Index

A

ACIEL, 34 -35, 146 n, 154 n, 196 n19, 249 n, 328

Agriculture, 103 -5

profits in, 124 -25, 285 -86

wages in, 266

See also Pampean bourgeoisie

Air force, 52 , 53 n, 152 , 200 , 206

nationalists in, 318

Alemann, Roberto, 67 n, 72 -73

Alende, Oscar, 208 n, 258 , 322

Alonso, José, 68 , 172 n, 177 n, 179 n, 206 n

Alsogaray, Álvaro, 57 , 63 -72, 258

Alsogaray, Julio, 39 , 56 -58, 63 , 67 , 146 -56, 173 , 322

Anídjar, Leonardo, 118

Anti-Peronism, 34 , 153 , 306 , 312 , 315 n, 318

Anticommunism, 216 , 229

Apter, David, xv, 21 , 37 n14, 164 n

Aramburu, Pedro, 72 , 203

assassination of 187 , 198 , 234 n, 241 n, 243 n, 306 n

and presidency, 146 , 153 , 173 -74, 186 -87

Argentina: as capitalist economy, 22

social transformation in, 8 -10

"Argentinazo", 233 , 308 , 311

Argentine Revolution, 58 -59, 62 -64, 147 n, 198 , 214

and armed forces, 145 , 175

economic phase of, 59 , 63 , 75 -76, 139 , 140 n

end of, 208

goals of, 184 , 186 n, 244

and nationalism, 222 -24

and political parties, 74 -75, 203 , 321

political phase of, 59 , 74 -75, 146 , 175 n, 203 , 321

social phase of, 59 , 75 , 146 -47, 153 , 155 , 157 , 181

unions and, 68 , 84

Armed forces: and Argentine Revolution, 145 , 166 , 175 , 184

and BAs, 28 , 33 n, 304 , 313

and Cámpora government, 319 , 323

coercion by, 138 -39, 192 -93, 294

after Cordobazo, 171 -75

and coup of (1966), 39 , 227

and elections, 249 , 256 -57, 317 -18

factions in, 44 , 51 -58

and government, 32 , 48 -49, 165 , 173 -74, 192 -94, 199 , 219 , 236 -39, 255 , 284

and guerrillas, 172 , 308

and Lanusse government, 236 -40, 318

and Onganía government, 67 , 69 , 188 , 195

and paternalists, 140 , 158 , 197

and Peronism, 47 , 51 , 232 , 242 , 248 , 256 , 301 , 311 n

and political parties, 60 , 203 , 209 n, 214 -15

and pueblo,172 , 245

support of, 187 , 230 , 241 , 254 n, 258

See also Military liberals

Army, 52 , 58 , 67 , 152 , 159 , 200 , 250 n, 319

and Lanusse, 198

Arregui, Héctor Hernández, 234 n

Assassinations, 171 , 172 n, 241 n, 243 n, 296 , 300 , 328 n

Aufgang, Lidia, 168 n

Ávila, Raúl, 159 n

Ayza, Juan, 37 n10

B

BA (bureaucratic authoritarianism), 31 -33

and capitalism, 2 -6, 194

end of, 209 , 219 , 236 , 286 , 300 -313, 320 , 323

opposition to, 164 -67, 171 -74,

182 -85, 215 , 229 , 322

threat preceding, 29 -31, 45 , 58 , 97 , 103 , 141 -43, 161 , 189 -90, 194 -95, 289

Bacha, Edmar, 100 n5

Balbín, Ricardo, 257 -58

Beef prices, 120 -21, 179 , 183 , 206 , 221 -24, 270 -71

Bisio, Raúl H., 47 n

Blachman, Morris, 234 n

Black market, 49 , 206 , 250 , 277 , 279 -80

dollar on, 283

Bombings, 296 -97, 328 n

Borda, Guillermo, 67 , 73 , 75 n, 83 n, 146 n, 159 n

resignation of, 167

Borón, Atilio, 33 n

Bourgeoisie, 2 -3, 12 , 13 , 30 -33, 42 , 50 , 67 , 72 , 272

and Cámpora government, 323

class interest of, 161 -62, 184

industrial, 132 , 286

and inflation, 92 -93, 283

local, 33 -35, 56 , 90 , 123 , 125 , 127 , 160 , 189 , 194 , 195 , 209 , 213 , 216 -17, 220

