SUBJECT INDEX

A

Page references to visual evidence and maps are in bold . The provinces of Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Navarra are abbreviated by the initials B, G, and N, respectively, for example, Durango (B).

Acción Nacionalista Party, 39

accordion (devil's bellows), 181

Action Française, 427 n26

active vs contemplative religion, 234 -235

Adelante (Bilbao), 17

Adrian, Saint, 177

adultery, 204

adults: and child seers 212 , 250 , 257 , 259

as seers, 250 , 251.

See also age;men; women

age: of dead in visions, 459 n1

of seers, 176 , 177 , 448 n6

"Agur Jesusen Ama" (hymn), 264 , 267

Aitzkorri, Mount, 173

Alava, 165 , 211 -212, 218 , 230

Albiztur (G), 23 , 164 , 219

removal of Sacred Heart, 193

seers at Ezkioga, 192 , 291

visions in, 148 , 192 -195, 381 .

See also Aracama Aguirre, Gregorio; Luistar

Alcaraz (Albacete), 377

Alcaudete de la Jara (Toledo), 437 n5

Alcazar, El (Madrid), 390

alcoholism, 78 , 131 , 204 , 244 , 449 n27

Alcoz (N). See Alkotz

Aldaz (N), 227 , 230

Aldeanueva de Ebro (Rioja), 468 n28

Alegia (barrio of Itsaso, G), 233

Alegia (G), 51

Alegría de Oria (G). See Alegia (G)

Algemesí (Valencia), 432 n42

Aliadas: Basque, in 1932, 418 n9

at Ezkioga, 47

origin and practices of, 44 -45

and Reparadoras, 64

seer among, 49

as victims, 351

watch Ramona, 50

Alkotz (N), 23 , 181

Alliance in Jesus through Mary (La Alianza en Jesús por Marí). See Aliadas

Almándoz (N), 227 , 444 n30

Alsasua (N). See Altsasu

altars: in child play, 249

church, visions on, 15 , 189 , 208

home, of seer, 183

outdoor, in Barranca, 173 , 174 , 175 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 184

visions of 289

Alt Llobregat (Barcelona), 459 n18

Altsasu (N), 23 , 172

Altzo (G), 233 , 241

Alzo (G). See Altzo

Amor Misericordioso. See Merciful Love

Amurrio (Alava), 429 n1

anarchists, 7 , 14 , 16 , 244 , 257

Ancona (Italy), 394

Andalusia, 14 , 19

Andoain (G), and Saint Michael, 204 , 205

Angeles de las Missiones (Berriz), 222

angels: activities of, 91 , 272 , 293 , 335

attributes of, 82 -83, 293

like children, 271 , 292

children dressed as, 247 , 248 , 249

children shrouded as, 327 -328

child seers like, 47 , 84 , 124 , 145 , 281

cult of, 204

dead children as, 81 , 95 , 326 , 327 , 329 , 460 n5

in early visions, 333 , 334

exterminating, 349 , 352

good and bad, 150

helpers at Dorrao as, 174

and Prophet of Durango, 263

in questionnaire, 405

take money, 339

warlike, 31 -32, 83 , 293 , 353 .

See also Michael, Saint

angelus, 36 , 36 , 417 n41

animal magnetism, 274

animals in visions. See donkey; dove; dragon; horse; monkey; oxen; pigeon; serpent; sheep; snakes

ánimas or animeros , 339

Anna (Valencia), 432 n42

Annales de Beauraing et Banneux , 155

Annales de Notre Dame de Lourdes , 86

Anoeta (G), 445 n47

anonymity, 43 , 165 , 381 , 389

Ansota (Arbizu, N), 172

Antichrist, 353 , 365 -367

anticlericalism: Bilbao, 344

in Civil War, 376

in nineteenth century, 3 , 5

press, 33

regional Catholics and, 106

rural Basques and, 18

spiritist, 342 , 345

Sueca, 120

Terrassa, 76

anticlerical riots: 1835, 5 ;

1909, 106 ;

1931, 14 , 17 , 32 , 119

anticommunism, 6 , 151

anti-Semitism, 197 , 286

Antzuola (G), seer from, 378

Anzuola (G). See Antzuola

apocalypse: and Carlists and Integrists, 356

in Ezkioga visions, 347 -372

horsemen in, 353 -354

as solution to evil, 395 -396.

See also chastisement; end of world; Last Judgment; reign of Christ; reign of Sacred Heart

apostasy, 205 , 351

Apostles for the Last Times, 366

apparitions: in church history, 399

divine purpose, 38 , 394 -395

history in Spain, 1 -2, 5 -6

legends of, 21 , 260

nocturnal, 2

to polities, 394 -395

Spain 1900-1931, 22-23

Spain 1965-1995, 317 .

See also visions

Aralar, Mount, 204 -206

Aramaio (Alava), seer from, 378

Aranzazu (shrine, G), 23 , 237

and Ezkioga, 206 , 237 , 306 , 312 , 337

and Zegama, 207

Arbizu (N), 23 , 164 , 172 -173, 184 , 330

Argentina, 129 , 342

Argia (San Sebastian), 25

in Albiztur, 192 , 193 , 439 n51

in Santa Lucía, 43

sympathy for visions, 31

arguments against visions: the dead, 314

death of seer, 334

fraud, 282

immorality at site, 147 , 383

of Laburu, 130 -133

Navarra, 173 , 180 -181, 183 , 189

peasant seers, 252

seer behavior, 146 , 191 , 259 -260, 288

too scary, 223

visions at will, 300

witch-stuff, 27 , 173 , 298 , 383 .

See also proof of visions retiro ; witch-stuff

aristocrats: Andalusian, 54 , 65

and Benita, 389

and church, 218

control vision precinct, 306 -307

interest in visions, 74 , 254

seers serve, 49 .

See also Medina y Garvey, Carmen

Arlon (Belgium), 155

armièrs , 339

arms in form of cross, 20 , 37 , 46 , 72 , 264 , 266

army: French, 109

Red, invades Spain, 361

sent to North, 33 .

See also soldiers

Arrasate (G). See Mondragón

Artajona (N), 379

Arte Cristiana (Olot), 438 n25

artisans, as seers, 253

art restorer, 133

Assisi (Italy), apparitions at, 397

Asti (Italy), bleeding crucifix in, 159 , 434 n77

Astigarraga (G), 196 , 222

astral projection, 342 -343, 344

Asturias, 1934 uprising in, 62

Ataun (G), 23 , 35 , 374

clergy, 313

devotions, 204

doctor, 278

seer of devil, 27

spiritism, 342

vocations, 219 -220.

See also Ataun, girl from; Goicoechea Urrestarazu, Francisco

Ataun, girl from, 57 -58, 59

and Catalans, 75 , 76 , 319 , 321

predictions, 353

medal from heaven, 58

and Medina, 131 , 259

and other seers, 50 , 58 , 60

and Rigné, 111

secrets, 354

spiritual exercises, 64

spiritual services, 318 , 319 , 330

stigmata, 58 , 78 , 113

atheism, 324

athletes of God, 296

atonement: for beach sins, 45

crucifix display as, 70

in crucifixions, 99

of Daughters of Charity, 235

for disbelievers, 99

in Ezkioga prayers, 47267

for 1931 riots, 46

in spiritual exercises, 64

of voluntary victims, 359

attributes in question: of Christ, 131 , 465 n29

of Joseph, 83

of Mary, 30 , 31 , 33 , 131 , 167

of Saint Michael, 353 -354

audience, affects vision content, 358

Augustinian friars, 228

Augustinian nuns: Aldaz, 227

Oñati, 231

Aulinas (Señoritas Operarias Parroquiales), 86 , 87

autism, 319 , 323

automobiles: bishops in accidents in, 154 , 326 , 334

driver seers, 244 , 258 , 275 , 375

lights and visions, 382

seer privilege, 131 , 176

visions on, 177

autonomy: statute of Basque, 25 , 30 , 137

statute of Catalan, 137

awareness in vision, 288 , 300 -301

Aguado, 274

La Cruz on, 297

Evarista, 294

Irurzun, 375

Pascal on, 286

Patxi, 275

Azcoitia (G). See Azkoitia

Azkoitia (G), 23 , 64 , 204 , 240

Azkorte, Santa Cruz de (chapel, Urnieta), 209

Azpeitia (G), 23 , 265 , 337

court at, 141 , 432 n42

azti (diviners), 341 , 342

B

Bacaicoa (N). See Bakaiku

Bachicabo (Alava) visions, 164 , 165 -167

Badalona (Barcelona), 86 , 106

Bakaiku (N), 23 , 119 -120, 164 , 176 -177, 180 -181

bakers, believing, 138 , 337

banishment of seers and believers, 377

bank director, 200

banner, embroidered, 206

Banneux (Belgium) visions, 152

Bañolas (Girona). See Banyoles

Banyoles (Girona), 22 , 86 -87

Baracaldo (B), 30

barber, 192

Barcelona, 164

Burguera in, 143

buried treasure, 95

Casal Donya Dorotea, 86 , 92 , 104

cathedral clergy, 70

chastisement, 105 , 357 , 364

diocese of, censor, 67

doctors from, 282 , 452 n49

Ezkioga seers from 423 n18, 455 n82

Ezkioga seers visit, 79 , 92 , 95 -96, 138

and Limpias, 66, 134

local holy folk, 282 , 368 , 371 -372, 425 n70

observers from, 58 , 84 , 90 , 92 , 318 , 430 n18

piety, 70 , 96

promoters from, 67 , 70 , 87 -88, 134

and Rafols crucifixes, 70

religious conflicts, 5

shrines, 94 , 461 n21

barefoot, as penance, 176 , 209

Barrio (Alava), 166

basilica at Ezkioga, 307 , 312 , 364 , 374 , 388 -389

Basque: in ceremonies, 105 , 165

and cuadrillas, 147 , 203 , 379

geography, 7 , 164 , 171

and ghost beliefs, 341

pilgrims learn, 169

in visions, 20 , 26 , 93 , 332

and vision spread, 20 , 164 , 212

Basque autonomy, 25 , 30 , 32 , 137

Basque Country, 7 , 22-2324 , 30 , 164

Basque folklore, 26 , 212 -213, 309 , 339 -341

Basque nationalism, 7

and Ezkioga, 30 -33, 104 -106, 161 , 225

in visions, 290

Basque Nationalist Party, 19 , 25 , 30 , 206 , 209

club (batzoki ), 260 , 353

Basque nationalists: against Carlist-Integrists, 193 , 198 -199

Echeguren and, 128

against Ezkioga, 383

and Great Promise, 442 n14

and Jeanne d'Arc, 246

against Republic, 33 , 62 , 78

with Republic, 209 , 210

seers, 60 , 63 , 196 , 253 , 339

Basques: and the dead, 393

and Mary, 29 -33, 104

piety, 5 , 6 , 21 , 30 , 33 -39, 105 -106

as "race," 30

and Rafols forgeries, 71 , 73 -74

and Republic, 14 , 16 -19, 39 , 62 , 105 -106, 374

seers ethnic, 254

batzoki , 260 , 353

Bayonne (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), 386

Baztán, Valle de (N), 67

beaches: and morality, 35 , 45 , 97 , 129

and rural folk, 256

in visions, 26 , 149 , 361

Beasain (G), 23 , 164

active nun in, 233 -234

seers, 145 , 275

shrine, 337

beatas , 45

beatification: of Amundarain, 47

of Gemma, 88

of López de Maturana, 222

of Madre Esperanza, 386

of Madre Soledad, 229

of Marcucci, 385

of Rafols, 68 -70, 385

Beauraing visions, 152 , 153 , 155 , 163, 286

beauty: Burguera on, 120

Rigné on, 109

in seers, 147 , 246

Bedia (B), 22, 340

beggar woman, 336 , 340

Beizama (G), 23 , 49 , 290

Bejar (Salamanca), 22 , 74 , 385

Belgium: and Basque visions, 152 , 153 , 155 -156, 196

visions, 152 , 155 , 157 , 159 , 163 , 286

belief, as cumulative process, 122

believers: fraternity, 381

guide visions, 40

intercessors, 207

kiss seers, 84 , 131

marriages of, 381

and seers, 42 , 84 , 260 , 272 (see also petitions)

study of, 8

as subversives, 384

Beloki, cross of (Zumarraga), 46

Benedictines: Lazkao, 14 , 219 , 220 , 239.

See also Montserrat

Bergara (G), 23 , 164

Ama Felisa in, 337

cuadrilla held in, 198

seers from, 245 , 326 , 378

tension in, 17 , 29 , 245

Bermeo (B), 22 , 342

Berrioplano (N), 379

Berriz (B), 22 , 221 , 222

bertsolari , 146 -147

Betelu (N), 23 , 164 , 204 , 225 -229, 422 n9

Bethlehem, 367

Bible, Irurzun uses, 359

bicycle, almost hits Virgin, 169

bicycles, and girls, 35 , 37 , 191

Bidache (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), 386 -388

Bidegoyan (G), 327 -328

Bilbao, 22 , 164

crucifix, 206

patrons in, 58 , 95 , 149 , 388

politics, 19 , 248 , 344 , 394

prison ship, 374

religious, 28 , 134 , 230

seers in, 64 , 152 , 182 , 420 n51

shrine, 340

spiritism, 342 -343

visions and, 182 , 356 , 375

bilberries for healing, 179

births by unwed seers, 147 , 383

Bizkaia: Colegio de Médicos, 234

vs Gipuzkoa, 165

shrine, 337

blackmail, 157 , 158

Blanes (Girona), 367

blasphemy, 4 , 5 , 204 , 292

and vision, 166 , 275

blessing of objects, 92 , 200 , 333

by seers, 187

by Virgin, 188 , 323

blind, 317

blood: on Christ, 31 , 336

of devil, 202 -203

on doors, 372

and Gemma, 296

on images, 159 , 200 , 445 n49 (see also crucifixes, bleeding)

