INDEX

Note: Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations.

A

Academy of Sciences. See USSR Academy of Sciences

Admiralty, 30 , 32 , 34 , 42 , 108

Agafonov, Nikolai, 100 , 102

Aging, demography of, 51 , 146 , 241 n13

Agriculture, 61 , 76 ;

and career specialization, 215 ;

and collectivization, 11 ;

and 1986 general plan, 110 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 171 ;

and systems theory, 175

Airports, 51 , 52 , 76 , 79 , 86

Alberti, Leon Battista, 45

Alcoholism, 38 , 165 , 169

Aleksandro-Nevskaia monastery, 108

Alexander I, 30 -31, 34 -35, 40 , 102

Alexander II, 39

Alma-Ata, 83

Al'met'evsk, 171

Amsterdam, 24 , 28 , 30

Andreev, Iurii, 91

Andrianov, Vasilii, 118 , 271 n1

Angletera Hotel, 89 -93

Anna Ivanovna (empress of Russia), 30

Antiurban programs, 4 , 7 , 42

Apartments, 38 , 64 , 65 , 69 , 76 , 87 , 89 , 93 , 110 , 254 n61

Appolon (periodical), 40

Aptekarskii Island, 110

Architecture: and bureaucracy, 185 ;

and centralization, 4 ;

and chief architect, 34 , 44 , 51 , 73 , 89 -90, 92 , 105 -106;

and culture, 81 , 85 , 87 -89;

and dehumanization, 93 ;

and educational institutions, 102 , 228 ;

and glasnost' , 87 ;

and historical preservation, 88 -93, 166 , 168 ;

and minidistricts, 71 ;

monumental, 32 , 85 ;

and municipal government, 72 -73;

and nationalism, 39 -40;

neoclassical, 30 -32, 33 , 34 , 40 , 44 -45, 89 , 95 , 108 , 185 ;

and 1966 general plan, 72 -73, 95 , 103 ;

and 1986 general plan, 108 ;

and perestroika , 89 ;

and physical planning, 17 , 185 ;

and prerevolutionary conditions, 87 -89, 166 ;

and psychology, 255 n73;

Renaissance, 44 -45;

and Romanov dynasty, 25 -28, 30 -32, 34 , 39 -42;

and romanticism, 39 -40;

and socioeconomic planning, 17 , 166 , 168 ;

and Stalinism, 72 ;

and systems theory, 179 ;

and urban planning, 4 , 17 , 72 -73, 93 , 179 , 227 -229, 254 n61

Aristocracy, 23 -25, 30 -31, 34 -35, 39 -42

Arkhangelsk, 129

Armenia, 127

Ashkhabad, 196

Astoria Hotel, 89 -93, 90

Automobiles, 4 , 66 , 78 , 86

Autonomous republics, 193 , 195 , 289

Avtovo District, 45 , 46,50 , 52

B

Bahry, Donna, 194

Baku, 45 , 83 , 87

Baltiiskii Station, 79

Baranov, Nikolai, 44 -45, 51 , 69 , 72 -74, 95

Belorussian population, 54 -56

Benois, Alexander, 40 , 95

Benois, Leontii, 40 , 95

Beria, Lavrentii, 60 , 117

Berlin, 38

Biochemical industry, 15

Birth rates, 146

Bliakhman, Leonid, 62 , 156

Blockade, German, 47, 48 , 49 , 50 , 57 , 142

Blough, Roger, 194

Bobovikov, Ratmir, 162

Boksitogorsk, 162 , 171

Bol'shaia Okhta District, 50 , 52

Bolshevik Revolution, 4 , 16 , 41 , 57 , 60 , 89 , 94 , 166 , 221

Bourgeoisie, 38 , 41 , 93

Brazil, 126 , 232 n13

Brezhnev, Leonid, 15 , 119 , 123 , 157 , 164 , 172 , 197 , 208

Bridges, 11 , 65, 228 , 248 n104

Brokerage function, 3 , 8 , 180 -182, 231 n2, 232 n3

Building codes. See Construction

Bukin, Gennadii, 168 -169

Buldakov, Gennadii, 105 -106

Bureaucracy: and architecture, 185 ;

and brokerage function, 3 ;

and centerperiphery relations, 180 -181;

and centralization, 187 ;

and Communist Party, 14 , 105 ;

and economic development strategy, 140 ;

and economic relations, 10 ;

and education, 148 -149;

and federalism, 194 ;

and industrial research, 120 ;

and market-oriented reforms, 123 ;

and municipal government, 8 , 204 , 206 , 213 ;

and national government, 213 ;

and nonmarket strategies, 2 , 187 ;

and organizational innovation, 135 -136;

and physical planning, 184 ;

and policy initiatives, 178 , 180 ;

and regional integration, 180 ;

and scientific institutions, 128 -131, 139 , 195 -196;

and socioeconomic planning, 184 ;

and soviets (councils), 15 , 206 , 209 ;

and technological innovation, 184 ;

in United States, 188 ;

and vocational education, 184

Buryats, 193

Buses, 66 , 83 , 158

C

Canada, 126 , 182 , 242 n26

Canals, 28 , 43, 65 , 108 , 111 , 162

Canberra, 25

Capitalism, 7 , 93 , 181 , 187 -188

Catherine I, 30 , 95

Catherine II, 30 -31, 40 , 99

Cattell, David T., xxiii , 193

Caucasus Mountains, 170

Cemeteries, 108

Center-periphery relations, 8 , 10 -11, 17 , 96 , 98 , 111 , 123 , 158 , 178 , 180 -183, 186 , 188 , 206 -208, 218

Center, urban, 6 , 17 ;

and consumer goods and services, 99 ;

and culture, 94 , 99 , 108 ;

and employment, 98 ;

flooding of, 23 , 45 ;

and 1966 general plan, 73 , 94 ;

and historical preservation, 85 , 94 ;

and housing, 50 , 64 , 69 , 76 , 81 , 98 ;

and industry, 99 ;

and physical planning 99 -100, 229 ;

and population, 70 , 78 , 82 , 85 ;

relocation of, 42 , 45 , 50 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 99 ;

and street activity, 255 n71;

and tourism, 78 , 94 , 99

Central Committee of the Communist Party, 15 , 59 , 96 , 106 , 116 -119, 129 , 132 -135, 138 , 144 , 147 , 152 -153, 195 , 197 , 207 , 215 , 221 , 236 n4, 289

