INDEX

A

Abraham, Meera, 3 , 189 , 193

Accimar panam. See Deposits

Account books, 95 -99, 189 , 195 ;

kurippu , 97 , 118 ;

pekki pustakam , 97 , 117 ;

peredu , 96 -99, 115 , 117 ;

press copy book, 97 ;

vatti chitti , 97 , 103

Accounting, 70 -73, 82 -84, 95 -99, 100 -103;

between affines, 174 , 176 -178, 180 ;

by temples, 195 , 209 -210;

lack of evidence for Nakarattar double-entry bookkeeping, 96

Adas, Michael, 5 , 7 , 80 -81

Adathi ("parent banker"), 24 , 77 , 92 , 108 , 116 -117, 119 -124, 189 , 214 , 217 , 230 . See also Nakarattar elite

Adathi kadai panam. See Deposits

Adathi list, 77 , 230

Adrstartha. See Hinduism

Aduthal , 118 -119

Affinal gifts and prestations, 174 -175, 179 -180, 217 ;

cir , 164 , 174 -179, 183 , 186 , 217 , 218 , 219 ;

cir tanam , 164 , 171 -172, 175 -177, 179 ;

cir varacai , 172 , 175 -177, 179 ;

cost of, 170 -174;

internal and external, 172 , 179 -180, 186 , 219 (see also cir; moi );

mamiyar caman , 171 -172;

moi , 175 -177, 179 , 219 ;

murai , 127 , 177 -179, 183 -186, 217 ;

piratu itatukkoti , 179 ;

revei , 175 ;

source of funds for, 173 ;

symmetric and asymmetric, 179 -180, 187 ;

tali , 178 ;

vevu , 168 , 179

Affinal kindred. See Nakarattar kin groups. See also Territorial division: vattakai

Affines: in contrast to kin, 161 , 180 -184, 208 ;

definition of, 160 -163, 180 -183;

perpetual and one-shot, 163 , 181 -183, 186 ;

terminological, 217 ;

virtual and perfect, 180 -184. See also Affinal gifts and prestations: murai

Affinity. See Affines: virtual and perfect; see also Marriage alliance

Agraharam , 195

Agricultural zones, 25 -26, 31 , 65

Aiyar, R. Sathyanatha, 55

Allahabad, 42 -43

Allen, G. C., and A. G. Donnithorne, 86 -88

Ancestor worship, 199 -201. See also Worship (puja): pataippu

Annamalai Mandram. See Tamil Music Academy (Raja Annamalai Mandram)

Annamalai Music College, 149

Annamalai University, 149 -150, 153 , 155 , 215 -216

Anpu. See Values: devotion (anpu )

Anti-Brahman movement, 45 , 147 . See also Tamil Renaissance

Appadurai, Arjun, 10 , 45 , 47 , 138 -140, 142 -143, 214 -215, 228 , 235

Arai . See Kitangi (agency office)

Arakan, 80

Arappattayankal , 135 , 139

Arasaratnam, Sinnappah, 45 -46, 55 , 58 , 74

Arccanai. See Worship

Architecture: houses, 14, 112 , plates 9 -15;

temples, plates 16 -18

Arooran, Nambi, 149 -150, 152 -153

Arzee , 63

Asceticism, 134

Asti vari. See Religious tithes

Asti vari kuttam , 210 -211

Athekkur , 208

Avi , 200 , 206

B

Babb, Lawrence, 140 ,142

Bagchi, A. K., 38 , 64

Baker, Christopher John, 7 , 17 , 25 , 34 , 42 , 150 , 152

Bankers. See Merchants, moneylenders, bankers

Banking: caste-based ("informal") organization, 38 -39, 90 , chapters 5 and 6 passim , 232 -234;

Western-style ("organized"), 38 , 90 , 103 , 234

Banking enquiry committees, 69 -70, 76 , 82 , 96

Banks: Arbuthnot's Bank, 148 ;

Bank of Madurai, 154 ;

British exchange banks, 77 , 80 , 84 -87, 122 ;

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, 84 , 122 ;

Commercial and Land Bank of Madurai, 66 ;

Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, 122 ;

Imperial Bank of India, 77 , 80 , 84 , 122 , 149 , 154 , 184 ;

Indian Bank, 148 , 154 -157;

Indian Overseas Bank, 154 ;

Lloyds Bank, 122 ;

Mercantile Bank, 122 ;

National Bank, 122 ;

P. and O. Bank, 122 ;

Presidency Bank of Madras, 64 ;

Reserve Bank of India, 154 ;

Yokohama Specie Bank, 122

Barnett, Stephen Alan, 18

Bastianpillai, B., 73 -74

Basu, Susan Neild, 45 -47, 152

Bayly, C. A., 34 , 41 -42, 47 , 89 , 129

Bazaars, 41 -42

Beck, Brenda, 10 , 187 , 217 , 220 -221, 223 , 226 -228

Benares, 42 -43

Bengal rice, 59 -60

Bijapur, 55

Bill of exchange. See Financial instruments

Bloch, Maurice, 235

Boissevain, Jeremy, 18

Bookkeeping. See Accounting

Bourdieu, Pierre, 10 , 18 , 213 , 235

Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai, 7 , 10 , 134 , 138 , 140 -141, 143 , 149 , 193

Brennig, Joseph J., 45 , 46

Bribery, in Madras politics, 150

British jurists, 37 -39

Buchanan, Francis H., 33 , 39

Burghers and burgher cities, 41 -44

Burkhart, G., 163

Burma, 79 -85;

Burmese credit market, 80 -81;

Lower Burma Land and Revenue Act of 1876, 80 -81;

Nakarattar assets, 81 -84;

Nakarattar landowning, 84 , 120 -121;

oil, 82 ;

Rangoon Nattukottai Chettiar Association, 82 ;

rice and paddy industry, 5 , 82 , 84 -85;

and Suez canal, 80 ;

timber, 82 , 149

Burmese Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, 6 , 7 , 69 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 91 -92, 95 , 100

Business training. See Nakarattar business training

C

Calcutta, 60 , 123

Campantipuram. See Nakarattar kin groups (affinal)

Capitalist transformation, 15 , 33 -35

Capper, John, 104

Carroll, Lucy, 18

Caste, chapter 2 passim , 236 ;

and business, 43 -44, 47 -49;

as constellation of kin groups, 22 -25;

corporacy of, 16 , 18 , 22 -24;

ethnicization of, 17 -19, 24 ;

as functional adaptation to occupational specialization, 11 , 21 , 24 -30, 213 , 227 -228;

as institution, 9 ;

as jati , 17 , 224 -225;

left-hand/right-hand division of, 10 , 46 -47, 179 -180, 183 , 187 , 227 -228;

mercantile variations in, 26 -29, 187 -188;

as political faction, 17 -18;

racialization of, 17 -18, 24 ;

substantialization of, 17 -18;

as symbolic capital, 9 , 17 -19, 31 -32, 213 -214, 231 ;

as umbrella category, 18 , 213 ;

as varna , 16 , 19 , 227 ;

in Western and non-Western politics, 19 , 21 -22. See also Caste in western social science; Subcaste

Caste associations, 17 , 48 , 169 , 193

Caste histories. See Jati varalaru

Caste in western social science: Beck's theories, 10 , 187 , 217 , 220 ;

Dumont's theories, 16 , 18 -19, 141 -143, 223 , 230 ;

ethnosociological interpretations, 9 -10, 217 ;

historiographic interpretations, 11 , 17 , 22 -26, 99 , 213 ;

Hocart's theories, 10 , 141 -143;