Mary's tears, 182 , 292 , 319

Mary with, 83

Neumann's tears, 283 , 284

as relic, 50 , 183 , 200 , 308 , 338

river of, 32 , 356 , 372

on seer hands, 50 , 182 , 201 , 273

of seer-martyrs, 154

as sins, 83

on Spain, 135

on swords, 32 , 55 , 83 , 354

tableau of, 293

Bogotá, 444 n30

bolshevism, 356

books: angels with, 293

inspiration from, 86

visions about, 114 , 208

vision sources, 73 , 336 , 359 , 366 , 371 , 466 n43

boys. See child seers;teenagers

brothel, 182

Brothers Hospitallers, 103 , 124 , 376

Brothers of Christian Instruction, 447 n70

Brothers of Christian Schools, 447 n70

Brothers of the Sacred Heart, 447 n70

Brussels, 155

bulls, psychology of, 129

Burgos, 39 , 317

burial clothes, 327 -330, 332 , 340

burning bush, 313

Buruntza, Mount (Urnieta), 209

buses: to Ezkioga, 51 , 89 , 165 , 172 , 192

pick up seers, 61 , 95 , 182

visions on, 90 -91, 131 , 202 -203, 314

C

cabarets, women in, 97

Cáceres, 280

Cádiz, province of, 143

Calahorra, diocese of, 385

Calatayud (Zaragoza), 297

Calella (Barcelona), 86

Calvary, 313 -314

Cambo-les-Bains (Pyénées-Atlantiques), 22

Canary Islands, 94 , 123 , 317 , 389 , 461 n32

candles: blessed, for end of world, 207 , 371 , 372 , 373

miraculous, 395

during visions, 191 , 200 , 264

candy, mystical, 173

canonical inquiry, and cult, 307

Cantabria, devotion to souls, 462 n38

Capuchins, 15 , 172 , 237 -238, 376 , 395

Carlists and Carlist-Integrists: ideology, 32 , 255 , 351 , 361

promoter background, 44 , 55 -56, 116

roots, 18 -19, 25 , 33

in villages, 198 -199, 207

and visions, 32 , 191 , 224 , 353 , 361 , 440 n61, 442 n14

Carlist Wars: First, 18

Third, 19 , 44 , 55 -56, 255 , 366

Carmel, Mount, 313 , 458 n31

Carmelite fathers, 134 , 160 , 234 , 240 -241

Carmelite nuns, 67 , 86 , 256

carriers, in vision sequences, 396 -399

cartoons, 16 , 17 , 34 , 167 , 171

Casa de Miñán (Cáceres), 432 n42

Casal Donya Dorotea (Barcelona), 86 , 92 , 104

Casas Viejas (Cádiz), 432 n47

casino, washed to sea, 361

Castejón (N), 16

Castellano, El (Toledo), 167 , 168 , 171

Castellón de la Plana, 367

Castile, republican enthusiasm, 39

catacombs, 141 , 146

Catalan, in parish exercises, 74

Catalan nationalism, and Ezkioga, 104 -107

Catalan pilgrims: Aulina trips, 87 -90, 89 , 107 , 311 , 331

and Basques, 104 -106

and Benita, 80 , 82 -85, 85 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 103 , 272

bring devotions, 73 , 90

and chastisements, 105 , 355 , 357 , 358 , 362

in Civil War, 376

convert, 99 , 100 , 319 , 324

defend visions, 133 , 138 , 143

and Evarista, 89 , 319

and Garmendia, 78 -80, 84 -85, 322 -323

at Lourdes, 5 , 86

petitions, 318 -324, 395

and Rafols, 72 -73

and Ramona, 76 -78, 318

and Recalde, 95 -96

as seers, 90 , 134 , 259

suspected, 141 , 382 -383

visit promoters, 52 , 121

catalepsy, 174 , 278 , 295

Catalonia, 7 , 19 , 76 , 106 -107

and apparitions, 5 , 66 , 86

salvation, 78 , 104 -105, 357

seers suffer for, 96

catatonia, 274 , 278

catechism, 86 , 119 , 348 -350

posters, 349 , 360

visions during, 207 -208

cathedral, vision on, 169

Catholic Action movement, 151

Catholic church: definition, 400 -401

reform in last times, 367

and state relations, and visions, 128 , 356

and visions, 8

Catholicism: history, 399

internal logic and problems, 392 -396

novelty in, 399 -400

cattle dealer, 132

caves, 212 , 302

Ceánuri (B). See Zeanuri

Cegama (G). See Zegama

Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona) visions, 398

Cerro de los Angeles, El (Madrid), 394

Cestona (G). See Zestoa

chalice: for shrine, 207

in visions, 292

chapel: at Albiztur, 193 , 193

at Bachicabo, 166

on highway, 373 -374

in Legorreta, 381

of light, 289

Zegama vision site, 208

chapel at Ezkioga: Burguera helps with, 125

construction, 94 , 135 -136, 136 , 310 -311, 311

dismantled, 312

and Maciá, 79

charcoalers, 100 , 223

chastisement, 104 -105, 354 -366, 360 , 368 , 378

Amundarain on, 45

of Azaña, 79

of Barcelona, 105 , 357 , 364

in Barranca visions, 174 , 177 , 184

civil war and, 351 -352, 371

of clergy, 154 , 157 -158, 167 , 237 , 255 , 355 , 358

darkness, 359 , 371 , 409

devil, 371 -372

of doctors, 255

falling down stairs, 124 , 182

for female dress, 97

floods, 346

fire, 293 , 361 , 364 , 372

in Gemma, 96

hurricanes, 359 , 361

of Madrid, 357 , 364 , 365 , 426 n89

of Málaga, 357

by Mari, 213

of Marseilles, 352 , 357

vs mercy, 238

mourning clothes in, 359

of one-third population, 370

of Paris, 352 , 357 , 361 , 365 , 370

and Primo de Rivera, 351

in Rafols forgeries, 70 , 72 , 357

for removing image, 139

rich and poor, 255 , 358

Rigné attitude, 114 -115

rules for surviving, 371 -372

of San Sebastián, 55 , 357 , 361 , 362

snakes, 293 , 364

of Spain, 33 , 97 , 361

tableaux of, 293

of theaters and beaches, 149 , 361

of unspecified cities, 72 , 355 , 362

and Soviet Russia, 361

chauffeur: by Mary's order, 283

seer, 253 , 258

seers get, 60 , 64

Chevaliers de la Foi, 366

children: elites mobilize, 190 -191, 195

flexibility, 212

and innocence, 211 -212, 226

keep traditions alive, 315 , 341

know of apparitions, 248 -249

model for adults, 226 , 247 , 249

and overseas missions, 190 -191, 220 , 221 , 227

in parish missions, 247

pressure to see, 246 , 248

processions of, 241

religious play, 249 -250

sacred group, 246 -250

sacrificial victims, 99 , 100 , 212

as saints, 195 , 204 , 247

in shrine legends, 303

as spirits, 3

supposed ignorance, 248 -249, 370

visions and witchcraft, 163 , 211 -212

want visions, 174 , 246 , 248 , 299

and wider world, 33 , 191 , 248 -249.

See also angels;child seers

child seers, 193 -195, 211 -213, 246 -250, 251 , 315

and collective memory, 315 , 341

distorted lives, 400

new authority, 173 , 178 , 195 , 212 , 296 -297

parents of, 179 , 187 , 335

at play, 191 , 249 -250

political messages, 177 , 189 , 246

rebuke children, 173 , 188

skills, 26 , 84

spread vision, 171 -194, 208 -209.

See also child seers-boys; child seers-girls; first seers; child seers-boys, 251

Barranca, 172 , 174 , 180

fire test, 148

Urretxu, 28 , 32

Zegama, 207 -208, 208

Zumarraga, 26 , 76 , 119 , 253 , 291 , 294 , 428 n34.

See also Ayerbe y Zabaleta, Martín; first boy; children

child seers-by place: Barranca, 119 -120, 172 -173, 174 , 177 -180, 187 -191, 279

Belgium, 152

France, 4 -5, 296 , 315

Gipuzkoa, 48 , 191 , 380

Mendigorría, 15 -16

New Castile, 169 , 170

Torralba de Aragón, 14

child seers-girls, 246 , 249 , 251

Albiztur, 182 , 192 -194, 193

Barranca, 172 , 174 , 175 -176, 178 -180, 181

Castile, 170 , 194 , 388

Garabandal, 250 ;

1950s, 297

Ormaiztegi, 20 , 26.

See also Aguirre Odria, Benita; first girl; Mateos Ayesta, Conchita

Chile, 129

China, 190 , 221

chocolate makers, 181

choirs, 87

Christ: and chastisement, 357 , 358 , 359

cult and Counter-Reformation, 2

the King, 174 , 422 n12

shrine locations, 302

spiritist interpretation, 345

visions of, 31 , 83 , 91 , 124 , 405

wants victims, 96

women in vision as, 101 , 102 , 271 (see also crucifixions).

See also Jesus, Baby; Jesus, Infant; Jesus Nazarene; Limpias, Christ of; Merciful Love, Jesus of; reign of Christ; reign of Sacred Heart

chroniclers, attention from seers, 273

church. See Catholic church; parish church

Ciempozuelos (Madrid), 124

cigarettes, and visions, 181 , 275 , 288 , 457 n11

Cilveti (N). See Zilbeti

cinema: chastised, 149 , 361

in Goiherri, 38 , 207 , 418 n47

script for, 387

seers on film, 129 -130, 132 , 133

social threat, 35 , 38 , 97 , 204 , 418 n47

visions like, 293

women in, 97

Cistercian nuns: Lasarte (G), 219

Narvaja (Alava), 231

cities: immorality, 33 -35

rural resentment of, 359 -361

visions in, 194 -195.

See also chastisement and individual cities

Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca), 455 n80

civil guards: killed, 142

pursue cuadrillas, 198 , 209

at vision site, 138 , 139 , 143

civil rights movement, American, 261

civil war: as chastisement, 351 -352

as holy war, 30 -33, 55 .

See also Carlist

civil war (cont'd)

Wars

Spanish Civil War

clairvoyance, 134 , 192 .

See also sins

Claretians, and Madre Esperanza, 386 , 395 , 446 n59

clergy, parish: Amundarain group, 45 , 224

anti-Ezkioga, 223 , 224 , 242

atonement for, 99

authority, 35 , 227 , 315 , 330

and Bachicabo visions, 166 , 167

Barandiarán group, 34 -36, 224

and Barranca visions, 173 , 175 , 179 -180, 182 , 187 -188, 194

blamed for visions, 383

Catalan, 90 , 319

chastisement of, 255

deaths in Civil War, 376

dependence on seers, 242

in divided towns, 222 -223

duties regarding seers, 151 , 153 , 155 , 158 -159

and Ezkioga liturgy, 264 -268

and fire tests, 148

forbidden at site, 128 , 129

geography of vocations, 18 , 217 -223

and Gipuzkoa mini-Ezkiogas, 192 -193, 195 , 197 -200, 207 -208

Gipuzkoa vs Vitoria, 133

guerrilla, 31 -32, 34 , 331 -332

keep bloody handkerchiefs, 309

link classes, 255

Madre Soledad group, 225 -229

and Mendigorría visions, 15

with opinion unknown, 222 -223

parish, 217 -229, 241 -242, 315 , 330

Patxi and, 61 , 61 -62

police youth, 37 -38

politics, 19 , 45 , 65 , 196 -199, 207 , 224 -225

pro-Ezkioga, 38 , 122 , 130 , 193 , 223 , 224 -225, 229 , 242 , 259 , 309

rural ethnographers, 34

and sacred landscaping, 313

sanctification of, 226 -229

seers, 253 , 364

seers act like, 180 , 187 , 201 , 351 , 396

serve seers, 259

and social class, 218

take declarations, 53 , 247

testify to judge, 143

and visions of afterlife, 314 , 340

Zegama group, 224 -225.

See also individual priests

clothes. See burial clothes; dress; habit; mourning clothes

Cold War, 371

Collevalenza (Italy), 386

Colombia, 225 , 241

commerce, and apparitions, 128 , 176 , 382 -383, 416 n7

commission at Ezkioga, 25 -26, 53 , 119 , 122 , 243 -244.

See also questionnaire

commons, sale of, 19

communal work, 166

Communion, first, 190 , 249

Communion, Holy: daily, 132

denial, 151 , 158 , 196 , 198 -200, 374 , 384

to free soul, 338

mystic, 159 -160, 201 , 258 , 336 , 378

Rigné and, 114 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 427 n20

communists: agents of apocalypse, 351 , 356 , 370 -372, 409

and visions, 7 , 378 .

See also Soviet Russia

company towns, 34

Concha, La (beach, San Sebastián), 26 , 362

confession: of believers, Pamplona, 241

bishop cannot control, 242

as child play, 249

direct through seers, 201

fruit of visions, 52 , 223 , 236 , 239 , 366

Rigné and, 114

of seers, 242 , 257 .

See also conversion

Congregation of San Felipe Neri, 396

consciences, gift of reading. See sins

Constancia, La (San Sebastián): defends visions, 209

ideology, 25 , 32 , 346 , 361 , 442 n14

promotes Rafols, 73 -74

subsidized, 34

Constituent Cortes: clergy in, 25 , 70 , 169 , 277

and Ezkioga 33 , 128 , 240 , 246

Gipuzkoa candidates, 25

and Guadamur, 169

women's suffrage, 277

contest, seer-run, 125

contraception, 111

convents, as vision sites, 191 , 203

conversion: of heathens, 98 , 190

of Laburu, 260

in last times, 364 , 370

at Lourdes, 33

of male seers, 244 , 274 -277

petitions for, 319 , 323 , 324

proof of visions, 134 , 147

by reaction, 166 , 181 , 274 -277, 276 , 287

when seers know sins, 95 , 132 , 159 , 182 , 192

of skeptical pilgrims, 90 , 192 , 273

of urchin by flower, 447 n67

convulsions, 278 , 295

co-optation of observers in visions, 84

Córdoba, 234 , 282

Corpiño, El (Pontevedra), 263

corpses: fall like snow to hell, 356 , 357

preparation of, 234 , 356

Corpus Christi, in Oñati, 204

Correo Catalán (Barcelona), 66 , 84 , 132 , 134

counting, of prayers and visions, 45 , 93

Creuada, La (Terrassa), 318

Cristero rebellion, Mexico, 151

Cristo de la Pureza y Desconsuelo, 69

Cristo Desamparado, 70 , 202

Croix, La (Paris), 307

cross: arms in form of, 20 , 37 , 46 , 72 , 264 , 266

Etxarri-Aranatz, 176

Patxi installs, 62 , 307 , 308 , 312

Rex group's, 152 -153, 312

sawed down, 139 , 312

dispels devil, 26 , 27

trees and, 307 -308, 308 , 312

as vision focus, 269 , 308

Crucíferos, 366 -368

crucifixes: locus of grace in visions, 91 , 95 , 185 , 200 , 272 -273

miraculous, 206 , 386

moving, in northern Spain, 6 , 15 , 396 -397 (see also Limpias; Piedramillera)

Rafols, 68 -71, 73 -74, 183 , 202

removals, 14 , 18 , 70 , 97 , 130 , 416 n11

women wear, 416 n11.

See also crucifixes, bleeding

crucifixes, bleeding: Europe-wide, 156 , 159 , 195 , 434 n77

of Evarista, 155

of García Cascón, 95

of Rafols, 70

in Zegama, 208

crucifixions, seer, 101 , 102

Lete text, 124 , 405 -406

mystic models, 285 , 295 -296

in Navarra, 174 , 191 , 195

at Oiartzun, 102

after rejection, 100 , 130 , 295 , 366

and spiritual exercises, 64 , 366

spiritual purpose, 97 -99, 366 .

See also Passion

Cruz, La (San Sebastián), 25 , 297 , 431 n35

Cruz y Españolismo (Blanes), 367

cuadrillas: at Ezkioga, 42 , 62 , 195 , 327 , 328

in Gipuzkoa from 1932 on, 198 -199, 201 , 203 , 210 -211, 379

Cuevas de Vinromà (Castellón), 297 , 397

cures: agent in dispute, 323

at Beauraing, 152

by berries, 179

of cancer, 233 , 381

certification of 90 , 322

Ezkioga, and doctors, 90 , 282 , 322

by Ezkioga water, 200 , 207 , 311 , 381

at La Salette, 4

lead to enthusiasm, 110 , 155 , 397

lead to visions, 86 -87, 335 , 386 , 398

at Limpias, 224 -225, 397

at Lourdes, 5 , 86 , 110 , 155

of Passionist with vision, 237

petitions for, 232 , 317 , 318 , 323 , 408

by roses, 200

of seer in first vision, 237 , 327

spiritist, 117

at Urretxu, 191

curses, power of, 187

D

damnation, 76 , 392 -393

dance hall, 204 , 361

dancing: close, 35 , 36 , 37 , 38

by Múgica, 113

Ramona, 131

and trance, 263

Danzig, 197

Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul: and Ezkioga, 233 -235

in Gipuzkoa, 99 , 220 , 233 -235

outside Gipuzkoa, 3 -5, 16 , 368 , 445 n49

Daughters of Mary sodality: in Gipuzkoa, 37 , 38 , 192 , 245

in Mendigorría, 15

piety and morality, 26 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 245 -246

and visions, 38 , 58 , 179 , 246

Dax (Landes), 387

dead: children contact, 247 , 207

diviners and the, 341

gender and age in visions, 459 n1

mute in visions, 336

nuns appear, 233

petitions regarding, 77 , 134 , 192 , 323 , 324 , 330 -333, 336 -339

phases in visions of, 334

the premature, 326 , 336 , 393

processions of, 330 , 341

to rejoin living, 396

relation to seers, 330

spiritists and the, 341 -342, 345

traditional apparitions, 339 -342

visions of household, 326 -332

in vision tableau, 293

death: in mortal sin, 100

of opponents foretold, 187 , 334 , 388

reward for believers, 207 , 332 -336, 355

as sacrifice, 99 , 100 , 357 , 359

of seers, 103 , 124 , 296 , 297 , 334

seers ask for, 62 , 100

seers know date of, 95 , 99 , 100 , 335

sudden, anxiety about, 77 , 319 , 326 , 330 , 334 , 358 .