Centralization: and architecture, 4 ;

and brokerage function, 3 ;

and bureaucracy, 187 ;

and economic relations, 182 , 187 -189;

and federalism, 194 ;

and industrial research, 126 , 128 ;

and market-oriented reforms, 123 ;

and ministries, 207 ;

and nonmarket strategies, 2 , 137 -138;

and physical planning, 1 -2, 184 ;

and political relations, 186 ;

and scientific institutions, 195 -196;

and socioeconomic planning, 1 -2, 7 -8, 11 , 184 , 186 ;

and technological innovation, 184 ;

and urban planning, 4 , 182 , 187 , 229

Champs-Champs-Elysées, 45

Charles XII (king of Sweden), 23

Chemical industry, 15 , 57 , 62 , 63 , 126 -127, 176

Cherkassy, 101

Chernenko, Konstantin, 104 , 131

Chikovskii, N. I., 115 , 272 n12

Child care, 106 , 146 , 152 , 158 -159

China, 66 , 232 n13

Cholera epidemic, 30

Chulaki, Mikhail, 91

Churches, 39 -40, 237 n11

City center. See Center, urban

City government. See Government, municipal

Civil War period, 12 , 41 , 58 , 221

Classicism, 44 -45, 89

Classified documents, 73 , 103 -104, 106

Climate, 23 , 38 -39, 57 , 189 , 235 n2, 255 n71

Collectivization, 11 , 41 , 232 n12

Communist Party: and bureaucracy, 14 , 105 ;

Central Committee of, 15 , 59 , 96 , 106 , 116 -119, 129 , 132 -135, 138 , 144 , 147 , 152 -153, 195 , 197 , 207 , 215 , 221 , 236 n4, 289 ;

and cultural policy, 178 ;

and economic development strategy, 58 -64, 116 , 118 -119, 122 -123, 176 ;

and economic reforms, 159 , 185 ;

and educational reforms, 144 -145, 148 , 152 -154;

and Intensification-90 campaign, 133 -137;

and Leningrad Affair, 60 , 118 , 271 n1;

and ministries, 12 ;

and municipal government, 12 , 14 -15, 17 , 42 , 91 , 105 , 115 -116, 118 -119, 121 , 132 , 134 -136, 141 , 147 -148, 154 , 156 , 162 , 178 , 205 , 207 , 211 , 213 -217, 221 ;

and national government, 115 , 117 -119, 172 ;

and 1966 general plan, 72 -73;

and 1986 general plan, 104 -106;

organization of, 12 -15;

and personnel appointment (nomenklatura ), 15 , 213 -215, 221 , 290 ;

and policy implementation, 12 , 14 -15;

Political Bureau (politburo) of, 10 , 106 , 116 , 119 , 134 -135, 194 , 291 ;

and political relations, 116 -119;

and purges, 60 , 117 -118, 244 n54, 271 n1;

and regional government, 16 , 91 -92, 103 -106, 116 -119, 132 -133, 135 -136, 141 , 153 , 155 , 159 -160, 164 , 168 , 170 , 176 , 178 -182, 213 , 215 , 221 , 232 n3, 271 n1;

and scientific institutions, 129 ;

and scientific-production associations, 116 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 58 -64, 96 -97, 132 , 159 -162, 164 , 170 , 172 ;

and soviets (councils), 12 , 14 -15, 72 , 91 , 205 , 214 -216;

Twentieth Congress of, 155 ;

Twenty-third Congress of, 159 -160;

and Young Communist League, 144

Computers, 107 , 125 , 132 -133, 135 , 139 , 153 , 173

Conquest, Robert, 60

Conservation, 85 -87, 106 , 110 , 166 , 197

Constitution, 193 -194, 196 -197, 203 -204, 208 , 233 n16, 280 n1

Construction, 45 , 62 -63;

and building codes, 30 , 81 -82;

of highways, 78 , 248 n104;

and historical preservation, 89 -93;

of housing, 45 , 64 , 66 , 71 -73, 76 , 81 -83, 98 , 167 , 228 ;

industrialized, 71 -72, 76 , 82 ;

and ministries, 70 ;

and municipal government, 69 -72;

and national government, 70 ;

and 1947 general plan, 69 ;

and 1966 general plan, 73 , 76 ;

and 1986 general plan, 112 ;

and physical planning, 112 , 227 , 291 -292;

and postwar reconstruction, 50 , 52 , 58 ;

and soviets (councils), 70 , 197 ;

and systems theory, 175 ;

and urban planning, 227 -229;

and vocational education, 151

Consumer goods and services, 11 -12, 58 -60, 83 , 98 , 168 -169, 175 , 197 ;

and 1966 general plan, 95 ;

and 1986 general plan, 106 , 112 ;

and soviets (councils), 82 ;

and urban center, 99

Conyngham, William, 172

Cook, Theodore Andrea, 1

Copenhagen, 30 , 236 -237n11

Council of Ministers. See USSR Council of Ministers

Cracraft, James, 236 -237n11

Crime, 38 , 83 , 165 , 168 -169, 250 -251n12

Culture: and architecture, 81 , 85 , 87 -89;

and Communist Party, 178 ;

and internationalism, 39 -40;

and minidistricts, 76 ;

in Moscow, 54 ;

and municipal government, 11 -12;

and nationalism, 39 -40;

neoclassical, 30 -32, 34 , 40 ;

and 1986 general plan, 107 , 110 , 112 ;

and regional integration, 180 ;

in republican capitals, 195 ;

rococo, 30 ;

and romanticism, 39 -40;

and socioeconomic planning, 159 -162, 168 ;

and soviets (councils), 197 ;

and symbolism, 40 ;

and systems theory, 175 ;

Tatar, 56 ;

and urban center, 94 , 99 , 108

D

Dams, 54 , 76 , 77 , 86 , 236 n4, 248 n104

The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Jacobs), 246 n86

Defense program, 16 , 58 -59, 115 , 117 -118, 133 -134, 177 , 267 n5

Dekabristov Island, 76 , 110

Democracy, xvi , 92

Demography, 51 , 53 , 62 , 101 -102, 115 , 142 -143, 146 , 165 , 171 , 173 -175, 180

Dennis, Michael, 254 n61

Districts, 45 , 66 , 69 -70, 75 , 81 , 193 , 217 , 289 ;

and economic development strategy, 167 -168;

and elections, 203 -204;

and 1966 general plan, 74 , 76 , 78 ;

and 1986 general plan, 108 ;

and historical preservation, 166 ;

and housing, 162 , 167 -168;

now, 74 -76, 78 , 162 ;

and population, 70 , 74 , 94 , 108 , 162 , 166 -168,

and production associations, 121 -122;

proletarian, 78 ;

and social services, 85 , 93 -94, 168 -169, 207 ;