Marriott's theories, 9 -10, 217 ;

revisionary theories, 8 -9, 142 -143;

standard view of caste, 16 -17;

structuralist interpretations (see Beck's theories; Dumont's theories); typifications about, 21 -22;

Washbrook's theories, 18 -22, 48 -49

Castes: Banyas, 39 ;

Brahmans, 9 , 45 , 129 , 142 , 152 , 158 , 206 ;

Chettis (non-Nakarattar), 26 -27, 45 , 49 , 56 ;

Goundars (Goundar Vellalars), 219 -221, 223 , 229 ;

Gujaratis, 90 ;

Kaikkolars, 9 , 27 -30, 40 ;

Kallars (general), 175 -176, 185 , 207 , 219 -220, 223 , 229 ;

Kallars, Pramalai, 8 -9, 174 , 179 , 182 -183, 223 ;

Kallars, Pudukottai, 222 -224;

Kayasths, 22 -25;

Komatis, 19 -21, 26 , 158 ;

Konars, 207 ;

Lubbais, 56 ;

Marathas, 55 ;

Maravars, 9 , 58 , 174 -175, 219 , 223 ;

Marwaris, 26 -27, 39 , 44 , 64 , 90 , 122 ;

Maryakkarars, 38 ;

Mudaliars, 158 ;

Multanis, 90 ;

Nadars, 26 -27, 64 , 155 , 185 ;

Nakarattars (Nattukottai Chettiars; see Nakarattar entries );

Nattars, 191 , 206 -207;

Pandarams, 206 ;

Paravars, 58 ;

Parsis, 39 ;

"untouchable" or Harijan castes, 25 , 154 , 207 ;

Vellalars, 45 , 174 -176, 219

Cave, Henry W., 104

Ceylon, 73 -79;

and British banks, 73 -74, 76 ;

cement and construction industries, 148 ;

Ceylon Business Names Ordinance, 110 ;

Chetty Crisis of 1925, 78 ;

cinnamon, 59 ;

coffee blight, 59 , 74 ;

coffee plantations, 74 ;

credit market, 76 ;

and Dutch, 58 ;

export crops (various), 5 , 59 , 73 -74;

hundi exchange between Madras and, 59 ;

and Nakarattar assets, 76 , 78 -79;

and Nakarattar landowning, 79 -80;

and Nakarattar moneylending, 76 -79;

and Nakarattar relations with British banks, 77

Ceylon Banking Commission (CBC), 76 , 78 , 79

Ceylon Banking Enquiry Committee (CBEC), 6 , 69

Ceylon Straits, 58

Chandra, Bipan., 40

Chandrasekhar, S., 166

Chandravarkar, Rajnarayan, 15

Charisma of gifts, 231

Chaudhuri, K. N., 40 , 45

Cheng, Siok Hwa, 85 , 86

Chettiar, S. M. Lakshmanan (Somalay). See Lakshmanan Chettiar, S. M.

Chettinad (Nakarattar homeland), 1 , 29 , 56 , 95 , 116 , 123 , 125 , 127 , 134 -135, 137 , 166 -169, 187 , 189 -212;

in myth, 190 -191, 227 ;

Nakarattar investment in, 3 , 71 -73, 189 -190;

politics of, 189 , 219 -220;

territorial divisions (see also Territorial division: vattakai ); villages of (see also Territorial division: village)

Chettinadum Tamilum , 167

Chettinad village, 148

Chetty, R. K. Shanmugam, 150

Chetty Crisis of 1925, 78

Chidambaram, 134 , 149 , 152 -153

Chief merchants, 46 -49

Chola kingdom, 166 , 192

Cir. See Affinal gifts and prestations

Circuits of capital, 59 , 108 , 144

Circuits of trade, 30 , 59

Clan. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Claus, Peter, 142

Cohen, Abner, 18 , 234

Coimbatore , 64 , 153 , 169 , 187 , 220

Collectivism, 17 , 24 , 89 -90, chapter 6 passim. See also Caste: corporacy of

Colombo, 59 , 90 , 110 , 126

Colombo Nattukottai Chettiar Association, 76 , 79

Colonialism, 4 -5, 15 , 17 , 33 -34, 37 , 39 , 46 , 54 , 64 -65, 69 , 85 , 88

Colonial politics. See Politics

Commander, S., 40

Community meetings. See Asti vari kuttam ; Caste associations; Nakarakkuttam; Panchayat

Compartmentalization, 133 -134

Conflict and conflict resolution: between brothers, 111 , 113 -114, 127 ;

between business associates; 126 -128;

between collateral lineages (kuttikkira pankalis ), 208 -209;

between fathers and sons, 113 ;

between firms and clients; 110 -111;

between in-laws, 127 ;

between money-lenders and zamindars , 64 -67;

between Nakarattars and

Conflict and conflict resolution (continued )

non-Nakarattars (Nattars), over temple entry in Chettinad, 211 ;

in relation to panchayats, 108 , 166 , 169 ;

over status, 216 ;

between uncles and nephews, 113 -114;

between village temple committees (karyakkarars ) and village residents, 211 . See also Asti vari kuttam ; Laws; Litigation; Nakarakkutam

Conflict minimization, 126 -128, 202

Congress Party, 150 , 152 , 216

Consanguines, consanguinity. See Affines: in contrast to kin

Contakkarar (kin), 160 . See also Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Contam illai (non-kin), 160

Coromandel , 42 , 47

Corporacy, 17 -18, 22 -25

Crawfurd, John, 33 , 39

Credit, 30 , 37 -39; chapter 5 passim

Credit markets, 56 , 69 , 74 -81, 154

Cross-cousin marriage. See Marriage, cross-cousin

Cross-relatives, 4 , 179

Cult: descent-based-cum-territorial, 197 -212, 219 -224;

multi-village, 201 ;

regional, 200 . See also Temples (kovils )

Cultural ecology, 25 -26, 31 -32, 65

Cultural principles, 9 , 220 . See also Values

Curtin, Philip D., 234

Cutcherry, 63

D

Darling, Sir Malcolm, 36

Das Gupta, Ashin, 34

Day, David H., 133

Deepavali. See Religious festivals

Deities and ghosts: avi , 200 , 206 ;

grama teyvam , 225 ;

kula teyvam , 3 -4, 199 -201, 225 ;

nattu teyvam , 225 ;

pey , 199 ;

silence of temple gods, 215 ;

teyvata , 199 -200. See also Temples, by category; Temples, by deity

Deposits, 232 -233;

accimar panam , 102 , 164 , 170 -174, 179 -180, 217 -218, 232 ;

adathi kadai panam , 102 , 214 , 216 , 232 ;

kadai kanakku , 90 -92, 232 ;

kovil panam (dharma panam), 102 , 195 , 203 , 214 ;

mempanam , 102 -103, 232 ;

mudal panam contrasted with sontha mudal (sontha thavanai panam), 84 , 100 -103;

nadappu kanakku , 90 -92;

sontha mudal (sontha thavanai panam) contrasted with mudal panam , 84 , 100 -103;

tanatu maral panam , 102 , 232 ;

thavanai kanakku , 90 -92, 103 ;

vayan vatti kanakku , 90 -92;

vellaikkaran panam , 102

Descent:

nd cult membership, 195 -212;

and Hinduism (see Hinduism);

and segmentary lineage organization, 196 -197;

and territory, 195 -212

Descent groups, local, 181 , 183 , 196 -197

Descent lines, 181

Devakottai, 65 , 90 , 125 , 127 , 169 , 212

Devastanam property, 195 , 198 , 203

Developmental cycle of joint families, 114

Deyell, John S., 34

Dhanuskodi , 117 , 147

Dharma , 105 , 143 , 146 , 197 , 225 -226. See also Hinduism; Substance-codes (gross and simple)

