Index

A

Abe Kichitaro 131

Agriculture: commercial, 12 ;

in Hokkaido, 7 , 27 , 42 ;

in Karafuto, 157

Ainu: cultural diversity among, 30 ;

customs, adoption of by Wajin, 201 n50;

discrimination against, 206 n8;

economy, 18 , 25 -26, 29 , 31 -32, 45 -47, 96 , 206 n9;

ethnicity of, 17 -18, 30 , 42 , 46 , 74 , 95 -96;

in Karafuto fishery, 134 , 164 , 171 ;

labor, at contract fisheries, 24 -25, 39 , 44 , 48 , 51 , 74 ;

labor, and state institutions, 44 -47, 48 , 57 , 96 ;

legal status of, 17 -18, 44 , 95 -96;

population decline of, 29 , 31 , 39 , 66 , 97 , 195 n44;

resistance by, 28 , 40 (see also Shakushain's War); status of in Tokugawa state, 27 -28, 29 , 34 , 35 ;

in Tohoku 32

Aizu domain, 42 , 66

Akinaiba , 25 -26, 31 , 32

Akita: domain, 42 , 61 ;

prefecture, 145

Ando 18

Aomori prefecture, 145

Araida Yosaburo 123

Arano Yasunori, 34

Asao Naohiro, 34

Ascription, achieved, 126

Ashikaga bakufu, 18

Atsuta fishery, 64 , 73 , 140

Attush , 201 n50

B

Bakufu. See Ashikaga bakufu; Kamakura bakufu; State, Tokugawa

Bakuhan state. See State, Tokugawa

Bikuni fishery, 140

Bix, Herbert, 174

Blakiston, Thomas Wright, 1 , 46 , 94 -95, 176

Boshin War, 20 , 43

Bowen, Roger, 174

C

Capital. See Credit

Capitalism: definitions, 3 -5, 44 ;

emergence in Hokkaido fishery, 88 , 90 , 121 -27, 177 ;

and immiseration, 6 , 8 , 83 , 147 , 183 -84;

and proto-industrialization, 9 , 13 , 48 , 182 -83;

and state institutions, 44 -47, 49 , 53 , 88 , 89 , 94 ;

and subjecthood, 170 -75;

Tokugawa origins of, 2 , 88 -92, 180 -82

Capitalists, 121 -28, 170 -75

Chichibu rebellion, 9 , 174

Chikurage, 192 n10

Commercialization, 2 -3, 4 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 89

Conflict, social, 20 -21, 121 ;

over credit, 80 -82, 84 -86;

over fishing rights, 93 -94, 112 , 116 -17, 150 , 151 -65, 171 ;

and proto-industrialization, 180 ;

over taxation, 95 ;

over technological innovation, 70 -72. See also Net-cutting incident; Odomari Incident; Ofuyu Incident

Contract fisheries, 2 , 35 -44;

abolition of, 27 , 43 -44, 96 , 97 -98;

credit relations at, 77 -78, 79 -82;

fishing operations at,

Contract fisheries (continued )

36 -37, 38 -39, 81 -82;

function in emergence of capitalism, 21 , 26 , 44 , 47 -49;

labor relations at, 39 , 63 -66, 96 ;

origins and expansion of, 25 -26, 32 , 36 ;

relations of, with family fishers, 42 , 76 , 80 , 81 -82, 85 -86;

and state institutions, 21 , 36 -38, 41 , 42 , 43 -44, 101

Court, imperial, 18

Credit, 77 -88, 128 -32;

and dependency, 7 , 52 , 129 ;

in emergence of capitalism, 52 , 83 -84, 87 -88, 127 ;

as factor in proletarianization, 52 , 64 , 80 , 83 , 86 -88, 129 ;

in Karafuto fishery, 175 ;

supply of, 42 , 77 -83, 84 , 86 , 129 , 131 -32;

types of, 129 -31. See also Supply lending

D

Date Rin'emon, 43 , 47 , 81 -82

Deindustrialization, 9 , 16 , 91

Democracy, imperial, 173 , 184 , 219 n105

Dependency, 6 , 7 , 8 , 52

Development Agency (Kaitakushi): 14 , 43 , 94 -95;

contract-fishery system, policy toward, 27 , 43 -44, 97 -98

Diet, Imperial: and petitions from Karafuto fishers, 153 -54, 156 , 158 , 161 -62, 164 ;

visit of members of, to Karafuto, 162 -63

Dobb, Maurice, 3

E

Economy, moral, 8 , 22 -23, 174

Edo, 177

Emori Susumu, 31

Enomoto Takeaki, 20

Entrepreneurship, 170 -75

Eramachi village, 103 -4

Esashi village, 32 , 101 , 129

Etchu 38

Etorofu fishery, 36 , 39

Ezo, 191 n2. See also Ezochi; Hokkaido

Ezochi: Ainu labor in, 29 , 44 ;

definitions, 19 , 25 , 191 n2;

institutional status of, 34 , 40 , 57 , 206 n13;