Districts (continued )

and socioeconomic planning, 142 , 161 -168, 173 -174

Dnepropetrovsk, 25 , 101

Donbas region, 56

Donetsk, 101 , 171

Dumachev, Anatoli, 132 , 135 , 154

Dushanbe, 196

Dzerzhinskii District, 75 , 98 , 165 -168

E

Economic planning. See Planning, socioeconomic

Economic relations: and brokerage function, 3 ;

and bureaucracy, 10 ;

and centralization, 182 , 187 -189;

and chronic shortage, 188 ;

and consumer goods and services, 168 -169;

and debt, 39 ;

and development strategy, 58 -64, 111 -112, 115 -121, 132 , 138 -142, 146 , 153 , 156 , 167 , 176 , 178 , 189 ;

and diversification, 58 , 61 -62;

and the elderly, 54 ;

and Intensification-90 campaign, 132 -140;

and international trade, 57 -60, 126 ;

and investment policy, 62 , 64 , 112 , 115 ;

and market, xvi -xvii, 1 -2, 11 , 123 , 137 , 140 , 185 , 187 -188;

and ministries, 8 ;

and Moscow, 54 , 57 -58;

and municipal budget, 208 -211;

and municipal government, 10 -12, 19 , 39 ;

and New Economic policy, 11 -12, 41 ;

and nonmarket strategies, xvii -xviii, 137 -138, 185 , 187 -189;

and organizational innovation, 123 , 137 -140;

and postwar reconstruction, 50 ;

and poverty, 54 ;

and private sector, xvii , 10 -12, 58 , 83 ;

and production associations, 18 , 116 -117, 120 -128, 135 ;

and reforms, 120 , 122 -123, 137 , 140 , 157 -159, 185 ;

and regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy ), 120 , 122 , 291 ;

and regional expansion, 179 ;

and regional government, 17 ;

and regional integration, 106 , 108 , 111 -112, 115 -116, 178 -180;

in St. Petersburg, 39 , 57 -58;

and specialization, 58 , 61 , 111 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 135 , 138 , 141 -142, 176 -177, 189 , 213 ;

and suburban areas, 242 n42;

and taxation, 187 -188, 209 ;

and transportation, 57 -58

Education, 98 -99;

academic, 144 -145, 147 -148, 150 , 152 -153;

adult, 144 , 148 ;

and bureaucracy, 148 -149;

and coercion, 150 -151;

and computer training, 153 ;

and educational institutions, 17 , 102 , 110 -111, 116 , 119 -120, 125 , 144 , 148 -150, 161 , 166 , 171 , 184 ;

higher, 144 , 148 , 150 , 175 ;

and industry, 116 , 120 , 125 -126, 144 -146, 151 -153, 162 ;

and innovation cycle, 183 ;

and labor shortage, 157 ;

and migration, 53 ;

and minidistricts, 76 ;

and ministries, 144 , 149 , 153 ;

in Moscow, 54 ;

and municipal government, 11 , 147 -148, 151 -153;

and national government, 144 , 147 -149, 154 ;

and 1986 general plan, 110 ;

and plant-factory schools (FZUs), 145 -146;

and policy experiments, 183 ;

and political relations, 150 ;

primary, 142 , 144 -146, 148 , 152 -153, 197 ;

and professional-technical schools (PTUs), 144 -146, 148 , 150 -153, 183 , 291 ;

quality of, 53 -54;

and reforms, 18 , 144 , 146 -148, 152 -154, 183 -184;

and regional government, 151 -152;

in republican capitals, 195 ;

scientific, 62 , 145 , 147 -148;

secondary, 142 , 144 -146, 148 , 151 -153, 162 , 175 -176, 183 -184;

and social structure, 144 , 150 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 158 , 162 ;

and soviets (councils), 197 ;

and systems theory, 175 ;

vocational, 143 -148, 150 -154, 159 -160, 162 , 174 , 176 -177, 183 -186, 270 n36

Elagin Island, 108

Elderly, the, 98 , 146 , 241 n13;

demography of, 51 ;

and economic relations, 54 ;

and housing, 69

Elections, 59 , 87 , 131 , 136 , 147 , 197 -198, 203 -205, 207 , 233 n16, 280 n1, 282 n29, 283 n35

Electric power, 63 , 126

Electronics, 15 , 107 , 124 , 142 , 267 n5

Elektrosila, 125 -128, 134

Elizabeth Petrovna (empress of Russia), 30

El'meev, Vasilii, 164

Employment, 167 , 168 ;

in educational institutions, 62 ;

female, 125 ;

in New Economic Policy period, 41 ;

in scientific institutions, 16 , 62 , 124 -125;

and transportation, 78 , 85 ;

and turnover, 159 -160;

and urban center, 98 ;

and vocational education, 144 -145, 148 , 151

Energy, 63 , 106 , 111 , 112 , 126 , 133

Enterprises: and automation, 133 ;

and computerization, 133 ;

and housing, 82 ;

and industrial production associations, 120 -121;

and interenterprise cooperation, 115 -117, 120 , 138 ;

and market-oriented reforms, 123 ;

and ministries, 10 ;

and organizational innovation, 136 , 138 ;

and social services, 158 -159;

and social structure, 160 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 96 , 122 , 158 , 160 -164, 170 -174, 177 ;

and soviets (councils), 8 , 10 ;

and technological innovation, 120

Environmental protection programs, 85 -87, 106 , 110 -111, 166 , 197 , 248 n104

Erevan, 127

Esenin, Sergei, 89 -91

Estonia, 6

Ethnic groups, 54 -56

Exit Square, 43

F

Families, housing for, 64 , 69 , 87 , 168

Fateev, Anatolii, 105

Federalism, 193 -196, 205 , 209 , 277 n76

Feudalism, 7

Films, 11

Finland, 6 , 45 , 50 , 73 , 142 , 166

Five-Year Plan: First, 11 -12;

Third, 142 ;

Fifth, 17 , 61 ;

Sixth, 142 ;

Eighth, 170 ;

Ninth, 142 , 161 -162, 170 ;