See also chastisement; murder of seers

deathbed, prophecies on, 230

death penalty, opposition to, 344

déjà-vu, visions as reverse, 300

democracy, subverts family, 35

desert, and last times, 367 , 370

Detentes, 45

Deusto (Bilbao), 341

devil: appearance, 27 , 55 , 178 -179, 205

besets female mystics, 87 , 116

blood on bus, 202 -203

in chastisement, 371 -372

in disguise, 26 , 55 , 150 , 465 n29

as dragon or serpent, 149 , 202 -206

and false book, 150

fights Saint Michael, 177 , 178 , 184 , 187 , 202 -203

fools seers, 55 , 84 , 103 , 294 -296

at Garabandal, 250

Garmendia and, 78 , 90 , 140

judge like, 141 -142

makes faces, 131

runs modern world, 120

and spiritism, 342

takes opponents, 103 -104, 143 , 150 , 360

tests against, 144 , 406 -407

visions caused by, 189 , 378 .

See also discernment

devotional objects: blessed in visions, 92 , 178 , 188 , 270 , 270 -273

gift exchange, 272

seers fix on, 95 .

See also crucifixes holy cards; medals; rosaries

devotional religion, 21 , 316

devotions: "active" vs "contemplative," 234 -235

French, in Spain, 5 , 230 , 234 -235

of religious orders, 2 , 231

in visions and religious orders, 231

Día, El (San Sebastián), 25 , 28 , 41 , 128 , 242

diagnoses for altered states, 274 , 275 , 298

Dima (B), 441 n2

diocesan magistrate (fiscal ). See Sertucha

diplomats, 118 , 253 , 398

disappearance of vision: flash of gold, 304

into hole, 83

slow fade, 27

disbelief, matter of degree, 382

discernment of seers: Bordas, 134

Burguera, 119 , 126 , 147 -148

by fire, 147 -148

Gemma as model, 296

Laburu, 130 -132

local criteria, 35 -37

petitions for, 323 -324

rules for auto-, 144 , 149 , 407

by seers, 149 .

See also testing seers

diviners (azti ), 341 , 342

divorce, 110 , 111

doctors: allies of seers, 87 , 278 , 279

and Aulina, 87

at Beauraing, 152

chastisement of, 255

and famous mystics, 285 -286

French and Belgian, 156 , 279 , 282

link social classes, 255

and Navarrese seers, 175 , 175 , 178 -180, 182

protest healer-nun, 234

and Rafols cult, 74

rule some seers out, 51 , 243 -244

seer at Guadamur, 169

and vision states, 278 -283, 285 -287.

See also Aranzadi, Sabel; Juaristi, Victoriano

documents, 112 , 122 , 123 , 139 , 378

doll: Baby Jesus as, 226

Baby Jesus like, 177

for Benita, 92

domestic service, 44 , 253 .

See also chauffeurs; servants

Dominicans, 238 , 366 , 395 , 446 n60

Domjevin (Meurthe-et-Moselle) visions 1799-1803, 415 n5

donkey, spirit, 176

Donostia-San Sebastián (G). See San Sebastián

Dorrao (N), 164 , 173 -174

doughnut man (churrero ) seer, 176

dove: becomes horse, 293

in questionnaire, 405

in vision, 290 , 291 , 293 , 307

dowries for religious, 218

dragon, devil as, 149 , 202 -203, 204 , 205 , 206

dress: Aliadas, 44

chastisement for, 97

immodest, 35 , 97 , 204 , 305

of Mary, 28 , 30 , 313 , 403 , 432 n54

unisex, and apocalypse, 299

Dreux-Vouvant (Vendée), convent of, 238

Drôme (France), outdoor visions 1848-1849 at, 315

drugs, as explanation, 298

duende de Zaragoza, and Ezkioga, 344

Durango (B), 22 , 164

believers visit, 93 -95, 123 , 337 , 381

opponents visit, 134 -135, 154

prison, 339

Prophet of, 263 , 356

Recalde in, 93 -95, 339

E

Ea (B), girls of, 248 -249

earth: opens for sinners, 359 , 360

relic of chapel site, 310

earthquakes, 352 , 355 , 357 , 359

eau-de-cologne, mystical, 160

Echarri-Aranaz (N). See Etxarri-Aranatz

Echternach (Luxembourg), 263

École Bardique, 118 "ecstasy," 274

ecstatic religion, 143 .

See also vision states

Eden, Garden of, 118 , 428 n32

Éditions Rex, 151

Editorial Círculo (Zaragoza), 398

Editorial Litúrgica Española (Barcelona), 284

"Egizu zuk Maria" (hymn), 265 , 268 , 450 n11, 450 n14

Egypt, seers enact flight to, 210

Eibar (G), 23 , 35 , 258 , 462 n46

Elduain (G), 44

Elduayan (G). See Elduain

elections: April 1931, 14

June 1931, 16 -17, 24 -25, 30

November 1933, 440 n61

Elgoibar (G), 23 , 29 , 30 , 277

Elizondo (N), 438 n25

Elorrio (B), 22 , 160 , 234 , 388

emotions: of Benita in vision, 82 , 84 , 91

of crowd at Ezkioga, 264 -266, 296

and discernment, 144 , 294 -295, 407

intensity in child play, 250

of Izurdiaga seers, 188

of Mary in visions, 27 -28, 188 , 265 , 291

of observers, 77 , 84

of seers at Ezkioga, 244 , 280 , 287 -288, 372 , 405

of those holding seers, 21 , 93 .

See also fear; fright; shame; weeping

end of world: in Basque folklore, 356

dates for, 350 , 351 , 356 -357, 362 -365

preparations for, 371 -372

scenarios, 367 -368, 370 .

See also apocalypse; chastisement; Last Judgment; reign of Christ; reign of Sacred Heart

Enigme d'Ezkioga, l' (Brussels and Lyon), 156 , 156 , 374 , 386

enthusiasm, and church history, 399

epilepsy, 274 , 298

Errazkin (N), 227 , 444 n30

Errazquin (N). See Errazkin

Errotz (N), boy seer from, 172

Erroz (N). See Errotz

Escorial, El (Madrid), apparitions at, 390

Escoriaza (G). See Eskoriatza

Escuela de Cristo, 421 n3

Esdra, Fourth Book of, 367

Eskoriatza (G), 241

Espejo (Alava), 166

Espluga Calba, l' (Lleida), 86

Espluga de Francolí, l' (Tarragona), 119 , 122

Esquella de la Torraxa, L' (Barcelona), 106

Estella (N), 23 , 172 , 246

ETA, 172

ethnography, Basque, 34 , 339 -342

Etichove (Belgium) visions, 152

etiquette, with ghosts, 340

Études Carmélitaines Mystiques et Missionaires , 450 n1

Etxarri-Aranatz (N), 164 , 174 , 175 -176, 438 n21

Eucharistic adoration, 187 , 226

Eucharistic Congresses, 351 , 437 n8

Eucharistic studies, 116 , 117 -118

Eusko-Folklore group, 34 , 224 , 339 -342

Euzkadi , 25 , 32

evil, apocalypse solution to, 395 -396

existence of God, proofs for, 3 , 6 , 86 -87

exorcism, of bewitched houses, 230

expiation vs good works, 98 -99

exploiters of workers, 204 -205

Exuperio, Saint, 170

eyes, during vision, 188 , 201 , 263 , 278 -279, 282 , 285 , 290

Ezkioga (G), 17 -19, 23 , 164

Ezpeleta fonda, 18

officials, 25 , 139

parish church, 205

See also chapel at Ezkioga

Ezkioga visions: area of attraction, 20 , 22 -23 , 163 , 165

and Basque nationalists, 30 -33, 104 -106, 161 , 225 , 290 , 383

Beauraing and, 152 -153, 153

and Carlist-Integrists, 32 , 191 , 224 , 353 , 361 , 440 n61, 442 n14

and Catalan nationalists, 104 -107

collective etiology, 29 -40, 401 -402

and earlier prophecies, 356 , 369

and Fatima, 32 , 46 , 389 , 398

as Freemason plot, 225 , 237 , 384

and La Salette, 351 , 352 , 358

and Lourdes visions, 5 , 32 , 146 , 196 , 240 , 306 (see also Lourdes)

and Mendigorría, 33 , 416 n7

as mission sessions, 265 , 266 , 296 , 366 , 397

and moving crucifixes, 28 , 396 -397 (see also Limpias; Piedramillera)

and Rafols forgeries, 71 -73, 422 n18

site, 24 , 51 , 302 -315

as spiritism, 342 -343

and Torralba de Aragón, 248 , 415 n1.

See also seers visions; vision states

Ezquioga (G). See Ezkioga

F

factories, rural vs urban, 257

factory owner, 34 , 76

factory work, and mores, 36

factoryworker seers, 180 -181, 254 , 275

See also Garmendia, José

"fainting spells," 265 , 276 , 295

fairy tales, 173

faith, reasoned or emotional, 132

faking visions and trances, 265 , 274 , 294

Falange, 374 , 384

fame, and seers, 40 , 49 , 58 , 100 , 114

families, 35 , 207 , 218 , 317

famine, 357 , 358 , 409

farmers. See peasants

farm laborers, 169 , 172 , 181

farms: teenage seers from, 245

tenant, 19

fast, before Communion, 114

fasting, women, 283 , 284 , 285 , 384

fathers, 327

Fatima (Portugal) visions, 6 , 22

Basques and, 6 , 21 , 25 , 46 , 248 -249, 415 n14

children and, 248 -249

escalation in, 365 -366

and Ezkioga, 32 , 46 , 389 , 398

as model, 8 , 312

and religious orders, 6 , 395

replications, 163

traveling images, 397 , 397 -398

fear: in crowd, 266 , 268

provokes visions, 287

of saints, 346 , 364

in seers, 276 , 280 , 287 , 290

of sudden death, 77 , 319 , 326 , 330 , 334 , 358 .

See also fright

female religious. See nuns

fiestas, and visions, 166 , 181

film. See cinema

filtering, 24 -33, 39 -40, 126 , 243 -251

by promoters, 105 , 126 , 143 -144, 146 -151

of seers, 24 -27, 105 , 143 -151, 243 -251

of text by visions, 150 , 160

of visions, 27 -40, 407

fines, 143 , 198 , 199 , 209 , 338

fire: in chastisement, 293 , 361 , 364 , 372

in hell, 360

test of seers, 147 -150, 148 , 278 , 296 , 433 n59

fireballs, 173

fireflies, and visions, 245

fires, house, preternatural, 336 , 337

First Fridays, 15

first seer boy, 48 , 103 , 140 , 280 -281, 300 , 308 .

See also first seers

first seer girl, 43 , 48 , 264 , 304

See also first seers

first seers, 48

bolstered by Aguado, 274

as cowherds, 312

origin of visions, 286

parents of, 18 , 20 , 48 , 253 , 461 n25

and promoters, 48 , 56 , 75 , 264

site of vision, 303 , 304

vision content, 47 , 264 , 291

vision states, 274 , 295 .

See also first seer boy; first seer girl

fishing towns, 14 , 218 , 254 , 342

"fits," 265 , 287

flagellation, as sacred theater, 366 , 400

floods of 1934, 346

Florence, 461 n23

flowers: adorn exiled image, 139

adorn vision sites, 136 , 179 , 307

blessed in visions, 185 , 191 , 200 , 271 , 272

blessed roses, 191 , 271

as connection to landscape,

flowers (cont'd)

194

convert, 447 n67

and devil, Izurdiaga, 189

gifts for seers, 141

gifts from dead, 339

heal, 200

language of, 451 n24

at La Salette, 249

Mary vision attribute, 28 , 226 , 304

May, 18

paper, 179

and Priest-children, 226

seen as Mary, 166 , 191

seers arrange, in vision, 188

seers distribute, in vision, 188 , 192 , 333 , 339

as virtues of Mary, 226

visions include, 82 -83, 189 , 290

folklore, Basque, 26 , 212 -213, 309 , 339 -341

folk religion, and urban Catholics, 36 , 36

forgery, of Rafols documents, 68 -74

fortune-tellers, 167

Fox Movietone News, 344

frames, 289 , 304

France: and apocalypse, 370

Basque religious in, 221

Catholicism, 3 , 463 n51

devotions, 5 , 230 , 234 -235

divine preference for, 394

ghosts and spiritism, 340 , 341

orders in Spain, 230 , 447 n70

politics, 427 n26

seer from, 296

visionaries, 3 -5, 159 , 300 , 350 -351

visions and witch-hunts, 211

war with Germany, 370

Franciscan nuns: house in Castile, 233

Santa Isabel of Mondragón, 232

Santa Isabel of Valladolid, 232

Villasana de Mena, 218

Franciscans, 44 , 237

Aranzazu, 206 , 237 , 306 , 312 , 337

See also Burguera y Serrano, Amado de Cristo

Franco government, 375 , 377 , 384

Franco-Prussian War, 350

fraud: seers accused of, 131 , 141 , 187 , 295 , 297 , 299

and spiritism, 342

Freemasons: and Aulina, 384

and anticlerical measures, 70

Ezkioga opponents, 52 , 141 , 237 , 343

and Integrists, 34

in visions, 174 , 361

visions plot of, 225 , 237 , 384

freethinkers, 37 , 124 , 344

friendships among believers, 146

fright, 167 , 245 , 372 .

See also fear

Fuengirola (Málaga), 386

fueros , 18 , 30 , 34

funeral, civil, 76

Funes (N), 468 n28

furniture maker, 26

G

Gabriria (G), 23 , 63 , 236 -237, 275

Gaintza (N), 227 , 444 n30

Gainza (G), teenage girl from, 198

Gainza (N). See Gaintza

Galarreta (Alava), 341

Galvez (Toledo), 432 n42

games in visions, 191 , 194 , 249 -250

Garabandal (Cantabria) visions, 365 -366, 398 , 399 , 428 n32

Garín (G), 233

Gaviria (G). See Gabiria

gender: of Basque religious, 217 , 219 , 444 n39

of dead in visions, 459 n1

at end of world, 367

of Ezkioga seers, 243 -254, 448 n6

mixing, 203 , 228

and models of sacrifice, 96 -103

and number of visions, 448 n6

of persons at visions, 449 n20

and piety in Zegama, 207

and reactions to visions, 276 -277

and religious belief, 168

of seers in mini-Ezkiogas, 194

of seers of dead, 459 n1

of spectators, 252 , 252 , 449 n20

and vision states, 299

gentry, Basque urban, 74 , 123 , 130 , 254

Germany, 144 , 370

Gernika, mission pageant at, 220

Gerona. See Girona

Gethsemane, 288

ghosts, and spiritism, 342

Gijón (Asturias), 375

Gipuzkoa: elections, 14 , 17 , 24 -25, 30 , 440 n61

Irurzun visions throughout, 182

postwar crackdown, 377

priests of, 133

religious in, 217, 219 , 230 , 444 n39

shrines, 337 , 338

telephone network, 40

vision cuadrillas 1932 on, 210 -211

visions spread in, 164 , 191 -213

and witchcraft, 211 -212

Gipuzkoan dialect, 171 , 165

girls. See child seers; teenagers

Girona, 22 , 164 , 462 n40

Benita in, 150 , 159 , 361 , 366 -368, 389

diocese of, 87 , 384

God: acting directly, 189

justice, 33

severe or benign, 345 -346

speaking with, 263

Goiherri (upland Gipuzkoa): burial customs, 327 -330

habitual seers from, 165

politics, 25 , 440 n61

vocations, 219 -222

Good Friday processions, 204

gossipers, 205

Gota de Leche, La, 233

governors, civil, 137 , 353 .