Dharma karta (temple trustee). See Temples, personnel of

Dharmasastra , 197 , 227

Dharsan hundi . See Hundis

Diachrony: developmental cycle of joint families, 114 ;

in evolution of Nakarattar system of cross-cut segmentation, 197 -202;

in marriage alliance, 181 -183, 186 . See also Affines: perpetual and one-shot; Modernization theory

Diasporas, 27

Dirks, Nicholas B., 10 , 18 , 26 , 40 , 141 , 223

District boards, 169 , 191 , 206

Dominant caste: definition, 9 , 29 ;

forms of organization, 26 , 40 , 220 , 223 , 229 ;

mythic charters for, 215 -216, 224 -226, 228 . See also Jati varalaru

Dominant lineage. See Politics: in villages

Double-entry bookkeeping. See Accounting

Dowry: control by husband's family, 102 , 164 -165, 176 , 217 ;

expenses, 170 -174;

father's obligations for, 171 -174, 178 ;

as inheritance through female line, 164 , 176 ;

negotiation of, 164 -166, 169 . See also Affinal gifts and prestations: cir

Dravidian kinship, 9 , 165 , 180 -188, 216 -217

Dravidian Renaissance. See Tamil Renaissance

Dubash. See Merchants, moneylenders, bankers

Dumont, Louis, 8 -10, 16 , 18 , 26 , 142 -143, 163 , 174 -175, 180 -182, 186 , 220 , 223

E

East India Company. See Merchants, moneylenders, bankers

Economic depressions: nineteenth-century, 65 ;

twentieth-century, 69 , 82 , 84 , 87 -88, 190

Elayathakudi Devasthanam. See Ilayathakudi: Devasthanam

Elementary structures of kinship, 166 , 187 , 217

Elites: administrative, 45 , 148 ;

in Madras city, 151 -152, 156 ;

mercantile (see Mercantile elite; Nakarattar elite); professional, 45 , 148 ;

rural, 148 , 210 -212

Elphinstone, Lord, 151

Endogamy, 16 , 19 -20, 29 , 47 , 127 , 166 , 167 . See also Territorial endogamy

Endowment (kattalai ). See Religious gifting and secular philanthropy

Erskine, Lord, 150

Essentialism, 10 , 15 , 236

Ethnicization. See Caste, ethnicization of

Ethnosociology. See Caste in western social science: Marriott's theories

Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 128

Exchange: asymmetrical, kattalai for maryatai , 193 , 201 , 212 ;

asymmetrical, service for royal honors, 26 , 228 ;

asymmetrical, upachara for maryatai , 139 -141;

morality of, 218 ;

symmetrical exchange of credit, 228 ;

and trust, 159 . See also Prestation; Substance-codes (gross and simple)

Exogamy, 166 , 202

F

Fabian, Johannes, 15

Ferguson's Handbook, 74

Fetishization of exchange objects, 231

Fieldwork, 1 -2, 154 -155, 160

Financial instruments, 231 -232;

bills of exchange, 57 ;

Chinese promissory notes and bills of exchange, 85 ;

hundis (see Hundis );

teeps , 57 , 61

Fort St. George, 62 , 65

Fox, Richard G., 42

Fuller, C. J., 15 , 40 , 139 -140, 142

Furber, Holden, 45

Furnivall, J. S., 38 , 80 , 85

G

Gadgil, D. R., 43

Gallager, J., 17

Gandhi, M. K., 150

Geertz, Clifford, 16

Genealogical distance, 162 , 199 , 202 , 224

Generative social relationships, 231

Generosity (vallanmai ). See Values

Ghost (pey ), 199

Ghost propitiation. See Worship: pataippu

Gifting. See Religious gifting and secular philanthropy. See also Affinal gifts and prestations; Prestation

Golkonda , 42

Gomastas , 62

Good, Anthony, 40

Gotra , 191 , 197 , 202

Grain prices, 65

Greenough, Paul R., 40

Gujarat, 42

Gulf of Mannar, 58

Gurney, J. D., 62

H

Habib, Irfan, 34 , 40 , 43 , 56 , 64

Hall, Kenneth R., 3 , 134 , 189

Hardgrave, Robert L., Jr., 17 , 26 , 64 , 129 , 143

Harper, Edward B., 104 , 142

Hearthhold (pulli ). See Nakarattar kinship groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Hierarchy, 223 . See also Ideology; Values

Hinduism: and business and capitalism, 45 , 47 , 105 -106, 129 -130, 133 -135, 144 ;

and deities (see Deities and ghosts; see also Temples, by category; Temples, by deity); and descent, 196 -197;

devotionalism, 141 ;

and dharma , 105 , 143 , 146 , 197 , 226 ;

drstartha ("this worldly") and adrstartha ("otherworldly"), 105 , 134 ;

and inheritance, 165 , 196 -197;

and jivika (livelihood), 105 ;

and joint families, 66 , 113 , 197 , 200 ;

and karma , 146 ;

non-fatalistic outlook of, 105 -106, 216 ;

and politics, 139 -141;

compared with Protestantism, 104 -106, 133 -135

Historical processes. See Diachrony; Modernization theory

Historiography, 33 -34, 39 , 41 -42, 44 -49, 134 , 138 , 144 -145, 147 . See also Caste in western social science: historiographic interpretations

History as political charter, 190 -191, 193 , 214 -216

Hocart, A. M., 10 , 141

Honors. See Maryatai (honor)

Houses. See Architecture

Hundis , 9 , 37 -39, 57 , 92 -95;

adathi , 123 ;

and affinal gifts, 165 ;

as certificates of deposit, 165 ;

dharsan (sight hundi ), 93 -95, 232 ;

discount fees for, 93 ;

exchange, 93 ;

nadappu ("walking" hundi ), 93 -95, 232 ;

negotiability of, 37 -39, 94 -95, 165 ;

pay-order, 94 ;

in a system of exchange, 59 ;

thavanai ("resting" hundi ), 83 , 93 -95, 232 ;

trade, 93

I

Ideology: egalitarian, 223 , 229 ;

hierarchical, 223 . See also Values

Ilayathakudi: clan, 226 ;

Devasthanam, 194 , 196 ;

temple, 194 -196

Inam (tax-free land), 194 , 198 , 211 , 223

Inden, Ronald B., 15 -16

Independence movement. See Indian nationalism

Indian Chamber of Commerce, 147

Indian nationalism, 17 , 45 , 144 -145, 147

Individualism. See Values

Industrial combine, 107

Industrialization, 3 , 6 , 55

Inflation, 78 , 181

Information, control of, 30 , 108 , 117 -118, 126 , 128 , 168 -169, 211

Inglis, Stephen, 142

Inheritance and succession, 112 -113, 165 , 178 , 208 ;

through female line, 164 , 176 , 217 (see also Affinal gifts and prestations: cir ; Deposits: accimar panam );

of temple trusteeship, 200 -201, 211 -212. See also Murai

Interest rates, 4 ;

procedures for setting, 90 -92, 95 , 123 -124;

rate structures, 81 ;

rates in given years, 90 -92;

thavanai vatti , 90 -92;

vayan vatti , 90 -92

Iraniyur: clan, 226 ;

temple, plates 17 -18

Irrationality. See Rationality

Irschick, Eugene F., 152

Isaniya Sivachariya, 137

Ito, Shoji, 106 , 112

J

Jajmani system, 39 -41, 48

Jati. See Caste

Jati varalaru , 53 -54, 226 -228. See also Nakarattar varalaru

Johnson, Gordon, 17

Joint family (valavu ). See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Joint stock companies, 45