and nationalism, 224

and normalization, 135 -42

and political parties, 203 , 208 , 301

and unions, 224 , 250 , 288

and violence, 303 , 308

See also CGE

Pampean bourgeoisie

Upper bourgeoisie

Brazil, 6 , 10 , 22 , 27 -29, 40 , 58 , 77 , 89 , 320 n

agrarian class in, 141

BA in, xiii , 117 , 139 , 144 , 160 , 161 , 174 n

economy in, 14 n, 92 , 97 , 103 , 134 n

Brodersohn, Mario, 102 n33

Buenos Aires, 63 -64, 184

protest in, 291 -92, 327 n

Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, 33 -34, 154 n

Bureaucratic authoritarianism. See BA

C

CAC (Camara Argentina de Comercio), 33 -35, 63 n, 154 n, 249 n, 328

Calvar, José C., 293 n

Cámpora, Héctor J., 232 , 246 n, 247 , 259 , 314 -17

candidacy of, 316 -19

government of, 319 , 323

Canitrot, Adolfo, 100 n6

Capital: commercial, 133 , 138

concentration of, 213

domestic, 76 , 126 , 172 , 201 , 211

financial, 91 , 93 -94, 109 , 132 , 142 -43, 193 , 215 , 286

(see also Speculation)

foreign, 66 , 117 -18, 169 -70, 213 -14

(see also Transnational capital)

industrial, 34 -35, 91 , 138 , 212

long-term, 110 , 278

private, 32 -33, 63 -64, 223 , 330

restrictions on, 50 , 166

shortterm, 110 , 278

Capital flight, 20 , 169 n, 170 , 250 , 277 , 283

after Cordobazo, 173

Capitalism, 2 -6, 8 , 11 -17

and BA, 78 , 194

national, 11 -12, 203

and nationalism, 150 -51

and paternalism, 55

and Peronism, 195

state, 139 , 190

threat to, 161

CARBAP, 34 , 86 n, 243 n, 328

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, xiv , 10 n, 36 n, 37 n7, 164 n

Castelo Branco, 58 , 70 n10, 77

Catholic Church, 55 , 60 , 148 n, 153 , 157 , 185 , 233 , 306

Cavalcanti, Leonardo, 37 n9

Cavarozzi, Marcelo, xiv , 7 n, 8 n, 69 n2

Ceresole, Norberto, 44 n

CGE (Confederación General Económica), 34 -35, 80 , 132 n, 165 -66, 175 , 182 -83, 213 -17

and CGT, 218 , 251 , 259 n

and Lanusse, 228 -29, 245

leaders of, 216 , 305 , 319

and Levingston government, 200 -202

and normalization, 86 n, 125 -28, 139 , 150

and Peronism, 247 n, 301 , 312

See also Bourgeoisie, local

CGI, 34 -36, 86 n

CGT (Confederación General de Trabajo), 34 , 47 -48, 79 -85, 153 , 155 -58, 176 -79, 200 , 204 n, 250 -51, 292 , 315

