7—
Intensification
When an action consists of a series of similar scenes, the weakening effect of
repetition is compensated for by introducing some sort of intensification . The prime
example of this is the series of battles in the Sack of Troy. There are detailed
descriptions of the fights in which Androgeus is involved (370-85), the fight for
Cassandra (402-34), the battle for the citadel (453-505), Priam's last fight (505-58).
Not only is the pathos more intense in the second scene compared with the first –
Coroebus' despair at the sight of his betrothed, whom he has been searching for
everywhere; but also, in contrast to the first fortunate outcome, there now comes the
first serious defeat. Also, in contrast with the unknown Androgeus we now have on
the battlefield the chief heroes of the Achaeans, Ajax and the Atrides. Neoptolemus
is reserved for the hardest fighting, which follows, and this in turn intensifies the
action, as the partial defeat in the second scene is followed by the decisive defeat
when the citadel is stormed. Here, again, the finale consists of the greatest possible
330 disaster, the death of the king himself. We have discussed this above on p. 23ff. In
the Dido scenes in Book 4 the climax leading up to the end is provided by the
material itself. In the competitions in Book 5, after the highly dramatic and emo-
tional boxing-match it was hardly possible to intensify the pathos any further.
Instead, for the last competition, Virgil invents Acestes' miraculous feat, thereby
raising the mood to the higher level of the portentous and supernatural Intensification is
carried out most carefully where it is most urgently required, in the battle-descriptions
in Books 9-12; I have referred to this repeatedly in my analysis above (p. 142ff.).
Comparison with the battle-descriptions in the Iliad is particularly instructive here.
Moreover, the principle applies not merely to the individual groups of scenes, but
to the lay-out of the whole work; or at least Virgil intended it to. The first half of the
poem ends with the most sublime passage of the whole work, the Parade of Heroes
and Anchises' prophecies. However, compared with this first half, the second half is
supposed to appear even more elevated and more splendid: maior rerum mihi nasci -
tur ordo , maius opus moveo (7.44) [a graver sequence of events opens before me,
and I now begin a grander enterprise]. In fact, it does not convey this effect, and it is
also doubtful whether Virgil was satisfied that he had achieved his objective. He
was writing from the contemporary standpoint which regarded the celebration of
war as the epic writer's greatest task. Books 7 and 8 are devoted to the preparations
for battle; Books 9 and 10 describe the first battles and culminate in Aeneas' first
great feat, the fall of Mezentius; after the excitement has dipped a little in Book 11,
so that another rise is possible, this leads in Book 12 to the climax of the whole
work, the death of Turnus. On this high spot the long road reaches its ending. It can
never have entered Virgil's head that he should go on to narrate the peaceful
consequences which must have followed Aeneas' victory.