Jural rules, 183 . See also Inheritance and succession; Marriage rules

Justice Party, 148 , 150 , 152 , 216

Jutha , 140 -141

K

Kadai kanakku , 90 -92, 232

Kaimathu panam , 119

Kalyanattukku caman vaitta vivaram , 176 . See also Accounting: between affines

Kanakku : as an account (see Account books; Accounting; Deposits);

as a period of employment, 115 -118

Kandu kisti , 119

Kanthapura (by Raja Rao), 36

Karai : as Nakarattar lineage segment, 167 ;

as Pudukkottai Kallar lineage segment, 224 -225

Karaikudi , 125 , 149 , 212

Karma , 146

Karyakkarar. See Temples, personnel of

Kattalai. See Religious gifting and secular philanthropy

Kattupattu , 208

Kaveripumpattinam , 227

Khare, Ravindra S., 202

Kila Vattakai, 167

Kilappattur , 167

Kilasivalpatti , 195

Kin terms. See Nakarattar kin terms

Kindred: definition of, 162 ;

of recognition or cooperation, 23 . See also Nakarattar kin groups (bilateral): affinal kindred

Kings and chiefs, 10 , 26 , 55 , 61 -62, 138 -139, 141 -143, 145 , 191 , 196 -197, 227 ;

landlords as, 5 ;

little kings, 5 , 10 , 62 ;

palaiyakkarar (poligar), 55 , 61 ;

raja, 55 ;

setupati , 55 ;

tondaiman , 55 ;

zamindar , 5 , 61 -62, 67 , 230

Kinship, 159 , 181 , 183 . See also Elementary structures of kinship; Dravidian kinship; Nakarattar kinship. See Nakarattar kin categories; Nakarattar kin groups; Nakarattar kin terms

Kitangi (agency office), 118

Kongunad (Kongunadu), 10 , 25 , 87 , 220 -221, 228 . See also Politics

Kopytoff, Igor, 232

Kovil :

as Nakarattar clan (see Nakarattar kin groups: descent-cum-worship based);

as temple (see Temple)

Kovil panam. See Deposits

Kovil pankali. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Krishnamurty, J., 34

Krishnan, V., 6 , 7 , 37 , 71 , 82 , 95 , 112 , 127 , 129

Krishna Rao, M. V. G., 47 , 57

Kula , 197

Kula teyvam. See Deities and ghosts

Kumar, Dharma, 65

Kumbakonam, 153

Kuppam (Pudukottai Kallar lineage cluster), 224 -225

Kurippu , 97 , 118

Kuttikira pankali. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Kutumpam. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based): valavu

L

Lady Willingdon Club, 156

Lakshmanan Chettiar, S. M. (Somalay), 6 , 60 , 96 -97, 129 , 167 -174, 184 -185, 209 -211

Lamb, Helen, 43

Land-owning, 64 -67, 79 , 80 , 87 , 191

Laws: Annamalai University Act of 1928, 153 ;

Ceylon Business Names Ordinance, 110 ;

Government of India Act of 1935, 145 ;

Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HRCE) Acts of 1817, 1863, and 1925, 146 , 193 ;

Lower Burma Land and Revenue Act of 1876, 80 , 81 ;

Minute on Education (1839), 151 ;

Mitakshara, 112 ;

Montague-Chelmsford Act of 1921, 145 , 206 ;

Morley-Minto Act of 1905, 145 , 206 ;

Negotiable Instruments Act, 94 -95;

Ripon Reforms, 144 ;

Small-Holding (Restriction of Sale) Bill (Malaya), 87 -88;

Zamindari Abolition Act of 1947; 65 , 209 , 211

Leach, Edmund, 16 , 181

Leases, 65 , 154

Left-hand castes. See Caste: left-hand/right-hand division of

Leonard, Karen I., 22 , 34 , 43

Leverage, 84

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 166

Lewandowski, Susan, 45 , 47

Liabilities. See Deposits

Life-cycle ceremonies, 199 -200, 202 , 206 , 208 (see also Affinal gifts and prestations: vevu );

at birth, 174 , 179 , 200 ;

at funerals, 116 , 175 , 179 , 206 , 209 , 221 ;

at puberty, 175 , 179 ;

shastiaptapurti kalyanam (wedding renewal ceremony on husband's sixtieth birthday), 178 -179;

weddings (see Affinal gifts and prestations; Marriage ceremonies)

Liminality, 141

Lineage: Goundar, 220 -222;

Nakarattar (see Nakarattar kinship groups: domestic-cum-worship based);

Pudukottai, 224 -225

Liquidity and cash flow, 55 , 82, 91 -95, 101 , 123 , 189 -190, 214 , 218 -219, 233

Litigation: regarding business liability, 110 -111;

between moneylenders and zamindars , 64 -67;

regarding Nakarattar private ownership of Chettinad temples, 193 -194, 211

Little kingdom, 10 , 16 , 19 , 25 . See also Kings and chiefs

Loans: kaimathu panam , 119 ;

kandu kisti , 119 ;

takkavi , 64

Ludden, David, 25 , 40 , 55

M

MacKenzie, Sir Compton, 59 , 86 -87

Madan, T. N., 202

Madras City, 44 , 90 , 117 , 123 , 125 -126, 147 -157

Madras elite sodalities, 156

Madras High Court, 194

Madras Inams Register, 194

Madras Legislative Assembly, 150 , 153

Madras Legislative Council, 149 , 154

Madras Presidency: agricultural loans, 4 -5, 56 -57, 60 -64;

cotton, 56 -57, 148 ;

economic conditions, 65 ;

financing of military, 55 -56;

grain prices, 65 ;

grain trade, 56 -57, 148 ;

inland salt trade, 3 , 31 , 56 -57, 59 , 135 -138, 144 , 148 , 189 ;

land-owning, 64 -67;

land values, 65 ;

Nakarattar trading towns, 56 -57;

pearls, 3 , 58 ;

peshcash , 60 -64;

revenue farming, 60 -64;

taxes, 65 , 70 ;

textiles, 3 , 59

Madras Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee (MPBEC), 6 , 7 , 46 , 69 , 71 , 95 , 149

Madurai, 1 , 55 , 61 , 134 , 153

Magic, 128 , 134

Mahadevan, Raman, 6 , 64 -65, 73 , 82 , 86 -88, 107 -108, 121 , 133

Maharaja of Travancore, 154

Makimai. See Religious tithes

Malabar, 42

Malacca, 85

Malaya, 85 -88, 168 ;

credit market, 85 -86;

developing frontier, 87 ;

and Dunlop, 87 ;

economic conditions, 87 -88;

and Guthries, 87 ;

Nakarattar agents' salaries, 116 ;

Nakarattar land-owning, 87 ;

Nakarattar relationships with British banks, 85 -87;

Nakarattar relationships with Chinese traders, 85 -87;

opium, 85 ;

rubber, 5 , 87 ;

Small-Holding (Restriction of Sale) Bill, 87 -88;

tin, 5 , 87

Malgudi, 35 -36

Maloney, C., 35

Manigrammam , 30 , 189

Margaya , 35 -36

Market networks, 36 . See also Circuits of trade

Marravan nampikkai. See Values: trust

Marriage, cross-cousin, 179 , 218

Marriageability: normative considerations (see Marriage rules); practical considerations, 165 , 168 -169;

terminological marking of, 182 -184

Marriage ages, 171

Marriage alliance, 4 , 9 , 162 -163, 179 -184, 217 ;

status in, 180 ;

strategies for, 216 -219;

symmetrical (bilateral cross-cousin) and asymmetical (matrilateral and patrilateral cross-cousin), 186 -187. See also Affinal gifts and prestations; Affinity