and BA, 166 , 213 , 228

and CGE,,218 , 259 n

dissolution of, 83 , 147 -49

and Lanusse government, 244 n, 245

leadership of, 64 -68, 177 , 305

legal recognition of, 257 n

and Onganía government, 62 n

and Peronism, 80 , 229 , 231 , 247 n, 311 , 318 n

and Plan of

Action, 79 -82, 178 , 205 , 328 n

See also Unions

CGT de los Argentinos,149 -53, 157 -58, 177 , 178 , 208 n, 232

CGT-Calle Azopardo,149 -58, 177

Chile, 9 -10, 27 -29, 40 , 134 n, 319

BA in, xiii , 6 , 160 , 161

economy in, 22 , 28 , 77 , 89 , 97 , 103 , 134 n, 141

Christian Democrats, 66 , 208 n, 258 -59, 322

Citizenship, 1 , 5 -10, 32

rights of, 189

Clarin, 34

Classes, social, 12 , 89 , 141 -42, 293

domination of, 2 -6, 14

relations among, 2 , 30 , 162

See also Bourgeoisie

Popular sector

Collective bargaining, 154 , 157 , 177 -82, 205 , 212 , 223 -24, 228 , 265

Collier, David, xiv , 7 n, 36 n, 101 n19

Collier, Ruth Berins, 7 n, 101 n19

Communism, 45 , 55 , 70 n15

fear of, 125 , 141 , 167 n

Communist party, 208 n, 258 , 322

CONASE (National Security Council), 53 n, 62 , 79 , 178 , 188

Conceição Tavares, Maria de, 100 n5

Confirmado, 34

Congress, 50

disbanding of, 62

Consejo Empresario Argentino, 133 n

Construction, 103 , 287

investment in, 107 , 118 n, 281

profits in, 123 -29, 132 , 285 -86

wages in, 266

Construction workers' union, 84 n, 150 n

Cooke, John William, 234 n

Córdoba, 159 , 165 , 212 , 218

unions in, 149 , 178 , 188

violence in, 54 , 67 , 157 , 308 -10

See also Cordobazo

Cordobazo, 159 -60, 171 , 289 , 295 -97, 320

and BA, 188 -89, 323

effect of, 164 -76, 201 -2, 221 -22, 235 , 277 , 282 -83, 313

second, 218 -19

Cordone, Héctor, 47 n

Corradi, Juan E., 234 n

Correa, Jorge, 324 n6

Credit cooperatives, 123 , 125 , 132

Crisis of accumulation, 25 -29, 42 , 138 -39, 162 , 194 , 300

Crisis of domination, 29 -39, 195

Crisis of government, 24 -28, 42 , 300

Crisis of regime, 24 -28, 42 , 300

Crisis of social domination, 91 , 142 , 161 , 300

Crónica, 328

Cúneo, Dardo, 36 n

Cyert, Richard, 37 n13

D

Dagnino Pastore, José Maria, 168 , 179 , 180 n, 182 -83, 215 , 221 , 222 , 282 -83

Dahl, Robert, xv, 6 n, 163 n

de Couto e Silva, Golbery, 164 n

de Pablo, Juan Carlos, 101 n33, 115 , 118 n, 134 n, 144 n1, 226 n41

de Souza, Amaury, 164 n

Debt, foreign, 214 , 280

Deficit, fiscal, 22 , 24 , 41 , 65 n, 67 , 91 , 98 -99, 111 , 142 , 160 , 251 , 274 -76, 277

