6—
Contrast
The scene of Neptune's intervention in the storm, which we have discussed above
(p. 255), can also serve as an example of how the strong effect of the peripeteia (or
of any sudden event) can be increased by a further basic device of artistic presenta-
tion: contrast . In the storm scene the sudden calm is all the more effective because
of the contrast with the rough wind and waves which have been described just
before – the simile at 1.148f. shows that clearly; elsewhere, too, Virgil likes to
create a new situation with a sudden reversal and set it in sharp contrast with the
previous state of affairs. It can be a contrast of moods: I am thinking of Aeneas'
mood before and after the burning of the ships in Book 5, before and after the
lightning prodigium in Book 8, before and after Mercury's first appearance in Book
4. Or a contrast between complete rest and frantic activity: Turnus is roused by
329 Allecto from deepest slumber to raging battle-lust (7.413, 458); he is sitting in a
sacred grove, i.e. in silent solitude, when Iris makes him jump up: nunc tempus
equos , nunc poscere currus , rumpe moras omnis et turbata arripe castra (9.12)
['now is the moment to call for horses and your chariots of war. Burst a way through
every obstacle; surprise their camp into a panic and swiftly make it yours']. Simi-
larly, it is in the still of the night, when Aeneas and his men are sleeping after the
toils of the last few days in Carthage, that Mercury appears urging him to make
haste, and this is followed by feverish activity, rapiuntque ruuntque (4.554, 581)
[they heaved and they hurried]. Contrast is apparent in many different places: Ae-
neas' pious act, plucking green boughs with his own hands to adorn the altars of the
gods, is contrasted with the horrible subsequent desecration of the grave of Poly-
dorus: parce pias scelerare manus (3.19) [do not stain your righteous hands with
sin]); the Cretan colony is flourishing in every way when it is suddenly destroyed by
plague and drought and crop-failure (3.132); the joyful and voluptuous feasting
when they finally reach land contrasts with the loathsome and terrifying appearance
of the Harpies (3.219); these are three examples which occur very close together. In
all these and similar cases, Virgil started with the second situation: to increase its
effect he invented the first or, where it already existed, he painted it with contrasting
colours.