Marriage and business, 4 , 29 , 115 -116, 159 , 164 -165, 174

Marriage arranging season, 165

Marriage blessing (proverbial), 173

Marriage ceremonies, 4 , 168 , 185 , 200 . See also Affinal gifts and prestations

Marriage circle, 166 -169, 217 -218. See also Affinal gifts and prestations; Territorial division: vattakai

Marriage clusters, 166 -169. See also Territorial division: vattakai

Marriage gifts. See Affinal gifts and prestations

Marriage register: created at weddings (see Moippanu etu ; see also Kalyanattukku caman vaita vivaram );

maintained at clan temples, 167

Marriage rules, 180 -188, 216 -218

Marriott, McKim, 7 , 16 , 217 , 231 , 233

Marshall, Peter, 40

Marx, Karl, 15 , 33 , 89

Maryatai (honor), 140 -141, 144 , 223 ;

relativization of Nakarattar temple honors, 212 , 230 (see also Murai );

royal honors among the Pudukottai Kallar, 223 . See also Exchange: asymmetrical, service for royal honors; Exchange: asymmetrical, kattalai for maryatai

Matams (monasteries), 127 , 137 -139

Mauss, Marcel, 142

Maximization, in marriage alliance. See Marriage alliance: strategies for

May, Linda, 185

Mayer, Adrian C., 16 , 18 , 23

Mela Vattakai, 167

Melapattur, 167

Melvaram , 209

Mempanam. See Deposits

Mendels, Franklin F., 34

Mercantile elite: functional definitions of, 143 -144, 150 , 158 ;

in North India, 42 -44;

in South India, 45 -49, 150 , 157 -158;

titles held by, 5 , 157 , 230 . See also Nakarattar elite

Merchant guilds, 30 , 189

Merchants, moneylenders, bankers: adathi (see Adathi ["parent banker"]);

British, 76 -80, 85 -87;

Burmese, 80 -81;

Ceylonese, 76 ;

chief merchant, 46 -49;

Chinese, 85 -87;

Colombo, 59 ;

country boutique, 76 ;

dubash , 46 -49, 56 ;

East India Company (E. I. C.), 46 , 57 , 61 , 64 ;

European, 45 , 55 -56, 64 ;

gomastas , 62 ;

irrational, 35 -39;

and Madras agriculturalists, 36 , 41 ;

merchant-artisans, 27 -28;

merchant-bankers, 29 -31, 42 -49;

petty merchants, 27 ;

small-scale, 36 -39;

soukar (saukar, savakar, savaukar, sowkar), 60 -61;

stereotypes of, 35 -39;

as usurious, 36 -39

Michie, Barry H., 36

Micro-caste. See Subcaste. See also Territorial division: vattakai

Miller, Eric J., 166

Minakshi College, 153

Mines, Matison, 28 , 44 , 129

Minimization in marriage alliance. See Marriage alliance: strategies for

Missionaries, 151

Models, 9 , 16 , 33 , 35

Mode of domination, 25 -26

Mode of production, 25

Modernization theory, 15 , 17 -18, 33

Moi (moy). See Affinal gifts and prestations

Moippanu etu , 176 -177, 180 . See also Accounting: between affines

Monasteries. See Matams

Moosvi, Shireen, 34

Moreno, Manuel, 7 , 215

Moulmein , 80

Mudalal , 118

Mudali. See Nakarattar firm, personnel of agency

Mudaliar, C. Y., 193

Mudalier, A. Ramaswami. See Ramaswami Mudalier, A.

Mudal panam. See Deposit

Mughal empire, 55

Multiplier effect, 233

Murai : as affinal gift (see Affinal gifts and prestations; see also Uravin murai ); as gift-giving obligation, 217 ;

as rotating right to act as Nakarakkovil trustee, 207 , 212

Muranjan, S. K., 38

N

Nadappu hundi . See Hundis

Nadappu vatti. See Interest rates

Nagapattinam, 117 , 123

Nakarakkovil : as Nakarattar clan (see Nakarattar kin groups [descent-cum-worship based]; as Nakarattar clan temple (see Temples, by category: clan)

Nakarakkuttam , 210 -211

Nakaram , 166

Nakarattar assets, 38 , 189 -190, 234 . See also Nakarattar capital structure

Nakarattar business practice, 3 -6, chapters 5 and 6 passim

Nakarattar business stations, 4 , 29

Nakarattar business training, 4 , 115 , 118 -119

Nakarattar capital structure, 15 , 38 , 69 -73, 82 -84, 95 -103, 232 -233;

aggregate, 70 -73, 76 -77, 100 -103;

by firm, 70 -73, 76 -77, 100 -103;

liquidity (see Liquidity and cash flow); monetary reserves, 90 -92, 103 , 108 , 123 -124, 164 , 189 , 214 , 216 , 218 , 233 , 234

Nakarattar economic stratification, 67 , 107 -108, 119 -124. See also Nakarattar elite

Nakarattar elite: access to capital, 122 -123;

as clearing houses and reserve banks, 121 -124;

external perceptions of, 5 , 230 ;

as family firms, 106 -108, 109 -111, 114 -118;

as landowners, 67 , 120 -121;

as percentage of all Nakarattars, 67 , 120 ;

in residential villages, 210 -212. See also Adathi ("parent banker"); Mercantile elite

Nakarattar firms: aduthal (subordinate staff), 118 -119;

camayalkaran (cook), 118 ;

cashier, 118 -119;

kirani (clerk), 118 -119;

melal (agent), 114 -118, 165 ;

mudalal (first assistant), 118 ;

mudali (proprietor), 4 , 114 -118, 165 , 195;

personnel of, 4 , 106 , 109 -111, 114 -119;

pettiyadi-payan (errand boy/apprentice), 115 , 118 -119

Nakarattar history, 3 , 53 -55, 69 , 88 , 157 -158, 190 ;

in colonial Burma, 79 -85;

in colonial Ceylon, 73 -79;

in colonial Madras, 57 -73, 147 -157;

in colonial Malaya, 85 -88;

precolonial, 53 , 55 -57, 135 -137;

traditional (see Nakarattar varalaru ; see also Arappat-tayankal )

Nakarattar homeland. See Chettinad

Nakarattar individuals: A. R. A. R. S. M., 78 ;

Annamalai Chettiar, Raja Sir S. Rm. A. M., 66 , 148 -157;

Arunachalem, Al., 66 ;

Arunachalem, V. A. R. V., 66 ;

Chidambaram, 66 ;

Chidambaram, S. Rm. Ct. (Zamindar of Andipatti), 154 , 216 ;

Ganesan, Sa., 216 ;

Kumarappan, 135 -138, 142 -143, 151 , 153 , 157 , 215 ;

Lakshmanan Chettiar, S. M. (Somalay), 6 , 60 , 96 -97, 129 , 167 -174, 184 -185, 209 -211;

Muthia Chettiar, Raja Sir S. Rm. A. M. A., 66 , 148 -157, 216 ;

Muthia, S. Rm. M. Rm., 66 ;

Pethuperamal, 66 ;

Ramadhan, L. Ar. Rm., 66 ;

Ramasami, Al. Ar. (Zamindar of Devakottai), 66 , 67 ;