reduction of, 94 , 115 -16

Delich, Francisco, 135 n, 159 n, 262 n9

Democracy, political, 1 , 6 , 9 -10, 239 , 245 , 320 -24

demand for, 207 , 227 -28

suppression of, 32 -33, 63 , 75 , 154

Demonstrations, 47 , 149 , 295 , 328

Devaluation. See Peso, devaluation of

Diamand, Marcelo, 37 n10, 102 n33

Diamandouros, Nikifouros, 164 n

Díaz Alejandro, Carlos, 92 n, 100 n5

Díaz Colodrero, 74 , 146 n

Dodson, Michael, 250 n

Dollar, U.S., 48 -49, 114 , 224 , 280 , 283 , 284

Donghi, Tulio Halperín, 325 n18

Duejo, Gerardo, 196 n26

Duval, Natalia, 262 n9

E

Economic normalization. See Normalization, economic

Economic orthodoxy, 78 , 86 , 115 , 192 -95, 204 , 251

costs of, 143 -44

and investors, 95 -99, 126 , 134 -35n, 214 , 223

Economic Survey,34

Economy: control of, 95

crisis of, 15 -22, 29

deterioration of, 243 -44, 249

growth of, 8 -10, 59 , 103 -20, 133 , 140 , 156

transnationalization of, 1 , 11 -15

See also Inflation

Normalization, economic

Economy Ministry, 243 , 251 , 319

Elections, 60 , 173 , 234 , 252 -61, 304 n, 314 -19

conditions for, 238 -41, 248 , 260

demand for, 182 n, 199 , 204 n, 207 -8, 218 , 251 n

and Perón, 50 , 235 , 243 -48, 253 -57, 314 -19

postponement of, 146 n, 152 , 154 , 166 -67, 198 , 205 , 246 , 249

Electoral system, 65 , 75 n, 201

Evers, Tilman, 136 n

Exploitation rates, 128 -32, 135 , 286 -88

Exports, 11 , 12 , 14 , 99 n, 109 , 219

withholding tax on, 85 , 88 , 118 -21, 201

F

Factory occupations, 44 n, 48 , 50 , 149 , 184 n, 188 , 218 , 230 , 232 , 289 n

Fajnzlber, Fernando, 37 n9

Faletto, Enzo, 10 n, 37 n7

Fascism, 33 n, 56 , 162 n, 191 , 307 , 313 , 323

Fayt, Carlos A., 69 n1

Ferrer, Aldo, 200 , 206 , 210 -20, 223 , 228 , 243

Fichet, Gerard, 37 n10

Filho, Luis Viana, 70 n10

Fishlow, Albert, 100 n5

Flichman, Guillermo, 120 n

Foreign exchange, 50 , 88 , 93 , 99 , 105 , 108 -9, 206 , 223 , 276

after Cordobazo, 169

Foxley, Alejandro, 100 n5

Freels, John, Jr., 36 n, 114 n

FREJULI, 259 , 315 -19

Frenkel, Roberto, 101 n33, 102 n34, 144 n3

Frondizi, Arturo, 42 -44, 47 n, 49 n, 50 n, 52 , 57 n, 208 n, 259 , 321

G

Gaba, Ernesto, 144 n2, 226 n41

Galimberti, Rodolfo, 234 n, 242 n, 259 n, 307 n, 314 n

García Lupo, Rogelio, 99 n1

Gazzera, Miguel, 44 n

Gelbard, José B., 35 , 166 n, 215 n, 319

González, Norberto, 37 n10

Graham-Yooll, Andrew, 250 n, 263 n15

Great National Accord, 232 , 238 -40, 246 , 249 , 256 , 260 -61, 317

and Perón 252 , 259 n, 315 ,

Greece, 160

BA in, 164 n

Grondona, Mariano, 40 n

Guerrilla activity, 171 -72, 185 , 201 n, 205 , 230 , 252 , 260 , 289 , 296 , 300 , 327 n