Wajin settlement of, 42 , 61 , 66 , 76

F

Factory ships, 143 -46, 169

Famine: Tenmei, 55 ;

Tenpo 20 , 45 -46, 54 , 58 -59

Fertilizer, fish, 2 , 38 . See also Fishery, herring; Fishery, sardine

Feudalism, 4 , 88 , 89 , 186 n7

Fisheries, Japan, 15 , 99 -100, 205 n4

Fishery, abalone, 15

Fishery, cod, 152 , 155

Fishery, crab. See Factory ships

Fishery, family: capitalist aspirations of, 22 , 150 -51, 169 , 170 , 172 -74;

conflict with pound-trap fishery, 26 -27, 87 -88, 116 -17, 151 -53, 154 -56, 160 -62, 164 , 165 ;

as peasantry, 21 ;

persistence of, 53 ;

pound-trap use in, 70 , 71 , 73 ;

production in, 56 , 60 , 70 , 81 -82, 104 -5, 113 -15;

wage labor use in, 64 -66

Fishery, flounder, 161

Fishery, gill net. See Fishery, family

Fishery, herring, 106 -18;

decline of, 107 , 109 , 111 -12, 117 -18, 176 ;

markets for, 10 , 15 , 16 , 54 -55;

origins of, 25 -26;

production in, 55 -56, 60 -61, 98 , 109 -12, 120 , 205 n4;

as proto-industrialization, 9 -11;

vs. rice cultivation, 179 ;

technology of, 68 -77;

wages in, 200 n38. See also Fishery, family; Fishery, pound trap

Fishery, Karafuto: labor conditions at, 171 ;

legal structure of, 151 , 161 , 165 ;

production, decline of, 167 . See also Conflict, social;

Fishery, family; Fishery, herring; Fishery, pound trap

Fishery, pound trap, 51 -52, 68 -77;

conflict with family fishery, 71 -72, 75 , 116 -17, 153 , 156 -57, 161 -62;

expansion of, 66 , 68 , 71 , 73 , 74 -76;

management of, 68 , 115 -16, 127 , 128 , 153 , 169 -70, 172 ;

small-pound-trap use in, 167 -68

Fishery, salmon. See Factory ships

Fishery, sardine, 15 , 90 -91

Fishing associations and cooperatives, 93 , 99 -100, 158 -59, 165 -68

Fishing rights, 97 -106, 151 -70;

conflict over, 93 -94, 112 , 116 -17, 173 ;

legal structure of, 95 , 97 , 99 , 100 -103, 152 , 160 , 165 -66

Forestry, 55 -56, 66 -67

Frontier, 16 -19

Fujino Kihei, 47 , 85 -86, 116 -17, 122

Fukaura village, 82 -83

Fukuoka domain, 15

Fukuyama, 32 , 84 , 85 , 129 , 191 n2

Furukawa Koshoken 55

Furuu fishery, 123

G

Gill-net fishers. See Fishery, family

Gill-Net Use, Association for the Recognition of, 152

Gluck, Carol, 150

Godo 117 -18

Golovnin Incident, 39 , 41

Gono 89 , 181

Gordon, Andrew, 173

Green-paddy sales, 130 -31

Growth, intensive economic, 6

H

Habuto Masayasu, 41

Hachiman village, 32

Hakodate, 1 , 32 , 42 , 129 , 164 . See also Usukeshi village

Hamamashike fishery: administration of, 43 , 47 ;

family fishers at, 64 -66, 71 , 81 -82, 100 ;

labor at contract fishery, 63 -64. See also Hamamasu fishery; Nakagawaya Yusuke

Hamamasu fishery, 98 , 100 , 125 -26, 130 , 134 . See also Hamamashike fishery; Honma Toyoshichi; Ofuyu Incident

