L

La (pass), 26

Labor migration, 39

Labor scheduling: and multialtitudinal sites, 82 , 85 , 105 , 139 ;

and trade and tourism, 85

Lama. See Lama Sanga Dorje; Lama Serwa Tungel

Lama Gulu: and forest management, 202 , 206

Lama nating. See Lama's forest

Lama Sanga Dorje, 45 , 51 ;

conflict with Dzongnangpa, 51 ;

establishment of Pangboche temple, 51 -52;

and sacred forests, 199 , 200

Lama Serwa Tungel, 48

Lama's forest, 197 , 198 (map 13), 200 -201, 201 (table 16);

at Mong, 200 ;

at Phurtse, 200 -201, 275 , 330 ;

at Yarin, 200 , 275 , 314 , 493

Lamay (wage labor), 123

Lambert, Raymond, 358

Lambogar: and Sherpa settlement in, 37

Land, rented: and Tengboche monastery, 121

Land managers, 6 , 434 n. 5

Land reclamation, 124

Land registration, 55 , 123

Land tenure, 79 , 121 ;

household holdings, 79 , 82 -84, 87 ;

inheritance, 91 -92;

recent Nauje purchases, 483 n. 38

Land use: and altitude, 80 -85;

planning, 409 -411. See also Agropastoralism entries ; Forest use; Multialtitudinal agriculture; Transhumance

Land use pressure: from early grasscutting, 166

Lang (bull), 147 (table 10), 150 , 151 (fig. 11), 468 n. 11. See also Cattle

Langmoche: and avalanche defense, 206

Language, 29 , 33

Lawa (servant), 126

Lazhen: and potato introductions, 232 -233

Leve: and abandoned terraces, 230

Lhakpa Norbu, 317 -318, 329

Lhasa: trade in, 344 , 349 , 351 . See also Trade: luxury goods

Lhonang, 52

Likhu Khola: and Sherpa settlement, 37

Litter, 398 -400

Lo. See Radish

Local geography. See Khumbu

Local knowledge and beliefs, 5 , 268 ;

and adaptation, 412 -414, 416 -417, 419 ;

agriculture, 95 -96, 120 -121, 129 , 131 , 142 , 236 , 416 ;

blight, 101 -102, 138 -139, 236 -237;

climatic hazards, 99 -101, 141 ;

crop combinations, 108 ;

crop protection, 135 -136, 456 n. 13;

crop pests, 101 -102;

declining yields, 115 , 233 ;

forests, 191 -192;

frost, 100 ;

microclimates, 98 -99;

pastoralism, 163 -164, 167 , 173 , 182 , 416 -417;

planting calendars, 132 -134;

potato warts, 102 -103;

potatoes, 111 -112;

and risk minimalization, 412 ;

soils, 97 -98, 236 ;

and women, 17 , 111 -112

Local resource management: and adaptation, 290 , 292 -294, 416 , 420 ;

and blight, 102 , 138 -139;

evaluation of, 292 -294;

and forests, 188 ;

and government, 449 nn. 91, 92, 494 -495 n. 38;

and irrigation, 135 ;

limitations of, 290 -291, 421 ;

and production systems, 60 , 63 ;

and risk minimalization, 417 -418. See also Common property resources; Forest management; Lama's forests; Nawa; pastoral management; Rani ban; Sacred forests; Shinggi nawa

Lodges: and agricultural production, 383 -384;

and construction timer, 393 -394;

distribution of, 364 , 365 (map 21, table 30);

first lodges, 363 -364;

and foreign assistance, 366 ;

and fuel-wood use, 393 -395;

income from, 375 -376;

increase in numbers of, 364 , 365 (table 30);

lack of lodge-keeping tradition, 363 ;

in Nauje, 44 ;

new designs, 366 ;

operation of, 374 ;

village differences in ownership, 377 -379, 378 (table 32)

Losar (New Year's), 33

Lu (spirits), 34 , 197 , 199 ;

in other Sherpa regions, 199 ;

and Pangboche forest, 199 -200. See also Sacred forests; Sacred trees

Luck: and decision-making, 134 , 176 . See also Astrology

Lukla, 43 ;

airstrip, 28 , 55 , 151 , 360 -361;

and zopkio use, 366

Lumber. See Construction timber

Lungtang, 352