See also Artola, Jesús; Bandrés; Del Pozo Rodríguez, Pedro

grace: accumulation of, 395

allotment of, 188 , 192 , 195 , 272 -273, 395 -396

appeals for, 266

through crucifixes, 91 , 95 , 185 , 200 , 272 -273

through flowers, 272

home delivery, 232 , 234 , 338

intoxication from, 399

for polities, 394 -395

of seers of ghosts, 340

Granada, 154 , 227 , 282

Gran Promesa subscription, 442 n14

grass, eating, 296

Great Monarch, 350 , 366 -367, 370 , 409

Grenoble, 4

Guadalajara, 164 , 169 , 282

Guadamur (Toledo), 164

Patxi and Medina visit, 60 , 105

priest killed, 376

seers, 169 , 170 , 276

visions 1931, 167 , 169 -171, 240 , 275 , 382

Guernica (B). See Gernika

Guéthary (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), 387

Guipúzcoa. See Gipuzkoa

H

habits: Franciscan, as burial clothes, 332

as ghosts' clothes, 340

hallucination, 31 , 244 , 286 , 295

halo, angel places, 332

handkerchiefs: with blood of Christ, 338

ghost marks on, 340 , 341 , 461 n34

Mary attribute, 329

Mary carries bloody, 83

messages on, 81

and Ramona's blood, 49 , 132 , 308

hands: bleeding, 49 -51, 52 , 83 , 273 , 284

clasped shut, 142 , 273

fixed as a cross, 273

juice as sign on, 176

light from Mary's, 3 , 178 , 235 , 248 , 290

of Mary, in questionnaire, 404

headlights, and visions, 167

healer: Daughter of Charity, 234

Padre Mamerto, 241

seer as, 182

healing: by blessed flowers, 200

by blessed ribbons, 204

by water and dirt, 303

heart, changes of, 366

heaven: dead in, 77 , 131 , 173

families reunited in, 335

kin in, 326 -332

kin of others in, 327 -332

for publicists, 114

request to go directly to, 232

for seers and believers, 99 , 293 , 327 -332, 334 -335

visions of, 189 , 335 -336

heavenly gifts: on beams of light, 290

Laburu on, 131

medals, 58 , 63 , 64 , 246 , 271 , 378 , 436 n100

religious picture, 187

rosaries, 50 , 78 , 253 , 436 n100

statue, 432 n29.

See also flowers, blessed

heaviness, as sign, 198 , 273

Hechos de Ezquioga, Los : and devil, 150

financing, 159 , 436 n101

imprimatur, 143 -144, 159 -160

money to destroy, 388

preparation, 143 , 149 -150, 155 , 159 -160

storage, 160 , 388 , 398

visions relating to, 144 , 208

hell: for active opponents, 143 , 150 , 334

dead in, 131 , 173 , 174 , 461 n18

for nonbelievers, 186 , 207 , 232

people thrown to, 349 , 356 , 360

reactions to visions of, 346

spirits deny existence of, 342

Hendaye (Basses Pyrénées), 282

Heraldo Alavés (Vitoria), 32

Heraldo de Madrid , 344

herder seers, 165 , 166 , 172 , 302 -303, 309 , 312 , 324 , 398

heresies and sects, extermination of, 367

Hernani (G), 49

Herri Batasuna, 172

"hidden transcript," 260

Hierro, El (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), 461 n32

Hijas de la Providencia (San Sebastián), 435 n84

hills. See mountains

holy cards, 95 , 96 , 205 , 291 , 372

holy family, 176 , 210

Holy Land, 74 , 104 , 118

Holy Office: and Claire Ferchaud, 284

and Ezkioga, 151 , 159

and Madre Esperanza, 386

and Madre Soledad, 228

and Padre Pio, 284

holy war, 30 -33, 78 , 260

Holy Week, 236 , 313 , 400

Hormiga de Oro, La (Barcelona), 309

horse: dove changes into, 293

white, of Saint Michael, 177 , 353 -354, 364

hotels, visions to build, 383

Hotel Urola (Zumarraga): Burguera at, 150 , 155 , 388 -389

and Catalan expeditions, 84 , 90 , 357 , 362

owners, 134 , 388 -389

seers at, 84 , 357 , 362

house, unit of identity, 172 , 181

houses. See vision sites, houses

Huarte Araquil (N). See Uharte-Arakil

Huesca, 367 , 385 , 435 n83

Huici (N), 263

humor about visions, 166 -167, 170 , 171 , 174 , 210 -211, 362 , 383 .

See also ridicule

hymns: "Agur Jesusen Ama," 264 , 267

in Barranca, 179 , 182 -183

on deathbed, 124

Egizu zuk Maria," 265 , 268 , 450 n11, 450 n14

at Ezkioga, 46 -47, 151 , 265 , 267 , 268 , 299 ;

"Izar Bat," 46 -47

at Lourdes, 264

in visions, 267 , 335

hypnotism, 113 , 274 , 279 , 286 -287, 298

hypnotists, 113 , 342

hysteria, 130 , 180 , 245 , 282 , 285 , 295 , 344

I

Ibdes (Zaragoza), 297

Icasteguieta (G). See Ikastegieta

Icod de los Vinos (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), 461 n32

iconoclasm, 5 , 14 , 16 , 26

Igeldo, Mount (G), 361

Ihabar (N), 183 , 355

image of Virgin of Ezkioga, 329

arrival in miracle, 364

commission, 136

copy for Macià, 431 n33

installed and removed, 137 -139, 311 -312

in Kapotegi,

image of Virgin of Ezkioga (cont'd )

139 , 372

prohibited, 151

weeps, 139

images: buried, 95

circulating, 234

come alive, 2 , 6 , 311 -312, 394

portable, of questors, 338

repair of, 26 .

See also crucifixes

imagination, and child play, 250

immigrants, to Basque Country, 19 , 30 , 234 , 254

immorality: catechism poster, 360

and dismissal of visions, 147 , 383

female, 45 , 70 , 97

and Second Republic, 35

of seers, 131 , 146 , 433 n55

youth, and chastisement, 356

Index, 156 , 366 -367

India, 362

indulgences, 2 , 392

industrialists: Bizkaia, 54 , 95

Catalonia, 74 , 87 , 104

Gipuzkoa, 19 , 256

industrialization, and social change, 3 , 19 , 33 -38, 152

inheritance patterns, 172

Innocent XIV, 111

Inquisition, 2 , 211 -212, 348 , 383

Instituto de los Santos Angeles Custodios (Bilbao), 54

Instruction Supérieure Diplomatique, 118

Integrists, 19 , 25 , 76 .

See also Carlists and Carlist-Integrists

intercession of the dead, 328 -329

Irañeta (N). See Iraneta

Iraneta (N), 23 , 164 , 204

visions in, 181 -187, 291 , 355 .

See also Balda, Pedro

Irurzun, Luis

Irún (G). See Irun

Irun (G), 23 , 164

and spiritism, 342 , 345

and visions, 64 , 224 -225

Irurtzun (N), 164 , 187

Irurzun (N). See Irurtzun

Isasondo (G). See Itsasondo

Italy, 3 , 39 , 342

Itsaso (G), 23 , 219 , 223

Itsasondo (G), 124 , 160

Ituren (N), 249

Iturmendi (N), 164 , 174 -175

Itziar (G), 23 , 245 , 381 , 461 n34

Izurdiaga (N), 164 , 187 -191, 233 , 445 n47

J

Jaca (Huesca), 337

jail, 78 , 198 , 199 , 210 , 375

James, Saint, 353 , 372

Jansenist seers of Saint-Medard, 286

Jaungoiko-zale (Amorebieta), 132

jebos , 353

Jehovah's Witnesses, 173 , 225 , 372 , 467 n54

Jerusalem, 221 , 313

Jesuits: cheers for, 15

and dancing, 37

and Daughters of Mary, 245

devotions, 2

dissolution, 71 , 97 , 447 n64

and Ezkioga, 239 -240

at Loyola, 239 -240

and Madre Soledad, 226

pedantry, 133

and Rafols forgeries, 70 , 71 , 72 -73, 97

and Reparadoras, 64

urban recruitment, 239

and Vallet, 74 .

See also Laburu, José Antonio

Jesus. See Christ; crucifixes; Jesus, Baby; Jesus, Infant; Jesus Nazarene; Merciful Love; reign of Christ; reign of Sacred Heart; Sacred Heart of Jesus

Jesus, Baby: confirms Virgin, 322

euphemism, 383

García Cascón holds, 398

kisses rosaries, 91

like a doll, 177 , 226

scratches seer, 58

seer playmate, 116

Jesus, Infant: in Barranca, 119 , 172 , 176 , 177

in child play, 249

images circulate, 234

Padre Doroteo and, 241

Pamplona, 241

Jesus Nazarene, visions of, 232

Jews, 4 , 34 , 361 , 465 n33

jokes, then visions, 274 -275

Joseph, Saint, 83 , 170 , 177 , 263

Jude, Saint, 359

judicial investigation of Ezkioga, 94 , 141 -143

Judith, as model for Aliadas, 45

K

Kaminpe (house, Urretxu), 191

Kapotegi (house, Santa Lucía), 431 n35

kin: clergy with seers, 241

of others in visions, 327 -332

visions of deceased, 326 -332, 459 n1

kisses: believers and seers, 84 , 187 , 131

of crucifixes held by seers, 272 , 272 -273

of earth at chapel site, 310

by saints in vision, 91 , 451 n25

of stuffed pigeon, 201

of trees, 307

Knock (County Mayo, Ireland) visions, 163 , 382 , 451 n18

Konnersreuth (Bavaria), 283

L

La Barranca (Navarra), 171 -187, 194 , 200 , 364

labor movement, 6 , 13 , 14

La Codosera (Badajoz), apparitions at, 397 , 398

Lacunza (N). See Lakuntza

Lakuntza (N), 164 , 180 -181, 184

La Laguna (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), 389

La Mancha, class warfare in, 167

lamiak , 212

landowners, Spanish, in Basque Country, 106

landscape: and mini-Ezkiogas, 194

modified at Ezkioga, 302 -315

visions, and witch-scare, 212

language: divides Basque clergy, 224

and ghost beliefs, 341

and nationality, 152

of prayers, 268

universal, 118 , 367

and vision spread,

165 , 212 .

See also Basque; Catalan; Spanish

Languedoc, 339

La Puye (Vienne), 60

La Salette vision, 4 , 163 , 249

and Ezkioga, 352 , 358

in Spain, 4 , 5 , 8 , 25 , 365

Lasarte (G): Brigida nuns, 219

mission tableau, 248

Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, 94

Last Judgment: in catechism, 348 -350, 349

dates for, 350 , 351 , 356 -357, 362 -365

Goiherri anecdotes, 210 , 372

in poetry, 356

in vision, 283 , 330

Latin America, Basques in, 44 , 68 , 129 , 221 , 224 , 256

Lauspelz (house, Ataun), 220

lawsuit, over Lizarraga visions, 178

lawyer believers, 87 , 253

Lazcano (G). See Lazkao

Lazkao, Benedictines at, 14 , 219 , 220 , 239

leaves, relics of visions, 305

Lecumberri (N). See Lekunberri

Legazpi (G), 19 , 23

Ama Felisa in, 337

boy seer from, 246

Múgica visits, 158

rector, 148 -149, 154 , 224

sinners, 99

turns on seers, 134 .

See also Aguirre Odria, Benita; Garmendia, José

Legazpia (G). See Legazpi

legends, shrine, 166 , 195 , 302, 309

Legorreta (G), 23 , 138 , 164 , 219 , 389

Communion denied, 242

image in, 312

Saint Michael appears in, 210

seers, 276 , 378 , 381 .

See also Echezarreta Urquiola, Juan José

Lekunberri (N), 23, 172 , 181

Lequeitio (B). See Lekeitio

Lérida. See Lleida

Lescouët (Côtes-du-Nord) visions 1821, 415 n5

letters, secrets in sealed, 49 , 50 , 60 , 91 , 176 , 364

levitation, alleged, 25 , 61 , 278 , 295 , 452 n39

Lezaun (N), 23 , 177 , 248 , 374

Lezo (G), witness from, 51

Liberal, El (Bilbao), 24 , 30 , 171 , 342

Liberal, El (Madrid), 31 -32, 171 , 352

liberal Catholics, 97 , 345 -346

liberal professions, few seers in, 254

Liberals, 34 , 255 , 267

Librería Ignaciana (San Sebastián), 73

Libro de las Casitas, El , 226 , 228

lies, and seers, 50 , 60 , 173 , 297 , 331

light: divinities want, 200

around Mary, 56 , 289 -290, 352

Mary emanates, 3 , 83 , 178 , 235 , 248 , 290

moving like UFO, 324

precedes visions, 15 , 168 , 289 , 327

in questionnaire, 404

lily, scent of, 189

Limpias, Christ of: bleeds in Ordizia, 159 , 200

image in Zumarraga, 46

picture in Aldaz, 230

Limpias (Cantabria) visions, 6 , 22

Catalan pilgrimages, 66

and Catholic movements, 42

and communism, 371

Ezkioga compared to, 28 , 254

Ezkioga enthusiasts at, 33 , 91 , 134 , 144 , 224 -225, 236 , 376 , 396 -397

Ezkioga opponents at, 238

Ezkioga seers at, 160 , 389 , 440 n71

meaning, 97 , 161 , 347

other seers and cult of, 230 , 285

personal grace at, 395

replications, 163

role of parish priest, 53

social class and, 252 , 254

Lisieux, Navarrese pilgrimages to, 447 n66

Litany: arms as cross, 20 , 37 , 46 , 72 , 264 , 266

in vision liturgy, 178 , 264 -265, 267

and vision states, 15 , 299

literacy, 24 , 87 , 226

liturgy: Amundarain and, 264 -269

heavenly figure joins in, 27 -28, 266

order of, at vision sessions, 200 -201, 450 n11

ornaments for Ezkioga shrine, 207

seers give instructions on, 232 -233, 265 , 268

traditional, and apparitions, 264

and vision states, 263 -272

Lizarraga (N), 164 , 177 -178, 181 , 248 , 397

Lizartza (G), 227 , 444 n30

Lizarza (G). See Lizartza

Lleida, 86 , 159 , 164 , 376

Llívia (Girona), 91

Longwy (Meurthe-et-Moselle), 155

Lorenzo, San, migrating image of, 166

Los Arcos (N), 275 , 443 n30

lottery, 123

Lourdes, 22

Basques at, 21 , 192 , 197 , 264 , 314

in Belgium, 152

and Catalans, 66 , 335

cult, 3 , 5

cures, 5 , 86 , 155 , 274 , 335 , 398

Ezkioga compared to, 5 , 32 , 146 , 196 , 240 , 306

Ezkioga enthusiasts at, 33 , 110 , 111 , 133 , 155 , 185 , 264 , 398

and Huysmans, 109

Irurita and, 67

liturgy at, 314

model for Ezkioga, 8 , 28 , 264 , 273 , 306 , 312 , 314 , 373

profitability, 128

replications, 163

in Spain, 5 -6, 25 , 146 , 237

Spanish seers at, 146 , 398 , 440 n71

in Spanish visions, 192 , 291

visions and trances, 4 , 263 , 273 , 287 .

