Getting to Key Decision-Makers, "Old Friends," and Relatives

The utilization of political networks cannot be overlooked.^[55] In the bargaining process, one's success may hinge on the "connections" (guanxi ) one possesses and the IOUs that can be collected. Personal networks, though not limited to organizations, are built into them. A leader, such as Yu Qiuli, who has extensive personal networks throughout the planning, energy, and military bureaucracies has great power and influence, not only because he directly controls powerful organizations, but also because he has been able to place loyal friends into a broad range of other organizations.^[56]

When asked how political actors promote their interests, one inter-

[54] I.F., no. 7 (1982), China, 11.

[55] John W. Lewis, "Political Networks and the Chinese Policy Process," an occasional paper of the Northeast Asia—United States Forum on International Policy (Stanford University, 1986).

[56] David M. Lampton, Paths to Power: Elite Mobility in Contemporary China (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, 1986), chap. 5.

viewee placed particular emphasis on face-to-face meetings with decision-makers and contacts with old friends. Close personal ties with decision-makers, he asserted, could be decisive.^[57] Also not to be overlooked, in the "new China" as in the "old", marriage patterns establish lines of influence and obligation that can be decisive in certain bargaining settings (we need to know a great deal more about this).