beginning of, 159 , 165 , 176 -77, 184

Guerrilla organizations, 174 n, 187 , 233 , 297 , 302 -5

and Perón, 240 , 248 -49, 322 -24

and Peronism, 213 , 229 -31, 234 n, 301 , 306 -11, 317 -19, 321

and repression, 210 , 243 , 250 , 292

H

Hellman, Ronald, 234 n

Hewlett, Sylvia Arm, 7 n

Hirschman, Albert O., 37 n11

Hodges, Donald, 234 n, 262 n15

Huntington, Samuel P., 38 n15

I

Illia, 39 , 41 , 42 , 48

government of, 86 n

Imports, 41 n, 78 , 99 n, 109 , 180 , 221 , 222

ban on, 249 -50

duties on, 85 , 101 n25, 116 , 126 n, 201 -2, 212

Industry, 8 , 17 -23, 34 -35, 104 , 106, 193 , 287

productivity in, 129 -30

profits for, 285 -86

See also Capital

Inflation, 22 , 29 , 41 n, 108 -15, 143 , 169 , 292

and BA, 58 -59, 65 n, 91

causes of, 31 , 66 -67, 87 , 114 -15, 181 , 222

control of, 46 , 85 , 114 , 125 , 133 , 134 , 156

effect of, 90 -93, 104 , 109 , 213 , 223 , 280 n

and speculation, 277 , 283 -86

and wages, 44 , 79 , 93 , 250 , 265 , 270 , 294

Investment, 20 , 87 , 117 -18

decline in, 66 , 78 , 249 n

domestic, 41 -42, 108 , 134 -35, 222 , 281

foreign, 22 , 41 , 85 -86, 109 , 139 , 169 -70, 212 -14, 221 , 277 -79

See also Private investment

Public investment

Transnational capital

J

James, Daniel, 233 n

Jelin, Elizabeth, 292 n

Justicialist party, 256 n, 259 , 315 -19

See also Peronism

K

Kaufman, Robert, 7 n

Kidnappings, 243 n, 296 , 303 -4, 328 n

Kohl, James, 263 n15

Krieger Vasena, Adalbert, 67 , 72 -73, 76 , 157 , 319

and devaluation, 181

and elections, 153 n

program of, 83 -88, 96 n, 97 , 139 , 183 , 213 , 215

see also Normalization, economic

resignation of, 130 , 140 , 166 -68, 171 , 220

L

La Hora del Pueblo,207 -10, 214 -18, 228 , 316 n

and Peronism, 213 , 240 , 247 n, 261 , 312

and Lanusse, 245

La Naciýn,34 , 328 , 329

La Opinión,34

La Prensa, 34

La Razón,34 , 327 , 328

Laclau, Ernesto, 24 n, 36 n2, 159 n

Lamounier, Bolivar, 164 n

Landi, Oscar, 24 n, 36 n2

Lanusse, Alejandro, 56 -58, 146 , 164 n, 175 , 186 , 209 n, 239 , 322

and armed forces, 152 , 156 , 200 , 318

candidacy of, 253 -58

and elections, 247 -61, 315 n, 316 -17

and Levingston, 206 -8, 218

and Perón, 168 , 207 n, 232 , 235 , 242 , 253 , 314

and unions, 228 , 250

and upperbourgeoisie, 198 , 228

Lanusse government, 227 -61

coup against, 244 -46

goal of, 229

and economy, 264 -89

political solution of, 236 -41, 284 , 294 , 309 -13, 320 -22

protest during, 289 -300, 302 -5

Laqueur, Walter, 324 n5

Lara Resende, André, 100 n5

Law of Mandatory Arbitration, 65 -66, 68

Law of Professional Associations, 64 , 80 , 83 , 155 , 176 n, 178 n, 202

Lechner, Norbert, 24 n, 37 n12

Levingston, Roberto M., 57 , 199 -200, 206 , 229

Levingston government, 78 , 200 -207, 210 -24, 236 , 240

economy of, 201 -2, 211 -14, 221 -24, 264

and nationalism, 188 , 201 -4, 211 -21, 322

ouster of, 216 -19, 238 , 309 , 320

Liberals, 72 -79, 83 , 154 -58, 168 , 172 , 185 -87, 198 -200, 205 , 244 , 302

and economy, 95 , 134 -38, 163 , 219 , 264

and elections, 152 , 236

and Lanusse, 198 , 229

and Perón, 235 , 242

See also Military liberals

Linck, Delfina, xiv(n), 37 n9

Linz, Juan, 55 , 69 n6

Litt, John, 263 n15

López Aufranc, Alcides, 229

López Rega, José, 234 , 246 n, 262 n14, 311 , 324

Luco, Francisco, 202 , 203 , 212

M

McLoughlin, Eduardo, 200 , 203 , 220

Mallon, Richard D., 37 n10, 92 n, 102 n33, 125 n, 170 n

Manrique, Francisco, 200 , 218 , 258 , 315 n, 322

March, James, 37 n13

Margenat, Nidia, 120 n, 196 n26

Martínez, Eziquiel, 258 , 322

Martínez de Hoz, José A., 67 n, 72 , 133 n, 303 n

Martínez Paz, Enrique, 59 -60n, 63 , 67

Marxism, 148 , 232 , 245 , 307

Metalworkers' union, 64 , 66 , 182 , 319

Mexico, 6 n,10, 204

economy in, 14 n

Military. See Armed Forces

Military liberals, 54 n, 56 -58, 61 , 63 , 146 , 173 , 193 -94

and BA, 76 , 219 , 228 , 323

and Lanusse, 252 -58, 318

and political solution, 237 -38, 245

Miller, James, 262 n15

Money supply, 79

expansion of, 115 , 223 , 250

restriction of, 87 , 94 , 180 -83, 221 , 277

Montoneros, 187 , 233 -34, 242 n, 247 n, 306 -7, 311 n

Moore, Barrington, 320 , 325 n16

Mor Roig, Arturo, 208 , 227 -28, 249 n, 255 , 259 n, 321

and elections, 253 n, 260 , 315 n

Moreno, Oscar, 159 n

Moulián, Tomá's, 100 n5

Movement of Third World Priests, 159 , 250 n

Moyano Llerena, Carlos, 169 n, 200 -205, 220 -23, 282 -83

N

Nationalists, 61 , 69 , 78 , 138 , 228 , 302

in armed forces, 54 -57, 206 , 318

and economy, 150 -51, 204 , 210 -24

and Onganía, 172 -73, 186 -87

and political parties, 198 -205

See also Levingston government

Navy, 52 , 152 , 200 , 318

Niosi, Jorge, 36 n, 127 n

Normalization, economic: and agriculture, 115 -16, 286

and BA, 32 , 88 -99, 189 -91

challenges to, 45 -46, 138 -39, 143 , 220 -21

costs of, 120 -27, 138 -44, 160 , 163 , 293

end of, 184 , 228 , 244

and inflation, 104 , 222

and investments, 147 n, 211 n

and orthodoxy, 96 -97

profits under, 127 -33

success of, 103 -20, 138 -44, 198 , 282

and transnational capital, 126

and upper bourgeoisie, 90 , 133 -38, 168 -69, 192 , 219 , 243 n, 289 , 302

See also Investment; Krieger Vasena; Wages and salaries

Nuñez Miñana, Horacio, 112 n, 275 n

O

O'Donnell, Guillermo, xiv (n), 28 n, 36 n, 37 n9, 38 n16, 53 n, 69 n1, 70 n11, 100 n6, 101 n33, 102 n34, 132 n, 144 n3, 164 n, 196 n6, 196 n32, 196 n33, 225 n20, 262 n10, 307 n, 324 n1, 325 n17

