A Little Corner of Freedom "d0e21745"

Index

Italicized numbers refer to pages with illustrations.

A

Abramov, K. G., 224

Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, 479 n28

Academy of Sciences of the Tadzhik SSR, 479 n28

Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR, 479 n28

Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 479 n28

Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 18 , 53 , 55 , 82 , 211 , 402 , 445 , 478 –79n28;

and Baikal, 371 –73; Far Eastern Branch, log;

and Glavokhota, 249 , 259 ; and Lysenko, 84 , 120 , 213 ;

and river diversion projects, 427 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 218 ;

and zapovedniki,110 –11 126 , 129 , 169 , 209 , 238 , 243 , 244 , 300 , 302

Academy of Sciences Commission on Zapovedniki,205 –11, 215 , 233 , 240 , 250 –59;

republic-level commissions, 254 –55;

republic-level conferences, 259 .

See also Commission on Nature Protection

Academy of Sciences of Georgia, 220

acclimatization, 44 –45, 48 , 59 , 61 , 125 , 204 –5, 219 , 228 –29, 248 , 299 , 368 , 500 n72;

and All-Union Conference on Zapovedniki,280 ;

banning of, 389 ;

biotechnics and, 202 –3;

and Conference on Rare and Endangered Species, 276 ;

Manteifel' and, 282 ;

opponents of, 4 , 378 –81;

Shvarts and, 384

activism, 21 , 76 , 152 , 268 , 273 , 339 , 352 ;

civic, 157 , 172 , 180 , 269 , 314 , 427 , 445 ;

student, 312 , 315 , 325 , 410 ;

VOOP and, 348

See also environmental activism

activists, 3 , 5 –7, 17 –18, 24 , 29 , 152 , 180 , 443 ;

citizen, 31 , 141 , 153 ;

civic, 158 , 163 ;

economic development and, 16 ;

foreign, 404 ;

isolationism, and, 72 ;

Main Expedition and, 90 ;

Malinovskii and, 126 ;

marginality of, 117 , 138 ;

patron-client relationship and, 127 ;

republic-level leadership and, 86 ;

scientific public opinion and, 31 ;

scientific versus civic, 12 –14;

scientist, 143 –44, 204 ;

social identities of, 19 , 149 , 157 , 437 ;

student, 14 ;

and VOOP, 153 ;

and World War II, 57 ;

zapovedniki liquidation and, 113 –14, 130 ;

zapovedniki research and, 207

Adams, Charles C., 445

Adelung, G. G., 272

Administration for Problems of the Protection of Nature and Natural Resources, 228

Administration for Zapovedniki and for Renewable Commercial Wildlife, 242

advocacy, 35 , 374

aesthetics, 61 –62, 77 , 389 , 398 –99

afforestation, 87 , 89 , 204

― 530 ―

"Afforestation in the Steppe Does Not Need Scientific-Sounding Teachings and the Biogeocenosis" (Anuchin), 92

Aganbegian, Abel, 426

Agricultural Institute for the Central Black Earth Belt, 91

agriculture, 131

Agrobiologiia,74

Akhmatova, Anna, 7

Aksu-Dzhabagly zapovednik,307

Alëkhin, F. K., 192

Alëkhin, Vasilii Vasil'evich, 48 , 64 , 392

Aleksandrov, A. P., 424 , 426

Aleksandrova, V. D., 375

Alekseev, V. K., 192 , 193

Alekseeva, L. D., 394

Alekseevskii, E. E., 416 , 418

Aliev, G. A., 257

Alle, W. C., 445

All-Georgian Society "Friend of the Forest," 146

All-Moscow Conference on the Role of Youth in the Protection of Nature, 285

All-Russian Congress for the Protection of Nature (First, 1929), 282

All-Russian Congress of Nature Protection Activists (First, 1929), 186

All-Russian Congress of Writers (Second), 364

All-Russian Convocation of Student Druzhiny , 410

All-Russian Society for Conservation, 385

All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Monuments of History and Culture, 33

All-Russian Society for the Promotion and Protection of Urban Green Plantings (VOSSOGZN), 80 , 145 , 176 . See also Green Plantings Society

All-Russian Society for the Promotion of the Protection and Transformation of Nature, 148

All-Russian Society for the Promotion of the Protection of Nature and the Greening of Population Centers (VOSOPiONP), 180 –81, 184

All-Russian Society for the Promotion of the Transformation and Protection of Nature (VOOP), 148 , 149 , 165 , 169 , 170 , 176

All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature (VOOP), 1 , 2 , 5 –6, 8 , 12 , 34 , 36 , 120 , 137 –60, 161 –81, 212 , 234 , 264 , 402 ;

all-Union status, 153 ;

autonomy of, 55 , 64 , 351 , 444 ;

and Baikal, 370 ;

and Bochkarëv affair, 343 –50;

branches, 170 –71, 176 ;

and citizen inspectors, 404 –5;

Congress of 1947, 13 , 63 –64, 75– 79, 186 , 187 ;

Congress of 1955, 184 –90, 254 ;

Congress of 1959, 196 –99;

Congress of 1976, 403;

Conservation Congress of 1938, 52 –57;

decree on conservation, 72 ;

defections to MOIP, 195 , 211 , 214 –16, 270 , 307 ;

defense of, 152 –53;

druzhiny and,18 , 410 –12, 414 , 432 ;

elitism, 10 ;

establishment of, 37 ;

expansion of, 50 ;

expeditions, 31 , 37 –38, 53 ;

finances, 54 , 64 , 155 , 170 , 174 , 190 –91, 197 ;

and foreign policy, 403 –4;

geographers and, 262 ;

Glavokhota and, 249 ;

investigations of, 138 –40, 148 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 156 , 168 , 176 , 177 –78;

in Kirishi, 436 ;

and KIuBZ, 23 ;

leaders, 73 , 76 ;

leadership, 161 –63, 165 , 168 , 195 , 196 , 201 ;

library, 54 , 174 ;

liquidation of, 151 , 154 , 166 , 161 , 172 , 176 , 178 , 237 ;

Makarov and, 41 –42;

as mass organization, 164 , 166 , 171 , 173 ;

as mass society, 10 –11, 13 , 57 , 143 ;

membership, 11 , 38 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 82 , 140 , 144 , 145 , 165 , 171 , 194 –95, 196 –97, 200 , 403 –4, 413 ;

merger with Green Plantings Society, 143 –47, 176 –81, 182 –83, 197 , 216 , 262 ;

name changes 165 , 168 , 170 , 181 , 184 ;

in the early 1960s, 340 –54;

patrons and, 70 ;

postwar activities, 64 , 72 , 73 ;

profit and, 191 ;

and protective coloration, 145 , 148 , 177 , 182 ;

publications, 51 , 71 , 72 , 81 , 139 –40, 147 –60, 165 , 168 , 170 , 171 , 173 , 178 , 200 ;

reorganization of, 156 , 166 , 170 ;

repression of, 80 ;

research, 56 ;

and river diversion projects, 427 ;

and RSFSR leadership, 189 ;

scientific intelligentsia and, 10 , 72 , 84 , 163 ;

scientific public opinion and, 57 , 63 , 148 , 212 , 347 , 348 ;

Sixth Section, 436 ;

staffing, 140 –41, 170 , 171 , 177 , 196 ;

after Stalin, 182 –200;

stores, 172 ;

support for, 71 ;

survival of, 270 ;

toleration of, 17 ;

and transformation of nature, 156 , 158 , 163 , 168 , 170 ;

during World War II, 58 –59;

youth and, 281 –87, 315 –16, 319 ;

and Zapovednik Conference

― 531 ―

of 1954, 201 , 217 , 218 , 247 ;

zapovedniki liquidation and, 109

All-Union Agricultural Exposition, 145

All-Union Botanical Society, 1 , 5 , 280

All-Union Conference of Directors of Zapovedniki and Game Preserves and Ranches, 242 –46

All-Union Conference on Nature Protection (Fourth, 1960), 361

All-Union Conference on Zapovedniki,278 –81, 77

All-Union Conferences on Nature Protection, 259 , 308 , 379

All-Union Congress for the Protection of Nature in the USSR (First, 1933), 186

All-Union Congress of VOOP (1955), 184 –90

"All-Union E. Alekseevskii Red Banner of Labor Main Planning, Expeditionary, and Scientific Research Institute on the Problem of the Diversion and Distribution of Northern Waters and of Siberian Rivers," 418

All-Union Faunistics Conference, 42

All-Union Geographical Congress (Second, 1947), 270

All-Union Hydrological Planning and Scientific Research Institute (Gidroproekt), 357

All-Union Institute of Game Management, 83

All-Union Military-Hunting Society, 139

All-Union Ornithological Congress, 255

All-Union State Committee for Nature Protection, 258

Alma-Ata, 211

Alma-Atinskii zapovednik,80 –81, 83 , 118

Altai Mountains, 323 , 332 . See also Kedrograd

Altai Regional Forestry Administration, 330

Altaiskii zapovednik,101 , 113 , 119 , 224 , 245 , 258 , 296 –97, 298 , 301 –2, 406 , 409

Al'ternativa, 433

Amu-Dar'ia River, 257

Andreev, Andrei Andreevich, 1 , 50 –51, 70 , 85 –86

Andreev, E., 304 , 306

Andropov, Yuri, 402 , 421 , 442

Angara River, 357 , 360 , 364

Animal Liberation (Singer), 409

Annual Report on VOOP Activities for 1957, 195 –200

anti-Michurinists, 113

antinuclear movement, 433

Anti-Nuclear Society, 430

antipoaching campaigns, 34 , 202 , 242 , 409 , 413 , 414 ;

students and, 312 , 314 , 316 , 318 , 405 , 407 .

See also Bochkarëv affair; poachers; poaching antiurbanism, 79

Anuchin, N. P., 92

Arakcheev, A. A., 235

Aral Sea, 257 , 359 , 415

Aral'sk, 211

archipelago of freedom, 2 , 4 , 18 , 36 –62, 104 , 130 , 201 , 375 , 448

Arctic Ocean, 99

Arkhangel'sk, 282

Arkhipov, Sergei Sergeevich, 202

Armand, David L'vovich, 252 , 261 , 264 , 265 , 268 , 270 , 314 , 326 , 378 ;

and Second Congress of the Geographical Society of the USSR, 271

arrests, 50 ;

of environmentalists, 43 , 44 , 45 ;

of military aircraft designers, 66

Artsimovich, L. A., 368

Asbest, 199

Ashkhabad, 254

Askania-Nova zapovednik,36 , 59 –60, 118 , 119 , 130 , 290 ;

during World War II, 58 ;

purge at, 44 –46

Astaf'ev, Viktor P., 339 , 399 , 421

Astaurov, B. L., 214

Astrakhan', 199 , 314

Astrakhanskii zapovednik,122 , 253 , 256 –57, 378 , 391

atomic energy, 384

Austria, 142

Austrian Nature Protection Movement, 142

Austro-Soviet Friendship Society, 142 , 143

authority: decision-making, 29 ;

moral, 312 ;

oblast', 34 ;

political, 19 , 281 ;

scientific, 14 , 286 –87;

of scientific public opinion, 14, 63

autonomy 6 , 15 ;

of citizen activists, 153 ;

civic, 38 , 157 , 431 , 444 ;

druzhiny, 411 , 431 ;

Komsomol, 406 ;

MOIP, 311 ;

national, 21 ;

political, 118 ;

professional, 446 ;

scientific, 5 , 27 , 72 , 83 , 111 , 114 , 147 , 205 , 211 , 281 , 286 , 376 , 381 ;

social,

― 532 ―

3 , 448 ;

university, 25 , 26 ;

VOOP, 55 , 64 , 157 , 188 , 195 , 351 ;

of writers, 8

Avetisian, Gurgen Artashesovich, 78 , 156 –58, 160 , 165 , 170 –84, 183, 195 , 246 , 262 ;

defense of Makarov, 168 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 185 –89;

and VOOP Congress of 1959, 199 –200;

and Zapovednik C onference of 1954, 236 –37

Avilova, Ksenia, 313 , 315 , 409

Avrorin, N. A., 218

Azerbaijan, 128 , 257

Azovo-Sivashskii zapovednik , 295

B

Baibakov, N. K., 426

Baikal, Lake, 5 , 33 , 39 , 199 , 205 , 318 , 337 , 339 , 355 –73, 444 ;

Bochkarëv and, 348 ;

Minvodkhoz and, 416

Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) Railroad, 16 , 404 , 405

Baikal Fund, 430

"Baikal Is in Danger" (Galazii), 361

"Baikal Must Become a Zapovednik" (Taurin), 360 –61

Baikal'sk, 361 , 372

"Baikal Waits," 368 , 371

Bakh, A. N., 445

Baltic states, 431 , 444

Baltic–White Sea Canal, 132 , 355

Bannikov, Andrei Grigor'evich, 199 , 252 , 302 , 376 , 378 –79, 397

Baranov, V., 285 , 314 , 383

Bardin, Ivan P., 70 , 465 n31

Barents Sea, 99

Barguziiskii zapovednik,101 , 205 , 244

Barishpol, Ivan Fedotovich, 403 , 413

Barsakel'mes Island, 219

Bashkirskii zapovednik,258 , 301 , 377

Bazarov, Vladimir A., 302

Bazilevskaia, Nina Aleksandrovna, 262 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 184 , 187 , 189