See also Soubirous, Bernadette

Louvain (Belgium), 151 , 279

lowland-upland cultural divide, 212

Loyola (G), 23 , 105 -106, 124 , 239 -240

Lucca, 231

Lucillos (Toledo), 437 n5

Luises sodality, 36 , 38 , 192 , 326

Luxembourg, 156

Luz Católica , 366

Lyon, 155

M

Madonna dell'Arco shrine (Campania, Italy), 263

Madrid, 164

anticlericalism, 5 , 14 , 18 , 32 , 376

assassin from, 364

believers in, 56 , 385 , 410 -411

chastisement, 357 , 364 , 365 , 426 n89

clergy killed, 376

devotions, 5 , 238 , 394 , 446 n60

image bleeds in, 445 n49

Merciful Love center, 238 , 446 n60

promoters in, 65 , 387

seers from, 169 , 326 , 460 n2

seers in, 65 , 258 , 344 , 389 , 390 , 466 n43

Vallet in, 384

magazines, women in, 97

magic, black, 187 , 345

magnetist, 344 , 345

Málaga, chastisement, 357

males. See child seers-boys; gender; men

Mallorca, 118 , 365 , 377

Mañeru (N), 15

mania, 274

Marcha Real, as royalist anthem, 141 , 143

Marcilla (N), 16

Mari, as mountain spirit, 213

Mariage Nul , 110 , 111

María Mensajera (Zaragoza), 383 , 398

Marist Brothers, schools, 447 n70

market gardener, 94

Markina (B), 23 , 37

Marpingen (Saarland, Germany) visions, 8 , 163 , 454 n62

Marquina (B). See Markina

marriage, civil, Rignés oppose, 111

Marseillaise, 5 , 39

Marseilles, chastisement, 352 , 357

martial law, 160 , 198

martyrs: believers to be, 143 , 169 , 467 n9

and earthquakes, 357 , 359

in Last Judgment, 349

men as, 96

seers as, 100 , 140 , 141 , 154 , 364

marvellism, 399

Mary: and Aliadas, 47

asks for prayers, 20 , 275 , 327

assists in seer crucifixions, 149 , 407

attributes, 28 , 32 , 358 , 403 -404

attributes in doubt, 30 , 31 , 33 , 131 , 167

aura, 188

avatars, 28 , 194 , 291 , 403

baptismal names, 192

and Basques, 29 -33, 104

benign or stern, 346

and blood, 83

and Catalans, 104 -105

celestial rank, 199

and chastisement, 104 -105, 354 , 357

condemns clergy, 79

and the dead, 331

devotion in Albiztur, 192

dress, 28 , 30 , 313 , 403 , 432 n54

emotions of, in visions, 27 -28, 188 , 265 , 291

and flowers, 28 , 166 , 191 , 226 , 304

gestures of, in questionnaire, 404

gifts for angels, 271

as girl or teenager, 246

girl seers compared to, 246 , 280

as healer, 31 , 292

heavenly court, 272

kisses objects, 91

and light, 56 , 289 -290, 352 (see also light)

marks shrine site, 310 , 312

mute in visions, 27 , 48 , 291

at night, 314

participates in prayers, 266 , 267

picture on tree, 195

reveals Bilbao defenses, 375

and rivers, 441 n88

and Spain, 16 , 33 , 292

and trees, 302 , 304

wants clear petitions, 321 .

See also Mary Sorrowing; Miraculous Mary; and names of individual Marian shrines (by place)

Mary Sorrowing: in Ezkioga visions, 27 , 31 , 84 , 139 , 235 , 313

images, 307 , 313 , 329 , 364

Mendigorría, 15 -16

in mini-Ezkiogas, 194

Masons. See Freemasons

mass: to kill, 340

to release the dead, 331 , 340

to show off, 361

Mataró (Barcelona), 86 , 106

matches, blessed, for end of world, 371

Matí, El (Barcelona), 66, 132

Matxinbenta (G), 254

may poles, 458 n29

Mazarambroz (Toledo), 437 n5

medals: blessed in visions, 91

of Daughters of Mary, 38 , 58 , 63

divine gifts, 58 , 63 , 64 , 246 , 271 , 290 , 378 , 436 n100

miraculous, 3 -5, 234

touched to tree, 308

media, and vision messages, 39 -40

Medjugorje (former Yugoslavia), 8 , 163 , 396

memory: in Catholicism, 399 -401

immediate, of vision, 285 , 286 , 288

as vision, 300

visions retained and lost, 177

wishful, and vision site, 303

men: Catalan vs Basque, 106

as converts, 244

exercises for, 106

Mary on, 228

Meñaka (B), 341

Menasalbas (Toledo), 437 n5

Mendata (B), 356 , 450 n2

Mendigorría (N), 23

electoral violence, 16

seers at Ezkioga, 33 , 416 n7

town secretary, 379

visions, 14 -16

meneurs , general public as, 401

men seers, 26 , 243 -244, 250 -251

as confirmers, 250 , 274

humbled by visions, 274 -277, 276

hysterical, 277 -278

not initiators, 250

and vision states, 299

mental command, as test of seers, 241

mental hospital at Mondragón, 138 , 142 , 143 , 145

mental illness: of seers, 61 , 130 , 187 , 274 , 336

seers because of, 282 -283

and vision states, 299

mentally retarded, 179

mental patients, and seers, 283

Mercedarian Sisters of Charity, 44 , 45 , 222

merchant-client ties, 200

Merciful Love, Jesus of, 238 , 239 , 386 , 409

mercy vs chastisement, 238

mesmerism, 286

messages: dictated in vision, 333

omitted or rejected, 401

private from divine [encargos ], 144 , 195 , 200 , 210

rewarded, 401

metamorphosis: horse to dove, 293

flower to Mary, 166

monkey to witch, 26

Mexico, 151 , 339

Michael, Saint: and Basque Nationalists, 206

in Basque processions, 204 , 205

to bring statue, 364

description, 177 -178, 205 , 293 , 349 , 353 -354, 364

to explain apparitions, 353 , 364

in Ezkioga church, 21 , 204 , 205

fights devil in Navarra, 178 , 181 , 184 , 187 , 195 , 202 -203, 205

fights on mountains, 32

in Last Judgment, 204 , 349

motto in vision sessions, 201

past apparitions, 21 , 204

and reign of Sacred Heart, 204 , 205

in world war, 358 .

See also San Miguel de Aralar

Milagrosa y los Niños, La , 16

military exercises, 41

military service, and mores, 36

militias against Antichrist, 366 -367

Milizie Crocifere, 366

millennium, 351 , 367

mill towns, 106

mini-Ezkiogas, general features of, 194 -195

Minims, 366

miracles: enemies of, 137 , 286

of Ezkioga spring and soldier, 133

the great, 49 , 206 , 353 -354, 355 , 369

invisible candy, 173

Mary saves oxcart, 250

preparation for, 206

Ramona asks about, 49

seers become, 271

miracles predicted: 10 July 1931 on, 28

12 July 1931, 20 , 28 , 353

16 July 1931, 20 , 28 , 60 , 353

18 July 1931, 20 , 28 , 78 , 353

for fall 1931, 51

for mid-October 1931, 60 , 76

15 October 1931, 49 -51, 77 , 113 , 114

16 October 1931, 20

17 October 1931, 113

18 October 1931, 78

20 October 1931, 63

1 November 1931, 63

4 December 1931, 63

8 December 1931, 182

26 December 1931, 60 , 62 , 113 , 129

for January 1932, 62 , 129

in Cuevas de Vinromà, 297

disappointment, 268

García Cascón and, 76

on height above Urretxu, 191

Laburu on, 131

in Rafols forgery, 70 , 71 -72

Rigné spreads word, 114

unpunished, 297

when stage completed, 77

Miraculous Mary: circulating image, 235

in Gipuzkoa, 234 -235, 248 , 337 , 446 n52

girl as, 248

in Navarra, 16 , 179

original vision, 3 -4

in visions, 234 -235, 282 , 291 , 455 n81.

See also Labouré, Catherine; miraculous medal

miraculous medal, 3 -5, 234

Miranda del Ebro (Burgos), 154 , 166

misogyny, 453 n53

missing persons, 341 , 344 , 464 n8

mission, divine: of Aliadas, 47 , 52

of Ayerbe, 144

of Basque deputies, 60

of Boada, 87

of Burguera, 119 -120, 121 -122, 143 , 146 , 149

of Franco, 74

of Irurita, 71 -72

of Jesuits, 71

of Macià, 79

of Pius XI, 71

of Rigné, 111 , 114 , 133

of Vallet, 84 -85

missionaries: female, 221 -222, 221 , 222 , 226

male, 44 , 98 , 203 , 220 -221

Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, 340 -341

Missionary Sisters of the Holy Eucharist (Betelu), 225 -229

mission magazines, 442 n10

Carmelite, 190 , 248 -249

missions, overseas: Ama Felisa and, 339

Carmelite, 241

children and, 190 -191, 220 , 221 , 222 , 248

prayers for, 36

missions, parish: Barranca, 172

and children, 247

and collective vows, 37

defensive, 19

and gender, 244 , 245

and the Passion, 236 , 397

vision sessions like, 265 , 266 , 296 , 366 , 397

Miss República and Miss Spain, 98

Mollerussa (Lleida), 86

monarchists, 32 , 383

monarchy, predicted return, 210 , 337

Mondragón (G), 23 , 337

asylum, 138 , 142 , 143 , 145 , 452 n38

convent of Santa Isabel, 232

money: for chapel, 166

for masses, 99 , 331

for prisoners, 339

visions for, 181 , 382 -383

monkey, in Ormaiztegi visions, 26

Montecillo (Burgos), 454 n59

Monte Gargano (Puglia, Italy), 21 , 204

Montesclaros (Dominican house, Cantabria), 238

Monte Umbe (B) visions, 398 , 438 n22

Month of Mary (devotion), 86 , 192

Month of May (devotion), 18

Montoussé (Hautes-Pyrénées) visions 1848, 415 n5

Montserrat (shrine, monastery), 74 , 79 , 87 , 92

moon: cult, 179

destination of alms, 339

at feet of Mary, 353 , 362

"Moors," in prophecies, 356 , 367

Morocco, war in, 351

morphine, 278

mortifications, 45 , 226 , 337

Morzine (Haute-Savoie), 286

mothers: children of seer, 95

pressure children to see, 248

and seer children, 56 , 83 , 180 , 391

seers see dead, 78 , 327 , 336

mountains: shrines on, 302 , 380

spirits of, 212

visionary fighting on, 32 , 206 .

See also vision sites: mountainside

mourning clothes, in chastisement, 359

mouth, cannot open as sign, 273

mulberries, and Infant Jesus, 176

Mundaka (B), 462 n40

Murchante (N), 416 n11

murder, of seers, 26 , 100 , 364

music: Amundarain and, 43

clergy and, 123

at death, 124

stimulates visions, 404

vision command, 56 .

See also hymns

Muslims, in visions, 353 , 367

Mutiloa (shrine, G), 337 , 338

mysticism, conventual, and apparitions, 369

N

narration: of heaven by seers, 330

of mystic mass by seers, 201

of tableaux by saints, 293 -294

of visions by Amundarain, 264

of visions by seers, 173

Narvaja (Alava), Cistercian convent at, 231

national decadence, 97

nationalism, 7 , 19 , 104 -107.

See also Basque nationalism; Catalan nationalism; Spanish nationalism

Navalperal de Pinares (Avila), 432 n42

Navarra, 7 , 181

Basque language in, 7 , 171 , 212

children identify dead, 330

and Euskadi, 206

and Limpias, 6

literacy 1931, 24

and Lourdes, 5

pilgrims from, 165 , 268 , 380

politics, 16 , 25 , 137 , 374

religious in, 230 , 444 n39

visions in, 171 -191

vocations in, 15

and witchcraft, 211 -212

needles, seers pierced by, 149 , 278 , 296

neighbors, 142 , 257 , 317 , 339 , 393

Netherlands, 156

"neurotic contagions," 179 , 180 , 286 , 295

newspapers. See press

night, retiro by, 9 , 27 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 131

night visions: in Barranca, 175

prime time, 267 -268, 451 n17

suspect, 2 , 27 , 131 , 264 , 314

noisy army at night, 372

novenas, 86 , 90 , 323

nudism, 97 , 109 , 126

Nuestra Señora de Angosto shrine (Valdegovia, Alava), 165 -166

nuns: active, 98 -99, 230 , 233 -234

and Aliadas, 45

Basque, 217

in Basque Country, 99 , 230 , 444 n39

contemplative, 99 , 227 , 230 , 231 -233, 242

corrupted, 147

deaths in Civil War, 376

and diocesan priests, 225 -229

at Ezkioga, 121 , 234

Llívia, 91

in mental hospital 143

Pamplona, disbelievers, 191

predict Ezkioga visions, 28 , 29

prophetic, 230 , 409 -410

seers at Ezkioga, 232 , 252

seers become contemplative, 196 , 233

seers see in visions, 266

seers work to convince, 143 , 231 -233

spiritual direction, 44 , 231 , 233

as spiritual directors, 226 , 232

visionary, and Ezkioga, 228 , 229 -231

as writers, 238 .

See also religious orders; and convents (by town); individual nuns; individual orders

O

Obra de la Santa Infancia, 227

Obra Maxima, La (Carmelite mission magazine, San Sebastián)

obsession, 274

Ocaña (Toledo), 376

Oiartzun (G), 23 , 100

Oliveto Citra (Campania, Italy) visions, 8

escalation, 463 n1

liturgy, 450 n7, 450 n13

processions of dead, 462 n39

role of parish priest, 418 n4

vision committee, 447 n2

Olot (Girona), 438 n25

Oña (Burgos), Jesuit school at, 129

Oñate (G). See Oñati

Oñati (G), 23 , 164

believers at Ordizia, 200

Ezkioga rosary group, 206 , 337

religious, 231 , 237

Saint Michael in procession, 204

seers, 251 , 306

youth transgressions, 36

Ondarreta jail (San Sebastián), 198 , 199 , 375

Onkerzele (Belgium) visions, 152

Opus Dei, 45

oracles, 229

oral history, biases of, 177

Ordizia (G), 23 , 58 , 124 , 164 , 200 , 337

cinema and dances, 38

clandestine visions, 160 , 196 , 199 , 200 -201, 377 , 379

seer excursions from, 201 , 203

seers in, 196

vocations, 219

Orense (province), 454 n59

Orgiva (Granada), 164 , 170

original sin, 111

Orio (G), 344

Orlaza-aundia (house, Ataun), 220

Orléans, 160

Ormaiztegi (G), 23 , 164

dancing in, 38

politics, 38 , 330

public opinion, 382

rector, on Ezkioga, 222

Rignés in, 112 , 132

vision house, 29 , 207 , 377 , 379

visions in, 26 , 131 , 330

vocations, 219

Ormaiztegi seers: servant, 29

teenage girl, 267

young girls, 7 , 20 , 26 , 58 , 119 , 241 , 246

Ormáiztegui (G). See Ormaiztegi

Our Lady of Begoña shrine (Bilbao), 340

Our Lady of El Pilar (Zaragoza): Basque antipathy to, 193

and duende , 344

and mental patient, 283

seers visit, 202

and Spain, 33 , 189

Our Lady of La Gleva shrine (Vic, Barcelona), 461 n21

Our Lady of Liernia shrine (Mutiloa, G), 337 , 338

Our Lady of Mount Carmel, 210 , 234

oxen, and vision, 166

Oyarzun (G). See Oiartzun

P

paganism, 217 , 303 , 313

pagans, conversion of, 190 , 191 , 221

pageants, mission, 220 , 221 , 221

pain: insensitivity to, in seers, 147 -150, 148 , 278 , 279 , 285 , 288 , 296 , 433 n59

taste for, 96

in vision crucifixion, 406

paintings, seers like, 280

Palamós (Girona), 86

Palencia, 164

bishop of, 194

convent in province, cheap masses, 338 -339

visions near, 194 , 439 n55

Palermo, 263

Palmar de Troya, El (Sevilla), García Cascón at, 398

Pamplona (N), 23 , 164

cathedral canons, 206 , 227 , 374

diocese and Barranca visions, 175 , 184 , 189 , 190

diocese and Madre Soledad, 226 -229

diocese and press, 6

first Communion, 249

Infant Jesus in, 241

and Iraneta visions, 182

normal school, 124

politics, 16

postwar prayer meetings, 380

religious and visions, 28 , 191 , 238 , 241

Rignéin, 158

rural seers in, 124 , 182 , 191

spiritists, 462 n42

vision sites, 191 , 194

young women seers, 121 -122

Papal States, apparitions 1796-1797, 163 , 394

paper mills, 19 , 138

Paracuellos del Jarama (Madrid), 376

Paray-le-Monial (Saô-et-Loire), 2 , 117 -118, 351

Paris: Benita in, 389

Burguera in, 117

chastisement, 352 , 357 , 361 , 365 , 370

Corbató in, 366

and 1830 visions, 3 -4

Rigné and Thirouin in, 157

rural Basques in, 37 , 361

parish church: attendance, 36

image not allowed in, 139

keeper, 192

seers reject, 167 , 180 , 194 , 351

as vision site, 6 , 14 , 15 , 182 , 187 -190, 192 , 315

vision site like, 305 -307

Parish Exercises movement, 74 -76

and class mixing, 260

and Ezkioga prayers, 107

martyrs, 96 , 376

parish missions. See missions, parish

parish priests. See clergy, parish

Pasaia (G), 14 , 23 , 164

servant girl seer from, 31 , 245

Pasai Donibane (G), rector of, 133

Pasajes (G). See Pasaia

Pasionario, El , 236

Passion: of Ciordia and Galdós, 149 , 294

of Gemma, 296

Mary at, at Ezkioga, 231

model for self-abnegation, 259

Pou i Prat suffers, 336

replication of landscape, 313 -314

and spiritual exercises, 64

visions of, by Neumann, 283 .