Oil production, 50 , 86 n

Oliveira, Francisco de, 100 n5

Onganía, government of, 59 -69, 72 -99, 145 -63, 195 , 309

and Argentine Revolution, 59 -60, 74 -75, 184 -85

and Cordobazo, 164 -68, 178 -81

and economy, 85 -99, 103 -44

ouster of, 58 , 171 -73, 182 -88, 197 , 214 , 218 , 309

and paternalists, 57 , 59 -69

and unions, 82 -87, 135 -36, 148 -58, 177 -84

and upper bourgeoisie, 86 -87, 96 -99, 121 , 147 -49, 158 , 166 , 173 , 264

See also Krieger Vasena; Normalization, economic; Paternalists

Onganía, Juan Carlos, 40 n, 52 -54, 57 -76, 139 , 185 , 229 , 233

and army, 151 -52

Ongaro, Raimundo, 148 -49

Oszlak, Oscar, xv, 92 n

P

Paladino, Jorge Daniel, 153 , 204 n, 208 , 246 n, 247

Pampean bourgeoisie, 33 -34, 42 , 65 , 127 , 132 -38, 141 -42

and BA, 151 , 183 , 206 , 243 n

and prices, 222 -23, 270 -72, 283

and tax, 86 n, 115 -21, 134 , 141

Panorama, 34

Paternalists, 59 -61, 146 , 167 , 187 , 197 , 219 -20, 302

and armed forces, 54 -58, 138

and economy, 66 -67, 74 -77, 135 -40, 154 -57, 181 -85

and Onganía, 57 , 73 , 173

and politics, 59 , 74 -76

and unions, 64 -68, 80 n, 83 -84, 147 -49, 175 -84

See also Onganía, Juan Carlos

Perón, Eva, 7 , 234

Perón, Juan Domingo, 68 , 167 -68, 240 , 243 , 301 , 321

and elections, 247 ,

254 , 260

and guerrillas, 240 -41, 246 -47, 311 , 313

and Lanusse, 229 -31, 252 , 318

"National Revolution" of, 307 , 317

and 1966 coup, 40 , 62

presidency of, 323 -24

presidential candidacy of, 241 , 248 , 256 , 314 -16

and unions, 82 , 179

Peronism, 35 , 40 -53, 139 -41, 148 , 178 , 195 , 204 , 207 -8, 215 , 229 -40, 301 , 323

and elections, 255 -61

and Lanusse, 240 -46, 253 , 264

proscription of, 42 -47, 51 -53, 240 , 257 , 313 , 322

radical, 153 , 174 , 208 n, 242 -48, 253 , 305 -8, 317 -19, 323

and Radicals, 46 -51, 153 , 174 , 208 n

and unions, 42 , 64 n, 80 , 213 , 252 , 288 , 293

Peronist Youth, 242 n, 306 n, 307 , 315

Peso: devaluation of, 66 , 85 -88, 94 , 201 -2, 212 , 223

stability of, 114 , 140 , 169 , 181

Pinedo, Jorge, 242 n

Plan of Action. See CGT, and Plan of Action

Plunder, economy of, 21 , 24 , 29 , 31 , 89 -97, 142 -44, 284 -89, 294

Political parties, 26 -29, 44 n, 56 -64, 74 -75, 153 , 186 , 201 -10, 251 n

and armed forces, 52 -53, 173 -74

and Lanusse, 227 -29, 235 -41, 246 , 256 -61, 320 -21

and Peron, 315 -16

proscription of, 32 , 88 , 154 , 198 -99

Popular sector, 44 , 91 -92, 160

exclusion of, 32 , 46 , 77 -98, 161 , 175 , 191 , 209 , 301

and Peronism, 204 , 231

political activation of, 1 , 9 -10, 14 -15, 23 , 139 -42, 156 , 167 , 178 , 184 -89, 234 -41, 251 -52, 302 -11