Bazykin. A. D., 388

Beliaev, Mikhail Petrovich, 138

Belorussia, 127 , 308

Belorussian University, 433

Belov, Vasilii Ivanovich, 419 , 420 , 421 , 423 , 429

Belovezhskaia pushcha,65 , 66 , 67 , 174 , 202 , 221 , 227 , 232 , 234 , 276 ;

hunting in, 293 , 295

Bel'skii, P. S., 108 , 147 , 155 , 164 , 250 ;

defense of Makarov, 168 ;

and Nature Almanac of 1951, 173

Benediktov, Ivan A., 111 , 128 , 210 , 221 , 242

Berezinskii State zapovednik,119 , 127 , 391

Berezner, A. S., 422 , 427

Berg, Aksel Ivanovich, 368

Berg, Lev Semënovich, 261 , 270

Beria, Lavrentii P., 70 , 122 , 131 , 133 , 291

Bespalov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 186 –87, 188 –89, 194

Bessonov, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 94 , 96 , 111 , 125 ;

and VOOP, 139 , 145 , 151 –52, 154 –55, 166 , 169 ;

and zapovedniki,105 –8, 110 , 123

Bialowieza^[*] Puszcza (Belovezhskaia pushcha) zapovednik,58

Bilyk, G. N., 302

biocenology, 60 , 254 , 374 , 394 , 398

biocenosis, 3 , 28 , 29 , 60 , 261 , 262 , 374 , 390 , 393 , 398 , 443 , 500 n53;

boundaries, 394 –95;

crisis of, 387 –89;

defined, 449 ;

and scientific intelligentsia, 401 ;

self-regulating, 4 ;

of zapovedniki,87

biocentrism, 400

bioeconomics, 401

biogeocenology (community ecology), 93 , 227 , 388

biogeocenosis, 92 , 100 , 104 , 323 , 375 , 388 , 390 , 393 –94

Biogeography Commission, 270

biologists, 190 , 196

biology, 60 , 216 , 223 , 229 , 305 ;

Lysenko and, 213 ;

Michurinist, 89 , 92 , 210 , 213 , 214

biosphere, 28 , 261 , 387 –89, 395 –96, 399 –400

biospherocentrism, 400

biotechnics, 61 , 202 –5, 219 , 229 , 381

Birds of the Soviet Union,252

Blagosklonov, Konstantin Nikolaevich, 78 , 315 –16, 348

Bochkarëv, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 18 , 199 , 264 –65, 331 –33, 359 , 406

Bochkarëv affair, 340 –52, 421

Bogachëv Geological Expedition, 377

Bohr, Niels, 399

Boitsov, L. V., 202

Bolshevik, 43

Bolshevik Revolution, 25

― 533 ―

Bolsheviks, 12 , 19 , 26 –27, 42 , 46 , 71 , 229 , 323 , 358 , 431 ;

Lenin and, 441 ;

Stalin and, 50

Bondarev, Iurii, 425 –26

Bookchin, Murray, 433

Boreiko, Vladimir Evgen'evich, 108 , 110 , 111 , 118 , 120 , 133 , 134 , 136 , 292 , 303 ;

and Khrushchëv, 297 , 302 ;

and Stalin, 290

Borodin, A. M., 386 , 403

Borodin, Ivan Parfen'evich, 53 , 62 , 219

Borovoe zapovednik,81

Bortkevich, V. M., 57

Bosse, Georgii Gustavovich, 119 , 185 , 200

Botanical Journal , 92 , 215 , 216

Botanical Society of the USSR, 84 , 215 , 352

Bovin, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 100 , 105 , 108 , 114 , 128 , 133 , 134 –36, 221

Bratsk-Angara Dam, 16

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich, 193 , 289 , 290 , 350 , 367 , 378 , 402 , 433 , 442 ;

and Baikal, 369 ;

death of, 421 ;

and Minvodkhoz, 416 ;

river diversion projects and, 16 , 404 , 414 , 418

Briansk forest zapovednik,232

Briansk Technological Institute, 407

Briusova, Vera Grigor'evna, 418 –23, 430

Bronshtein-Trotskii, Lev Davidovich (Leon Trotsky), 431

Brooks, Nathan, 445 –46

Brudnyi, Aron, 408

Bubnov, A. S., 53

Budyko, M. I., 388

Buiantuev, Balzhan, 361

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 43

Bukharov, Aleksandr Semënovich, 298

Bulganin, Nikolai A., 193 , 241 , 294 , 295 , 341

Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists (MOIP),92 , 215 , 216 , 380

Burdin, Georgii Evgrafovich, 242 –45, 248 , 249 ;

and Conference on Rare and Endangered Species, 273 –74, 276 , 277

Burgasov, P. N., 435

Butorin, Pavel Petrovich, 192

Buturlin, Sergei Aleksandrovich, 48 , 219 , 252

Butygin, S. V., 191

Buzulukskii bor zapovednik,48 , 84 , 86 , 203

Bykhovskii, B. E., 368

Bykov, Valerii, 435

C

Canada, 249

capitalism, 43 , 52 , 150 , 289 , 442

Caspian Sea, 415 , 426

Caucasus Commission, 51

Caucasus zapovednik,49 , 58 , 101 , 105 , 109 , 118 , 231 , 234 , 243 –44, 274 , 378 , 395

cedar. See Siberian stone pine

cellulose plants, 359 , 362 , 366 , 370 , 372 , 373

censorship, 173 , 278 , 337 , 404 , 418 –19, 425

Central Black Earth zapovednik. See Tsentral'no-Chernozëmnyi zapovednik

Central Bureau for the Study of Local Lore, 38

Central-Forest zapovednik. See Tsentral'no-Lesnoi zapovednik

Central Laboratory for Game Management and Zapovedniki,394

Central Park of the Patriotic War, 57

Central Sakhalin zapovednik,105 , 106

Chadroshvili, losif Ivanovich, 177 , 179 , 474 n59

Chaianov, Aleksandr V., 176

Chapaevsk, 436

Charkviani, Kandida, 120

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich, 382

Cheliabinsk, 199

Chelovek i priroda,418 –19

chemical weapons, 436

chemists, 445 –46

Cherkasova, Maria Valentinovna, 285 , 314 , 325 –26, 339

Chernenko, Ivan Osipovich, 125 , 128 , 165 , 178 , 246 , 272 , 475 n76, 475 –76n1

Chernenko, Konstantin, 16 , 402 , 421 , 423 , 442

Chernobyl, 21 , 4 8, 425 , 426

Chernomorskii zapovednik,110 , 303

Chernousov, Boris Nikolaevich, 94 , 95 ,98 , 110 , 119 , 122 , 123 , 126 , 129 –30, 167 , 179 , 221 ;

Malinovskii and, 105 –7;

VOOP and, 139 –40, 145 , 151 , 155 –56, 166 , 169 , 171 , 176

Chernyshev, S. N., 420

Chetin, L, 411

"Chik-chirik" (Cheep-Cheep), 304 –5

Chinese Nature Protection Society, 174

Chitinskii zapovednik,101

― 534 ―

Chivilikhin, Vladimir Alekseevich, 8 , 322 , 325 –27, 333 –33, 334 –39, 46 ;

and Baikal, 362 , 368 ;

and Bochkarëv affair, 340 , 348 , 354 ;

and Kedrograd, 352 ;

and river diversion projects, 421 , 422

chudaki,9 , 18 , 75 , 138 , 144 , 214 , 270 , 272 , 444 ;

defined, 449 ;

Khrushchëv and, 296

Chuikov, Marshal V., 379

Chumakov, V., 299

Churchill, Winston, 72

Chusovaia River, 197 –98, 405

Circle of Young Biologists of the Moscow Zoo. See KIuBZ

Circle of Young Naturalists of the Section on Nature Protection of MOIP, 285 –86

citizen inspectors, 242 , 269 , 290 ;

students as, 314 , 316 , 404 , 412

citizenship, 13 , 284 ;

international, 273

civic associations, 17

civic involvement, 5

civic speech, 42

civil society, 19 , 35 , 130 , 189 , 442 –43;

Polish, 141 ;

scientific, 215

Cold War, 61 , 79 , 83 , 142 , 143 , 441

collectivization, 3 , 4 , 38 , 59 , 423 , 428 , 507 n3

COMECON (Council of Mutual Economic Assistance), 309

Commission for the Preservation of Monuments of Culture and History (VOOPIiK), 419 –20

Commission for the Protection and Restoration of the European Bison, 481 n118

Commission on Nature Protection, 240 , 251 , 256 , 258 –59, 263 , 264 , 270 , 272 , 280 , 297 , 361 , 500 n69;

under Gosplan USSR, 307 – 11.

Seealso Academy of Sciences Commission on Zapovedniki

Committee for Nature Protection, 300

Committee for Zapovedniki (VtsIK), 46 , 48 , 49 , 53 , 56 ;

and VOOP office, 50 , 54

Committee on Zapovedniki,50 , 169

Communism, 16 , 32 , 90 , 148 , 323 ;

Khrushchëv and, 289

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 196 , 209 –10;

corruption, 290

Communists, 193 , 438

community ecology (biogeocenology), 93 , 227 , 388

The Complete Identification Book for the Birds of the USSR (Dement'ev and Buturlin), 252

Conference of Former Members of the Druzhiny (Third, 1987), 433

Conference of Geographers of Siberia and the Far East (1966), 370 –71

Conference on Problems of the Protection of Valuable, Rare, and Endangered Species of Plants and Animals and of Unique Geological Objects and Their Rational Use (1957) (Conference on Rare and Endangered Species), 272 –78, 279 , 293

Conference on Soil Erosion in the Buriat ASSR (1963), 370

Congress of the All-Russian Society for Nature Protection (VOOP) (First, 1938), 52 –57, 186

Congress of the All-Russian Society for the Promotion of Nature Protection and the Greening of Population Centers (First, 1955), 186

Congress of the CPSU (Twenty-fifth), 417

Congress of the CPSU (Twenty-sixth), 419

Congress of the Geographical Society of the USSR (Second, 1955), 271

Congress of the Ukrainian Society of Hunters and Fishers (1951), 291

Congress of the Union of Writers of the RSFSR (Sixth, 1985), 411 , 424

Congress of the USSR Union of Writers (Eighth, 1986), 425

conservation: American, 53 , 168 ;

decrees on, 71 –72;

in postwar years, 63 –82;

and zapovedniki,36

Conservation Biology (Soulé and Wilcox), 396

corruption, 290 , 341 , 351

"The Cost of Bureaucratic Intransigence: A Reply to USSR Minister Orlov," 366

Council for Nature Protection, 405 , 406

Council for the Study of Productive Forces (SOPS), 357 , 360

Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 309

CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union), 196 , 209 –10;

corruption, 200

Crimea, 54 , 168 ;

cypress trees in, 2 , 137 –38

Crimean Commission, 51 , 168

Crimean zapoednik,124 , 129 , 204 , 276 , 282 , 381 ;

hunting in, 292 , 295 , 297

― 535 ―

Cultural Revolution, 1 , 29 , 46 , 67

culture, Russian, 33 , 335 –36, 421 , 427 , 430 , 442

Czasopismo Przyrodnicze,141

D

Dargan-Atinskii State zapovednik,118

Darst, Robert G., 414 –15

Darvinskii (Darwin) zapovednik,119 , 131 , 301

Darwin, Charles, 91 –92

Darwinism, 216 , 281 351

Davitashvili, Leo Shiovich, 215

DDT, 191 –92, 406

DeBardeleben, Joan, 400 –401

Decembrists, 281 , 358

deforestation, 52 , 53

Dement'ev, Georgii Petrovich, 62 , 78 , 109 , 144 , 152 –53, 156 , 62,165 , 174 ;

and Baikal, 361 ;

and Biogeography Commission, 270 ;

and Commission on Nature Protection, 307 –8;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,206 , 215 , 251 –57;

and International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 259 ;

and Nature Almanac of 1951, 147 , 164 ;

and VOOP, 138 –40, 158 , 184 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 186 –89;

as VOOP president, 157 , 159 –60, 161 , 163 ;

and zapovedniki,113 , 381 –82;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 236

democracy, 367

democratization, 431 –33, 437

demonstrations, 32 , 434 –36, 442 –43

Denezhkin Kamen' zapovednik,70 , 118 , 127 , 203 , 219 , 297 , 301

denunciations, of high officials by scientists, 366 –67

Department of Agitation and Propaganda, 81 , 82 , 140

Department of Education and Culture, 107 –8

Diamond, Jared, 396

dissent, 73 , 86

diversity, 4 , 268 , 376 , 386 , 390 , 397 –99

Doctors' Plot, 122

Dokhman, Genrietta Ivanovna, 391 –92

Dokuchaev, Vasilii Vasil'evich, 261

Domrachev, V., 280

Dormidontov, V. G., 282

Dorokhov, Roman Aleksandrovich, 325

Doroshenko, P., 293

Dorovatovskii, Nikolai Sergeevich, 58 , 285 , 314 , 369

DOSOM (Voluntary Society for the Greening of the City of Moscow), 80

Dostoevskii, Andrei, 355

downstream effect, 390 –91

druzhinniki, 313 –14, 316 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 323 , 404 ;

and river diversion projects, 427

druzhiny po okhrane prirody (student nature protection brigades), 6 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 23 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 275 , 290 , 313 –19, 326 , 340 , 349 , 417 ;

autonomy of, 411 , 431 ;

conferences, 406 –7, 432 ;

defined, 449 ;

democratization and, 431 –33;

elitism, 410 , 414 ;

in era of stagnation, 402 , 404 –14;