Tenth, 96 , 142 , 163 , 165 , 170 , 173 ;

defined, 290 ;

and soviets (councils), 203 ;

and technological innovation, 59 , 119

Floods, 23 , 45 , 235 n4;

and flood control, 54 , 73 , 76 , 86 , 236 n4

Fomin, Ivan, 3 , 40 , 95 , 237 n30

Fontanka River, 43 , 108

Food processing, 62 , 63 , 136

Forestry, 62 , 63 , 112

France, 31 , 180 -182, 254 n61

Friedgut, Theodore, 205

Frunzenski District, 75

G

Gasworks, 39 , 50

Gatchina, 6 , 45 , 77 , 78 -79

General plan of 1936, 42 , 44 , 45

General plan of 1947, 50 , 51 , 64 , 69 , 72

General plan of 1966: and architecture, 72 -73, 95 , 103 ;

and Communist Party, 72 -73;

and construction, 73 , 76 ;

and consumergoods and services, 95 ;

and creation of new districts, 74 , 75 , 76 , 78 ;

and historical preservation, 74 , 76 , 78 , 85 ;

and housing, 73 , 76 , 81 , 95 , 98 ;

implementation of, 95 -96, 98 , 103 ;

and minidistricts, 76 ;

and national security classification, 73 , 103 -104;

objectives of, 74 ;

obsolescence of, 103 , 111 ;

and physical planning, 96 , 103 -104;

and population, 74 , 81 , 98 ;

and public health, 95 ;

and regional expansion, 74 , 76 , 79 -80, 179 ;

and science, 74 , 78 ;

and shoreline development, 73 -74, 76 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 96 , 98 , 103 -104;

and suburban areas, 74 , 78 ;

and transportation, 74 , 78 -79, 95 ;

and urban center, 73 , 94 ;

and urban planning, 72 -73

General plan of 1986, 17 -18, 61 , 80 ;

and agriculture, 110 ;

and architecture, 108 ;

and Communist Party, 104 -106;

and construction, 112 ;

and consumer goods and services, 106 , 112 ;

and culture, 107 , 110 , 112 ;

and development strategy, 110 -112, 115 ;

and education, 110 ;

and environmental protection programs, 106 , 110 -111;

and housing, 106 -108, 110 , 112 ;

and industry, 107 , 110 -112;

and Intensification-90 campaign, 135 , 140 ;

and medical care, 110 , 112 ;

and municipal government, 105 -106, 135 ;

and national security classification, 106 ;

objectives of, 110 -111;

and physical planning, 112 ;

preparation of, 103 -106;

and regional expansion, 4 , 16 ;

and regional government, 104 -106, 135 ;

and regional integration, 106 -108, 110 -112;

and science, 107 , 110 -111;

and socioeconomic planning, 107 , 112 ;

and soviets (councils), 105 -106;

and specialization, 115 , 135 ;

and systems theory, 112 ;

technical-economic foundations of, 104 -106, 111 -112;

and technological innovation, 107 , 111 , 115 , 117 ;

and transportation, 106 , 111 -112;

and workforce, 107 -108, 111 ;

and zoning, 108 -110

Geography, 100 -102, 112 , 173 -174, 177 , 179 , 185 , 189 ;

and economic development, 57 -58;

and founding of St. Petersburg, 23 -24

Geology, 7

Gerasimov Anatolii 136 , 213

Germany: blockade of Leningrad by, 47, 48 , 49 , 50 , 57 , 142 ;

foreign consulate of, 166 ,;

invasion of Soviet Union by, 45 ;

urban population in, 232 n13

Gidaspov, Boris, xx

Glasnost' , xvi , xxiv -xxv, 86 -87, 91

Glebov, Igor, 125 , 131 , 133

Gorbachev, Mikhail, xvi , xviii , 8 , 60 , 83 , 86 , 91 , 106 , 116 , 123 , 134 -135, 154 , 170 -171, 186 , 203 , 282 n29, 283 n35

Gorky (city), 60 , 118

Gorskaia, 76

Gosplan, 8 , 74 , 105 , 133 , 170 , 227 , 292

Gosstroi, 8 , 227 , 291 -292

Government, municipal: and architecture, 72 -73;

and brokerage function, 3 , 8 , 232 n3;

and budget, 208 -211;

and bureaucracy, 8 , 204 , 206 , 213 ;

and center-periphery relations, 8 , 10 -11, 96 , 111 , 158 , 178 , 183 , 188 , 206 -208;

and Communist Party, 12 , 14 -15, 17 , 42 , 91 , 105 , 115 -116, 118 -119, 121 , 132 , 134 -136, 141 , 147 -148, 154 , 156 , 162 , 178 , 205 , 207 , 211 , 213 -217, 221 ;

and constitution, 196 ;

and construction, 69 -72;

and culture, 11 -12;

and economic relations, 10 -12, 19 , 39 ;

and education, 11 ;

and elections, 203 -204;

and enterprises, 8 , 10 ;

and housing, 11 , 82 , 204 ;

and land, 82 ;

and 1966 general plan, 72 -73;

and 1986 general plan, 105 -106, 135 ;

and physical planning, 42 ;

and republican capitals, 195 -196;

in St. Petersburg, 39 ;

and scientific institutions, 129 ;

and social services, 82 , 158 , 204 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 10 -11, 97 -98, 142 , 158 , 161 -162, 164 -165, 170 -172, 174 , 176 ;

and soviets (councils), 3 , 8 , 10 -11, 15 , 70 , 72 -73, 91 , 105 -106, 133 , 196 -206, 214 -218, 236 n4;

and urban planning, 12 , 102 ;

and vocational education, 146 -148, 151 -153, 174 ;

and workforce, 206

Government, national: and autonomous republics, 193 , 195 ;

and brokerage function, 3 , 8 ;

and bureaucracy, 213 ;

and Communist Party, 115 , 117 -119, 172 ;

and constitution, 193 -194, 208 ;

and construction, 70 ;

and Council of Ministers, 8 -9, 13 , 91 , 96 , 119 , 130 , 144 , 147 , 197 , 207 , 236 n4, 277 n76, 279 n101, 289 , 292 ;

and education, 144 , 147 -149, 154 ;

and federalism, 193 -196, 205 , 209 , 277 n76;

and reforms, 8 , 119 , 120 , 123 ;

and scientific institutions, 128 -131;

and socioeconomic planning, 164 , 170 -172, 176 ;

and soviets (councils), 211 ;

and Supreme Soviet, 9 , 13 , 18 , 59 , 72 -73, 130 , 133 , 146 , 152 -153, 183 , 197 , 204 , 207 , 277 n76, 292 ;

and union republics, 8 , 70 , 144 , 193 , 195 -197, 206 -207, 209 , 292 ;

and urban planning, 80

Government, regional: and brokerage function, 3 , 8 , 180 -182, 232 n3;

and Communist Party, 16 , 91 -92, 103 -106, 116 -119, 132 -133, 135 -136, 141 , 153 , 155 , 159 -160, 164 , 168 , 170 , 176 , 178 -182, 213 , 215 , 221 , 232 n3, 271 n1;

and economic development strategy, 180 ;

and economic relations, 17 , 120 ;

and enterprises, 8 , 10 ;

and federalism, 194 ;

in France, 180 -182;

and innovation cycle, 183 ;

in Italy, 181 -182;

and 1966 general plan, 72 -73;

and 1986 general plan, 16 , 104 -106, 135 ;

and oblast, 4 , 16 ;

organization of, 8 ;

and physical planning, 16 ;