Hanley, Susan, 5 , 6

Haraguchi village, 103 -4

Hara Takashi, 161 , 164

Hasegawa Toshiyuki, 66 , 67

Hayami Akira, 6

Hayashi Chozaemon 24 , 26 , 85 -86. See also Yoichi fishery

Heino 34 -34

Hezutsu Tosaku 77

Hibiya riots, 9

Hida Ryudo 137 , 138 , 143

Hinomoto, 18

Hiraoka Sadataro 158 , 162 -63, 163 -64, 165

Hirao Rosen, 59

Hisasue Zen'emon, 84

Hiyama district, 140

Hokkaido: administration of, 33 -34, 43 (see also Development Agency; Matsumae domain);

agriculture in, 7 , 41 ;

economy of, 14 , 28 , 45 , 145 , 205 n4;

as frontier, 15 , 16 -19;

as name of island, 141 n2, 206 n13;

sovereignty of, 14 , 17 , 19 , 74

Hokkaido Fisheries Association, 138

Hokkaido 117

Honma Toyoshichi: as creditor, 130 , 131 ;

labor relations of, 134 , 138 , 139 , 141 , 142 -43. See also H amamasu fishery

Hyogo 38

I

Ichiki Kitokuro 159 , 164

Ii Naosuke, 85

Immiseration, 120 , 146 -47, 183 -84

Indigo processing, 11

Industrialization, factory, 11

Industrious revolution, 6

Inland Sea, 14

Inns, transient, 59 , 63

Irokawa Daikichi, 174

Ironworking, 11

Ishiguro Tokujiro 165

Ishikari fishery, 98 , 194 n37

Ishikawa Hiroshi, 101

Isoya fishery, 42 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 73

Iwanai fishery, 76 , 123

Iwate prefecture, 145

Japan, Sea of, 14 , 82 -83

Jones, Eric, 6

Journalists, 160

Jurchens, 190 n51

K

Kaga domain, 38

Kaiho Mineo, 30 , 34

Kaitakushi. See Development Agency

Kakizaki Yoshihiro, 28

Kamakura bakufu, 18

Kameda village, 60

Kaminokuni village, 28 , 101

Kaneko Kishichiro 126

Kanto 14 , 15 , 16 , 38 , 179

Karafuto: administration of, 47 , 149 , 151 -52, 154 ;

definition, 214 n1;

economy of, 15 , 22 , 36 , 152 , 157 ;

Russian raids on, 41 . See also Fishery, Karafuto; Sakhalin

Karafuto Association, 163

Karafuto Bussan, 164 , 169

Karafuto Fisheries Administration, Alliance to Reform, 159

Karafuto Gyogyo 169

Karafuto Kyodo 170

Karafuto People's Association, 159 , 165

Karafuto Pound-Trap Fishery Associations, Federation of, 153 , 162

Kato 130

Katsura Gengo, 106

Kawamura Zuiken, 177

Kelly, William, 2

Kii province, 15

Kinai plain, 13 , 14 , 16

Kishida San'emon, 78 -79

Kitajima Masamoto, 35

Kitamaebune, 38

Kobayashi Takiji, 137 , 145 , 169

Kokudaka system, 34 -35, 58 , 178 -79, 191 n3, 194 n32

Korea, 18 , 19 , 34 , 172

Kriedte, Peter, 92

Kumagai Kiichiro 152 -53, 158

Kumaishi village, 72 , 119

Kunashiri-Menashi rebellion, 40

Kuril islands, 40

Kushunnai village, 160

Kusunose Yukihiko, 154 -55

Kuwata Ryusai 195 n44

Kyushu, 15

Labor, wage, 53 -67, 132 -47;

as credit transaction, 83 ;

expansion of, 39 , 48 , 51 , 54 , 56 -57, 66 ;

nature of, 4 , 17 , 44 , 46 -47;

recruitment of, 63 , 64 -66, 136 -37, 167 ;

social status of workers, 135 , 137 -38, 172 ;

wages, 64 , 138 , 140 -43, 200 n38;

work conditions, 53 , 64 , 67 , 138 -43, 171 -72

Landor, A. H. Savage, 17

Leather industry, 188 n29

Leupp, Gary, 48

Licensees' Union, 152

M

Makino Nenomatsu, 165

Manufactures, 48 -49, 198 n74

Markets, fertilizer, 38 , 81 -83

Marx, Karl, 4 Mashike fishery, 61 , 93

Matsukata deflation, 110 , 131 , 132 Matsumae. See Fukuyama; Matsumae domain

Matsumaechi, 193 n17. See also Wajinchi

Matsumae domain, 27 -35, 56 -61;

