentimental," 53

Spanish, 271

and Surrealism, 225 -227

and violence, 90 , 92

Socialist humanism, 55 , 67 , 144 , 266

in L'Ame enchantée , 229

and Marx, 239 -240

and Soviet Union, 217 , 221 -222, 241 -242

and Stalinism, 284

Socialist International, 41 , 52 , 58 , 163 , 166

Social revolution, 46 , 53 , 91 , 190

in L'Ame enchantée , 234

and antifascism, 160 , 170 , 193 , 199 , 200 , 202 , 204

and anti-imperialism, 156

and despotism, 94

and European culture, 254 -255

failure in Europe of, 79 , 80 , 212

and Gandhism, 125 , 138 , 144 , 158 , 218 , 256

history of, 100

and intellectual autonomy, 67

and intellectuals, 66 -67, 102 , 103 , 206

and Lenin, 238

and Leninism, 224

in Les Léonides , 214

martyrs of, 67

moral nature of, 31 , 33 , 104 , 106 -107

in "Necessity of Revolution," 286 -287

and nonviolence, 98 , 133 , 144 , 168

and pacifism, 143 , 161 , 199 , 203 , 224 , 227 -228

in Robespierre , 282 -284

Solidarité Française, 187

Sorbonne, 15 , 37

South Africa, 111 , 120 , 142

Soviet Union, 92 , 95 , 117 , 168 , 192

and antifascism, 160 , 165 , 175 , 191 -204 passim, 209 , 221 -222, 231 , 248 , 251 , 266 , 285

and anti-imperialism, 221 , 225 , 231 , 251

anti-intellectualism in, 65 , 95 , 100 , 209

and antiracism, 251

and anti-Soviet conspiracy, 274 -275

art and culture of, 66 , 206 , 217 , 223 -224, 241 , 243 -244, 248

British relations with, 175 , 289

collective psychosis in, 249

democracy in, 209 , 241 , 247

emigrés from, 211 -212, 219

and European culture, 255 -256

fascist invasion of, 160 , 165 , 196 , 198 , 203 , 204 , 207 , 218 , 250 -251, 294

French relations with, 175 , 194 , 201 , 289

and intellectuals, 209 , 210 -211, 253 -254, 270

and internationalism, 241 , 248

and invasion of Finland, 288

and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 251

and leadership of European left, 80 -81, 92 , 133

and liberalism, 246 , 247

nationalism in, 241

and Nazi-Soviet Pact, 288 -290

overtures to Gandhi by, 128 -129, 328 n.82

pacifists in, 107

and Popular Front, 256 , 257 , 264

and Rolland-Gide debate, 269 -271

Rolland's support for, 6 , 66 , 245 -246, 250 -252, 269 -270, 274 , 285 -286

social advances in, 207 , 212 -213, 217 , 220 -221, 233 , 249 -251, 270

as social experiment, 192 , 207 , 217 , 240 , 246 , 252 , 270

and socialist humanism, 241 , 242

and Soviet Constitution, 247

and Spanish Civil War, 262 , 265 , 266

threatened by bourgeois-democratic states, 55 , 66 , 92 , 95 , 207 , 212 , 218 -219

and worker-intellectual alliance, 222 , 241 , 252 .

See also Russian Revolution; Soviet Union, oppression in

Soviet Union, oppression in, 92 -93, 104 , 212 , 220

and anti-intellectualism, 65 -66, 95 , 100 , 209

and anti-Semitism, 250

and Bolshevik leadership, 55 -56

and education, 323 n.114

and European ultraleftists, 216 -217

compared to fascism, 206 , 209

and fellow traveling, 213 , 217 , 286

and French left, 206 , 253 -254

compared to French Revolution, 246 , 275 , 282 -284

and Kirov assassination, 246

in Les Léonides , 214

and Moscow purge trials, 274 -277, 282 -286

and pacifism, 107

and persecution of Serge, 216 , 244 -245, 253

and religion, 250 , 251

and Rolland's appeals for human rights, 275 -278

and Soviet culture, 248

and Stalinism, 271 -272, 275 , 277 -278, 282 -284, 287

and trial of Social Revolutionaries, 99 , 104 , 106 , 207 -208

Spanish Civil War, 203

anarchists in, 351 n.20

and antifascism, 191 -192, 260 -263, 265 , 269 -271, 274 , 285

and fascism, 260 -262

French nonintervention in, 259 -262, 265 , 268 , 281

and L'Humanité , 271

and International Brigades, 260 , 261 , 262 , 265 , 271 , 281

and Popular Front, 259 -262, 264 , 265 , 279

and Soviet aid, 262 , 265 , 266 , 268 , 271

Trotskyists in, 351 n.20

Spartacist uprising in Germany, 57 , 189

Spinoza, Benedict de, 38 , 51 , 132

Stalin, Joseph, 99 , 210 , 238 , 241 -242, 351 n.21

and anti-Sovietism, 247

and cult of leadership, 224 , 277 -278

and Kirov assassination, 251 -252

meets with Rolland, 244 , 248 , 270

compared to Mussolini, 249 -250

and Popular Front, 236

Rolland's human rights appeals to, 273 , 275 , 277

and Serge affair, 244 -245

on writers, 241

Staline (Barbusse), 243

Stalinism, 108 , 217 , 240 , 241 -242, 244

and French left, 253 , 269

and Moscow purge trials, 275 -278, 282 -285, 287

and Robespierre , 282 -285

and Rolland's fellow traveling, 253 -254, 269 , 271 -272, 273 , 278 , 284 , 351 n.21

and socialist humanism, 284

Sun Yat Sen, Madame, 160

Surrealism, 166 , 225 -227, 244 , 335 n.58

Syndicalism, 45 , 46 , 161 , 204

French, 21 , 44

and Gandhism, 126 , 140 , 161

and Serge, 244

Syria, 113