Rani Meiyamma, 156 ;

Sateeapah Chetty, 63 ;

Subramaniam, 66 ;

Thiagarajan, Kalimuthu, 154 , 216 ;

Vairavan, Me, Ct. 66 ;

Veerappah, Chetty, 63

Nakarattar investments. See Burma; Ceylon; Madras Presidency; Malaya

Nakarattar kin (contakkarar ), 102 , 160 -162

Nakarattar kin categories: amman , 164 , 177 -178, 184 ;

attan , 164 , 178 , 184 -186;

maittunan , 164 , 178 , 184 ;

Nakarattar kin categories: (continued )

mamakkarar , 164 , 177 -178, 184 -186;

catunkukkarar , 177 ;

natanar , 177 ;

urimai pen , 185 . See also Nakarattar kin terms

Nakarattar kin groups (affinal), 160 -162;

campantipuram (in-laws, "perfect affines"), 161 -162, 171 , 173 , 178 , 181 , 183 -185, 188 ;

tayatikal as "virtual affines," 161 -164, 181 ;

tayatikal as wife's natal family (valavu ), 115 , 161 -164, 170 -179, 184 -188

Nakarattar kin groups (bilateral): affinal kindred, 4 , 162 -163, 176 , 180 ;

internal segmentation of, 176 -177

Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based), 189 -212;

half pulli (widow with married children or no children), 111 , 211 ;

kovil, kovil pankali, nakarakkovil (temple-clan), 6 , 30 , 161 , 166 , 169 , 190 -194, 197 , 198 , 201 , 207 , 211 (see also Temples, by category: clan);

kuttikira pankalikal (maximal lineage segment), 4 , 6 , 115 , 148 , 161 -162, 164 , 176 -179, 197 -198, 200 -202, 207 -209;

pirivu, vatakai (intermediate level, village-based lineage segment), 4 , 197 -198, 200 , 202 , 208 -209;

pulli (conjugal family), 6 , 106 -108, 111 -114, 164 , 170 , 175 , 177 -178, 184 , 186 , 194 , 197 -198, 200 -201, 208 -209;

valavu (minimal lineage segment, joint family), 4 , 6 , 67 , 106 -108, 109 -114, 162 , 164 , 176 -179, 197 -198, 200 -201, 208 -209

Nakarattar kin terms, 160 -162, 188 , 245 -247

Nakarattar names, 109 . See also Tolil vilacam (business name); Vitu vilacam (house name)

Nakarattar panchayats (conflict-resolving councils), 107 -108, 124 , 126 -128

Nakarattar philanthropy, 3 , 5 . See also Religious gifting and secular philanthropy

Nakarattar population, 67 , 111 , 202 -203

Nakarattar sangams (caste associations), 106 -108, 126 , 147 , 150

Nakarattar varalaru , 190 -193, 195 -197, 224 -228, 230

Nakaravitutis (rest houses, choultries), 5 , 118 , 124 -126, 169

Nanayam. See Values: trustworthiness

Narasingampatti , 58

Narayan, R. K., 35

Nattu teyvam. See Deities and ghosts

Natu. See Territorial division

Nawab of Arcot, 62

Nawab of the Carnatic, 58

Nayak of Madurai, 55 , 136 -137, 225 -226

Nayak of Vijayagiri, 136 -137, 151

Neale, Walter, 34 , 191

Nemam temple, 136 , 167

Nerttikkatan , 206

Nicholson, F. A., 40

Nisbet, John, 86

Nuer , 128 , 221

O

Okkurutaiyar clan, 226 ;

Olai (palm leaf manuscript), 135

Oriental despots, 33

Orientalism, 236

Orthodoxy and orthopraxy, 106

Ortner, Sherry, 10

Owen, T. C., 74

P

Palaiyakkarar (poligar), 55 , 61

Palaiyam (pollam), 61

Palani, 58 , 108 , 126 , 134 -138, 143 , 151

Palani pilgrimage, 20 , 62 -67, 136 -138, 153 , 215

Palani temple, 135 -138, 144 , 151 , 215

Pal kattalai , 125 , 151

Palk salt swamps, 56

Panchayat , 16 , 23 -24, 95 , 107 -108, 166 -169

Pandaram. See Temples, personnel of; see also Castes

Pandyanadu, 169

Pandyan king, 136 , 225 . See also Nayak of Madurai

Pankali. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Panku (share): of family estate, 112 -113, 165 , 178 , 208 ;

of rights over temple privileges, 207 , 212 . See also Murai

Paradesi (mendicant), 136 -137

Parallel cousin, 166 . See also Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Paramasivam, K., 226

Paripalikkar. See Values: protection

Parry, Jonathan, 142 , 235

Pataippu , 199 -201

Pathinatur , 167

Pattapeyar (Pudukkottai Kallar lineage segment), 224 -225

Pawnbroking, 76

Pearson, Michael, 34 , 43

Peasants, 33 -36, 40 , 42 , 64

Pekki pustakam. See Account books

Penang, 85 , 90 , 123 , 126

Peredu. See Account books

Periakarrapan ("Tamil Annal"), 207

Perlin, Frank, 34 , 43

Peshkash. See Taxes

Peter, R. (Collector for Madurai), 63

Philanthropy. See Religious gifting and secular philanthropy

Pilgrimage. See Tai Pucam pilgrimage

Pillai, A. Savarinatha A., 70 , 72 , 73 , 82 , 88 , 100 , 122 , 123

Pillai, B. Bastian. See Bastianpillai, B.

Pillaiyarpatti clan, 226

Piranmalai, 137

Pirivu. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based); see also Territorial division

Playne, Somerset, 104

Poligar. See Kings and chiefs: palaiyakkarar

Poligar wars, 55 -56, 61

Political economy, theories of, 15

Political organization: of Goundars, 219 -220;

of Nakarattars, chapter 9 passim , 219 ;

of Pudukottai Kallars, 223 -224, 228 -230. See also Politics

Politics: in Chettinad, 169 ;

colonial, 144 -157, 169 , 191 , 220 ;

of electoral government, 144 -157, 206 ;

of gifting, 135 -144, 149 , 193 , 214 -215 (see also Religious gifting and secular philanthropy);

kinship-based, 206 , 220 (see also Segmentary organization);

in Kongunad (Kongunadu), 10 , 25 , 87 , 220 , 228 ;

of litigation, 64 -67, 149 ;

in Madras City, 44 -47, 147 -157;

in Madras Presidency, 44 -47, 55 -57, 144 -147;

precolonial, 169 , 206 ;

of temple control, 211 ;

in villages, 211 -212. See also Conflict and conflict resolution; Litigation

Pollam . See Palaiyam

Portfolio capitalists, 41 -44, 47 -49

Power of attorney, 110 , 115 -116

Prakash, Om, 34

Prasad (prasadam, piracadam), 136 , 140 -141, 193 , 200

Pratiloma marriage, 226

Prestation, 175 -175, 179 -180, 219 . See also Affinal gifts and prestations; Religious gifting and secular philanthropy

Price, Pamela G., 7 , 10 , 26 , 40 , 62 , 65 , 134 , 141 , 166

Protestantism (according to Weber), 104 -105, 129 -130, 133 -135

Public service, 151 . See also Religious gifting and secular philanthropy

Pudukottai, 70

Pulli. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Pulli vari. See Religious tithes