agriculture in, 25 , 32 ;

and contract-fishery system, 21 , 25 , 32 , 44 ;

economy of, 26 , 32 , 52 -53, 177 ;

and family fishery, 21 , 71 -74, 84 -86;

law and institutions of, 28 , 33 , 35 -36, 56 -58, 59 -61, 74 , 102 , 177 ;

origins of, 27 -29;

policies of, toward Ainu, 29 , 30 , 31 -32, 57 ;

status of in Tokugawa state, 18 , 19 , 29 , 33 -35, 41 , 74 , 191 n3, 194 n32

Matsumaeryo 193 n 17. See also Wajinchi

Matsumae Yoshihiro, 28 Medick, Hans, 92

Meiji Restoration, 20 , 88 -92

Mendels, Franklin, 92

Merchant capital, 44 -49;

and credit, 83 ;

in Nanbu domain, 180 ;

role in emergence of capitalism, 48 , 90 , 180 , 197 n72, 221 n16

Mitsui Bussan, 122

Miyajima Matsuji, 159

Moriya Yoshimi, 85 , 86

Muragaki Noritada, 72 -73

Murayama Denbei, 71

N

Nakagawaya Yusuke 43 , 47 , 63 -64;

relations with family fishers, 43 , 66 , 76 , 82 , 100 . See also Hamamashike fishery

Nakatsuka Gyogyo 169

Nanbu domain: administration of territory in Hokkaido, 40 , 42 ;

Ainu trade of, 29 ;

economy of, 14 , 32 , 66 -67, 179 -80

National-prosperity thought, 89

Nayashi village, 160

Nemuro district, 116 -17

Net-cutting incident, 71 -72, 75

Newfoundland, 139

Nichiro Gyogyo 169

Nipponchi, 193 n17. See also Wajinchi

Nippon Shokuryohin 118

Nippon Suisan, 118

Nishikawa Den'emon, 47

Nissan cartel, 118

Nodasan village, 152

Noto province, 38

O

Obama, 38

Odomari 159 -60

Ofuyu Incident, 93 -94, 97

Oguma Koichiro 169

Oguro Kaemon, 116

Ohata 134

Oil, vegetable, 11

Okada Bunji, 165

Okinawa, 19 , 34

Omi 14 , 26 , 32 , 38

Omiya 39

Onibishi, 30

Ono 47

Osaka, 14 , 15 , 26 , 38

Oshoro fishery, 47

Ota 72

Otaki 142

Otaru, 129 , 164

Otaru Chamber of Commerce, 164

Otoshibe village, 132

Outcastes, 188 n29

P

Papermaking, 11

Pratt, Edward, 89 , 181

Production, in Hokkaido fishery, 106 -18 Proletarianization, 132 -47;

and credit, 83 -84, 86 ;

of family fishers, 52 , 95 , 101 -2, 135 -36;

nature of, 102 , 105 , 132 -34, 136 ;

in Tohoku 134 -35

Property rights, 44 , 96 -106, 183

Proto-industrialization, 9 -16, 90 -92, 179 -83;

and capitalism, 9 , 10 -11, 13 , 48 , 90 -91, 179 -80, 181 -83;

and commercialization, 12 , 13 , 188 n32;

demographic aspects of, 9 , 12 ;

and feudalism, 91 , 179 ;

in Japan, 9 -13, 90 -91, 174 -75, 179 -80, 181 -82;

regional specialization in, 11 , 13 -16;

and rice cultivation, 178 -79;

and state institutions, 12 , 179 , 181

Putting-out, 48 -49,198 n74

R

Rice cultivation, institutional meaning of, 178 -79

Rice riots, 9

Riemon, 79

Rishiri island, 41

Roberts, Luke, 89

Rumoi fishery, 43 , 112 -13

Russia, 19 , 40 , 41

Ryohamagumi 32 -33

Ryujiro 79

Ryukyu, 34 . See also Okinawa

S

Saga Kichijiro 176

Saito 11 , 12

Sakai Tadaiku, 125 Sakata, 177

Sake brewing, 11

Sakhalin, 151 , 172 ;