threat from, 25 -28, 90 , 162 , 230

See also Pueblo; Unions

Porto, Horacio, 112 n, 275 n

Potash, Robert, 69 n1

Poulantzas, Nicos, 37 n8

Price agreements, 147 , 179 , 201

Price controls, 50 , 66 -67, 88 , 183 , 222 -23, 228

Prices, 91 -92, 132 , 134 , 179 , 202 , 206

for food, 120 -21

freeze of, 114 -15, 249

and wages, 270 -72

Primera Plana,34

Private investment, 22 , 134 -35, 143 , 147 n, 221 -22, 249 n, 277

in construction, 107 , 115 , 170 , 281

Professionalists in armed forces, 52 -57

Protest. See Factory occupations; Strikes; Student protest; Violence

Przeworski, Adam, xv, 324 n1

Public investment, 41 -42, 79 , 104 , 116 -19, 222 -23

in construction, 107 , 281

decline of, 41 , 125 , 132

and economic orthodoxy, 98 -99, 134 -35n

in industry, 211 n, 213

Pueblo,4 -10, 13 , 23 , 32 , 56 , 147 , 189 , 198 -99, 203 , 215 -16, 234 , 308

and armed forces, 47 , 55 , 172 , 245

exclusion of, 189

Puiggrós, Rodolfo, 234 n

R

Radical government, 41 -52, 231

and Peronism, 46 -51

violence under, 289 -91

Radical party, 39 , 139 , 146 n, 204 -8, 227 , 316 n

and elections, 252 -59, 315 n, 319

and Lanusse, 239 , 245 , 249 n, 254

and Peronism, 153 , 174 , 208 n

Reca, Lucio, 144 n2, 226 n41

Redistribution of income, 99 , 143 , 147 , 162 , 207 -9, 211 , 219 , 249 n, 251

Repression, 23 n, 28 -29, 76 , 161 , 189 , 201 , 209 , 230 , 304

after Cordobazo, 165 -66, 173 -74, 186

of guerrillas, 250 , 289 , 292

and Peronism, 232

and unions, 44 -48, 80 n, 150 , 176 , 205 , 293 -94

Riots, 135 n, 168 n, 171 , 232 , 257

Rosario, 54 , 159 , 165 n, 168 n, 177 n, 308 -10

Roth, Roberto, 76 n, 140 n, 171 n

Rouguié, Alain, 69 n1

Russell, Charles, 262 n15

S

Salimei, Jorge, 66 -68, 72 , 105 , 282

Schenkel, James, 262 n15

Schmitter, Philippe, xv, 38 n16, 70 n11, 64 n

Schvarzer, Jorge, 133 n

Selser, Gregorio, 100 n1

Senén Gonzalez, Santiago, 40 n, 65 n, 149 n

Serra, José, 100 n5

Simon, Herbert, 37 n13

Singer, Paulo, 100 n5 62Organizaciones de Pie,68 , 79 n, 178 , 179 n, 182 , 318 n

See also Vandorists

Skidmore, Thomas, 100 n5

Smith, William, xv(n)

Socialism, national, 307 , 311

Socialist party, 208 n

Solano Lima, Vicente, 315 -19

Sourrouille, Juan V., 37 n9, 37 n10, 92 n, 102 n33, 125 n, 144 n4, 144 n5, 170 n

Speculation, financial, 20 -21, 49 , 91 , 138 , 143 , 170 , 249 -50, 277 , 283 -86

SRA (Sociedad Rural Argentina), 34 -35, 86 n, 154 n, 328

Stepan, Alfred, xv, 70 n10, 225 n12

Strike, right to, 135

Strikes, 44 -50, 60 -65, 135 , 149 , 156 , 184 , 201 n, 212 -13, 218 , 250 , 289 -95, 305

in Brazil, 174 n

dismissal for, 80 , 81 n

general, 159 , 178 , 188 , 205 , 211 n

wildcat, 179 , 230

Student protest, 67 , 156 -59, 174 n, 184 , 233 , 250 n

T

Tarragó, Trinidad Martínez, 37 n9

Tax: on corporations, 86

revenues from, 98 -99, 116 -17, 275 -76

withholding, 85 , 88 , 115 -21, 134 , 141 , 182 , 201

Textile workers' union, 64 -66, 81 , 150 n

Theology of Liberation, 148 , 159

TNC subsidiaries, 11 -14, 36

and Krieger Vasena, 72 -73

U.S.-based, 128 , 130 -31

TNCs (transnational corporations), 11 , 214 , 216

after Cordobazo, 170 n

protest against, 159

subsidiaries of, 11 -14, 36 , 72 -73, 128 -31

Torre, Juan Carlos, 262 n9, 292 n, 304 n

Transnational capital, 7 , 9 -14, 33 , 41 , 56 , 134 , 143 , 198 , 212 , 219 -20

after Cordobazo, 222

and military liberals, 61 , 76 , 78

and normalization program, 86 -99, 106 , 110 , 126 -27, 135 , 139 , 160 , 180 -81, 192

and Radical government, 49 -50

Tucumán, 50 , 205 n

Turner, Frederick, 136 n, 254 n, 308 n, 309 , 313 n

U

UIA (Unión Industrial Argentina), 33 -35, 63 n, 64 n, 65 n, 126 n, 154 n, 177 n, 180 n, 196 n19, 212 , 228 n, 249 n, 328