and political relations, 16 , 178 , 180 -182, 186 ;

and prefects, 180 ;

and scientific institutions, 129 , 131 , 181 -182;

and socioeconomic planning, 10 , 16 , 132 , 142 , 164 , 170 -171;

and soviets (councils), 8 , 10 , 72 -73, 102 , 105 , 169 , 199 , 203 -204, 282 n32;

and urban planning, 79 , 102 -103;

and vocational education, 151 -152

Greenbelts, 74 , 77 , 79 , 85 , 166

Griboyedova Canal, 162

Gulf of Finland, 6 , 23 -24, 50 , 54 , 73 -74, 77 , 86 , 236 n4

Gustafson, Thane, 131

H

Hahn, Jeffrey, xxiii , 205 , 207

Hahn, Werner, xxiii , 60

Health. See Public health

Hermitage, the, 166

Hill, Ronald, 205 , 207

History: and founding of St. Petersburg, 23 -24;

and historical preservation, 17 , 42 , 74 , 76 , 78 , 85 , 88 -94, 166 , 168 , 186 , 255 n69;

and political relations, 178 ;

prerevolutionary, 3 -4, 23 -40;

as symbolic resource, 16 .

See also Prerevolutionary conditions

Hitler, Adolf, 45

Holland, urban planning in, 25 -28, 30

Hong Kong, 255 n71

Hospitals, 83 , 166

Hotels, 11 , 89 -93, 99

Hough, Jerry, xvi , 180 , 207 , 232 n3

House of Soviets, 43, 44

Housing: apartment, 38 , 64 , 65 , 69 , 76 , 87 , 89 , 93 , 110 , 254 n61;

in Avtovo district, 50 ;

in Bol'shaia Okhta district, 50 ;

construction of, 45 , 64 , 66 , 71 -73, 76 , 81 -83, 98 , 167 , 228 ;

and crime, 169 , 250 -251n12;

and districts, 66 , 81 , 83 , 85 , 94 , 108 , 162 , 167 -168;

and elderly persons, 69 ;

and enterprises, 82 ;

and families, 64 , 69 , 87 , 168 ;

high-density, 76 ;

and landfill, 73 ;

in Malaia Okhta district, 50 ;

and minidistricts, 7 , 67 , 71 -72, 76 ;

and municipal government, 11 -12, 82 , 204 ;

and 1966 general plan, 73 , 76 , 81 , 95 , 98 ;

and 1986 general plan, 106 -108, 110 , 112 ;

and population, 64 , 69 , 76 , 83 , 98 -99, 108 ;

and postwar reconstruction, 50 ;

in Primorskii Prospekt, 50 ;

in Prospekt Stachek district, 50 ;

and regional expansion, 66 , 69 ;

in St. Petersburg, 38 -39;

in Shchemilovka district, 50 ;

and social services, 83 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 160 -161, 168 ;

and soviets (councils), 82 ;

student, 69 ;

and super blocks, 7 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 82 ;

and systems theory, 175 ;

in urban center, 45 , 50 , 64 , 69 , 76 , 81 , 98

I

Iadov, Vladimir, 156

Iaroslavl' oblast, 51

Il'in, Lev, 42 , 44 -45, 95

Illiteracy, 38

India, 126 , 232 n13

Industrialization, 16 ;

and collectivization, 11 ;

and population growth, 7 , 39 , 41 -42, 55 -56;

St. Petersburg affected by, 35 , 39 -40, 179 ;

in Ukraine, 56 ;

and urbanization, 7 , 42 , 179

Industry, 101 ;

and automation, 107 , 131 -133, 139 , 160 ;

biochemical, 15 ;

chemical, 15 , 57 , 62 , 63 , 126 -127, 176 ;

and computerization, 132 -133, 135 , 139 ;

construction, 79 -71;

and defense program, 16 , 58 -59, 115 , 117 -118, 133 , 177 , 267 n5;

and economic relations, 15 ;

and educational institutions, 116 , 120 , 125 -126, 144 -146, 151 -153, 162 , 176 ;

electronics, 15 , 107 , 124 , 142 , 267 n5;

and employment, 167 ;

food processing, 62 , 63 , 136 ;

forestry, 62 , 63 , 112 ;

heavy, 8 , 15 , 58 -59, 61 -62, 64 , 121 , 137 , 142 , 146 , 267 n5.

and industrial production associations, 120 -122;

inferiority of Soviet, 137 ;

light, 58 -59, 61 -63, 118 , 121 , 138 , 141 -142, 176 -177;

machine building, 62 , 63 , 64 , 107 , 115 , 124 -126, 136 , 138 , 142 , 177 , 267 n5;

metal-working, 57 , 62 , 63 , 117 -118, 134 , 267 n5;

and ministries, 8 , 10 -11, 120 -121;

and modernization, 110 , 142 ;

in Moscow, 57 , 62 ;

and 1986 general plan, 107 , 110 -112;

nuclear power, 126 , 133 ;

optics, 142 , 159 ;

and organizational innovation, 18 , 116 -117, 122 -123, 136 -140;

paper processing, 63 ;

petrochemical, 62 , 63 , 86 -87;

and plant-factory schools (FZUs), 145 -146;

and pollution, 85 -87, 111 ;

precision instrument, 62 , 107 , 115 , 124 , 127 , 138 , 142 , 157 , 177 -178, 267 n5;

and prerevolutionary conditions, 125 ;

in St. Petersburg, 57 ;

and science-industry integration, 18 , 58 , 61 -62, 64 , 116 , 119 -120, 124 -131, 136 -142, 159 , 176 -177, 189 ;

and scientific institutions, 16 ;

and scientific-production associations, 18 , 116 -117, 124 -128, 132 -133, 137 , 139 ;

shipbuilding, 64 , 115 , 124 , 138 , 142 , 177 ;

and social structure, 160 ;

and Stalinism, 15 ;

and systems theory, 175 ;

and technological innovation, 132 ;

and urban center, 99 ;

during World War II, 49 ;

woodworking, 63 , 112 ;

and workforce, 62 ;

and workplace improvement, 159 -161.