Komsomol and, 313 , 314 , 316 , 319 , 405 –6, 432 ;

membership, 6 , 407 , 412 , 432 ; VOOP and, 18 , 410 –12, 414 , 432

Dubinin, Nikolai Petrovich, 67 , 90 , 214 , 384

Dubinin, Vsevolod Borisovich, 93 , 244 , 257 ;

and Commission on Zapovedniki.251 , 253 , 256 ;

and hunting, 293 ;

and zapovedniki,382

Dudintsev, Vladimir Dmitrievich, 7

Dul'keit, G. D., 113

Dunlap, Thomas, 447

Dylis, Nikolai Vladimirovich, 252 , 461 n30

E

Earth First!, 446

earth-moving projects, 4 , 38

earthquakes, 362 , 366

Ecological Alternative, 430

ecological communities, 4 , 28 , 36 –37, 60 , 262 , 374 , 387 , 393 , 395 –96, 448 ;

boundaries, 389 , 393

ecological engineering, 385

Ecological Initiative Movement, 433

ecology, 12 , 28 , 60 –61, 92 , 254 , 261 , 302 , 384 –85, 388 –90, 399 , 432 ;

of culture, 335 ;

mathematical, 395 ;

population, 254 ;

radiation, 274 , 383 –84;

and resource development, 385 ;

scientific, 4 ;

wildlife, 248

Ecology and Peace, 430

economic development, 16 , 28 , 232 , 267 , 309

economics, 3 , 15 , 124 , 248 ;

Marxist, 423

economy, 397 ;

growth rate, 402 ;

political, 17 , 333 , 337 , 401 , 414 , 446 , 448:

Stalinist, 253 ;.

and zapovedniki,101

― 536 ―

"Ecopolis," 408

ecosystems, 375 , 386

education, 77 , 171 , 280 , 286 , 321 , 444

Efremov, Iurii (Georgii) Konstantinovich, 1 , 35 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 293 , 301 ;

MGO and, 269 –70;

Pravda editors, meeting with, 265 –46, 273 , 359 ;

and river diversion projects, 420 , 421 , 427

Efroimson, V. P., 214

Efron, Konstantin Mikhailovich, 270 , 271,273 , 283 , 285 , 299 , 307 , 314 ;

and Commission on Nature Protection, 308

Egorov, Vasilii Ivanovich, 184 , 187 , 189 , 194 –95

Einstein, Albert, 399

Ekologiia (Ecology), 385

Eliseev, Nikolai Vasil'evich, 189 , 193 , 194 , 199 , 305 , 476 n14;

and Glavokhota, 242 , 249 , 300 –301

elitism, 177 ;

of druzhiny,410 ;

of nauka, 30 ;

of scientific public opinion, 8 –9;

of student movements, 14 ;

of VOOP, 10

endangered species, 53 , 55 , 225 , 407 ;

and radiation, 275 .

F

Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 93

Falz–Fein, Baron Friedrich–Eduard, 36

Fediushin, A. V., 43

Fëdorov, A., 166 –67

Fehér, Ferenc, 15 , 444

Fersman, A. E., 56

Fetisov, A., 111

field biologists, 3 , 9 , 24 , 30 , 50 , 62 , 83 , 211 –12, 245 , 373 , 445 –46;

identity and, 446 ;

Main Expedition and, 90 ;

Malinovskii and, 126 ;

river diversion projects and, 421 , 427 ;

scientific authority and, 14 ;

social identity and, 36 ;

writers and, 7 ;

and zapovedniki research, 207

field biology, 5 –6, 28 , 61 , 62 , 219 , 315 , 351

Filonov, Konstantin Pavlovich, 203 , 381 , 395

Finland, 255

fire prevention, 248

fishing, 131 . See also Bochkarëv affair

Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 321 , 443

Five-Year Plan (First), 1 , 43 , 46 , 79 , 88 , 119 , 172 , 319 ;

scientific opposition to, 4 , 28 –29, 38 , 41 –42

Five-Year Plan (Eighth), 402

Florenskii, Pavel Vasil'evich, 23 –24, 31 , 319 , 425

Fofanov, V. N., 51 , 52

"A Fog over Baikal" (O. Volkov), 364

"For a Leninist Attitude toward Nature" (Kurazhkovskii), 314

foreign organizations, 54 , 438 ;

and VOOP, 141 –42

forest management, 88 , 112 , 124 , 134 –36, 204 , 248

forestry, 100 , 116 , 133 , 202 , 207 –8, 228 , 235 , 241 ;

Bochkarëv and, 347 ;

funds for, 87 ;

Kedrograd and, 331 :

lumbering and, 224 –25;

zapovedniki research on, 131

― 537 ―

forests, 335

Formozov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 11 , 61 , 81 , 93 , 120 , 260 , 305 –6, 371 ;

and All-Union Conference of Directors of Zapovedniki and Game Preserves and Ranches, 246 –49;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,252 ;

and Institute of Geography, 223 ;

and Lysenko, 83 –84;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 184 , 186 , 188 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 220 –26, 222 , 232 , 235 , 236 ;

and zapovedniki,113 –14, 302

Formozov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 286

Fortunatov, Boris Konstantinovich, 45

For Us and Our Grandchildren (Armand), 326 , 378

Fridman, Susanna Nikolaevna, 12 , 13 –14, 31 , 51 , 162 , 163 , 168 , 170 , 177 , 179 , 195 ;

and Conservation Congress of 1938, 52 , 54 ;

denunciation of, 149 ;

on Kuznetsov, 175 ; on Makarov, 180 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1947, 75 –77, 78 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 185 , 186 ;

and VOOP library, 174

Fridman, Z. A., 170

Frolkov, Andrei Fëdorovich, 344 , 345 , 347 , 349

Frolov, Ivan Timofeevich, 399 –401

"From Zapovednik to Nature Park" (Bannikov), 397

Fund for the Restoration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 430

"The Future of Baikal," 369

G

Gagarin (deputy head of agricultural sector), 192

Gagarin, Iurii, 330

Gaidai, Aleksandr, 358

Galazii, Grigorii Ivanovich, 358 , 361 , 368

Galitskii, Vasilii Pavlovich, 162 –63, 164 , 167 , 177 –79, 181

game management, 240 , 242 ;

law on, 290 ;

press and, 359

game preserves, 130 , 224 , 276 , 288 –89, 297 , 298 , 378 ;

Ukraine, 291

game wardens, 242

Gams, Helmut, 143

Gan, German Georgievich, 403 , 410 –11

Gavrilov, Aleksandr, 432

Gekker, R., 155 , 186

genetics, 223 , 229 , 350 , 465 n44;

Lysenko and, 83 , 90 , 92 , 133 , 151 ;

Manteifel' and, 283 ;

MOIP and, 213 –14;

Timofeev-Resovskii and, 285

Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (1955), 384

geographers, 201 , 260 –72, 368 , 370

Geographical Society of the USSR, 84 , 211 , 255 , 260 , 264 , 270 –72, 280 ;

and Baikal, 371 ;

and river diversion projects, 427 .

See also MGO

geography, 260 , 261 , 262 ;

recreational, 396

geography of hope, 4 , 5 , 29 , 38 , 104 , 203 , 211 , 448

geologists, 201

geology, 260

Georgia, 130 , 257

Geptner, Vladimir Georgievich, 71 , 78 , 98 –99, 120 , 177 , 179 , 208 , 304 –6, 342,354 , 371 ;

and acclimatization, 380 ;

and All-Union Conference on Zapovedniki,278 –79;

and Bochkarëv affair, 340 –49;

as citizen inspector, 405 ;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,252 ;

on Kuznetsov, 175 ;

and Makarov defense, 164 , 168 ;

Moscow Zoo and, 58 ;

and VOOP, 64 , 161 , 170 , 176;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 186 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 226 –28, 232 , 236 ;

and zubr; 66 , 67

Gerasimov, Innokentii Petrovich, 251 260 , 261 , 264 , 362 , 368 , 372 , 401 ;

and Geographical Society, 270

Gerovitch, Vyacheslav, 4 –5, 39

Gertsen (Herzen), Aleksandr Ivanovich, 281

"Get a load of those goldfish!" (Vot kakie karasi! ), 345 , 346, 347 , 352

Gidroproekt, 357 , 360 , 415

Giller, Aron Grigor'evich, 71

Giprobum, 360 , 367 , 368 , 370

Girusov, E. V., 401

Gladkov, Nikolai A., 78 , 148 , 161 , 196 , 199 , 200 , 252 ;

and Bochkarëv affair, 344 ;

defense of Makarov, 168

glasnost' , 34 , 425 , 427 , 431 , 433 , 437

Glavleskhoz RFSFR (Main Administration for Lumbering), 330

Glavnauka, 28 , 36

Glavokhota RSFSR (RSFSR Main Administration for Hunting and Zapovedniki ), 11 ,

― 538 ―

189 , 190 , 240 , 241 –50, 259 , 280 , 295 , 298 , 300 , 376 , 379 , 389 ;

Burdin and, 273 ;

culling of animals and, 256 , 276 ;

harvesting and, 328 ;

Kondratenko and, 378

Glavpriroda SSSR (USSR Main Administration for Hunting and Zapovedniki ), 310 , 376 , 378 –79, 402

Glavrybvod, 255

Glazunov, Il'ia, 430

Glubokoe, Lake, 65

Gluboko-Istrinskii zapovednik,101

Goering, Hermann, 58

Gogua, V. B., 146

Gol'dberg, M. S., 383

Goldschmidt, Walter, 24

Golovanov, V. E., 344

Golovchenko, F., 82

Golovenkov, Nikolai Borisovich, 138 , 184 , 187 , 189 , 195

Golubëv, V. N., 391 –92

Gompers, Samuel, 289

Goncharov, Boris Fëdorovich, 286

Gorbachëv, Mikhail Sergeevich, 35 , 289 , 423 , 424 , 426 –27;

Electoral Commissions, 432 ;

environmental activism under, 429 –39;

reforms, 437

Gorbunov, M., 127

Gorbunov, N. P., 47

Gordeichev, Vladimir, 336

Gor'kii, 388 , 433

Gorkin, A. F., 167

Gorky, Maxim, 38

Gorno-Altaiskii zapovednik,244

Gornyi Altai (Altai Mountains), 323 , 332

Gorodetskaia, Nina Aleksandrovna, 405

Gorskii, A. P., 421

Gorz, André, 434

Gosplan, 18 , 110 ;

defined, 449 ;

and geographers, 260

Gosplan (RSFSR), 71 , 82 , 123 , 170 , 250 , 264 , 300 ;

and Glavokhota, 241 –42;

and river diversion projects, 421 ;

and VOOP, 237

Gosplan (USSR), 107 , 108 , 258 –59, 298 , 301 –3;

and Baikal, 368 , 371 ;

and Commission on Nature Protection, 307 ;

and river diversion projects, 419 , 421

Gosplan Commission of 1952, 182

graduate students, 210

Graham, Loren R., 5

Granin, Daniil, 67

Grave, Grigorii Leonidovich, 46 , 49

Great Break, 88 , 225

Great Britain, 63

Greben', L. K., 93

Grechko, Marshal Andrei, 379

Grechukha (Ukrainian deputy premier), 302 –3

Green Cities movement, 79

Green Party, 433 , 434

Green Plantings Society (VOSSOGZN), 79 –80, 145 , 176 –77;

merger with VOOP, 143 –47, 176 –81, 182 –83, 197 , 216 , 262

Grigor'ev, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 106 , 221 , 260 , 261 ;

and Baikal, 361 ;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,207 , 251

Grigorovich, N. A., 357

Grigorovich plan, 358 –60

Gritsenko, Aleksandr Vasil'evich, 68 , 73 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 93 , 138