definition, 214 n1. See also Karafuto

Sakoku , 34

Samurai class, 25 . See also Heino bunri

Sanhei rebellions, 180 Sannojo 67

Sardines, dried, 195 n40

Sasaki Junnosuke, 35

Sasanami Kyuemon 60

Sato 76 , 82

Satsuma: domain, 19 , 34 ;

village (Omi 32

Sawaguchi Toyojiro 126

Scheiner, Irwin, 174

Schlumbohm, Jürgen, 13 , 92

Seclusion, national, 34

Seiyukai 163

Sekinai village, 60

Sendai domain, 42 , 84

Settsu province, 15

Shakushain, 29 , 30

Shakushain's War, 29 , 30 , 31

Shamo , 193 n17. See also Wajin

Shamochi, 193 n17. See also Wajinchi Shimofuro village, 29

Shimoina district, 183

Shimokita peninsula, 29 , 66 -67, 134 -35

Shimonokuni Hirosue, 30

Shinano province, 14

Shingu 90 -91

Shiokoshi village, 66

Shodayu 30 , 193 n14

Shonai 42 -43, 81 -82, 84

Shukaku 131

Sider, Gerald, 221 n16

Smith, Thomas, 6 , 12

Soma 127

SouthPacific islands, 19

Soya 123

Soy-sauce brewing, 11 , 16

State: definition, 33

State, Meiji, and fishery administration, 22 , 94 -97, 98 -100. See also Development Agency

State, Tokugawa: administration of Hokkaido, 40 -43, 61 , 72 -73, 74 , 84 ;

economy of, 6 , 12 , 67 , 89 , 177 -78;

foreign relations of, 18 -19, 34 ;

institutions of, 33 -34, 89 , 194 n25

Stephan, John, 41

Subjecthood, 150 , 170 -75

Sugar processing, 11

Suhara Kakubei, 43 , 47 , 70 -71, 122 , 128

Supply lending, 49 , 77 -79, 129 . See also Credit

Suzuki Takahiro, 85 , 86

T

Taiwan, 19

Tajima Yoshiya, 75

Takadaya Kahei, 39

Takashima fishery, 47

Takeda Nobuhiro, 28 , 192 n7

Takedaya Jintaro 59

Tamura Ichiro 175

TanumaOkitsugu, 178

Tawaramono , 67

Taxation: of fishery, 58 , 95 , 101 , 151 ;

of land, 99 , 102 -5, 106

Tea processing, 11

Technology, fishing, 68 -77, 110 , 116 -17, 156 , 157 -58. See also Fishery, family; Fishery, Karafuto; Fishery, pound trap

Textile industry, 10 , 11 , 16 , 182 Toby, Ronald, 87

Tohoku 13 , 32 , 54 , 66

Tokugawa bakufu. See State, Tokugawa

Tokugawa Ieyasu, 28 -29

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, 29

Tosa domain, 14

Tosaminato village, 18

Toyama prefecture, 173 -74, 184

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 28

Trading posts (akinaiba ), 25 -26, 31 , 32

Tsugaru domain, 29 , 32 , 40 , 42

Tsuruga, 38

Tsushima domain, 34 , 177 , 191 n3

Tsutsumi Seiroku, 169

U

Uchiyama Kichita, 162

Umsa ceremony, 32

Usukeshi village, 28

Utasutsu fishery, 42 , 63 , 64

W

Wada Kenzo 154

Wajin:definition, 2 ;

ethnicity of, 192 n7

Wajinchi: definition, 25 , 191 n2, 193 n17;

economy of, 57 , 58 , 119 ;

institutional status of, 30 , 31 , 34 , 57 , 206 n13;

land tenure in, 100 -103;

population of, 31 , 57 -58

Wakasa province, 38

Watanabe Masasuke, 144

Wax processing, 11

Whale by-product processing, 11

Wigen, Kären, 183

Women, 61 , 136

Workers. See Labor, wage; Proletarianization

Y

Yamada Bun'emon, 39

Yamamoto Gonnohyoe 161

Yamamura, Kozo, 5 , 6

Yanagawa: district (Tohoku 41 ;

village (Omi 32

Yezo, 191 n2. See also Ezochi

Yoichi fishery: family fishers at, 61 , 71 , 75 , 84 ;

labor at contract fishery, 63 ;

over-fishing at, 111 -12. See also Hayashi Chozaemon

YonebayashiIsaburo 175

Yukar , 196 n44