See also Technological innovation

Information systems, 125 , 131

Innovation. See Organizationalinnovation; Technological innovation

Institutions. See Education; Government; Industry; Science

Intensification-90 campaign, 107 , 116 , 132 -140, 185 , 261 n8

Internationalism, 39 -40, 58

International Prospekt, 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 50

Intourist, 91

Israel, 56

Istanbul, 25

Italy, regional government in, 181 -182

Iudin, Evgenii, 164

Izhevsk, 117

Izhora River, 45

Izvestiia (newspaper), 172

J

Jacobs, Jane, 242 n26, 246 n86

Japan 132 ;

industrial superiority of, 137 ;

urban population in, 232 n13

Jewish population, 56 , 193

K

Kaganovich, Lazar, 7 , 42 , 119

Kalinin, 51 , 134

Kalininskii District, 75 , 122 , 161 -162, 164 -165, 205

Kaluga, 171

Kamenskii, Valentin, 73 -74

Karachi, 25

Karelian, 129

Kazan', 25 , 195

Kharkov, 101 , 171

Kherson, 101

Khodyrev Vladimir, 91 , 215

Khodzhaev, David, 100

Khorev, Boris, 100 -101

Khrulev, Stepan, 88

Khrushchev, Nikita, 61 , 64 , 110 , 119 -120, 144 -147, 152 -153, 183 , 221

Kiev, 81 , 83 , 101 , 108 , 171

Kirov (city), 195

Kirov, Sergei, 59 , 95 , 118

Kirovsk, 6 , 79

Kirovskii District, 75 , 122

Kirov Stadium, 50 , 52, 53 , 169

Kirsanov, Anatoli, 122

Kogan, Lev, 171

Kolpino, 6, 45 , 79

Komi, 129

Kommunist (periodical), 129

Kon, Igor, 156

Kopino, 99

Korotov, Vladimir, 153

Kosygin, Aleksei, 119 , 137 , 157 -158, 172

Kovalenko, Petr, 101

Kozlov, Frol, xx , 61 -62, 95 , 116 -119, 121 , 137 , 139 , 141 , 176 -178, 184 -185, 189 , 221 , 271 n1

Krai , 193 -194, 290

Krasnogvardeiskii District, 75

Krasnosel'skii District, 75

Krestovskii Island, 50 , 108

Kronstadt, 6, 47 , 76 , 77 , 99 , 166

Kronverk, 108

Kuibyshev 117 -118

Kuibyshevskii District, 75

Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 59 , 118

L

Labetskii, Kazimir, 106

Labor: discipline of, 142 , 157 , 159 ;

and Hawthorne experiments, 274 n30;

industrial, 151 ;

and law, 12 , 157 ;

and organizational innovation, 144 ;

physical, 144 ;

and private sector, 12 ;

and production principle, 277 n76;

productivity of, 96 , 106 , 136 , 138 , 160 -161, 170 , 172 ;

shortage of, 18 , 105 , 108 , 115 , 118 , 132 , 138 , 146 -147, 157 , 168 , 172 -174, 189 ;

skilled, 54 , 58 -59, 142 -143, 145 , 147 , 151 , 153 , 156 , 174 , 177 ;

and soviets (councils), 197 ;

and Taylorism, 272 n13;

and trade unions, 277 n76;

and turnover, 159 -160;

and vocational education, 144 -145, 159 -160;

and worker motivation, 156 , 157 ;

and workplace improvement, 159 -161, 172

Lake Ladoga, 6 , 49 , 111 , 236 n4

Lake Onega, 6

Land: and Bolshevik Revolution, 1 , 4 ;

and landfill, 73 , 76 ;

and municipal government, 82 ;

and nonmarket strategies, 187 ;

reclamation of, 112 ;

and soviets (councils), 197

Lappo, Georgii, 100

Latvia, 6

Lavrov, Sergei, 100

Law: and center-periphery relations, 207 -208;

and constitution, 197 ;

and environmental protection programs, 197 ;

and immigration, 56 ;

and labor, 12 , 157 ;

and urban planning, 73 , 227

Le Blond, Alexandre-Jean-Baptiste, 3 , 25 -28, 29

Lenin, V. I., 11 , 41 , 155 , 235 n1

Leningrad Affair, xx , 60 , 118 , 243 n48, 262 n10, 271 n1

Leningrad Scientific Center, 62 , 102 , 110 , 116 , 128 -131, 138 -139, 181 -182, 196

Leningradskaia panorama (periodical), 88 -89, 92 -93, 105 -107, 169

Leningradskaia pravda (newspaper), 89 -91, 104 -106, 150 -151, 216 , 269 n28, 279 n99

Leninskii District, 75 , 122

Leonidov, Ivan, 4

Libraries, xxiv , 82 , 125 , 128 , 130 , 148

Lindblom, Charles E., xvii

Literaturnaia gazeta (newspaper), 91

Litovka, Oleg, 101 -102

Local government. See Government, municipal

Lodeinoe Pole, 110

Lomonosov, 6 , 76 , 78 -79, 99

Lomov, Boris, 157

London, 15 , 38 -39

Luga, 110

L'vov, 101 , 121 -123, 171

Lynch, Kevin, 177

M

Maiorov Prospekt, 90

Makhachkala, 195

Malaia Okhta District, 45 , 46 , 50 , 52

Malenkov, Georgii, 60 , 117 , 119

Maritime Victory Park, 50 , 52

Market: and economic reforms, 123 , 137 , 140 , 185 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 11 , 123 ;

in United States, 187 -188;

and urban planning, 1 -2

Marxism-Leninism, 155

Matthews, Mervyn, 145

Mayo, Elton, 274 n30

Mazurov, Kirill, 147

Media. See Newspapers; Radio; Television

Medical care, 83 , 106 , 110 , 158 -159, 161 .

See also Public health

Menshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich, 25

Metalworking, 57 , 62 , 63 , 117 -118, 134 , 267 n5

Metrology, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of, 127 -128

Metropolitan area, 4 , 6 , 15 , 17 , 64 , 79 -80, 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 , 176 -179, 186 -187

Mezhevich, Marat, 10 , 102 , 158

Migration, 7 , 38 -39, 41 , 51 , 53 -56, 64 , 81 , 142 , 232 n12, 241 n14, 242 n26

Mikhailov, Evgenii, 121

Milan, 15

Military, 16 , 41 , 45 , 57 , 115 , 142 .

See also Defense program

Miliutin, Nikolai, 4

Minidistricts, 7 , 67 , 71 -72, 76 , 168 -169, 290

Ministries: all-union, 8 , 206 -207, 289 ;

and center-periphery relations, 8 , 10 -11, 96 , 111 , 158 , 178 , 183 , 188 , 206 -208;

and centralization, 207 ;

and construction, 70 ;

and economic reforms, 159 ;

educational, 144 , 149 , 153 ;

industrial, 8 , 11 , 120 -121, 158 ;

and Intensification-90 campaign, 133 ;

and market-oriented reforms, 123 ;

and political relations, 12 ;

and production principle, 8 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 8 , 10 , 158 ;

union-republic, 8 , 70 , 144 , 195 , 206 -207, 292

Minsk, 171

Mir iskusstva (periodical), 40 -41

Modernization, and industry, 110 , 142 .