Groman, Vladimir Gustavovich, 302

Gromyko, Andrei, 309

Groshikov, M. G., 191

Gubin, Mikhail Maksimovich, 324

GULAG, 2 , 4 , 29 , 73 , 144 , 355 –56, 415

Gumilëv, Lev, 334 , 335 , 337

Gunali, Aleksandr Pavlovich, 45

Gusev, Oleg Kirillovich, 387

Gusev, Vasilii Vasil'evich, 179 , 474 n59

H

habitat improvement, 248

habitat protection, 1

harvesting, 328 , 389

Heisenberg, Werner, 399

Heller, Agnes, 15 , 444

Heptner (Geptner), Mikhail Vladimirovich, 133 –34, 136

Herzen, A. I., 281

hidden transcripts, 19

Hitler-Stalin pact, 56 , 66

Hosking, Geoffrey, 2 , 7

hunting, 56 , 133 , 221 , 240 , 246 , 249 –50, 256 ;

commercial, 131 ;

illegal, 65 , 144 , 377 , 379 ;

Khrushchëv and, 241 , 288 –89, 291 –92;

preserves, 134 ;

Stalin and, 290 ;

in Ukraine, 290 –91;

in zapovedniki,292 –33, 295

Huskey, Eugene, 8

Hydrometeorology Service. 425

― 539 ―

Iablokov, A. S., 326 , 363

Iablokov, Aleksei Vladimirovich, 6 , 200 , 284 , 325 , 396 , 437 –38

Iaitskii, I. N., 391 –92

Iakushev, V., 209

Iakutiia, 144

Iakut zapovedniki,19 –10

Ianitskaia, Tat'iana Olegovna, 412 –13

Ianitskii, Oleg Nikolaevich, 7 , 16 , 21 , 319 ;

on druzhiny,413 –14, 432 , 433 ;

on ecological protest, 437 ;

on MOIP, 212 ;

on self-sufficiency, 6

Ianshin, Aleksandr Leonidovich, 132 –33, 205 , 206 , 211 , 214 , 215 , 259 , 299 , 307 ;

and Baikal, 370 ;

and Berezner, 422 ;

and river diversion projects, 419 , 424 , 425 , 426

Iaroshenko, Viktor Afanas'evich, 406 , 417 –19, 421 , 430

IBP (International Biological Program), 388 –89

identity, 335 , 443 ;

defense of, 446 ;

personal, 6 ;

political, 34 ;

professional, 445 , 446 ;

student, 315 .

See also social identity

IGAN (Institute of Geography), 106 , 223 , 260 , 262 , 280 , 422

Il'ina, E. D., 283

Il'ina, Natalia, 8 , 347

Ili River, 257

Il'iushin, Sergei Vladimirovich, 66

Illich, Ivan, 434

II'menskii zapovednik,70 , 107 , 119 , 122 –23, 203 , 465 n31

Imandra, Lake, 256

Imperial Academy of Sciences, 36

"Improvement of Forest Management in the Crimean State Zapovednik," 292

"In Defense of Baikal," 358 , 359 , 360

"In Defense of a Friend" (Leonov), 79 –80

"In Defense of Zapovedniki,"278

industrial development, 431

industrialization, 3 , 38 , 387 , 444 , 446

Industrial Party, 17

Initsiativa, 436

Institute for Ecology and Evolutionary Morphology, 373

Institute for the Ecology of Plants and Animals, 384

Institute of Genetics, 74

Institute of Genetics and Selection, 74

Institute of Geography (IGAN), 106 , 223 , 260 , 262 , 280 , 422

Institute of Water Problems, 421

Institute on Soil Science, 384

intelligentsia, 6 , 8 , 17 , 63 , 114 , 179 , 373 ;

academic, 24 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 39 ;

druzhiny and, 414 ;

Gorbachëv and, 423 , 427 ;

Irkutsk, 358 ;

literary, 444 ;

prerevolutionary, 144 , 268 ;

MOIP and, 211 ;

repression of, 39 ;

revolutionary, 387 ;

and river diversion projects, 421 ;

zoological, 252 .

See also scientific intelligentsia

Interagency State Committee for the Protection of Nature, 3 , 38

Interdisciplinary Scientific Expedition on Problems of Shelter Belts, 214 –15

International Biological Program (IBP), 388 –89

International Center for Conservation, 51

international community, 256 , 339

International Genetics Committee, 2

International Genetics Congress (Sixth), 2

International Geographical Congress, 247

international links, 63 , 72 , 264 , 378

international meetings, 11 , 54 , 247 , 277 , 401

international movements, 52 , 196

international organizations, 143 , 255 , 300 , 309 ; and SEU, 434

International Ornithological Congress (Twelfth, 1958), 196

international science, 33 , 375

international tensions, 436

international treaties, 402

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 196 , 255 –56, 403

International Union for the Protection of Nature (IUPN, later IUCN), 143 , 178 , 264 , 300 , 309

intraspecific competition, 92 , 222

Intraspecific Struggle in Animal and Plants,223

Iogach, 332

Irkutsk, 357 –58

Isakov, Iurii Andreevich, 56 , 132 , 136

Isakov, Lesha, 322

island biogeography theory, 389 , 394 , 396 , 398 , 401

isolationism, 72 , 79 , 273

― 540 ―

Italian Nature Protection Society, 174

IUCN. See International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Iudin, V. M., 93

Iukhno, Viacheslav Stepanovich, 190 , 191 , 192

IUPN. See International Union for the Protection of Nature

Iurina, Natalia Petrovna, 421

Iurkin, T. A., 465 n31

Ivakhenko, Vladimir, 322 , 325

Ivanov, K. P., 132

Ivanov, Mikhail Fëdorovich, 93

Ivanov, Sergei Nikolaevich, 350

Ivanov, V. I., 126 , 475 n76

Ivanovo, 145

Ivans, Dainis, 43

Izrael', Iurii A., 402 , 418 , 427

Izvestiia, 79 , 145 , 234 , 278

J

Japan, 249

Jews, 351 , 427 , 431 , 487 n1

Josephson, Paul, 357 , 361 , 372

Journal of General Biology (Zhurnal obshchei biologii),396

K

Kabanov, Nikolai Evgen'evich, 114 ;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,207 , 219 , 252 ;

and Second Congress of the Geographical Society of the USSR, 271 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 219 –20

Kabardinia, 104 –5, 165 , 178

Kaftanov, S. V., 73 , 78

Kalashnikov, A., 111 , 112 , 119 , 132

Kal'chenko (Ukrainian premier), 292 , 295

Kalesnik, Stanislav Vikent'evich, 270

Kalinin, 211

Kalitnikovskii, 318

Kamchatka, 221

Kamennaia Steppe Experimental Station, 91

Kamensk-Ural'skii, 199

Kamyshevakha River, 382

Kandalakshskii zapovednik,99 –100, 102 , 298

Kapitsa, Pëtr L., 29 , 368 , 371 –72, 373

Kaplan, P. F., 324

Kaplanov, Lev Georgievich, 267

Kara-Bogaz Gol, 359

Karlov, V. A., 250

Kartsev, I., 241

Kashchenko, Nikolai Feofanovich, 387

Kashkarov, Daniil Nikolaevich, 57 , 61

Kasparson, A. P., 344 , 348

Kassow, Samuel, 27

K. A. Timiriazev Central Biological Station, 282

Kaverg (Koverg), A. S., 138

Kaverin, Veniamin, 7

Kavkazskii zapovednik. See Caucasus zapovednik

Kavtaradze, Dmitrii Nikolaevich, 319 , 407 –8

Kazakhstan, 83

Kazan Chemical and Technological Institute, 414

Kazarkin, Aleksandr Petrovich, 334 , 335

kedr. See Siberian stone pine

Kedrograd, 14 , 23 , 32 –33, 318 , 319 –33, 337 , 352 –54;

Bochkarëv and, 331 –33, 340 , 348 , 352 , 406 ;

conferences, 406 , 409 ;

defined, 449 ;

Komsomol and, 325 , 326 , 327 ;

logging and, 323 , 331 , 332 ;

public opinion and, 326 , 329 , 332 ;

stifling of, 15

Kedrov, Bonifatii Mikhailovich, 90

Keldysh, M. V., 307 , 362

Keller, B. A., 392

Kennedy, President John F., 309 , 310

Khabarovsk, 256

Kharin, P., 126

Khevskii zapovednik, 118

Khlatin, Sergei Andreevich, 324 –26

Khlebopros, Rem Grigor'evich, 388

Khlopin, G. V., 382

Khomiakov, I. A., 344

Khomutovskaia steppe zapovednik,118

Khopërskii zapovednik,203 , 219 , 221 , 298 , 301 , 391

Khostinskii zapovednik,301

Khrushchëv, Nikita Sergeevich, 14 , 32 , 111 , 128 , 167 , 179 , 190 , 193 , 209 , 210 , 221 , 233 , 244 , 252 , 367 , 380 ;

and chudaki, 9 ;

and citizen inspectors, 482 n9;

and Communism, 333 ;

criticism of, 363 ;

development and, 257 ;

druzhinniki and, 313 ;

druzhiny and, 404 ;

and economic regions, 194 , 280 ;

foreign policy, 196 ;

GULAG and, 356 ;

hunting and, 241 , 288 –89, 291 –93;

international relations, 255 , 264 , 273 , 289 , 291 ;

liberalization policies, 350 ;

Lysenko and, 288 ;

scientific public opinion and, 248 ;

Stalin denunciation, 246 , 288 ;

Virgin Lands pro-

― 541 ―

gram, 16 , 217 , 260 , 44 , 465 n31;

water projects and, 415 –16;

and zapovedniki,18 , 288 –311, 351 , 377 , 409

Khrushchëv, Nina, 289

Kirikov, Sergei Vasil'evich, 93 , 251

Kirillo-Belozerskii Monastery, 417

Kirillov, 420

Kirishi, 435 –36

Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 46

Kirov Agricultural Institute, 406

Kirovsk, 218

Kishinëv, 308

Kislova, L., 142

Kislovodsk, 145 , 146

KIuBZ (Young Biologists' Circle of the Moscow Zoo), 23 , 281 –87, 283,315 –16, 319 , 325 ;

Kleinenberg, Sergei Evgen'evich, 228 –29

Kleshchev, A., 119 , 127

Kliaz'minskii zapovednik , 101

Knipovich, Mikhail Nikolaevich, 4

Kochetov, V., 362

Kola Peninsula, 99 , 218 , 256

Kolbasov, O. S., 401

Koldanov, V. Ia., 111

Kolesnikov, Boris Pavlovich, 330 –31

kolkhoz, 109 , 112 , 118 , 127 , 130 , 144 , 166 ;

defined, 449

Kol'man, Arnosht, 42 –43

Kol'tsov, Nikolai Konstantinovich, 29 , 93

Kolyma River, 144

Komarov, Vladimir Leontievich, 51 , 54 , 64 , 69 , 185

Kommunist, 234 , 363 , 399 , 424

Kompleks v kedrovom lesu (Complex in the Stone Pine Forest), 353

Komsomol (Young Communist League), 18 , 23 , 31 , 171 , 322 , 324 , 424 ;

autonomy of, 406 ;

Chivilikhin and, 334 , 338 ;

conferences, 315 , 405 ;

and druzhiny,313 , 314 , 316 , 319 , 405 –6, 432 ;

and Kedrograd, 325 , 326 , 327

Komsomol'skaia pravda , 361 , 368 , 436 ;

on Baikal, 369 , 371 ;

on Bochkarëv, 350 , 352 ;

Chivilikhin and, 325 , 334 , 348 ;

satires against zapovedniki,304 –6;

on VOOP, 411 , 413

Koncha-Zaspa zapovednik,290

Kondo-Sos'vinskii zapovednik,101 , 205

Kondratenko, A., 377 –79

Konstantinov, B. P., 368

Kornilov, G. P., 112 –13

Korol'kov, Aleksei Ivanovich, 207 –8, 218 –21, 223 –26, 227 , 230 , 236 , 238 , 247

Korotchenko, D., 120

Koshtoiants, Khachatur S., 215

Kosinets, I. P., 190 , 191 , 192

Kostoglodov, V. F., 178

Kosygin, Aleksei Nikolaevich, 58 , 69 , 70 , 289 , 303 , 350 ;

and Baikal, 369 ;

and river diversion projects, 418

Kovalevskii, A. D., 325

Kovalevskii, V. O., 79

Kovda, Vladimir Abramovich, 384 , 424

Kovrigina, M. D., 253

Kozhevnikov, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 28 , 43 , 52 , 53 , 62 , 195 , 219 , 375 –76;

and forests, 386

Kozhin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 195 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 184 , 189

Kozhov, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 357

Koz'iakov, N. I., 134 , 154 , 166 , 170 , 173 , 176 , 177

Kozlov, A. I., 111 , 128 , 129 , 134 , 167 , 169 , 209 , 210 , 221 , 242 , 246

Kozlov, Frol R., 258

Kozlovskii, V. B., 378

kraeved, 138 , 141 , 166 , 171 , 268 , 279 ;

defined, 449

krai, defined, 449

Krasnitskii, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 376 , 392 –94, 397

Krasnobryzhev, V. I., 49

Krasnoiarsk, 166 , 207

Krest'ianinov, F., 292

Krinitskii, V. V., 230 , 298

Krivoshapov, Ivan Stepanovich, 76 , 77 , 475 n76;

defense of Makarov, 168 ;

and Nature Almanac of 1951, 147 , 148 ;

and VOOP, 12 , 78 , 152 , 157 , 158 , 165 , 174 –78, 184 , 195 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 187 , 188 , 189