See also crucifixions, seer

Passionist Fathers: anniversary mass, 377

and basilica, 374

circulate images, 234

Deusto-Bilbao, 231 -232

Gabiria, and visions, 236 -237

and Limpias, 236

later silence, 382

missions, 236

and victim terminology, 96

pathology, and vision states, 299

patron-client patterns, and visions, 255 -257

Paul, Saint, and attributes, 208

peasants, 19 -20, 255

pope will lead, 356

and visions, 209 , 253 , 353 , 396

peddler, 344

penance, 176 , 209 , 267

Pensamiento Navarro, El (Pamplona), 15 , 25

perception, structuring of, 8

perfume, of saints, 90 , 91 , 189

Perpetual Help, Mary of, 312

Peter, Saint, in tableau, 293

petitions: ambiguous responses, 323

to avoid purgatory, 408

for blessings, 111 , 294 , 318 , 408

for conversions, 319 , 323 , 324

for cures, 232 , 317 , 318 , 323 , 408

for discernment, 323 -324

estimated number, 319

for dead, 77 , 134 , 192 , 323 , 324 , 330 -333, 336 -339

Gemma and, 296

importance for seers, 322

make visions habitual, 320

petitions (cont'd)

must be clear, 321

for others, 317 , 324

to pope, 155 , 374

sealed, 111 -112, 134

sent by Cardús, 320 -324

across social classes, 325

to spirit mediums, 344

unspoken, 134 , 144 , 332 -333

written, 111 -112, 134 , 284 , 333 , 318 .

See also prayers

pharmacist, 133

photographer seer, 275

photographs: and Amundarain, 43

in Barranca, 175

booth for, 54

Burguera opposes, 144 , 407

choice of seers and scenes, 280 , 401

exhibitionism in, 131

of expeditions, 90

on Ezkioga prohibited, 151

held by Sedano, 122

identify souls, 331 , 339

indicate credibility, 274

and mental illness, 130

by Rigné, 111 , 158 , 386

seers in, 56 , 58 , 244 , 246 , 449 n19

as sources, 106

Piarists: Pamplona, 249

Tàrrega, 320

Piedramillera (N), 23

and bishop, 227

and Capuchin missions, 397

children and missions, 191

crucifix moves, 6

as at Ezkioga, 28

gender and visions, 277

parish priest, 53

seers, 252

piety: Basque, 5 , 6 , 21 , 30 , 33 -39, 105 -106

in Barcelona, 70 , 96

at Ezkioga, 128 , 132

false and true, 90

of seers, 36 -37, 131

in Zegama, 207

pigeon, stuffed, 201

pilgrimages: to Aralar, 204 , 206

to Aranzazu, 207

to Limpias, 6

to Lisieux, 447 n66

to Lourdes, 5 , 46 , 66 , 192 , 197 , 264 , 314

to Paray-le-Monial, 351

place-names: Basque, 8 -9

Catalan, 8

changed since 1931, 410 -412

plants, and visions. See bilberry; blackberry; flowers; grass; lily; mulberry; rose; trees

Plasencia de las Armas (G), seer from, 378

play, and child visions, 194 , 249 -250

poaching, 167

poetry, 110 , 143 , 146 -147, 186 , 387

polarization: of convent, 232

political, of village, 209

of vision villages, 174 , 177 , 182 -183, 193 , 198 -199

political prisoners, in Durango, 339

politicians: Garmendia approaches, 79 , 138 -139, 141

Patxi approaches, 60

seers like, 320

politics, and visions, 137

polities, divine attitude toward, 394 -395

poltergeists, 463 n4

poor: Mary on the, 255

as seers, 253 -254

visions vindicate, 260

pope: blessing in missions, 37

to lead peasants, 356

mental patient as, 283

persecution of, 409

petitions to, 155 , 374

Protestant as, 111

seer will be, 466 n41

temporal power, 350

and visions, 8 .

See also individual popes

"popular devotion," and choice of trees, 305

Portugal, exile in, 56

Portugalete (B), 164 , 206

poses of seers, and art, 236 , 240

postcards, of mystic Communion, 160

power reversal in visions, 195 , 259 , 296 -297

prayers: Aliadas count, 45

avert chastisement, 104 -105

in Bidegoyan, 329

at Ezkioga (see liturgy rosary)

Mary specifies, 319

seers asked for, 131

stamina in, 201

as weapons, 138 .

See also petitions

preachers, famous, 74 , 129 , 378

press: anticlerical, and visions, 33 , 34 , 170

church influences, 6 , 128 , 162

filters seers, 244 -246, 274 -277, 276 , 448 n6, 449 n19

filters visions, 26 -33, 78

national Catholic, and visions, 25

Pamplona, and visions, 15 , 25

San Sebastián, and visions, 24 -25, 33 , 128

spreads visions, 165 -171

strike, 141

suspended, 33

Vitoria, and visions, 32

priests. See clergy

procession: of children, Pamplona, 241

of Daughters of Mary, 245

of the dead, 26 , 179 , 341

at Ezkioga, 267 , 373

in Ormaiztegi garden, 207

when visions vindicated, 206

profanation of Eucharist, May 1931, 16

promises, seroras collect, 338

promoters: dominant and dependent, 161

effect on visions, 401

Múgica on, 151

prior agendas, 161 -162

relatives of seers, 192

role in visions and witch-scares, 212

and spirit mediums, 342

symbiosis with seers, 42 , 109 , 114 , 126 , 161 -162

templates for seers, 161

proof of visions: for Ayerbe, 144

for Bordas, 134

for Burguera, 119 -120, 121 -122

conversions as, 134 , 147 , 274 -275

inner sensations, 92 , 318

medieval, 272

for Sedano, 123

seer bruises, 281

seer emotions, 84

seer eyes, 279

seer faces, 84 , 279 -280

seer ignorance, 370 -371

seer insensibility to pain, 278 , 279

seer knowledge of dead, 207 , 330 , 331 , 332

seer knowledge of sins, 132 , 134

seer photographs, 112

seer pulse rate, 278 -279

seer unconsciousness,

274 -275.

See also arguments against visions

prophecies: in Bizkaia, 356

danger for seers, 187

experts in, 369 -371, 408 -410

fascination, 382

in France, 4 , 350

importance, 371

responses to petitions as, 322

short-term, 351

in times of trouble, 350

prostitutes, 54

Protestants, 4 , 109 , 111

providence, 90 , 395

psychiatrist, 175

psychokinesis, 344

psychologists, 129 , 285 -286

Puebla de Montalbán (Toledo), 437 n5

Pueblo Vasco, El (San Sebastián), 25

in Urnieta, 209

in Zaldibia, 196

puerility: as spiritual discipline, 227

of visions, 130 -131, 134

of women, 97

pulse rates, 201 , 274 -275, 278 -279

pupillary reflex, 188 , 201 , 278 , 282

purgatory: anxiety about, 392 -393, 408

communion to free soul, 338

crucifixions free souls, 99

hell in chastisement, 357

live people seen in, 131 , 134 , 338

Mary takes man from, 332

neighbors in, 176 , 192

pilgrims avoid, 85 , 460 n16

prayers get souls out, 192 , 210 , 331 -332, 341

relatives in, 78 , 130 -131, 332

for skeptics, 334

souls as intercessors, 328 -329, 341 , 462 n38

purification of Spain, 72 , 410

purity, 45 , 109 , 245

Q

quarrels: among promoters, 150

among seers, 64 , 107 , 144 , 406 -407

quarry worker, 192

Quero (Toledo), 437 n5

questionnaire, 26 , 403 -405, 455 n77

and conversions by reaction, 277

light, 289

Mary's gestures, 291

seer reactions, 295

questions: captious, for seers, 103 , 188 , 338

guide visions, 26 , 40 , 82

quietism, visions as, 107

R

racism, 197 , 286

Radical Socialist Republican Party, 344 , 439 n55

radio, 74 , 129 , 418 n52

Rafols crucifixes, 68 -71, 73 -74, 183 , 202

Rafols forgeries, 67 -74

and Basque gentry, 73 -74

and Civil War, 375

and Ezkioga enthusiasm, 73 , 130

and Ezkioga messages, 71 -73, 422 n18

and Franco, 74 , 422 n8

Irurita and, 71 -73, 422 n14

Jesuits and, 71 , 422 n9, 422 n12

opponents of, 70 -71, 422 n10

Pius XI and, 70 , 71 , 422 n12

Segura and, 384 , 422 n8, 422 n10

Vallet and, 104 , 384 , 422 n10

railroads: access to vision sites, 3 , 194

Andalusian, 109

assaults on, 16

in Basque country, 22-23 , 165

lights cause visions, 382

republican employees, 7

vision on train, 138

visions along tracks, 176 , 180

visions at stations, 67 , 119

rape, 146

rationalism: and contingency, 396

cures refute, 5 , 6

and mystical phenomena, 286 , 296

razor blade, 51

real-estate broker, 201

reciprocity, in Iberian society, 320

reflexes, in visions, 282

Regil (G). See Errezil

reign of Christ: association, 118

in Balda poem, 186

in Benita's scenario, 358

until end of world, 365

and Great Monarch, 367

in Morrondo, 351 .

See also reign of Sacred Heart

reign of Jesus and Mary, in Inés Igoa's visions, 174

reign of Sacred Heart: Alacoque visions, 2 , 350 -351

Bernardo de Hoyos, 351

and Burguera, 351

and Franco in 1940, 74

imminent in 1932, 351

Jesuits promote, 350 -351

and Limpias, 347 , 351

in 1934, 369

in 1940, 74 , 409 -410

in Rafols forgeries, 71 , 351

and Saint Michael, 204 , 205

and Sarachaga, 117 -118

solution to evil, 395 -396

visions prepare, 369 .

See also reign of Christ

reincarnation, 341

relics: blood from picture, 200

blood on cloth, 50 , 183 , 308 , 338

earth from chapel site, 310

fragments of cross, 139 , 312

of Gemma, 95

from trees, 305 , 307 -309

religiosity, local, 1 -2

religious, female. See nuns; religious orders; and individual orders

religious, male: and chastisement, 358

deaths in Civil War, 376

from diocese of Vitoria, 217

and Ezkioga, 236 -241

and rural folk, 361 .

See also religious orders; and individual orders

religious orders: active vs contemplative, 219 , 220

and Carlism, 18

and French devotions, 5

members of, in Basque Country, 230

recruitment, 218 , 231

and Republic, 231

social class within, 219

as subcultures, 231

and urban migration, 230

visions bless, 395 .

See also nuns; religious, male; and individual orders

Reparadoras, 64 , 96 , 99

repentance, 236 , 355 , 357 , 366

replication, of visions and messages, 163, 396

reporters, 40 , 47 , 84 , 276

repression, intensifies belief, 199 -200

Republic: Amundarain prayer, 65

as Antichrist, 353

and Barranca visions, 182 , 183

and Basques, 19 , 30 -33

and diocese of Vitoria, 14 , 142 , 143 , 209 -210

as dragon of Aralar, 206

Ezkioga and, 18

and Medina, 55 -56

1932 crackdown, 137 -143

1934-1935 crackdown, 198 , 209 -210

and nuncio, 155

and regional Catholics, 105

and religious, 231

and removal of crucifixes, 14 , 18 , 70 , 97 , 130 , 416 n11

removes images, 193 , 394

and rural children, 191

and Sanjurjo rebellion, 136 -137

seers on, 78 , 120

separation of church and state, 128

should promote visions, 115

and social relations, 14 , 33 -40

youth support, 39 .

See also civil governors; Constituent Cortes

republicans: assault trains, 16

explain visions, 383

and Ezkioga apocalypse, 352 -353

like spiritism, 344

urban immigrants, 19 , 30

in villages, 227 , 330 , 443 n24

retiro (curfew for women), 27 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 131

Reus (Tarragona), 86 , 99

revival meetings, American, 286

Revue Métapsychique, La , 450 n1

Rex group, 152 -153, 160 , 434 n77

ribbons, 183 , 204 , 291

ridicule: of Aranda, 228

Balda addresses, 186

of Burguera, 143

of Ezkioga and duende , 344

of Michael on horse, 353 , 364

of occultism, 344 -345

of Orgiva visions, 170

of pilgrims in Barranca, 184

of Recalde, 95

of seers and believers in Goiherri, 30 , 60 , 78 , 193 , 196 , 210 , 381

by seers before visions, 274 -275, 405

of seers by Laburu, 133

by seers of devil, 189

of vision sites, 304 , 314

Rielves (Toledo), 164

right-left imagery, 83 , 150 , 330

rigorism, 109, 192 , 199 , 345 -346

Rinconcito, El (vision site, Ordizia), 196 , 199 , 200 -201, 377 , 379

rituals, quasi-religious, 187

river: Infant Jesus walks on, 176

red with blood, 356

spirits and Bernadette, 441 n88

visions by, Bakaiku, 119 , 176 , 180

visions by, Goiherri, 26 , 172 , 195

rivers, and lamiak , 212

road, visions in the, 169 , 177 -178, 314 , 455 n82

roads, and access to visions, 194

Rochefer, La (Jesuit house in France), 446 n59

Roman soldiers, 124 , 405

Rome: Burguera and Sedano in, 160 , 388

Madre Esperanza in, 386

Madre Soledad visits, 228

modern world like pagan, 97

purgatory museum, 340 -341

rosaries (beads): blessed in visions, 91 , 178 , 270 -272, 270

consecrated or not, 188

from heaven, 49 , 50 , 58 , 78 , 131 , 253 , 271

rosary (prayer): Aliadas count, 45

Amundarain leads, 46 , 47 , 264

apparitions to restore, 38

at Bachicabo, 166 , 167

in Barranca, 172 , 173 , 174 , 181 , 184

as curse, 138

decline, 36 , 38

exhilarating effect, 300

at Ezkioga, 27 , 264 -265, 267 , 268 , 269 , 404

at Goiherri sites, 193 , 196 , 200 -201, 206 , 209

at Guadamur, 170

Imaz leads, 203

impulse to attend, 167

at Lourdes, 4 , 264

Mary requests, 20 , 38 , 268 , 275 , 327

Mary says, in vision, 267 , 450 n14

at Mendigorría, 15

priests cannot lead, at Ezkioga, 51

in school, 18

during statue removal, 139

and vision states, 299

Rosas y Espinas , 238

roses, 272 , 292

Rotary Club, Tusquets on, 225

rural landless, as seers, 253 -254

rural life, idealization of, 260

rural sharing, visions support, 396

rural to urban migration, 3 , 165 , 230

rural-urban alliance at Ezkioga, 33 , 260

S

Sabadell (Barcelona), 86 , 106 , 321 , 423 n47

Sacerdotes Niños, Obra de los, 225 -229

Sacrament, Blessed, prayers to, 187

sacraments, denial of, 374 , 379 , 384

Sacred Heart of Jesus: amulets, 45

bleeds, 135 , 445 n49

in boy's vision, 266

children and, 247 consecration of Spain, 394

Detentes, 45

Great Promise campaign, 442 n14

in houses, 207

and Integrism, 19

and Labouré, 4

Mary gives girl picture, 187

in Mendigorría, 15

in nineteenth-century Spain, 5

original visions, 2

in public, contested, 193 , 394

in Rafols forgeries, 68 -74

repels break-in, 120

Saint Michael fights for, 204 , 205

and Spain's salvation, 189

statues, 39

in Sueca, 119

in textile mill, 76

wounds Recalde, 96 .