See also Intensification-90 campaign

Moika River Canal, 65

Molotov, V. M., 119

Monasteries, 108

Montreal, 242 n26

Monumental architecture, 32 , 85

Mordvinian population, 193

Moscow, 10 , 15 , 17 , 25 , 30 ;

antiurban programs in, 42 ;

capital relocated to, 41 , 57 ;

and economic relations, 57 -58;

importance of, 54 ;

industry in, 57 , 62 ;

migration to, 54 , 81 ;

minidistricts in, 72 ;

physical planning in, 42 ;

pollution control in, 86 ;

population of, 108 ;

precision-instrument industry in, 127 ;

quality of life in, 83 ;

romantic architecture in, 39 ;

scientific institutions in, 128 -129, 139 , 181 , 195 ;

scientific workforce in, 62 ;

socioeconomic planning in, 96 , 171 ;

transportation in, 66 ;

urban planning in, 79

Moscow Gates, 43

Moscow Victory Park, 43 , 50 , 52

Moses, Joel, 215

Moskovskii District, 75 , 136

Moskovskii Prospekt, 42 , 43

Moskovskii Station, 79 , 108

Mote, Max E., 193

Mozhaev, Pavel, 135

Municipal government. See Government, municipal

Murav'ev, Evgenii, 102

Murmansk, 129 , 171

N

Nationalism, 39 -40, 92

National security, xxiv , 45 , 73

Naumov, Aleksandr, 45 , 74

Nazarov, Valentin, 106

Neoclassicism, 30 -32, 33 , 34 , 40 , 42 , 44 -45, 95 , 108 , 185

Netsenko, Aleksandr, 164

Neva River, 23 , 26 , 42 , 45 , 76 , 86 , 110 -111, 236 n4

Nevskii District, 75

Nevskii Prospekt, 34 , 35, 36 , 38 , 50 , 65 , 78 , 94 -95, 108 , 255 n71

New Delhi, 25

New Economic Policy (NEP), 11 -12, 41

New Petersburg movement, 40 , 44 , 179

Newspapers, 89 -91, 94 , 104 -106, 111 , 129 , 133 -134, 146 , 150 -151, 169 , 172 , 216 , 269 n28, 279 n99

New Urbanism movement, 42

New York, 64 , 255 n71

Nicholas I, 30 , 34 , 35 , 39

Nicholas II, 39

Nikiforov, Iurii, 87

Nizhnii Novgorod, 60

Nizhnii Tagil, 171

Nonmarket strategies, xvii , 2 , 15 , 137 -138, 185 , 187 -189

Novgorod, 129 , 171

Novosibirsk, 25 , 127 -128, 171 , 181 , 195

Nuclear power, 126 , 133

O

Oblast, 4 , 5, 6 , 16 , 51 , 79 -80, 103 , 105 , 107 -108, 193 -194, 290

October 30 Prospekt, 50

Odessa, 58 , 101 , 171

Okrug , 193 -194, 290

Oktiabr'skii District, 75 , 88 , 161 -162, 162, 163

Ol'gino, 76

Optics, 142 , 159

Orel, 171

Organizational innovation: and bureaucracy, 135 -136;

and economic relations, 123 , 137 -140;

and enterprises, 136 , 138 ;

and industry, 18 , 116 -117, 122 -123, 137 -140;

and innovation cycle, 3 , 182 -183;

and labor relations, 144 ;

and production associations, 18 , 117 , 122 -123, 137 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 122

Ovchinnikov, Vitalii, 171

P

Pakhamova, Galina, 213

Palaces, 30 , 99 , 166 , 167 , 179

Palladio, Andrea, 45

Paper processing, 63

Paris, 15 , 38 -39, 45 , 93 , 255 n71

Parks, 11 , 30 , 50 , 43 , 78 , 85 , 99

Pashkov, Aleksandr, 157

Paul I, 34

Pavlovsk, 6, 45 , 78 -79, 99

Peace Square, 42 , 43

Peasants: and collectivization, 41 ;

and urban migration, 7 , 39 , 41 , 54 -56

Pensions, 54

Perestroika , xvi , xxiv , 89

Periphery. See Center-periphery relations; Suburban areas

Perm, 171

Peter I, 23 , 24 -28, 30 , 51 , 87 , 99 , 166

Peter II, 30

Petrochemical industry, 62 , 63 , 86 -87

Petrodvorets, 6 , 78 -79, 99 , 102 , 110

Petrograd, 38 , 41 -42, 50 , 58 -59, 221 , 235 n1

Petrogradskaia Storona, 110

Petrogradskii District, 75

Petrokrepost', 77 , 79

Petrozavodsk, 195

Pevchevskii Bridge, 65

Physical planning. See Planning, physical

Piranesi, Giambattista, 45

Planning, physical, 17 -18, 177 ;

and antiurban programs, 42 ;

and architecture, 17 , 185 ;

and brokerage function, 3 ;

and bureaucracy, 184 ;

and centralization, 1 -2, 184 ;

and construction, 112 , 227 , 291 -292;

and Dutch model, 26 , 30 ;

and historical preservation, 17 , 42 ;

and municipal government, 42 ;

and 1966 general plan, 96 , 103 -104;

and 1986 general plan, 112 ;

and neoclassicism, 30 -32, 34 , 44 ;

and nonmarket strategies, 2 , 187 ;

and political relations, 184 ;

and prerevolutionary conditions, 3 , 25 -28, 30 -32, 34 ;

and regional expansion, 179 ;

and regional government, 16 ;

and regional integration, 179 -180;

and social change, 64 ;

and urban center, 99 -100, 229

Planning, socioeconomic: and agriculture, 171 ;

and architecture, 17 , 166 , 168 ;

and brokerage function, 3 ;

and bureaucracy, 184 ;

and centralization, 1 -2, 7 -8, 10 -11, 184 , 186 ;

and Communist Party, 58 -64, 96 -97, 132 , 159 -162, 170 , 172 ;

and consumer goods and services, 168 -169;

and culture, 159 -162, 168 ;

and development strategy, 58 -64, 112 , 161 , 173 -174;

and districts, 142 , 161 -165, 166 , 173 -174;

and diversification, 58 , 61 -62;

and economic reforms, 158 ;

and educational institutions, 161 ;

emergence of, 96 , 100 , 172 ;

and enterprises, 96 , 122 , 158 , 160 -164, 170 -174, 177 ;

and environmental protection programs, 166 ;

goals of, 97 , 161 , 165 ;

and housing, 160 -161, 168 ;

implementation of, 170 ;

and industrial sociology, 142 , 157 , 159 -160, 163 , 171 -176;

and labor productivity, 160 -161, 170 , 172 ;

and labor shortage, 168 , 172 -174;