Krokodil, 304 , 306 , 345 –47, 349 , 350 , 352 , 354

Kronotskii zapovednik,101 , 126 , 221 , 249 , 298 , 301 –2, 307 , 377

Kropotkin, Pëtr, 92

Krupin, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 420

Krupskaia, N. K., 71

Krutorogov, N., 248

kruzhki, 17 , 23 ;

defined, 449

Krylenko, Nikolai V., 47

― 542 ―

Krylov, G. V., 367

Krylov, I. I., 344

Kuhn, Thomas, 297

Kuibyshev, 145 , 146 , 433

Kuibyshevskii zapovednik,101 , 203

Kulagin, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 49 , 51

Kulakov F., 417

Kulinskaia, G. I., 344

Kul'tura i zhizn',143

Kumari, Erik, 258

Kurazhkovskii, Iurii Nikolaevich, 314 , 327 , 401

Kuzin, A. M., 383

Kuznetsov, A. A., 74 , 80 , 420

Kuznetsov, Feliks, 325

Kuznetsov, G. V., 326

Kuznetsov, Sergei Vasil'evich, 109 , 138 –39, 140 , 144 , 152 , 156 –60, 161 , 165 , 167 , 174 –75 , 185 ;

and Nature Almanac of 1951, 147 , 148 , 149 , 151 , 164 , 173 –74;

removal from office, 170 , 176 , 246

Kyzyl-Agachskii zapovednik,221 , 319 , 379

L

Laboratory of Nature Protection Research, 310

labor duties, 166 –67

Ladoga, Lake, 360

Lagodekhskii zapovednik,120

Lakoshchënkov, Vsevolod Georgievich, 164 , 167 , 190 –94, 341

Lakoshchënkov affair, 190 –94

Lamarckism, 75 , 83

"Land in Trouble" (Zemlia v bede), 337

"The Land-Our Foodgiver" (Zemliakormilitsa), 337

landscape preservation, 5

landscapes, 261 , 444

land transfers, 130

land use, 1 , 28 , 37 , 42 , 337 , 388 , 395 , 401

Langbein, Otto, 142

Laplandskii zapovednik,48 , 125 , 128 , 224 , 232 , 246 , 258 , 298 , 301

Laptev, N., 406

Larin, I. V., 262

Lasorkin, B., 424

Latvia, 257 , 431

Latvian Academy of Sciences, 220

Lavrenko, Evgenii Mikhailovich, 254 , 258 , 300 , 307 –8, 389 , 391 –92

Lavrenko commission, 375 , 389 –90

Lavrent'ev, M. A., 307 , 309 , 362

Lavrishchev, A., 82

law on nature protection, 264 –65, 269 , 280 , 297 , 315 , 377 , 379

Lebedev, G. I., 145 , 146 , 176 , 177 , 179 , 181 , 209 , 215

Lebedev, I. K., 240 , 241

Lebedeva, N. A., 421

Le Corbusier, Charles-EdouardJeanneret, 338

Legacy of Chernobyl (Medvedev), 425

Lemeshev, Mikhail lakovlevich, 421 , 430

Lenin, V. I. 4 , 27 , 197 , 231 , 441

Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VASKhNIL), 45 , 74 , 83 , 326 , 342

Leningrad, 57 , 145 –46, 319 , 433

Leningrad Affair, 93

Leningrad Agricultural Academy, 213

Leningrad Forestry Technical Academy, 321 , 323 –25

Leningrad Zoo, 58

Leningrad University, 433

Leninism, 266 , 377

Leonov, Leonid Maksimovich, 8 , 79 –80, 92 , 145 , 334 , 338 ;

and Baikal, 368

Leopold, Aldo, 364

Lepeshinskaia Olga Borisovna, 46 –52, 119,151 , 376

leskhoz, 322 ;

defined, 449

Leskov, Nikolai, 335

Lezhava, Andrei Matveevich, 51

Liapunov, Aleksei Andreevich, 284

Liapunova, Elena Alekseevna, 283 , 284 –85

Ligachëv, Egor Kuz'mich, 353

Likhachëv, Dmitrii, 421 , 427

Literaturnaia gazeta , 348 , 350 , 352 , 358 –59, 361 –62, 364 , 366 ;

water projects and, 417 , 423

Lithuania, 130 , 204 , 205 , 258 , 308

Liudinovskii, V., 170 , 177

Liudinovskii Commission, 170 –73, 176

"Living Water" expedition, 406 , 417 –19, 421

Lobanov, P. P., 240

logging, 133 , 135 , 204 , 221 , 227 , 314 , 334 , 488 n30;

and Baikal, 360 , 361 , 367 ;

in Crimea zapovednik,292 ;

of cypress trees, 137 –38;

Kedrograd and, 323 , 331 , 332 ;

of Siberian stone pine, 338

Logofet, D. O., 388

Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasil'evich, 151

― 543 ―

"Long-Range Plan for a Geographical Network of Zapovedniki in the USSR," 390

Los', Viktor Aleksandrovich, 399 –401

Lotsmanov, Ivan Fëdorovich, 179 , 474 n59

Lukash, Aleksandr Filippovich, 189

Lukashevich, I. E., 12 , 55 , 225 –26, 227 , 232 , 236

lumbering, 221 , 224 –25, 232 . See also timber

"Luminous Eye of Siberia" (Chivilikhin), 362 , 363

Lunacharskii, Anatolii Vasil'evich, 53 , 70 , 71

L'vov, 211

Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 56 , 59 , 73 , 83 –84, 120 , 136 , 207 , 214 , 215,217 , 219 , 234 ;

acclimatization and, 379 , 380 ;

and Askania-Nova, 44 –45;

biology and, 60 –61, 89 , 179 , 213 ;

and druzhiny,406 ;

and Khrushchëv, 288 ;

and Manteifel', 282 ;

MOIP and, 214 –15;

opposition to, 74 –75, 223 , 284 ;

removal of, 350 ;

Shmal'gauzen and, 151 ;

staged plant development and, 118 –19;

Stalin and, 88 –89;

and Sukachëv, 216 ;

and zapovedniki liquidation, 132 –33

Lysenkoists, 91

M

MacArthur, Robert, 396

Main Administration for Forest Protection and Afforestation (USSR), 49 , 69

Main Administration for Forestry and Afforestation (RSFSR), 53

Main Administration for Hunting (RSFSR), 99 , 110 , 153 , 240

Main Administration for Hunting and Animal Breeding, 49 , 56

Main Administration for Hunting and Zapovedniki RSFSR. See Glavokhota RSFSR

Main Administration for Hunting and Zapovedniki USSR. See Glavpriroda SSSR

Main Administration for the Printing Industry, Publishing, and the Book Trade, 140

Main Administration for the Protection of Nature, 367

Main Administration for the Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources and Zapovedniki,237

Main Administration for Zapovedniki,70 –72, 84 –87, 101 , 105 , 175 , 221 , 234 –36, 244 –45, 367 ;

acclimatization and, 229 ;

all-Union status, 111 , 129 –30, 156 ;

Bessonov and, 145 ;

and Caucasus zapovednik , 109 ;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,208 ;

debt, 123 ;

deficiencies of, 106 ;

demotion, 210 , 240 ;

endangered species and, 56 ;

investigations of, 94 –96, 98 , 238 ;

Kazakh SSR, 80 –81;

leaders, 73 ;

Makarov and, 39 , 87 , 96 , 98 –99, 105 , 107 , 110 , 130 , 150 , 180 , 242 ;

Malinovskii and, 96 –116, 122 –25, 192 , 201 –2, 207 –10, 220 , 230 , 241 , 242 , 244 –48, 250 , 274 , 277 , 376 –77;

personnel, 87 –88, 102 , 130 ;

publications, 106 –7, 230 –32;

replacing, 76 ;

Scientific Council, 123 ;

and scientific public opinion, 238 , 247 ;

and zapovedniki liquidation. 14 ;

zoos and, 58

Main Administration of Hunting and Nature Protection, 277

Main Botanical Garden, 80

"Main Directions for Economic Development for 1976–1980," 418

Main Expedition for the Establishment of Shelter Belts, 89 , 169 , 215

Main Forestry Administration (RSFSR), 330 , 333 , 406

Main Shelter Belt Administration, 89

Makarov, B. V., 170

Makarov, Vasilii Nikitich, 39 –44, 40 , 47 , 62 , 71 , 81 , 154 , 185 , 210 , 246 , 252 ;

and All-Union Conference on Zapovedniki,279 ;

birthday celebration, 63 , 78 –79;and

Commission on Zapovedniki,206 , 207 , 215 ;

and Committee for Zapovedniki,48 ;

conferences and, 93 ;

and Conservation Congress of 1938, 52 , 53 , 54 ;

death of, 179 –80, 201 , 210 ;

in defense of, 168 ;

denunciation of, 149 –51, 153 ;

Main Administration and, 3 , 87 , 96 , 98 –99, 105 , 107 , 110 , 130 , 150 , 180 , 242 ;

on Malinovskii, 115 ;

and Nature Almanac of 1951, 147 , 149 , 173 ;

and protective coloration, 41 , 42 , 80 , 88 , 93 , 101 , 125 , 148 , 169 , 179 , 182 , 204 ;

and scientific autonomy, 114 ;

and Social Revolutionaries, 12 , 41 , 49 , 73 , 119 ;

and VOOP, 51 , 64 , 137 –42, 151 –52, 156 –60, 161 , 163 , 164 , 168 , 170 , 177 , 179 , 185 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1947, 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ;

VOOP president, removal as, 160 , 165 , 169 , 170 , 190 ;

and VOOP publications, 72 ;

and zapovedniki,41 , 61 , 69 , 108 –9, 203 ;

and zubr, 66 , 67 –69

― 544 ―

Maksimov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 80 , 474 n54

Malakhovskii, Anatolii, 328

Malenkov, Georgii, 81 , 84 , 85 , 118 , 120 , 127 , 129 , 166 , 167 , 209 ;

Bovin and, 134 , 135 , 136 ;

forestry and, 241 ;

as USSR premier, 210 ;

removal as USSR premier, 242 ;

and VOOP, 155 , 169 , 177 ;

and zapovedniki,108

Malinovskii, Aleksandr Vasil'evich, 18 , 19 , 97 , 187 , 267 ;

acclimatization and, 203 ;

and Conference on Rare and Endangered Species, 277 –78;

forestry and, 204 , 241 ;

Formozov and, 224 ;

at international meetings, 256 , 277 ;

and Main Administration, 96 –116, 122 –25, 192 , 201 –2, 207 –10, 220 , 230 , 241 , 242 , 244 –48, 250 , 274 , 277 , 376 –77;

and Makarov, 150 ;

Ministry of Agriculture and, 250 , 274 , 310 ;

and VOOP, 146 –47, 152 , 154 , 179 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 230 –39, 277

Manteifel', Pëtr Aleksandrovich, 48 , 83 , 114 , 148 , 152 , 165 , 179 , 181 , 187 , 191 , 474 n59;

acclimatization and, 379 , 384 ;

and KIuBZ, 282 –84

Marchuk, Gurii, 426

marginalization, 86 , 117 , 138 , 437

Mariiskii zapovednik,297 , 301

Márkus, Györg, 15 , 444

Marx, Karl, 314 , 400

Marx, Leo, 36

Marxism, 6 , 15 , 27 , 266 , 273 , 401 , 402 , 442

Marxists, 76 , 153

Maslov, Vasilii Alekseevich, 173 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179

Masonic movement, 452 n7, 453 n15

mass organization, 72 , 73 , 144 , 155;

VOOP's failure as, 164 , 166 , 171 , 173

mass society, 51 ;

VOOP as, 10 –11, 13 , 57 , 143

Masterov, N., 250

Mather, Stephen, 447

Matskevich, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 17 , 258 , 277 , 367 , 378 –79

McClelland, James, 24 , 25

Medvedev, Zhores A., 89 , 425

Melekhov (Melikhov), Pavel Stepanovich, 152 , 154 , 179 , 474 n59

Mel'nikov, Aleksandr Vasil'evich, 119 , 120 , 179 , 474 n59

Men', Father Aleksandr, 284

Mendeleev, Dimitri Ivanovich, 151

Menshevik Trial, 302

Mensheviks, 12 , 177 , 358

Menzbir, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 211

Merkulov, A., 364

Merkulov, Vsevolod Nikolaevich, 126 , 136 , 221 , 225 , 233 , 238 , 270 , 300 ;

zapovedniki and, 111 –14, 117 –20, 122 –23, 128 , 134 , 221

Mertts, P. A., 246

Meshcherskii National Park, 504 n41

Mesiatsev, N. N., 369

meteorology, 261

MGB (Ministry of State Security), 2

MGO (Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR), 1 , 5 , 218 , 223 , 272 , 299 ;

and Biogeography Commission, 270 ;

and MOIP, 260 , 262 , 270 , 278 ;

Papanin and, 120 , 404 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 201 , 217 , 247 .