Q

Quasi-group, 18

R

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 181

Raghavaiyangar, S. Srinivasa, 65

Raja Annamalai building, 156 -157

Rajagopalacharia, C., 154

Rajaji, 154

Raja of Bobbili, 150

Raja of Ramnad, 58 , 65 -57

Raja of Tanjavur, 58

Raja Rao, 36

Rajaratnam, S., 74 , 75

Rajayyan, K., 40 , 55

Raju, A. Saruda, 64

Ramanathan Chettiar, A. V., 54 , 57 -58, 199 , 203

Ramanathapuram. See Ramnad

Raman Rao, A. V., 56

Ramaswami Mudalier, A., 150

Ramnad, 56 , 61 , 65 -67, 134 , 150

Rangoon, 80 , 90 , 92 , 123 , 126

Rangoon Nattukottai Chettiars Association, 82

Rao, A. V. Raman, 56

Rao, M. V. G. Krishna, 47 , 57

Rao, Raja, 36

Rationality, 35 -39, 42 , 135 , 158 -159

Ray, Rajat Kanta, 64

Raychaudhuri, T., 34 , 56 , 64

Reciprocity, 162 , 232

Redistribution, 162 , 163

Religion, 134 , 141 . See also Hinduism

Religious festivals, 174 , 198 ;

Deepavali, 174 , 178 ;

Pongal, 178 ;

seasonal festivals, 198 -199;

Tai Pucam pilgrimage, 20 , 62 -67, 136 -138, 153 , 215

Religious gifting and secular philanthropy: to cultural institutions, 150 , 154 -157;

in endowment (kattalai ), 134 , 137 -139, 146 , 191 , 193 , 201 , 203 , 207 , 214 -215;

in individual worship (see Worship: arccanai );

locations and amounts of Nakarattar temple endowments, 192 ;

as mechanism of trade and business, 58 , 134 , 138 -144, 192 (see also Worship: tiruvila );

to municipal works, 152 , 157 , 214 -215;

politics of, 135 -144, 149 , 193 , 214 -215;

to universities and schools, 151 -153, 214 -215. See also Worship: upachara

Religious tithes: asti vari , 192 , 198 , 209 -211;

makimai , 125 , 136 , 138 , 146 ;

pulli vari , 192 , 194 , 198 , 203 , 209 -211

Report on the Administration of Upper Burma, 86

Reserve ratios, 189 , 216 , 233 -234

Revenue village (gramam ), 222

Rice frontier, 5 , 80 , 81

Right-hand castes. See Caste: left-hand/right-hand division of

Rishi , 202

Rituals. See Affinal gifts and prestations; Life-cycle ceremonies; Religious gifting and secular philanthropy; Religious festivals; Worship

Robert, Bruce, 40 -41

Roberts, Michael, 21 , 40

Rocher, Ludo, 16 , 105

Rudner, David, 6 , 134 , 202

Rudolph, Lloyd and Susanne, 17 , 18

S

Sacralization, 140 , 142

Sacrament, sacramental food (prasad ), 136 , 140 -141, 193 , 200

Sacrificer and sacrifier, 142

Sahlins, Marshall, 163 , 221 , 232

Said, Edward W., 15

Salem , 169

Samaraweera, Vijaya, 58

Sami arai , 200

Sandhu, K. S., 87

"Sanskritization," 201

Saruda Raju, A., 64

Sathyanatha Aiyar, R., 55

Saurashtra , 42

Savarinatha Pillai, A., 70 , 72 , 73 , 82 , 88 , 100 , 122 , 123

Seal, Anil, 17 , 152

Sectarian leaders, 137 -139

Segmentary organization, 23 , 25 -26, 128 , 190 ;

comparison of different types, 25 -30, 229 -230;

cross-cut segmentation, 92 , 188 , 197 , 220 , 222 ;

evolution of Nakarattar system of cross-cut segmentation, 197 -202;

Kaikkolar seventy-two natu system (see Castes: Kaikkolars);

Nakarattar two-tiered organization, 197 -202, 212 , 220 ;

nested segmentation, 188 , 221 . See also Caste: as constellation of kin groups; Castes: typifications about

Segmentary state, 223

Self-perpetuating social relationships, 231

Self Respect Conferences, 150

Semantic rules, 183

Setupati. See Kings and chiefs

Setupati of Ramnad, 58 , 65 -67

Shanmugam Chetty, R. K., 150

Shastiaptapurti kalyanam , 178 -179

Shaw, K. K., 157

Siegelman, Phillip, 7 , 80 -81, 86 , 101 , 133

Singapore, 85 , 123 , 126 , 168

Singer, Milton, 133

Sivaganga , 61 , 63

Sjoberg, Gideon, 43

Social analysis: micro, macro and medial, 8 , 234 -235

Social portfolios, 213

Somalay. See Lakshmanan Chettiar, S. M. (Somalay)

Sontha mudal. See Deposits

Soukar (savakar, savaukar, sowkar), 60 -61

Southall, Aiden W., 232

South India Chamber of Commerce, 155

South India Corporation, 157

Spencer, George W., 3 , 134

Spheres of exchange, 233

Sri Minakshi College, 152

Srinivas, M. N., 16 , 31

Status: of elders, 113 , 127 , 208 ;

in marriage alliance, 187 -188. See also Hierarchy; Values

Stein, Burton, 3 , 17 , 55 , 134 , 139 , 223

Stereotypes of Indian moneylenders, 35 -39, 40 , 42 , 45

Stigma, 127 -128, 168 , 211

Stokes, Eric, 40

Structural-functionalism, 235

Structuralism. See Caste in western social science

Subbaryan, P., 153

Subcaste, 6 , 30 , 166 . See also Nakarattar kin groups (bilateral): affinal kindred; Territorial division: vattakai

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 34 , 41 -48

Substance-codes (gross and subtle), 9 , 197 , 217 -218, 231 , 233 . See also Dharma

Substantivist economic anthropology, 34 -35

Suez Canal, 3 , 54 , 64 , 73 , 80

Sundaram, Lanka, 55 , 62

Suntharalingam, R., 20 , 45 , 148 , 151

Symbolic capital, 235 ;

of caste, 9 ;

and cultural ecology, 31 -32;

of descent lines, 9 ;

of marriage, 9 , 218 . See also Caste: as symbolic capital

Symbols of social relationships, 231

T

Tai Pucam pilgrimage, 20 , 62 -67, 136 -138, 153 , 215

Takeed , 63

Takkavi , 64

Tambiah, S. J., 113 , 235

"Tamil Annal," 207

Tamil Icai Movement, 149

Tamil Music Academy (Raja Annamalai Mandram), 154 -156

Tamil Music Association, 154

Tamil Renaissance, 147 , 149 -153

Tanatu maral panam , 102 , 232

Tanjavur, 4 , 57 , 150

Tax circles, 70 , 72

Taxes: Madras Income Tax, 70 ;

paid by Nakarattars, 70 ;

peshcash , 60 -64, 150

Tax rates, 65

Tayati, tayatikal. See Nakarattar kin groups (affinal)

Temples (kovils ): architecture of, plates 16 -18;

and business stations, 117 -118, 124 ;

congregations of, 192 , 195, 198 ;

and descent-based cults, 163 , 189 -212;

devastanams , 195 , 198 , 203 ;

finances of, 194 -196, 198 , 206 -207, 209 , 211 ;

and marriage, 167 , 185 , 198 , 203 , 206 , 209 ;

and religious gifting (see Religious gifting and secular philanthropy); and territorial control, 189 -212. See also Worship

Temples, by category: clan, 4 -5, 125 , 169 , 189 , 191 , 193 , 197 -198, 201 -207, 209 , 212 ;

festival (tiruvila ), 193 ;

neighborhood shrines (nattukal ), 221 ;

private, 193 -194;

public, 193 -194;

village, 5 , 125 , 169 , 193 , 197 -198, 200 -201, 207 -212. See also Worship: tiruvila

