1—
Purposeful Progress
In order to characterize the way in which Virgil deals with the action, I will now
attempt to establish the types of action among which his creative inventiveness
prefers to move. The general difference between Virgil's and Homer's treatment of
319 the action could be summed up by saying that Homer's action is only significant in
itself, whereas Virgil's always has a higher purpose. Reading Homer, one so often
has the impression that the narrator has lost sight of the point of each episode; as
A.W. Schlegel put it,[74] 'he lingers over every detail of the past with total attention,
as if nothing had happened before or would happen after, so that everything is
equally interesting as a living present time'. When this 'epic stillness' does occur in
Virgil, it is the exception; the Aeneid is generally more like drama, where every
scene (in so far as it is aiming at specifically dramatic effects) is directed towards a
precise goal; Virgil intends us never to lose the feeling that the action is moving
forward . Compare the treatment of Menelaus when he is wounded by Pandarus,
with the treatment of Aeneas when he is wounded in Book 12. That the reader may
be excited and tense about the consequences of the treacherous shot does not trouble
Homer in the least (unless one is supposed to credit him with deliberately removing
the tension and excitement); nor does it have any bearing on the subsequent events
whether Menelaus recovers earlier or later; and yet we are made to linger over the
scene as every possible detail is given. In Virgil, everything depends on Aeneas'
being fighting-fit again, or else the enemy will gain the upper hand; the scene has an
energy which directs it towards this goal and gives it point, and the attainment of
this goal is essential for the success of the main action. Virgil does not invent an
action like the



episode]. The apparent exceptions prove the rule. It is true that there are scenes
which do not contribute anything to the advancement of the main story, and do not
show any forward movement in themselves; but this is when the interest does not lie
at all in the action and its portrayal but either (as in the Andromache scene) in the
portrayal of an emotion, or (as in the tour of the site of Rome in Book 8) the national
history of Rome.