See also Geographical Society of the USSR

MGU. See Moscow State University

Michurin, Ivan Vladimirovich, 83 , 133 . See also biology: Michurinist

Mikhal'son, V. A., 26

Mikheev, Aleksei Vasil'evich, 81 , 105 , 108 , 159 , 161 ;

defense of Makarov, 168

Miklukho-Maklai, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 151

Mikoian, Anastas Ivanovich, 291 , 292

Military Hunting Society, 65

Mil'kov, Fëdor Nikolaevich, 261

Mineralogical Society, 211

Mingrelian Case, 122

Minin, P. V., 350

Ministry for the Forest and Paper Industry (USSR), 100

Ministry of Agriculture (RSFSR), 240 , 242 , 250

Ministry of Agriculture (USSR), 274 , 277 ;

hunting and, 292 –93, 298 ;

pesticides and, 250 ;

soil erosion and, 268 ;

zapovedniki and, 219 , 220 , 224 , 227 , 237 , 241 –43, 249 , 377 –78

Ministry of Agriculture and Supplies (USSR), 240

Ministry of Finance (RSFSR), 123 , 155

Ministry of Fishing (USSR), 249

Ministry of Forestry (USSR), 88 , 90 , 100 , 102 –3, 105 , 111 , 112 , 119 , 124 , 126 , 130 , 131 ;

and Main Administration for

― 545 ―

Zapovedniki,84 –87;

reorganization, 136 ;

and VOOP, 156 ;

zapovedniki and, 204

Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education (USSR), 298

Ministry of Internal Affairs (USSR), 144

Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources. See Minvodkhoz

Ministry of Municipal Services (RSFSR), 145 , 176

Ministry of Public Health (RSFSR), 255 , 382

Ministry of State Control (RSFSR and USSR), 108 , 112 , 123 , 124 , 131 , 132 ;

and Main Administration, 208 ;

VOOP investigations, 138 –40, 148 , 152 , 154 , 156 , 168 ;

and zapovedniki,218 , 221

Ministry of State Security (USSR), 2

Ministry of Trade (RSFSR), 172

Minvodkhoz (USSR Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources), 16 , 416 –19, 421 , 425 –26

modernization, 494 n114

MOIP. See Moscow Society of Naturalists (MOIP)

Mokievskii, Vadim, 286 , 411

Moldova, 431

Molodchikov, A. I., 147 , 148 , 152 , 165 , 177 ;

defense of Makarov, 168

Molotov, V. M., 67 , 191 , 192 , 294 , 341

monumentalism, 447

moral authority, 7 ;

of students, 14

Mordovskii zapovednik,381

Mordvinian zapovednik,204

Morozov, Georgii Fëdorovich, 91 , 135 , 323

Moscow, 167 , 171 , 173 , 177 , 181

Moscow Society of Naturalists (MOIP), 1 , 5 , 120 , 126 , 190, 196 , 229 , 255 , 280 , 310 –11, 352 ;

autonomy of, 311 ;

and Baikal, 367 –70;

as center of resistance, 211 –17;

and Conference on Rare and Endangered Species, 278 ;

defections from VOOP, 195 , 211 , 214 –16, 270 , 307 ;

druzhiny and, 14 ;

and genetics, 213 –14;

and Ianitskii, 212 ;

and intelligentsia, 211 ;

and Khrushchëv, 299 –300;

leadership, 211 ;

membership, 479 n38;

and MGO, 260 , 262 , 270 , 278 ;

Moscow State University and, 211 ;

press and, 306 –7;

scientific intelligentsia and, 84 , 311 ;

scientific public opinion and, 211 , 212 , 311 , 367 ;

Section on Genetics, 214 ; staff, 479 n38;

student movements and, 312 , 314 , 315 , 316 , 319 , 408 ;

Sukachëv and, 211 , 214 –16, 270 , 307 ;

survival of, 270 ;

toleration of, 17 ;

and Varsonof'eva, 197 , 205 , 211 , 2 14–16, 270 , 307 ;

and youth, 6 , 281 –87;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 201 , 217 , 218 , 247

Moscow State University (MGU), 6 , 83 , 126 , 314 , 319 , 323 , 326 , 407 , 413 ;

Biology Faculty, 14 , 32 ;

MOIP and, 211 ;

Museum of Earth Sciences, 262 ;

Zoological Museum, 5 , 120 , 122 , 252

Moscow State University Biology—Soil Sciences Student Brigade for Nature Protection, 312 –19. See also druzhiny

Moscow University Student Brigade for the Protection of Nature, 31 2

Moscow Zoo, 6 , 58 . See also KIuBZ

Moskovskii zapovednik,65 , 109

Motovilov, German Petrovich, 78 , 84 , 85 , 176 , 184 , 187 , 199 , 475 n76;

as VOOP president, 189 , 193 , 194 , 195

"Movement to Help Kedrograd," 327

Muir, John, 446

Mukhachëv, Sergei Germanovich, 414

Mukhamedzhanov, S., 421

Mukin, A. F., 324

Multidisciplinary Scientific Expedition on Problems of Shelter Belts, 206

Murakhovskii, V., 425 , 426

Murmansk, 99 , 128

Murzaev, Eduard Makarovich, 121 , 261

"Musings on the Fate of Baikal" (Pospelov), 361

MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs), 144

Mytishchi, 192

N

Nagibina, T. E., 382 –83

Nairna River, 279

Narkompros. See People's Commissariat of Education

Narkomzem. See People's Commissariat of Agriculture

Nash sovremennik , 418

Nasimovich, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 61 , 113 , 120 –21, 133 , 260 , 273 ;

and acclimatization, 380 ;

and All-Union Conference of Directors of Zapovedniki and Game Preserves and Ranches, 247 , 249 ;

and Biogeography Commission, 270 ;

and Conference on Rare and Endangered Species, 272 , 274 , 277 ;

and Institute of

― 546 ―

Geography, 223 ;

on Malinovskii, 136 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 186 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 22–21, 235 –36;

and zapovedniki boundaries, 395

National Academy of Sciences (USA), 309 , 310

national territory under protection, 249 , 267 –68, 304

natural resources, 53 , 266 , 274

natural selection, 92

Nature Almanac of 1951, 147 –5 , 164 , 173

"Nature Has No Stepchildren," 386

Nature in the USSR (Gerasimov), 264

The Nature of Our Motherland (Gerasimov), 264

Nature Protection Brigade, 285 . See also druzhiny po okhrane prirody

Nature Protection in the USSR (Okhrana prirody v SSSR ) (Makarov), 79 , 180

"Nature Protection in the USSR and the Tasks of the Society" (Makarov), 151

nature reserves. See zapovedniki

nauchnaia obshchestvennost', defined, 450 . See also scientific public opinion (nuchnaiaobshchestvennost' )

Nauchno-metodicheskie zapiski (Scientific and methodological notes), 88 , 94 , 250 , 280

Nauchno-metodicheskie zapiski Glavnogo Up-ravleniia po zapovednikam , 245

nauka,24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 –29, 30 , 39 , 445 ;

defined, 450 ;

students and, 32 .

See also science

Naumov, Nikolai Pavlovich, 315 , 319

Nazarevskaia, S., 347

Nedelia, 378

Nekrasov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 360

NEP (New Economic Policy), 4

Nesmeianov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 209 , 211 , 230 , 258 , 259 , 269 , 275 , 298 , 299 , 376 ;

and Commission on Zapovedniki, 205 , 250 ;

and displaced ecologists, 18 ;

and protective coloration, 205

Nesterov, V. G., 388

Netherlands, 255

New Zealand, 249

Nikiforov (deputy director of Glavleskhoz RSFSR), 330

Nikol'skii, Georgii Vasil'evich, 113 , 225 , 228 , 236 , 302 , 368 ;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,251

Nikonov, A., 425

NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 45

non-Black Earth program, 417

noosphere, 388

Northern Caspian Fisheries Administration, 122

Northern Ossetia, 146

"Notes on the Work of the State Zapovedniki for Comrade Stalin," 118

Novaia Zemlia, 99 –100

Novaia Zemlia zapovednik , 100 , 255

Novikov, Georgii Aleksandrovich, 229 –30, 231 , 235 , 276 –77

Novosibirsk, 145 , 308

Novozhilov, Kolia, 322

Novyi mir, 4

Nukhimovskaia, Iu. D., 394

Nuriev, Ziia, 424 –25

Nyymsalu, F., 403

O

oblast', 69 , 108 ;

authorities, 2 , 167 ;

defined, 450 ;

executive committees, 110 ;

leaders, 33 –34, 112

politicians, 18

Obruchev, 215

obshchestvennost' (public opinion), 30 , 31 , 130 , 153 , 157 , 172 , 319 , 444 ;

defined, 450

Odessa University, 407

Ognëv, Sergei Ivanovich, 58 , 113 , 115 , 214 , 215

Oka River, 409 , 432

"Oka River Interdisciplinary Commission," 69

Okhota i okhotnich'e khoziaistvo (Hunting and game management), 250 , 378 , 386 –87

Okhrana prirody (Protection of nature), 50 , 71 , 72 , 79 , 82 , 155 , 280

Okhrana prirody i ozelenenie (Nature protec- tion and greening), 200

Okhrana prirody i zapovednoe delo v SSSR,251 , 382 , 383

Okhrana prirody v SSSR (Nature protection in the USSR) (Makarov), 79 , 180

Okhraniaite prirodu! (Defend nature!) (Skalon), 359

Okskii zapovednik,203 , 204 , 381

Oktiabr', 362 –63, 370

― 547 ―

Oldak, P. G., 401

Olwig, Karen Fog, 447 –48

Olwig, Ken, 447 –48

"Once Again on the Subject of Baikal," 363

Onega, Lake, 360

"On Essential Measures for Improving the Work of the State Zapovedniki of the RSFSR" (Makarov), 96

"On Measures to Protect the Animals of the Arctic," 257

"On Rectifying the Work of Zapovedniki,"110

"On the Basic Principles of Forest Management" (Malinovskii), 134

"On the Catastrophic Consequences of the Reversal of Part of the Flow of Northern Rivers and the Complex of Measures for Attaining the Food Program of the USSR," 419

"On the Illegal and Fiscally Improvident Disbursements of Funds in VOOP," 156

"On the Liquidation of VOOP" (Safronov), 151

"On the Organization of Game Management Facilities in the Crimean State Zapovednik,"292

"On the Sidelines Where Important Tasks Are Concerned," 143

"On the Unsatisfactory Underfulfilment by the USSR Ministry of the Forest and Paper Industry of a Plan for Timber Cuts and Delivery of Wood-Based Products to the Economy during the First Quarter of 1950" (Stalin), 100

Oparin, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 82 , 114

Operation Cruelty, 408

Operation Fauna, 407

Operation Shot (Vystrel), 407

Orbeli, Leon A., 64

Organov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 269 , 280

Origin of Species (Darwin), 91 –92

Orlov, G. I., 100

Orlov, G. M., 360 , 366

Osmolovskaia, Varvara Ivanovna, 282

Ostashevskii, P. V., 149

Ovechkin, Valentin, 7

Ovsiannikov, N. G., 348 , 350 , 503 n31

"O zapovednikakh" ("On Zapovedniki "), 129

P

painters, 77

Pamiat' (Chivilikhin), 334 , 336 , 422

Pamiat' (Memory) society, 422

Papanin, Ivan Dmitrievich, 55 , 120 –21, 121,223 , 260 ;

MGO and, 269 , 299

Parfënov, Vitalii Feodos'evich, 322 –25, 327 , 328 –32, 352 –54

parks, 57 , 227 , 258 , 297 , 397 –98;

druzhiny and, 407 , 409 –10

SEU and, 434 ;

United States, 446 –48

Party Congress (Nineteenth), 172

Pashkin, E. M., 421

Pasternak, Boris, 7

Patolichev, N., 127

patriotism, 11 –12, 17 , 18 , 80 , 86 , 201 ;

Pamiat', 422 ;

Russian, 354 , 364 ;

Russian cultural, 33 ;

of scientific intelligentsia, 247 ;

of scientific public opinion, 228 ;

Soviet, 8 , 33 , 150 , 334 , 335 , 364

patronage, 18 , 18 –19, 31 , 46 , 51 , 69 , 189 –90

Pauling, Linus, 371 –72

Paustovskii, Konstantin, 7 , 8

Pavel'ev, A. S., 111 , 131 , 139

Pavlovian physiology, 210

Pavlovskii, Evgenii Nikanorovich, 245 , 251 , 276 ;

and Geographical Society, 270 , 271 ;

and hunting, 293

Pechoro-llychskii zapovednik,48 , 94 , 101 , 122 , 301

Penza, 256

People's Commissariat of Agriculture (RSFSR), 36 , 49 , 53 , 56 , 59 , 110

People's Commissariat of Education (RSFSR), 28 , 38 , 56

People's Commissariat of Finance, 57

People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 45

Peredel'skii, A. A., 274 –75, 383

Pereleshin, S. D., 233

perestroika, 21 , 429 , 431 , 437 , 442

"The Permanent Ecological Expedition of the Central Committee of the Komsomol Zhivaia voda [Living Water]," 406 , 417 , 421

Permitin, E. N., 199

Perovo, 190

pesticides, 56 , 202 , 250 , 274 , 305 , 382

Petriaev, P. A., 191

Petro, Nicolai, 16

Petrov, Fëdor Nikolaevich, 75 , 78 , 187 , 278 , 285 , 293 –94, 299 , 306 , 308 , 309 –10, 314 , 475 n76;

and Baikal, 368

― 548 ―

Petrov, P. A., 131 –32

Petrov, V. V., 265 , 401

philosophers, 399 –401

"The Philosophical Bases of Contemporary Ecology" (Frolov and Los'), 399 –400

Pidoplichko, Ivan Grigor'evich, 302

Pinchot, Gifford, 27 , 445

Pioneers, 171

Pirogov Society, 382

Pisarzhevskii, Oleg, 8 , 199

Plakhotnaia, Ol'ga, 337

"Plan for Shelter Belt Plantings, Grass Crop Rotation, and the Construction of Ponds and Reservoirs to Secure High Yields and Stable Harvests in Steppe and Forest-Steppe Regions of the European Part of the USSR," 89

poachers, 6 , 32 , 243 , 279 , 320 ;

Bochkarëv as, 340

poaching, 14 , 112 , 144 , 289 , 319 , 389 , 409 ;

in Brezhnev era, 379 .