Temples, by deity: Aiyyanar, 5 , 207 ;

goddess (general), 5 , 191 , 199 -201, 207 ;

guardian god (general), 191 , 201 , 207 ;

Mariamman, 207 , 221 ;

Murugan, Velayuda, 5 , 135 -138, 221 ;

Parvati, 207 ;

Siva, 5 -6, 191 , 199 , 201 , 207 , 221 ;

Vinayakar (Ganesa), 221

Temples, functional theories of: role in capital accumulation and investment, 192 , 194 -196, 198 , 207 ;

role in group formation, 138 -139, 142 -143, 190 -212;

role in social integration and conflict resolution, 138 -139, 142 -143, 190 -212

Temples, personnel of: dharma karta (temple trustee), 135 , 137 -138, 143 , 146 , 191 , 194 , 215 , 230 ;

karyakkarar (Nakarattar clan temple trustee), 191 , 193 -194, 203 , 207 , 209 , 211 -212;

pujari (priest), 135 -138, 142 -143;

stanikar (servant), 138 ;

vairavi (temple messenger), 206 , 210

Tenasserim , 80

Territorial division: inam , 67 , 194 , 198 , 211 , 223 ;

mahanadu, mahanam , 66 ;

natu (nadu), 28 , 192 , 222 , 224 (see also Castes: Kaikkolars);

neighborhood, 222 ;

palaiyam , 61 ;

pirivu , 4 , 197 -198;

sub-natu , 222 , 224 ;

taluk , 6 , 30 , 66 , 145 ;

teru , as territorial division of Goundar social organization, 222 ;

vattakai , 4 , 30 , 166 -167, 222 ;

village, ancestral, 200 -201, 208 ;

village, residential (ur ), 193 , 197 -198, 200 -201, 209 , 222 ;

village, revenue (gramam ), 222 ;

zamin , zamindari , 66 -67, 120 , 145 , 191

Territorial endogamy, 166 -169. See also Territorial division: vattakai

Teru : as Pudukottai Kallar lineage cluster, 224 , 225 ;

as territorial division of Goundar social organization, 222

Teyvam (devam), teyvata (devata), 199 -200

Thapar, Romila, 134

Thavanai hundi . See Hundis

Thavanai kanakku. See Deposits

Thavanai vatti. See Interest rates

Thorner, Daniel, 34 , 40

Thurston, Edgar, 6 -7, 20 , 104 , 106 , 112 , 133 , 187 , 226

Timberg, Thomas A., 27 , 44 , 234

Tiruchirapalli , 126 , 153

Tirumali Nayak, 55 , 136 -137, 225 -226

Tirunelveli , 4 , 25 , 57 , 64 , 153 , 174

Tirupati , 134

Tiruvila. See Worship

Tiv , 221

Tolil vilacam (business name), 109 -111. See also Vitu vilacam (house name)

Tondaiman , 55

Tournaments for prestige, 235

Trade: Indo-European, 45 -47, 56 , 73 ;

Intra-Asian, 48 , chapter 4 passim ;

South Indian (inland), 45 , 136 -138, 145

Trading diaspora, 234

Transactional strategies, 9 , 159 , 232 ;

between husband and wife, 140 ;

between kings and subjects, 137 -138, 140 ;

between priests and deities, 136 -138, 140 ;

between sectarian leaders and followers, 137 -138. See also Caste in western social science: Beck's theories; Marriage alliance, strategies for

Transactions, multi-sphere, 233 . See also Exchange

Transcendental goals, 235

Transportation of goods, 56 -58

Trust (marravan nampikkai ). See Values

Trustworthiness (nanayam ). See Values

Tun Wai, U., 6 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 95 , 100 , 101 , 121

Turner, Victor, 141

Tuticorin , 58 , 117 , 126 , 147

U

Ur , 222

Uravin murai , 183 -186, 188 , 217 . See also Affinal gifts and prestations: murai

Urimai pen , 185

V

Vairavi , 206 , 210

Vaishnavaite sectarianism, 139

Vakil, C. N., 38

Valavu. See Nakarattar kin groups (descent-cum-worship based)

Vallanmai. See Values: generosity

Values: affinity, 8 -9, 180 -184;

blood purity, 224 ;

collectivism (see chapter 6 passim );

as cultural principles, 9 , 220 ;

descent, 8 -9, 195 -202;

devotion (anpu ), 5 , 141 ;

egalitarianism, 9 , 40 , 212 , 229 -231;

generosity (vallanmai ), 40 , 137 , 143 , 193 , 229 ;

hierarchy, 9 , 16 , 19 , 40 , 142 , 222 -224;

individualism, 104 -107, 112 , 129 , 134 ;

protection (paripalikkar ), 143 ;

public-private versus individual-collective, 145 -147, 193 ;

purity and impurity, 16 , 25 , 29 -30, 142 ;

residence/territory, 189 -191, 197 , 199 , 202 , 207 ;

trust (marravan nampikkai ), 41 , 115 , 118 , 144 , 158 -159;

trustworthiness (nanayam ), 41 , 94 , 109 , 115 , 138 , 143 -144, 158 , 229 , 233

van Gennep, Arnold, 141

Varalaru . See Jati varalaru

Varavu (bookkeeping debit), 96

Varna. See Caste

Vattakai conferences, 168 -169. See also Panchayat

Vattakais : descriptions of, 169 ;

as micro-caste or subcaste (see Subcaste);

as territorial division, 4 , 30 , 166 -167, 222 ;

Vatti chitti , 97 , 103

Vayan vatti. See Interest rates

Vayan vatti kanakku , 90 -92

Vellaikkaran panam , 102

Vicarious ritualization, 133 -134

Vijayanagar empire, 55

Village assembly. See Panchayat

Viramatti , 195

Vituti , 5 , 124 -126

Vitu vilacam (house name), 109 -114. See also Tolil vilacam (business name)

W

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 15

War and commerce, 48 -49

Washbrook, David, 17 -20, 34 , 48 , 65 , 89 , 152 , 194

Wealth, forms of, 218

Weber, Max, 5 , 15 , 33 , 43 -49, 89 , 104 -106, 129 -130, 133

Weersooria, W. S., 7 , 37 , 77 , 110 , 148

Willingdon, Lord, 150 , 156 -157

World system, 15

Worship (puja ), 135 , 139 -141;

arccanai (individual temple worship), 137 , 141 , 146 , 206 ;

kumpapisekham (temple consecration), 126 , 209 ;

naivettiyam (daily worship of temple deities), 206 ;

nerttikkatan (worship of deity in return for boon), 206 ;

pataippu , 199 -201;

tiruvila (collective festival), 137 , 141 , 146 , 214 (see also Tai Pucam pilgrimage);

upachara (worship

through devotional offering), 139 -141;

utsavam (seasonal festivals), 198 -199, 206 ;

yatirai, yatra (pilgrimage), 137 (see also Tai Pucam pilgrimage). See also Life-cycle ceremonies

Y

Yajamin , 142

Z

Zamin, zamindari. See Territorial division

Zamindar. See Kings and chiefs

Zamindar of Andipatti. See Nakarattar individuals: Chidambaram, S. Rm. Ct.

Zamindar of Devakottai. See Nakarattar individuals: Ramasami, Al. Ar.

Zamindar of Sivaganga, 63

Compositor: Impressions
Text: 10/13 Aldus
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Printer and binder: Edwards Brothers