See also reign of Sacred Heart

Sacred Heart of Mary, and Labouré, 4

sacrifice, 96 -103, 207

sacrilege, 16 , 97

Sacro Monti , 313

Saint Anthony of Urkiola shrine (Bizkaia), 337

Saint-Bauzille-de-la-Sylvie (Hérault) visions 1873, 448 n17

Saint-Cyprien (Pyrénées-Orientales) visions 1813, 415 n5

sainthood, as organizational memory, 400

Saint Martin of Loinaz shrine (Beasain, G), 337

saints: believers as, 389

children as, 204 (see also angels)

girl seers look like, 246

living, Gemma model, 294 -296

living, Neumann model, 283 -285

seers as, 124 , 131 , 183 , 187 , 322 -323

as spirit guides, 345

Salcedo (Alava), 166

Salinas de Añana (Alava), 166

Salinas de Oro (N), 416 n11

salvation: of Catalonia, 78 , 104 -105

of individuals, Izurdiaga, 188

of part of mankind, 236

of Spain, 32 , 33 , 56 , 72 , 188 , 189

Salve Regina (hymn) for seer, 183

San Donato, Mount (N), 179

San Esteban del Valle (Avila), 432 n42

Sangüesa (N), 15 , 462 n42

San Miguel de Aralar (shrine, mountain; N), 23 , 164 , 204 , 206

San Prudentzio (G), and Ama Felisa, 337

San Sebastián (G) [properly, Donostia-San Sebastián], 23 , 164

Ama Felisa in, 337

atonement sessions, 45

Basque Babylon, 361

chastisement, 55 , 357 , 361 , 362

churches, 237 , 337 , 361

Clinica San Ignacio, 155

Club Náutico, 345

La Concha (beach), 26 , 362

Crucíferos in, 368

La Gota de Leche, 233

jades on visions, 41

nuncio in, 155

nuns in, 44 , 230

Ondarreta prison, 198 , 199 , 375

predicted tidal wave, 55 , 362

riot before Republic, 142

seers in or from, 49 , 145 , 181 , 206 , 246 , 379 -380

in Spanish Civil War, 375

spiritism, 342 , 345

spiritual exercises, 46 , 129

Teatro Victoria Eugenia, 130

Tusquets lecture, 225

San Sebastiá de Garabandal (Cantabria) visions, 365 -366, 398 , 399 , 428 n32

Santa Agueda (Mondragón), asylum at, 138 , 142 , 143 , 145 , 452 n38

Santa Lucía (Ezkioga, G), 18

believers, 134

cattle dealer, 132

Rigné in church, 160

vocations, 445 n47

Santander, and spiritism, 342

Sant Andreu (Barcelona), 132

Santa Rosalia shrine (Palermo), 263

Santiago (Saint James), 353 , 372

Santiago de Cuba, 357 , 359

Santísimo Rosario, El (Bergara), 6 , 238

Sant Llorenç Savall (Barcelona), 323

Santomera (Murcia), 386

Santurce (B). See Santurtzi

Saragossa. See Zaragoza

Sardinia, 263

Satanic cults, and children, 163

scents, mystical: eau-de-cologne, 160

of Gemma, 90 , 91

of lily, 189

Scey-en-Varais (Doubs) visions 1803, 415 n5

school: Burguera's, 119

free, Terrassa, 76

Madre Soledad's, 226

nursery in Beasain, 233 -234

Pamplona, excursion, 121

parish, 218

proposed for vision site, 138

religious, in Goiherri, 124 , 447 n70

in Santa Lucia, 18 , 43

visions in Bakaiku, 119 -120

schoolmasters opposed to visions, 192 , 196 , 245

schoolmistress, Ezkioga, 18 , 77 -78

schoolmistresses favoring visions, 15 , 176 -177, 187 , 190 , 194

schoolteachers: effect on mini-Ezkiogas, 194 , 212

republican, 7 , 196 , 245

resentment of non-Basque, 18 , 196

science: and spiritism, 343

and visions, 279 , 298

scientific authority: Aranzadi, 25 -26, 274

Juaristi, 180

Laburu's, challenged, 129 , 132 , 133

Matyschok, 144 .

See also doctors

scribes: Atín, 64

for Garmendia, 322

Imaz, 145 , 203

Lecue, 58 , 428 n42

Luistar, 192 -193

parish clergy, 207 , 224 , 225 , 259

Sedano, 123 -124

town secretaries, 145 , 146 , 186 , 379

scruples, 393 -394

seamstresses, 116 , 256 , 466 n43, 466 n52

Second Republic. See Republic

second sight, of Ama Felisa, 337 , 338

secrets: at Fatima, La Salette, and Lourdes, 4 , 354

of Mary, in questionnaire, 354 , 404

of seers, 176 , 354

tantalize millenarians, 354

secularization, 3 , 195

sedition, Burguera and others charged with, 141

seer family: Lizarraga, 178

postwar Goiherri, 380

Sigüenza, 169

seers: access to, 317 -325

act like clergy, 180 , 187 , 201 , 351 , 395 -396

acts of mercy, 320

age, 176 , 177 , 448 n6

applause for, 264

Basque Nationalist, 60 , 63 , 196 , 253 , 339

become nuns, 196 , 233 , 445 n47

and believers,

seers (cont'd)

42 , 260 , 272

Catalan at Ezkioga, 90 , 134 , 259 , 423 n18, 455 n82

and Catalan trips, 75 -96, 99 -107

as Christ, 99 (see also crucifixions, seer)

control wealthy believers, 260

after cures, 86 -87, 335 , 386 , 398

of dead, 459 n1

death of, 103 , 124 , 296 , 297 , 334

demands on, 316 -325, 370 -371

direct liturgy, 232 -233, 265 , 268

distinguished," 252 -253

ethnic Basques, 254

excursions, 147 , 202 -204, 206

families stigmatized, 94 , 100 , 193 , 400

female, and cloistered nuns, 231 -233

female, welcome visions, 277

as frauds, 131 , 141 , 187 , 295 , 297 , 299

friends with reporters, 40 , 84

gifts to, 92 , 131 , 141 , 297

habitual, 165 , 251 -254

hold court, 272

hometowns, 20 , 22 -23, 164

as intermediaries with dead, 336

as intermediaries with heaven, 320

"invisible," 78 , 93 , 250 -252

kinds of, 243 -254

know owners of objects, 188

as martyrs, 100 , 140 , 141 , 154 , 364

as mentally ill, 61 , 130 , 187 , 274 , 336

as missioners, 296

number, 26 , 250 -251, 364

piety scrutinized, 36 -37, 131

poor rural, 162 , 381

not puppets, 85 , 401

and reporters, 40 , 84 , 276

rural, 147 , 370

against seers, 149

skills of successful, 371 , 401

as sorcerers, 187

spectators become, 250

sudden social importance, 320 , 325

symbiosis with promoters, 42 , 109 , 114 , 126 , 161 -162

as underdogs, 115 , 162

unmarried, pregnancies, 93 , 146

vet book, 150

as victims, 26 , 96 -103, 364

and visionary nuns, 228 , 229 -231

visit other visions, 33 , 60 , 397 .

See also child seers; herder seers; men seers; servant seers; teenage seers; women seers; and individual seers

Segorbe (Castellón), 22 , 120 , 143

Segura (G), 78 , 144 , 228 , 453 n51

self-deception by Ramona and Neumann, 285

Semana Católica, La (Madrid), 351

seminarians, 132 , 198

seminary of Vitoria, 14 , 130

Señal de la Victoria, La (Valencia), 367

Señoritas Operarias Parroquiales, 86 , 87

separatists, seers as, 199

sermons, 192 , 356

against Ezkioga, 197

seers give, 173 , 182 , 184 , 185 , 186

serora of Liernia, 338

serpent, 149 , 204 , 432 n30

servants: as cultural mediators, 255 , 259

spread visions, 171

teenage women as, 36

ties with employers, 200 , 256

in visions witch-scare, 212

Zaragoza medium, 344 .

See also servant seers

servant seers, 253 , 258 -259

in Catalonia, 91 , 259 , 332 , 335 -336

employers and, 257 , 337

from Goiherri, 29 , 49 , 57 -58, 63 , 192 , 196 , 207 , 245

in 1980s, 259

Sestao (B), 30 , 165

settlement patterns, 171 , 212

Seven Sorrows of Mary, 265 , 323

Seville: anticlerical riots 1931, 32

Casa Blanca (palace), 56

Casa de Pilatos (palace), 53

Crucíferos in, 367

Irlandesas convent, 53

Sanjurjo coup, 136 -137

sex: attitudes toward, 37 -38, 109 , 111

and female charismatics, 228

at vision site, 131 , 146 -147

sextons, 181 , 192

shame, after Ezkioga visions, 94 , 381 -382, 400

sheep, 192 , 291 , 292 , 297

shepherds, 302 -303, 309 , 324 , 398 .

See also herder seers

shopkeepers, as believers, 207

shrines, 46 , 166 , 302 -303, 308 .

See also pilgrimages

and individual shrines

Siglo Futuro, El (Madrid), 351 , 359

signs: altered states, 273 -274

for end of world, 356 , 367

in Ezkioga visions, 273

hoped for, 28

mean trouble, 324

in medieval visions, 273

moving light, 324

preternatural heaviness, 198

scents as, 90

of souls in purgatory, 340 -341

towns spinning, 355

walls after miracle, 353 , 364

Sigüenza (Guadalajara), 123 , 164 , 169

silence, ecclesiastically imposed, 211 , 383

Sillon movement, 427 n26

Sinai, Mount, 313

sinners, 99 , 204 -205

sins: Benita knows, 95 , 123

capital, catechism poster and, 360

Evarista knows, 90

Laburu on knowledge of, 132

Lete knows, 124

Luis knows, 182 , 186 -187

Madre Soledad knows, 227

of modernity, 37

Recalde knows, 95 , 132

seers know, 134

Sueca seers know, 116

Siracusa (Sicily) visions, 163

Sisters of Charity of Saint Anne, 67 -74, 323 , 385

skeptics at visions, 273

Slaves of Merciful Love, 386

sleeplessness after vision, 56 , 275 , 277

snakes, and chastisement, 293 , 364

snow, 28 , 356 , 357 , 358 , 359

social class: in clergy, 219 , 255

contact between, 203 , 254 -261

in La Mancha, 167

and the right, 260 -261

and visions, 252 , 325

Socialista, El (Madrid), 143

socialists: and apocalypse, 351

Basque, 7

horizontal bonds, 257

La Mancha, 167 , 168

and 1934 uprising, 62

seers, 244

Social Reign of Jesus Christ (association), 118

social work, 86 -87, 227 , 230 , 233 -234

sociocentrism, Iberian, 116

sodalities, 192

See also Daughters of Mary sodality

Luises sodality

Soirées (Brussels), 153 , 158

soldiers, 133 , 182 , 337 , 464 n8

Soledad, Virgen de la, at Guadamur, 169

Solsona (Lleida), 397

somnambulism, 274

Sorbonne, 389

sorginkeriak (witch-stuff), 27 , 173 , 298 , 383

Soria, mental patient in, 282

Sorrowing Mother. See Mary Sorrowing

souls in purgatory. See purgatory

souvenirs, 69 , 73 , 91 , 138 , 240

Soviet Russia, 361 , 365 , 371 , 390

Spain: apparitions in, 1 -2, 5 -6, 22 -23, 317

blood on, 135

chastisement, 33 , 97 , 361

consecrated to Sacred Heart, 394

divine preference for, 364 , 394

Ezkioga visions for, 32

Gemma cult in, 295

literacy 1931, 24

news of European visions in, 5 -6, 25 , 152 , 230 , 234 -235, 248 -249

news of Neumann in, 284

prayers for, 15 , 16 , 32 , 33 , 56 , 72 , 188 , 189 , 267

purification of, 72 , 410

as wounded sinner, 292

Spanish, in visions, 26

Spanish Civil War: clergy killed, 376

not chastisement, 371

Rafols forgeries and, 375 , 422 n8

religious mobilization for, 107 , 261 , 371

seers and believers in, 374 -377

in Zaldibia, 198

spas, 119 , 226 , 254

spectators, 252 , 449 n20

Spirit, Holy, pigeon as, 201

spiritism: American, 297 , 320

Catholic church and, 117 , 206 , 342 , 345

and de la Villa, 109

and Ezkioga, 225 , 298 , 342 -345

Sueca, 117

at time of visions, 341 -342, 343 -345, 462 n42

Tusquets charge, 225 , 384

and visions, Laburu on, 279

spirits, and literature, 110 -111

spiritual direction: by Amundarain, 44

by Arintero, 231 , 238

by Aulina, 385 , 395

by Burguera, 144 , 151 , 407

by Madre Soledad, 226 , 227 , 385

by seers, 201 , 395 -396

of seers, 124 , 241 , 398 , 424 n53

spiritual exercises: deconvert convents, 233

feelings in, 64 , 314

imagery in visions, 64 , 124

in San Sebastián, 46 , 64 , 129

seers attend, 64

for textile workers, 76

in Zumarraga, 46

See also Parish Exercises movement

spring: at Ezkioga, 310 -312

hoped for, 28 , 306

shrine and, 302 , 313

and unbelieving soldier, 133

stage, Patxi's, 58 , 60 , 77 , 101 , 236 , 308

effect on audience, 269 , 269

Laburu on, 131

stages: in Barranca, 174 , 175 , 184

in Passionist missions, 236

stairway, celestial, 267 , 293

star, distributed in vision, 236

stars: collision of, 372

around Mary, 135 , 182 , 352

staring at, 174

stations of the cross: at Ezkioga, 99 , 130 , 223 , 271 , 310

in Navarra, 263

at Ordizia, 200

in Ormaiztegi, 207

in Urnieta, 209 .

See also Way of the Cross

statue. See image

steel mill, 95

stereotypes, 243 -250

stigmatics: contemporary, 25 , 98 , 156

Ezkioga female seers, 50 , 58 , 96

Gemma, 295 -296

Neumann, 283 , 284

Padre Pio, 284

suggestion in, 287

stockbrokers from Bilbao, 95 , 123

Strasbourg, 4

strikes, 14 , 76 , 141 , 431 n31

Mary intervenes, 380 -381

strolls: sinful by couple, 37 , 38

visions on, 169

Studium Catholicum, break-in at, 120 , 389

Sueca (Valencia), 22 , 116 , 121 -122, 388 -389

suggestion: at Ezkioga, 42 , 150 , 266 , 279 , 286

and stigmata, 285 , 287

suicide, 76

summer people, 167 , 253 , 254

Sunday, work on, 4 , 5 , 204 , 346

"superstitions," 309 , 373

sweating, of Mary in visions, 28

sword: of God, Balda on, 186

Mary holds, 31 -33, 83

swords: angels with, 205 , 349

bloody, 32 , 55 , 83 , 354

of fire and blood, 364

T

tableaux: of chastisement, 293

children in, 36 , 248 , 456 n90

vision, 27 , 31 -32, 291 -294

Tabor, Mount, 288 , 313

Tajo River, apocalypse battle by, 359

Talavera de la Reina (Toledo), 465 n29

Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées), 5 , 157 , 240 , 436 n95

Tarrasa (Barcelona). See Terrassa

Tàrrega (Lleida), 320

taxi drivers, 134 , 244 , 275 , 375

tears. See weeping

teenage boys, 38 , 46

teenage by seers: Bachicabo, 165 -166

Barranca, 180 -187

Dorrao, 173

See also Cabezón, Aurelio

Lete Sarasola, Cruz

teenage girls, 46 , 245

teenage girl seers, 245 -246, 251

Bakaiku, 176 -177

Dorrao, 173 -174

later nuns, 196 , 233

Rielves, 168

Zaldibia, 196 .