See also antipoaching campaigns; Bochkarëv affair

Podgornyi, Nikolai V., 369

Podlesnykh, N., 167

Podol'skii, Evgenii Makar'evich, 421

Pogrebniak, Pëtr Stepanovich, 120 , 302

Pokrovskii, V. S., 309

Polad-Zade, P. A., 427

Poland, 56 , 141 , 142 ;

zubr and, 58 , 65 , 67 , 68 –69

Polish League for Nature Protection, 141

Politburo, 33 , 103 , 120 , 122 , 424 , 426

political exiles, 358

politics, 444 ;

liberal, 25

pollution, 6 , 56 , 197 –98, 201 , 255 –56, 258 , 382 –84, 437 ;

air, 199 , 256 , 383 , 402 ;

at Baikal, 359 , 360 –63, 367 ;

druzhiny and, 409 ;

public health and, 253 , 382 –83;

radioactive, 275 , 371 –72;

SEU and, 434 ;

water, 200 , 256 , 257 , 316 , 361 , 372 , 382 , 402

Polozhentsev, Pëtr Artem'evich, 186 , 187 , 188 ;

and Conference on Rare and Endangered Species, 272

Pomerants, Grigorii, 7

Ponomarenko, P. K., 140

Ponomarëv, A. D., 307

Ponomarëv, P. K., 167

Poperechenskaia steppe zapovednik,209

Poptsov, Oleg Maksimovich, 324 , 417

Poskrëbyshev, A. N., 123 , 128

Pospelov, Gennadii L'vovich, 179 , 361 –63

Potapov, S. V., 114

Potega^[*] , E. M., 141

Potëmkin, Mikhail Petrovich, 53

power, 15 , 125 ;

academics', 27 ;

student movements and, 14 , 32

Pravda , 234 , 359 , 364 , 399 , 418 , 424 ;

editors' meeting with Efremov, 265 –69, 273 , 359

Pravdin, Leonid Fëdorovich, 461 n30

predator control, 202 , 203 , 204 –5, 248 , 379 , 381 , 386 –87

Preobrazhenskaia, E. N., 132 , 136

Preobrazhenskii, Sergei Mikhailovich, 147, 148 , 177

preservationism, 266

press, 444 ;

role of, 350 , 352 , 358 –67, 377 , 434

Prezent, Isaak Izrailovich, 42 , 44 , 45 , 59 –60, 61 , 83 –84, 89 , 133 , 399 ;

and Formozov, 223 ;

and transformation of nature, 385

Primorskii, 256

Prioksko-Terrasnyi zapovednik,68 , 69 , 190 , 192 , 210 , 236

Priroda (Nature) journal, 26 , 408

Priroda (Nature) stores, 194 , 197 , 341 , 351

Priroda i chelovek (Man and nature), 398 , 493 n84

Priroda i sotsialisticheskoe khoziaistvo , 50

private property, 52 , 77

Privolzhsko–Dubninskii zapovednik,101

Proferansov, D. P., 344

Prokhanov, Aleksandr Alekseevich, 438

Prokof'ev, A., 98 , 475 n76

Prokof'ev, Vasilii Vasil'evich, 187

Proskurin, P. L., 339 , 421

protected animals, 243

Protected Natural Territories (Reimers and Shtil'mark), 397 –98

"Protected Tree Stumps" ("Zapovednye pni"),304 , 361

"The Protection of Nature Is a Matter of State Importance" (Nesmeianov), 258

protective coloration, 12 , 30 , 39 , 102 , 108 , 203 ;

Makarov and, 41 , 42 , 80 , 88 , 93 , 101 , 125 , 148 , 169 , 179 , 182 , 204 ;

Nesmeianov and, 205 ;

VOOP and, 145 , 148 , 177 , 182

protests, 21 , 34 , 442 –43

― 549 ―

Protopopov, Aleksandr Petrovich, 69 , 76 , 140 , 170 , 176 , 177 , 179 , 252 , 475 n76;

and Caucasus Commission, 51 –52;

and Commission on Zapovedniki,207 –8;

and Conference on Rare and Endangered Species, 272 , 278 ;

and Crimean Commission, 168 ;

Fridman and, 195 ;

on Kuznetsov, 175 ;

defense of Makarov, 168 ;

and VOOP, 12 , 31 , 64 , 78 , 148 , 156 , 158 , 160 , 161 ;

defense of VOOP, 153 , 154 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 186 , 187 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 272 ;

and zapovedniki,130 –31

Prozorovskii, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 392

Prozorovskii, Nikolai Pavlovich, 362 , 367 –70

Pryde, Philip R., 356 , 373

public health, 34 , 253 , 383 –84, 435 –37

public opinion, 76 , 172 , 233 , 246 –47, 269 , 277 , 280 , 424 , 434 ;

and Baikal, 358 , 363 , 371 –72;

and Bochkarëv affair, 347 , 352 ;

and Kedrograd, 326 , 329 , 332 ;

literary, 372 ;

and river diversion projects, 417 , 418 , 427

public speech, environmental activism as, 24

pure science (chistaia nauka),25

Pushchino, 408

Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 23 , 31

Puzanov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 176 , 177 , 179 , 240 , 241

Puzanov, Ivan Ivanovich, 48 , 50 , 130

R

radiation, 253 , 274 –75 , 278 , 383 –84

radioactivity, 256 , 257 , 371 –72, 382 , 383 –84

Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 76

Raikov, Boris Evgen'evich, 83 , 310 –11

Ramenskii, Leontii Grigor'evich, 60 , 375 , 389

Ramit zapovednik,379

Rappoport, I. A., 214

Rasputin, Valentin G., 339 , 399 , 420 , 421 , 422 , 430

Raup, Hugh, 375

Razorënova, Anna Petrovna, 285 –86, 315

reacclimatization, 380

recreation, 397 –98

"Redkii ekzempliar" (Rare specimen), 304

"The Refashioning of Living Nature" (Prezent), 89

Reimers, Nikolai Fëdorovich, 395 –99

religious mysticism, 430

Repin, Il'ia, 349

"Report to the Science Department of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party on the Results of an Investigation of the Zapovedniki of the RSFSR," 47

repression, 212 ;

of environmentalists, 43 –44;

against VOOP, 80

Rërikh, Nikolai, 494 n96

reserves. See zapovedniki

resource exploitation, 1 , 28

resource management, 33 , 201 , 323

resource use, 37

Riabinin, Boris Stepanovich, 8 , 385 –87

Riabov, V. F., 298

Riazan', 211 , 432 , 504 n41

Riazan' oblast' Fishing Inspectorate, and Bochkarëv affair, 343 , 349 , 350 , 351

river diversion projects, 16 , 17 , 339 , 404 , 414 –28;

opposition to, 414 , 418 –21, 423 –25, 433 .

See also water projects

"Roar, Taiga, Roar!" (Chivilikhin), 326 , 327

Rode, Aleksei Andreevich, 61 , 114 , 252 , 461 n30

Rodin, L. E., 262

Rodionenko, Georgii Ivanovich, 199

Rodionov, Mikhail I., 70 , 80 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 93

Romanetskii, Aleksandr Vasil'evich, 85 , 87 , 93 , 108 , 247 ;

and Khrushchëv, 190 ;

and VOOP, 150 –54, 169 , 171

Roosevelt, Theodore, 168

Rosleskhoz, 353

Ross, L. V, 343

Rossolimo, L. L., 93

Rozov, N. I., 421

RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic), 2 , 18 , 65 , 69 , 105 , 106 , 123 , 128 ;

leadership of, 70 , 189 , 248

Rudnëv, K. N., 308

Runte, Alfred, 447

Russian Congress for Nature Protection (First, 1995), 186

Russian Geographical Society, 36

Russian nationalism, 8 , 34 , 312 , 334 , 428 , 494 n114;

and environmentalism, 15 , 429 –31, 438

Russian nativism, 33 , 313 , 428

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. See RSFSR

― 550 ―

Russo, G., 415

Ruzskii, M., 174

Rybakov, B. A., 419

Rybal'chik (director of Crimean zapovednik ), 138

Rybinsk reservoir, 260

Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 425 , 426 , 438

S

Sabinin, D. A., 83 , 84 , 213 , 223

Sabsovich, Leonid, 79

Saburov, Maksim Z., 18 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 302

"Sacred Eye of Siberia" ("Svetloe oko Sibiri") (Chivilikhin), 337

Safronov, Arsenii Mikhailovich, 93 , 111 , 128 , 149 –50, 151 , 154 , 156 , 170

Saianskii zapovednik,101

St. Petersburg University, 23

Sakhalin, 106

Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich, 437

Sakharov, V. V., 90

Satiukov. P. A., 265 , 269

Save the Volga Committee, 429

Savitskii, N. V., 139 , 156

science, 26 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 39 , 76 , 106 ;

and advocacy, 374 .

T

"The Taiga Is Roaring" (Chivilikhin), 328

Taliev, Valerian Ivanovich, 53 , 399

Tarchevskii, V. V., 199

Tartu State University, 312 , 31 , 314 , 407

Tashkent, 257

"Tasks of Zoological Research in Light of Michurinist Biology" (Makarov), 93

Tatishchev, V., 322

Taurin, Frants, 357 –61

Tbilisi, 254 , 259 , 308

teachers, 50

Teberdinskii zapovednik,120 , 297 , 299 , 301 , 304

Technical-Economic Justifications, 418 , 420

Telavo-Kvarel'skii zapovednik,118

Telegin, Nikolai Pavlovich, 327

Teletskoe, Lake, 360 , 46

Teller, Edward, 371 –72

temperance movement, United States, 451 n3

Teplov, V. P., 246

Terent'ev, Pavel V., 384

Thierpost, 142

Thoreau, Henry David, 446

Tigrovaia Balka zapovednik,379

Tikhomirov, B. A., 299

Tikhomirov, Vadim Nikolaevich, 313 –16, 317 , 318 , 320 , 326 ;

and antipoaching, 407 ;

and Bochkarëv affair, 350 ;

and druzhiny,410

Tikhonov, A., 424

Tikhonov, Nikolai, 423

timber, 250 . See also lumbering

Timiriazev Agricultural Academy, 80

Timofeev-Resovskii, Nikolai Vladimirovich, 67 , 285 , 384 , 387 –88

Tishkov, Arkadii, 286

Tito, Josip Broz, 291 –92

Titov, P. I., 129

Tiurin, I. V., 209 , 249

Tolstoi, Aleksei N., 8 , 76

Tomsk, 211

Tomsk Party, 353

Topchiev, A. V., 120 , 205

"To the Defense of Baikal!," 361

tourism, 47 , 243 , 377 , 390 , 396 –97, 488 n30;

druzhiny and, 408 –9, 414 ;

United States, 447

transformation of nature, 148 , 150 , 172 , 177 , 237 , 276 , 428 ;

acclimatization and, 380 ;

and Manteifel', 282 ;

Prezent and, 385 ;

river diversion projects and, 414 ;

in Siberia, 416 ;

Stalin and, 4 ;

and VOOP, 156 , 158 , 163 , 168 , 170 ;

zapovedniki and, 125

transformism, 368 , 373 , 379

Trofimov, Tit Titovich, 245 –46

Trofimuk, Andrei Alekseevich, 357 , 366 , 368

Troitskii forest-steppe zapovednik,204

Troitskoe, 205

Tsarskoe Selo Lycée, 23 , 31 , 319

Tsentral'no-Chernozëmnyi zapovednik , 209 , 262 , 304 –5, 325 , 376 , 391 –93

Tsentral'no-Lesnoi zapovednik,46 , 49 , 60 , 101 , 109 , 115 , 116 , 126 , 245 –46, 488 –89n30

