2—
Strong Openings
Virgil loves to start the action with a sudden strong impetus , rather than slowly and
320 gradually. He wants to catch the listener's interest all at once, not step by step. How
little haste the writer of the Odyssey makes to get to his hero, how much time he
takes with the broad exposition! And when we do finally meet Odysseus, how
calmly and dispassionately the events then unroll before our eyes! The Aeneid
begins, after a short introduction, with a turbulent scene, the tempest. When we see
the hero for the first time he is in deadly danger. It is true that the exposition of this
scene is comparatively calm (Juno's monologue and the conversation with Aeolus)
but Juno's first words already proclaim the doom-laden event and swiftly it speeds
nearer. This same pattern is repeated at every opportunity in the course of the
narrative; I have referred to it repeatedly in my analysis which forms the first half of
this study. In the second book, Aeneas' narrative begins more like a report than a
description. The description starts when Laocoon suddenly enters. After Sinon's
long tale, the entrance of the serpents and Laocoon's death set the action moving
with a sharp impetus. The depiction of the night of terror does not begin with
Aeneas being wakened by the clamour and gradually realizing what is happening,
but with the pathos-laden appearance of Hector in a dream, which suddenly, and all
at once, throws a harsh light on the situation. In Book 4 it is a question of bringing
about Aeneas' departure. Another poet might have chosen to show the situation
gradually becoming impossible, or Aeneas remembering his higher duty after the
lapse of a certain amount of time. In Virgil it is a quite precise event, Iarbas' defiant
prayer, which sets things moving; and Mercury's mission strikes the unthinking
Aeneas like a bolt from the blue. Similarly when he actually sails away: for the story
it would have sufficed for Aeneas to wake up at the first light of day and give the
order to sail away, but this would have made too gentle a start for an action so
fraught with consequences. Virgil makes Mercury enter a second time, and now
Aeneas subitis exterritus umbris corripit e somno corpus sociosque fatigat (4.571)
[was shocked by the sudden apparition: he leapt up and gave his comrades the
alarm]. The real action of Book 6 begins when the Sybil enters; Virgil could have
narrated how Aeneas sought her out, told her his wishes etc. Instead, he chooses to
begin by describing a state of rest – Aeneas sunk in contemplation before the
321 temple-pictures – which is then rudely interrupted; only a few lines later can he
begin to consult the god. One final example: the opening of Book 9 when Iris is sent
to Turnus. Basically, the technical reason for this is that the new action should not
have a flat beginning.