See also Ataun, girl from

Celaya, María

Galdós Equiguren, Evarista

María Luisa

Núñez, María Dolores

Olazábal, Ramona

Soubirous, Bernadette

Viñals Laquidain, Gloria

teenagers, in visions and withcraft, 211 -212

teenage seers, as models, 38

telephones, in Gipuzkoa, 40 , 50

television, at Guadamur, 382

telluric symbol-signs, 118

Tenerife, 123

Terrassa (Barcelona), 22 , 164

in Civil War, 376 , 467 n9

devotion to Montserrat, 74

Fatima image enters, 397 , 397 -398

parish bulletin, 132

Parish Exercises, 74

pilgrims at Ezkioga, 78 , 86 , 318 -320

political tensions, 76 , 106

testing seers: by fire, 147 -150, 148 , 278 , 296 , 433 n59

by mental command, 241

by mental request, 144

See also discernment

textile industry, 74 , 76 , 256

theater: Amundarain writes for parish, 43

Ezkioga liturgy as emotional, 265 -266, 296 , 366

Navarrese visions like, 330

parish missions as emotional, 247

seers more convincing than actors, 84

visions dismissed as, 171 , 295 , 298 , 373

theaters, 130 , 133 , 149 , 204 , 256 , 361 .

See also cinemas

theosophy, 344

Tibadabo shrine (Barcelona), 96

Times (London), 344

Tobalina (Alava), 166

Toledo, 164 , 167 , 169 , 376

executions of clergy, 376

interest in Ezkioga, 167 , 169

interest in Guadamur, 169

Tolosa (G), 19 , 23 , 164

cure in hospital, 233

doctors, 51

Ezkioga cult in, 242 , 254 , 337

mystic Communion, 152 , 159 -160, 241

teenage girl seers in, 56 , 58 , 114 , 258

visions of Asunción Balboa, 210

visions near, 194

Tona (Barcelona), 86 , 164 , 335

Torelló (Barcelona), 86

Toroella de Montgrí (Girona), 389

Torralba de Aragón (Huesca) visions, 14 , 22 , 248 , 397 , 415 n1

Torrano (N). See Dorrao

Torrente de Cinca (Huesca), 91

tourism, and mores, 33 -38.

See also summer people

Tours, 109

town centers (kaleak ) vs farms, 45

town councillors, seers at Guadamur, 169

town council meetings, seers in, 199

town secretaries, 144 , 146 , 181 , 186 , 379

Traca, La (Valencia), 33

Tradición Navarra, La (Carlist, Pamplona), 25

Tradición y Progreso (Valencia), 367

Traditionalists. See Carlists and Carlist-Integrists

Tragic Week of 1909, 106

trains. See railroads "trance," 87 , 110 , 263 , 265 , 275.

See also vision state

transhumance, 172

treasure, buried, 95 , 344 , 425 n70

trees: apparitions save, 380

inside basilica, 307

as bleachers, 167

and crosses, 307 -308, 308 , 312

frame vision, 327

medals touched to, 308

rejected as vision sites, 314

relics from, 305 , 307 -309

as reredos , 306 , 310

seers in, 166

shrines and, 302

symbolize Basque provinces, 307 .

See also trees, visions near

trees, visions near, 194

apple, 49 , 140 , 303

ash, 173

holm oak, 306

oaks, 180 , 304 -310, 311312 -314

olive, 169 , 170

pine, 166 , 174 , 178 , 179

poplar, 176 , 180

walnut, 173 , 174

Trent, Council of, 303

Trinitarians, 441 n2

tuberculosis, 103 , 317

Tudela (N) 202 , 203 , 227

typhoid fever, 234

U

Uharte-Arakil (N), 164 , 368 -369

Unanu (N), 164 , 178 -180, 179

Unanua (N). See Unanu

United Kingdom, 361

United States of America, 221 , 361 , 387

urban migration, 3 , 165 , 230 .

See also immigrants

urban-rural cultural divide, 33 -36, 212 , 253 -260, 359 -362

Urdiain (N), 437 n20

Urkiola (B), 22 , 203 , 337 , 338

Urnieta (G), 164

believers in, 144 , 333

Irurzun escapes, 374

visions in, 145 , 208 -209

Urquiola (B). See Urkiola

Urrestilla (G), 142 , 225 , 355

Urretxu (G), 23

anniversary mass, 377

boy seer from, 28 , 32

mother of seers, 253

religious, 233 , 377 , 381 -382

visions in, 191 , 314

Uruguay, 74 , 86 , 129

usury, 204

Utrera (Sevilla), 398

Uztegi (N), 44 n30

Uztegui (N). See Uztegi

V

Valdegovia (Alava), 165

shrine, 165 -166

Valence (Drôme), 104 , 384

Valencia, 19 , 376 , 385 , 421 n3

archdiocese and Burguera, 116 , 140

Corbató in, 366 -367

Valladolid, 22 , 164

convent of Santa Isabel, 122 , 232

Ezkioga enthusiasts, 388

Great Promise shrine, 442 n14

Lete visits, 124

printer for Burguera, 159

Vallmanya (Lleida), 138 -139

Vascones, 179

Vatican, 70 , 228 , 385 .

See also Holy Office; Pius XI; and individual popes

vegetarians, 344

Vendée Rebellion, 361

Vergara (G). See Bergara

verse broadsides (bertsoak ), 100 , 146 -147

Viana (N), 416 n11

Vic (Barcelona), 86 , 253 , 335 , 461 n21

vicar general of Vitoria. See Echeguren y Aldama, Justo de

Vich. See Vic

victims: cloistered nuns as God's, 96

for father's conversion, 99

seers as God's, 96 -103

women transcend role of, 141

Vidania (G). See Bidegoyan

Vida Sobrenatural (Salamanca), 231

Vilabona (G), 256

Vilafranca del Penedès (Barcelona): Rafols birthplace, 67

Rafols complex, 70 , 71 , 385 , 422 n8

seer, 324

Villaesteva (Lugo) visions, 250

Villafranca (N), 438 n25

Villafranca de Oria (G). See Ordizia

Villanañe (Alava), 237

Villarcayo (Burgos), 377

Villarreal de Urrechua (G). See Urretxu

Villasana de Mena (Burgos), 218

Villaseca (Soria), Last Judgment, 283

Villena (Alicante), 386

Vincentians, 3 -4, 282

Virgin. See Mary

Virgin of the Twelve Stars, 371

vision content and messages: distortions, 186

evolution, 347 -348

incorrect, 131

many facets, 333 , 348

predictable, 300

texts, 122

vision leaders in mini-Ezkiogas, 179 , 194

visions: counter-church, 167 , 180 , 194

cyclical dynamic, 8 , 163

daytime, 267 , 451 n17

decorum at, 47 , 268 , 289 -290, 305 -306, 457 n11

on demand, 129 -130, 187

devil's work, 187 , 189 , 378

evolving motifs, 195

and external enemy, 7

for family, 176 , 194 , 196

and fiestas, 166 , 181

gift of God, 144 , 407

interpretation of, 240 , 242 , 246

legends of, 166 , 195 , 302 , 309

"mental contagion," 130 -132

minor, smoked out, 168 , 169

monopolies attempted, 150 , 322 -323

new power, 20 -21, 24

political, 31 -33, 39 , 55 , 210 , 337

private sessions, 195 -203, 206 -211

replications, 163 -213

sacred theater, 171 , 236 , 265 -266, 296 , 366

Spanish after 1945, 380 , 397 -399, 457 n2

Spanish before 1520, 2 , 272 -273, 457 n2

spread by contact, 171 -194

spread by persecution, 195 -211

spread by press, 165 -171

"strong" vs "weak," 165 , 437 n1

study of, through believers, 40

"subjective" or "objective," 279

success of, 194

towns with, 164

"truth" of, 9

undermine faith, 8 , 38 , 133 , 189 -190

unorthodox, 25 -27

vague to definite, 289

vindicate powerless, 260

and witchcraft, 163 , 180 , 187 , 211 -213.

See also arguments against visions; Ezkioga visions; night visions; proof of visions; seers; vision states

vision sites: blackberry bushes, 304

building exteriors, 169 , 178 , 194 , 314

on bus, car, or truck, 91 , 177 , 202 -203, 314

caves or grottos, 4 , 152 , 170 , 302, 306 , 457 n2

in chapel, 191 , 208 , 209 , 315 , 457 n2

church porch, 192 -193

houses, Bizkaia, 206

houses, Gipuzkoa, 131 , 141 , 145 , 191 , 194 , 198 , 207 , 209

houses, Navarra, 173 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 184 , 185, 191 , 196

insane asylum, 143

mountainside, Barranca, 177 , 178 , 187 , 191

mountainside, Catalonia, 324

mountainside, France, 4 , 315

mountainside, Gipuzkoa, 193 , 194 , 212 -213, 302 , 303 , 305 , 313 , 315

office, 141 -142

in parish church, 6 , 14 , 15 , 182 , 187 -190, 315

railroad tracks, 67 , 119 , 176 , 178

rectory, 199

rejected, 314 , 401

religious houses, 3 , 124 , 191 , 203 , 232 -233

return to landscape, 315

rivers, Barranca, 119 ,

vision sites (cont'd)

176 , 180 , 212

rivers, Goiherri, 26 , 172 , 195

rivers, Lourdes, 441 n88

in road, 169 , 177 -178, 314 , 455 n82

roadside, Barranca, 174 , 177 , 178 , 180 , 181

roadside, Gipuzkoa, 140 , 192 , 193 , 194

school, 119 -120, 176

shop, 200 -201

shrines, 111 , 146 , 206

springs, 4 , 170 , 302, 306 , 310 -312, 457 n2

stones, 166 , 457 n2

"successful," 194

threshing grounds, 174 , 177

train, 138

trees, Gipuzkoa, 194 , 195 , 303 -309, 308 , 312 , 313 (see also trees)

trees, Navarra, 173 , 174 , 176 , 178 (see also trees)

"urban," 194

variety, 296

vision states: addictive, 300

aesthetic, 161

awareness in, 285 , 300 -301

cathartic, 161

convergence of, 294

like drugged states, 286

entrance, 173 , 175 , 184 , 285 , 288 , 289 , 298 , 299 (see also jokes, then visions)

exit, 184 , 287 , 288 , 290

experts, 144

habituation, 300

idiosyncratic, 296

imitation of, 299 -300

insensitivity to pain, 147 -150, 148 , 278 , 279 , 285 , 288 , 296 , 433 n59

intense motion, 288 , 296

labels for, 298

medieval, 273

"neurotic," 179 , 224 -226

non-pathological, 283

"pathological," 294

people likely to enter them, 299

"photogenic," 201

provide power, 296 -297

recovery, 275 , 287 , 288

seers without altered, 4 , 48 , 273

seers write in, 333

self-hypnotic, 286 -287

theatrical then quiet, 287 -288

time in, 83 , 131 , 144 , 188 , 289 , 291 , 295 , 334

unusual, 263 , 300

variety and evolution, 287 -296, 300

worldwide, 299

Vitoria [properly, Vitoria-Gasteiz] (A), 22

believers in, 133

Daughters of Mary tableau, 36

girl postwar seer from, 378

Laburu lecture in, 130 -133

1932 mission pageant, 221

press and visions, 32

Vitoria, diocese of: and Amundarain, 53

awe of officials, 113

catechism, 348 , 350

and Daughters of Mary, 245

and Ezkioga visions, 128 -136, 143 , 148 -151, 153 -159, 162 , 197 -198, 223 , 373 -374

geography of vocations, 218 -219

and government persecution, 142 , 143 , 197 , 209 -210, 377

and Merciful Love, 446 n60

neutralizes promoters, 150 , 151 , 156 -159, 162 , 377

and Patxi, 62

and press, 162

and rural morality, 34 -38

seminary, 14 , 130 .

See also Echeguren y Aldama, Justo de; Múgica Urrestarazu, Mateo

Vitoria-Gasteiz (Alava). See Vitoria

vivas , 15 , 32 , 267

Vizcaya. See Bizkaia

Vlan (Belgium), 434 n77

vocations: Basque religious, 32

and belief in visions, by town, 219 , 222

families with many, 44 , 53 -54, 218 -219, 241 , 442 n6

in Goiherri, 219 -220, 445 n47

increase 1890-1930, 219 -220

Navarra, 15 , 218 , 441 n1, 442 n6

recruitment, 218

request to intensify, 232

of seers in visions, 83 , 233

towns with many, 218 -220, 222 , 442 n4

vows, 1 , 176 , 394

Voz de Guipúzcoa (San Sebastián), 25 , 330

on political visions, 31

against Rigné, 374

sinful, 37 , 44

and spiritism, 344

Voz de Navarra (Pamplona), 344

VU (Paris), 152 , 158

W

war. See Carlist War war; Spanish Civil War; World War I

water, heals at Ezkioga, 200 , 311 , 312 , 373 .

See also spring

Way of the Cross: early modern period, 313

Patxi erects, 60 , 309

removal, 310 , 430 n9

visionary origin, 309 -310.

See also stations of the cross

wealthy, at Ezkioga, 254 , 255

weaver, 76

weeping: at Basque hymn at Lourdes, 264

in conversion vision, 166 , 275

Echezarreta at Limpias, 396 -397

Ezkioga image, 139 , 140

Ignacio Galdós, 250

Mary in visions, 27 -28, 31 , 324 , 331

Neumann tears of blood, 283

in parish missions, 247

seers in vision, 21 , 57 , 84

when sins revealed, 123 , 124 , 260

wet-nursing, 76

White Army (Barcelona), 397

wicker furniture industry, 46

witchcraft: 1608-1617 epidemic of, 211 -212, 348 , 383

and visions, 163 , 180 , 187 , 211 -212

witches: in Ezkioga visions, 26 , 27

on Mount Aitzkorri, 172 -173

witch-stuff, dismissal of visions, 27 , 173 , 298 , 383

women: athletes, 97

and bicycles, 35 , 37 , 191

as Christ, 102 , 271 , 296

curfew for, 27 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 131

and dancing, 35 , 36 , 37 , 38

discounted as seers, 26 , 244 , 245

fasting, 284 , 285

God's victims, 96 -103

household agents for religion, 326

loose, in visions, 26

married, as seers, 93 -95

missionaries, 221

modern, 97 , 98

mystics counsel men, 226 , 227 , 229 , 385 , 395

and national decadence, 97

provoke chastisement, 97

resist secular schools, 141

as seers, 250 -252, 260 , 277 , 297 , 299

and suffrage, 277

visions vindicate, 260

workers, social house for, 87 .

See also mothers

woods, "mysterious power" of, 309

words, visions of, 291

workers, 253 , 256 , 318 , 375

world war, predicted, 358 -359, 409

World War I, 5 , 6 , 13 , 342 -344, 351

wrath, divine, 96

Y

Yabar (N). See Ihabar

Yécora (Alava), 416 n11

Z

Zaldibia (G), 23 , 164

and Ama Felisa, 337

holy family, 210

persecution in, 198 -200, 377

seers from, 141 , 196 , 197 , 203 , 210 , 337 , 420 n54

Zaldivia (G). See Zaldibia

Zaragoza, 16 , 22 , 164

Basque Integrists visit, 74

duende de , 344

Imaz trips to, 202 -203

and Rafols, 70 -71

and Sisters of Charity of Saint Anne, 67 .

See also Our Lady of El Pilar

Zaragoza (Huesca), 468 n28

Zarautz (G), 23

Argia correspondent, 31

religious, 230 , 237 , 443 n30

seers from, 253 , 317

visions in, 374 -375

Zarauz (G). See Zarautz

Zeanuri (B), 37 , 218 , 418 n48, 442 n5

Zegama (G), 23 , 164 , 210 , 219

clergy pro-Ezkioga, 207 , 224 -225

visions in, 207 -208

Zenarruza (B), 93

Zestoa, teenage girl seer from, 276

Zilbeti (N), 444 n30

Zumárraga (G). See Zumarraga

Zumarraga (G), 19 , 23 , 337

boy seers, 26 , 76 , 119 , 253 , 291 , 294 , 428 n34

clergy and religious, 43 , 44 , 223

confession of believers in, 52

cuadrilla held in, 198

farm girl at visions, 208 -209

girls on bicycles, 37

Múgica visits, 158

"priest seer," 364

Ramona in, 49

sacred sites, 46

spiritual exercises, 46 .

See also Hotel Urola