Unemployment, 157 , 179

Union leaders: and Cámpora, 315 , 323

and elections, 218 , 235 -36

and 1966 coup, 40 n, 49 n, 62 , 68 , 80 n, 184 , 294 , 321

and Perón, 45 , 50

Peronist, 241 n, 250 , 301 , 314 n, 317

and protest, 171 , 178

Unions, 125 -27, 166 , 209

and collective bargaining, 154

defeat of, 79 -85, 87 , 292

and economic normalization, 45

funds of, 47 , 80 , 201 -2, 250 n, 257 n

intervened, 81 , 84 , 85 n, 149

and Lanusse, 229 , 240 -44

"legal personality" of, 80 -82

and Levingston, 205

local, 291 -92

national, 184 , 202

and nationalism, 139 , 199 , 202 , 205 , 220

and Onganía's government, 64 -66, 82 -87, 135 -36, 177 -84

participationists in, 84 -85, 148 -58, 166 , 175 , 179 , 185 n, 213 , 231

and paternalists, 64 , 75 -76, 135 -40, 147 -48, 177 -84, 219

and Perón, 45 , 68 , 168 , 231

and Peronism, 42 -43, 153 , 195 , 235 , 311 -12

and protest, 44 -48, 171 , 178 , 205 , 212 , 293

public employees', 63 , 66 , 68

and Radical government, 47 -51

and violence, 172 , 305

See also CGT; Strikes

United States, 50 n, 66 , 128 , 130 -31

aid from, 87

and Lanusse, 229

Universities, 39 , 158 -59, 174 n, 304

intervention of, 62 -63

See also Student protest

Upper bourgeoisie, 14 , 31 -35

and armed forces, 56 , 165 , 173 , 237 , 319

and democracy, 320

and economic orthodoxy, 86 , 98 -99

and Lanusse, 186 , 228 , 239 -46

and Levingston government, 198 -219

and normalization, 87 , 96 , 114 n, 121 , 130 -33, 163 , 190 -92

and Onganía government, 61 -68, 150 -63, 175 -80

and Perón, 242

and Peronism, 312 -13

and price controls, 249 -50

and repression, 80 n, 166

and unions, 83 , 85 , 147 -58, 176

Uruguay, 8 -10, 22 , 89 , 134

BA in, xiii , 6 , 27 -28, 89 , 160 , 161

V

Vandor, Augusto, 68 , 165 n, 172 n, 177 n, 178 , 243 n

Vandorists, 44 n, 68 , 148 -57, 166 , 182 , 292 , 319

and CGT, 84 , 213 , 231

and strikes, 80 n, 82 , 179

Vergara, Pilar, 100 n5

Villavicencia, Agapito, 115 n

Villegas, Osiris, 70 n15

Violence, 64 , 167 , 171 -72, 264 , 289 -90, 295 -300, 302 -7, 313 , 320 , 323 -24

and Lanusse government, 188 , 304

and Levingston government, 201 n

and Perón, 314 n, 318 n

See also Assassinations; Cordobazo; Guerrilla activity; Riots; Strikes

von Dellinger, Carlos, 37 n9

W

Wage, minimum, 211 n, 265 , 268

and prices, 272

Wages and salaries, 67 , 113 , 128 -30, 157 , 265 -72

control of, 50 , 79 , 92 -94, 212 n, 265

demands, 220 -22, 250 -51, 305

freeze on, 86 -87, 114 -15, 120 , 154 , 179 , 201 -2

increases

in, 89 , 93 , 130 -32, 140 , 156 -57, 177 -79, 182 n, 205 -6, 221 -24, 228 , 289

reductions in, 87 , 101 , 114 , 129 -36, 147 , 277 -78

Weffort, Francisco, xv, 7 n, 37 n6

Weinert, Richard, 7 n

Wilkins, Myra, 37 n9

Work stoppages, 50 n, 65 , 68 , 250 , 291 , 327

Working class, 3 , 48 , 65 , 135 , 184

emergence of, 23

and Peronism, 311

and protest, 292 , 308 -9

See also Popular sector; Unions