Tsentrosoiuz, 329

Tsibin, P. V., 191 , 192

Tsitsin, Nikolai V., 73 –75 , 78 , 156 , 157 , 165 , 178 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 184 , 189

Tsyriul'nikov (censor), 173 , 278

Tula, 145

Tul'skie zaseki zapovednik,115 , 118 –19, 232 , 236

Turkmenia, 118 , 128 , 130 , 41

Turkmenian zapovedniki,409

Turov, S. S. 58 , 236 , 279

Turshu, S. V., 54

U

Udmurt University, 433

Uimen', 326 –29

Ukraine, 120 , 128 , 130 , 197 , 302

Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 45

Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 119 , 302 –3

Ukrainian Central Committee, 119

Ukrainian Society for Nature Protection, 178

Ul'ianovsk Pedagogical Institute, 407

UNESCO, 196 , 309

United Nations, 309

United States, 63 , 249 , 309 , 310 , 371 , 375 , 436 , 441 , 445 –46;

temperance movement, 451 n3

Ural Scientific Center, 384

Urals, 198 , 199 , 203 , 205

Urals Aluminum Smelting Plant, 199

urbanization, 338 , 387

― 554 ―

"The Use of the Protective (Pest-Control) Properties of Forests of the USSR" (Malinovskii), 256

Usman' River, 202

Uspenski, S., 99 –100

Uzbek, 254

Uzbekistan, 257 , 416

Uzhgorod, 211

V

values, 6 , 14 , 17 , 23 , 149 , 157 , 195 , 225 , 387 ;

and aesthetics, 399 ;

cultural, 420 ;

and ethics, 76 ;

scientific intelligentsia, 439 ;

social, 15 , 313 ;

Stalinist, 41

Varsonof'eva, Vera Aleksandrovna, 155 , 179 , 198 , 259 , 475 n76;

and Baikal, 367 –68, 370 ;

Fridman and, 13 , 180 , 195 ;

defense of Makarov, 157 , 159 , 163 , 168 ;

and MOIP, 126 , 197 , 205 , 211 , 214 –16, 270 , 307 ;

and Nature Almanac of 1951, 173 ;

and VOOP, 78 , 170 , 174 –77;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 186 , 187 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1959, 197 –200;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 217 –18, 220 , 230 , 233 , 234 , 237 –38;

and zapovedniki restoration, 205 , 211 , 216

Vashkevich, S., 330 , 332

Vasil'ev, Nikolai Fëdorovich, 155 , 423 , 426 , 503 n31

Vasil'ev, O. F., 422

Vasil'ev, Vladimir, 436

VASKhNIL (Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences), 45 , 74 , 83 , 326 , 421

Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 29 , 43 , 62 , 213

Vavilov, Sergei Ivanovich, 81 , 90 , 120 , 205 ,213 –14

Vecherniaia Moskva,434

Veitsman, Kh. S., 52 , 202

Verkhne-Kliazminskii zapovednik,101 , 109 , 112 –13

Vernadskii, Vladimir Ivanovich, 26 –27, 29 , 56 , 62 , 261 , 383 , 388 , 395 , 400

Vershinin, Air Marshal, 66

Vialovskii zapovednik,119 , 127

Vilenkin, Boris, 285 , 314

Vil'iams, G. R., 217 –18

Village Prose, 8 , 419 , 421 , 398 , 428

Vilnius, 259 , 308

Vinogradov, V. A., 132

Vinogradov, V. N., 403 , 412

violence, 355 , 428

"Virgin Lands of the Taiga," 327

Virgin Lands program, 16 , 217 , 260 , 404 , 465 n31

viscose plant, 359 , 360

Visim zapovednik,70 , 101 , 109 , 126 , 127

vivisection, 409

Vladimirskaia, Maria Ivanovna, 125

Vladivostok, 109

Vlasov, Ivan Andreevich, 73 , 81

Voinstvenskii, M. A., 302 –3

Vokrug sveta,332

VOKS, 141 –43, 178

Volga-Chograi Canal, 434

Volga delta, 256

Volkov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 184 , 187 , 189 , 191 –96, 249 , 474 n59

Volkov, Oleg Vasil'evich, 348 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 420 , 421

Voluntary Society for the Greening of the City of Moscow (DOSOM), 80

Volzhsko-Kamskii zapovednik,301

VOOP. See All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature

VOOPIiK (Commission for the Preservation of Monuments of Culture and History). 419 –20

Voprosy filosofii,401

Voprosy geografi (Problems of geography), 269 –70

Voronezh, 165 , 433

Voronezhskii zapovednik,88 , 124 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 230 , 243 , 250 , 298 , 376 , 379

Voronov, Anatolii Georgievich, 260 , 308

Voronov, Ivan Emel'ianovich, 352

Vorontsov, E. M., 93

Vorontsov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 6 , 39 , 92 , 211 , 213 , 216 , 325 , 437 –38

Voropaev, Grigorii Vasil'evich, 418 , 419 , 421 , 423 , 426

Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich, 66 , 121 –22, 140 , 290 , 294

Vorotnikov, Vitalii, 423 , 425 , 426

VOSOPiONP (All-Russian Society for the Promotion of the Protection of Nature and the Greening of Population Centers), 180 –81, 184 , 187

VOSSOGZN (All-Russian Society for the Promotion and Protection of Urban Green Plantings), 80 , 145 , 176 . See also Green Plantings Society

― 555 ―

"Vot kakie karasi!" ("Get a load of those goldfish!"), 345 , 346, 347 , 352

VTsIK (Committee for Zapovedniki), 46 , 48 , 49 , 53 , 56 ;

and VOOP office, 50 , 54

Vvedenskii (reserve staffer), 48

"Vystrel" (Operation Shot), 407

"Vzashchitu druga" ("In defense of a friend"), 145

W

water projects, 355 –56, 404 , 416 , 430 . See also river diversion projects

water use, 414 –15

Weismannist-Morganist-Mendelian perspectives, 213 , 465 n44

Weismannist-Morganists, 90 , 214

Wenner-Gren Center, 400

Western Ukrainian Nature Protection Conference, 279

White Sea Canal, 38

Whittaker, R. H., 60

Wilcox, Bruce A., 396

"Will Lakes Vozhe and Lacha Save the Caspian?" (Belov), 419

women, in United States, 451 n3

World War I, 36 ;

zubr and, 65

World War II, 57 –59, 141 , 380

writers, 7 –8, 33 , 50 , 371 , 373 , 428 ;

and river diversion projects, 420 –21

Writers' Union, 7

Y

Yeltsin, Boris, 438

Young Biologists' Circle of the Moscow Zoo. See KIuBZ

Young Communist League. See Komsomol Young Naturalist movement, 282 –87, 315 , 379

youth, 77 , 171

youth organizations, 6 , 23 –24, 281 –87, 315

"You Won't Fool Nature" (E. Shvarts), 411 –12

Yugoslavia, 291

Z

Zabelin, Sviatoslav, 315

Zabiniski^[*] (president of Polish Bison Society), 68

Zablotskii, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 67 , 68 , 68, 69 , 78 , 173 , 174 , 376 ;

and VOOP Congress of 1955, 186 ;

and Zapovednik Conference of 1954, 233 –35

zakaznik, 204 , 407 , 409 ;

defined, 450

Zalygin, Sergei Pavlovich, 1 , 4 , 8 , 29 , 373 , 416 –17, 420 , 421 , 423 –24, 427 –28, 430

Zapovednik C onference of 1954, 201 , 217 –39, 247 , 260

Zapovednik Conference of 1958, 300

zapovedniki (scientific nature reserves), 2 , 3 , 11 , 18 , 29 , 38 , 39 , 82 , 83 –103, 136 , 171 , 199 , 242 , 279 –80, 339 , 376 –81, 443 ;

achievements of, 59 –61;

administration of, 108 ;

area of, 102 , 110 –11, 128 , 129 , 172 , 202 , 248 , 249 , 300 , 302 , 402 ;

biocenosis and, 374 , 393 ;

boundaries of, 108 , 231 , 394 –95;

changes in, 119 –20;

conservation and, 36 ;

defined, 450 ;

Dement'ev and, 253 –54;

druzhiny and, 407 , 409 , 413 ;

expansion of, 37 , 62 , 69 –70, 219 –20, 236 , 238 , 249 , 257 –58, 274 , 389 –90;

Glavokhota and, 241 ;

hunting in, 292 –93;

investigations of, 46 –52, 131 –32, 221 , 238 ;

inviolability of, 4 –5, 38 –39, 41 , 61 , 62 , 84 , 85 , 101 , 104 , 108 , 115 , 124 , 133 , 203 , 207 , 220 , 243 , 248 , 252 , 266 , 374 , 376 , 377 –78;

justification for, 61 , 375 , 389 –90;

Khrushchëv and, 288 –311, 351 ;

Kozhevnikov and, 28 ;

leadership, 247 ;

liquidation of, 34 , 101 , 102 , 104 –16, 126 –30, 132 –34, 204 , 209 , 221 , 224 , 225 , 232 , 248 , 299 , 302 –3, 351 , 377 ;

Makarov and, 179 ;

Malinovskii and, 105 , 202 , 204 , 209 , 210 ;

managed lands, 131 ;

management, 105 , 109 , 124 , 134 , 204 , 208 , 245 ;

Manteifel' on, 152 ;

natural communities and, 37 ;

organization of, 118 ;

personnel, 47 , 48 , 87 –88, 96 , 102 , 104 , 107 , 111 , 112 , 119 , 129 , 131 –32, 210 , 244 , 245 ;

political marginality of, 86 ;

press and, 359 ;

private exploitation of, 112 ;

publications, 102 , 111 , 245 ;

reduction of, 101 , 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 120 , 122 , 172 , 248 –49, 301 ;

reorganization of, 99 , 209 , 227 , 277 , 278 , 295 ;

research, 3 , 5 , 36 , 47 , 87 , 94 , 95 , 98 , 103 , 105 , 106 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 114 –15, 118 , 119 , 126 , 129 , 131 , 204 , 207 , 210 , 218 –19, 227 , 243 , 244 , 248 , 251 , 299 , 302 , 376 , 390 ;

restoration of, 205 , 211 , 216 , 218 , 236 , 244 , 249 , 257 , 274 , 409 ;

role of, 107 , 202 , 210 , 218 , 233 , 243 –44, 374 , 377 , 389 ;

and scientific intelligentsia, 225 , 378 , 401 ;

and scientific public opinion, 13 ;

land scientists'

identity, 130 ;

SEU and, 434 ;

and social

― 556 ―

identity, 267 ;

Stalin's death and, 209 ;

student movements and, 14 ;

toleration of, 17 ;

VOOP and, 31 , 53 ;

during World War II, 57 , 58

"Zapovedniki and Game Management" (Bel'skii), 250

"The Zapovedniki Need a Single Administration" (Kozlovskii), 377 –78

Zapovedniki of the Soviet Union (Shaposhnikov), 233

Zapovedniki of the USSR Academy of Sciences and of the Academies of the Union Republics,219

Zapovedniki Sovetskogo Soiuza, 150

Zapovedniki SSSR (Zapovedniki of the USSR), 130

"Zapovenye pni" ("Protected tree stumps"), 304 , 361

Zaretskii, D. V., 72 , 73 , 78 , 137

Zavadovskii, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 83 , 84 , 93

Zel'dovich, Ia. B., 368

Zelinkina, L. F., 421

Zelinskii, Nikolai Dmitrievich, 126 , 211 , 212 , 213 –14, 215

Zemering (head of Mytishchi branch of VOOP), 191

Zenkevich, Lev, 55 , 363 , 368

Zharikov, V., 348

Zhavoronkov, N. M., 368 , 369 , 372

Zhdanov, Andrei A., 73 , 74 , 79 , 84

Zhdanov, Iurii Andreevich, 90 –91, 92 , 264 , 289

Zhdanovshchina, 79

Zhideev, N., 330 , 332

Zhigulvskii zapovednik,249 , 301

Zhirinovskii, Vladimir Vol'fovich, 438

Zhitkov, B. M., 48 , 58 , 219

Zhuk, S. Ia., 355 , 356 , 415 –16

Zhukov, S. G., 170 , 420

Zhukova, I. I., 413

Zhurnal ekologii i biotsenologii,44

Znanie (Knowledge) Society, 395

Zonn, Sergei Vladimirovich, 90 , 91 , 207 , 215 , 261 , 461 n30;

and Second Congress of the Geographical Society of the USSR, 271

Zoological Journal (Zoologicheskii zhurnal), 83 , 92

zoos, 58

Zotov, V. P., 18 , 298 , 300 –303, 307

Zozulin, G. M., 392

zubr,30 , 58 , 65 –69, 246 , 344 , 376 ;

defined, 450 .

See also European bison

Zubr (Granin), 67

Zvenigorod, 315 –16

Zver'ev (colonel), 279

Zykov, Kirill Dmitrievich, 394

― 557 ―

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