and Leningrad model, 170 -173;

levels of complexity in, 162 -164;

local conditions favoring, 172 -174, 176 ;

and market, 11 , 123 ;

and mathematical modeling, 165 , 173 -174;

and ministries, 8 , 10 , 158 ;

in Moscow, 96 ;

and municipal government, 10 -11, 97 -98, 142 , 158 , 161 -162, 164 -165, 170 -172, 174 , 176 ;

and national government, 164 , 170 -172, 176 ;

and 1966 general plan, 96 , 98 , 103 -104;

and 1986 general plan, 107 , 112 ;

and nonmarket strategies, 2 , 187 ;

and organizational innovation, 122 ;

and political relations, 122 , 161 , 170 -172, 184 ;

and production associations, 122 ;

and public health, 161 ;

and regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy ), 122 ;

and regional expansion, 179 ;

and regional government, 10 , 16 , 132 , 142 , 164 , 170 -171;

and regional integration, 179 -180;

and rural areas, 170 -171;

and science-industry integration, 142 ;

and scientific institutions, 173 -174;

sectorial, 10 , 97 , 170 ;

and socialism, 1 , 164 , 174 , 187 ;

and social services, 158 -159, 168 ;

and soviets (councils), 10 -11, 161 ;

and specialization, 58 , 61 ;

and Stalinism, 7 -8, 10 -11;

and systems theory, 100 , 173 -175;

and technological innovation, 162 ;

territorial, 10 ;

and transportation, 158 , 162 ;

and urban center, 99 ;

and vocational education, 162 ;

and workforce, 18 , 168 , 174 , 176 ;

and workplace improvement, 159 -161, 172

Planning, urban: and antiurban programs, 4 , 7 , 42 ;

and architecture, 4 , 17 , 72 -73, 93 , 179 , 227 -229, 254 n61;

and centralization, 4 , 182 , 187 , 229 ;

and construction, 227 -229;

and dehumanization, 93 ;

and demography, 146 ;

and Dutch model, 25 -28, 30 ;

and educational institutions, 228 ;

and historical preservation, 85 , 93 -94;

and innovation cycle, 182 -183;

and law, 73 , 227 ;

and market, 1 -2;

and minidistricts 71 ;

in Moscow 79 ;

and municipal government, 12 , 102 ;

and national government, 80 ;

and neoclassicism, 30 -32, 34 , 40 -42, 44 -45, 95 ;

and 1966 general plan, 72 -73;

and nonmarket strategies, 2 , 15 ;

and policy experiments, 183 ;

and political relations, 182 -183;

and prerevolutionary conditions, 4 , 24 -28, 30 -32, 34 -35, 40 , 45 , 99 ;

and regional expansion, 3 -4, 79 -80, 104 -105, 179 ;

and regional government, 79 , 102 -103;

and regional integration, 106 -107, 178 -180;

and Renaissance model, 44 -45;

and settlement patterns, 100 -102;

and socialism, 1 , 4 , 7 , 12 , 45 , 93 , 95 , 179 , 187 ;

and soviets (councils), 104 ;

and Stalinism, 40 -41, 44 -45, 72 ;

and suburban areas, 100 ;

and systems theory, 100 -102, 112 , 173 -175, 179 -180;

and transportation, 4 , 7 , 102 , 104

Plant-factory schools (FZU), 145 -146

Plastpolimer, 126 -128

Podgorny, Nikolai, 119 , 157

Police, 91

Polish population, 55 -56

Politburo, 10 , 106 , 116 , 119 , 134 -135, 194 , 291

Political relations: and antiurban programs, 4 , 7 ;

and brokerage function, 3 ;

center-periphery, 8 , 10 -11, 17 , 96 , 98 , 111 , 123 , 158 , 178 , 180 -183, 186 , 188 , 206 -208, 218 ;

and centralization, 186 ;

and constitution, 193 , 196 -197, 203 -204;

and democracy, 92 ;

and demonstrations, 90 -92;

and economic development strategy, 58 -64, 117 ;

and elections, 59 , 87 , 131 , 136 , 147 , 197 -198, 203 -205, 207 , 233 n16, 280 n1, 282 n29, 283 n35;

and glasnost' , 86 -87, 91 ;

and historical preservation, 90 -92;

and history, 178 ;

and Intensification-90 campaign, 133 -137;

and Leningrad Affair, 60 , 118 , 262 n10, 271 n1;

and liberalization, 155 ;

and market-oriented reforms, 123 , 137 ;

and ministries, 12 ;

Moscow as center of, 54 ;

and municipal government, 178 ;

and nationalism, 92 ;

and nonmarket strategies, 188 ;

and perestroika , 89 ;

Political relations (continued )

and physical planning, 184 ;

and purges, 60 , 117 -118, 221 , 244 n53, 262 n10, 271 n1;

and reforms, 8 , 123 ;

and regional government, 16 , 178 , 180 -182, 186 ;

and regional integration, 178 ;

and Romanov dynasty, 30 , 34 ;

and scientific institutions, 128 -131, 138 , 181 -182, 195 -196;

and Slavophilism, 92 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 122 , 161 , 170 -172, 184 ;

and soviets (councils), 196 -197;

and technological innovation, 137 , 184 -185;

and urban planning, 182 -183;

and vocational education, 150

Pollution, 85 -87, 111 , 166

Polozov, Vladimir, 141 , 147 , 157

Poltava, 101

Popkov, Petr, 118

Popov, Georgii, 221

Population, 15 , 27 , 70 , 76 , 80 ;

aging of, 51 , 146 , 241 n13;

Belorussian, 54 -56;

and birth rates, 146 ;

ceiling, 7 , 81 , 108 ;

in Civil War period, 41 ;

density of, 167 ;

and districts, 70 , 74 , 94 , 108 , 162 , 166 -168;

female, 51 , 146 , 241 n13;

and housing, 64 , 69 , 76 , 83 , 98 -99, 108 ;

and industrialization, 7 , 39 , 41 , 55 -56;

Jewish, 56 ;

migration of, 5 , 7 , 38 -39, 41 , 51 , 53 -56, 81 , 142 , 241 n14;

of Moscow, 108 ;

in New Economic policy period, 41 -42;

and 1966 general plan, 74 , 81 , 98 ;

Polish, 55 -56;

postwar, 51 , 53 -54;

prewar, 51 ;

and regional expansion, 108 ;

and rural areas, 53 , 81 ;

Russian (ethnic), 54 -55;

of St. Petersburg, 30 , 38 -39;

and suburban areas, 70 , 78 , 83 ;

and systems theory, 175 ;

Tatar, 54 -56;

Ukrainian, 54 -56;

and urban center, 70 , 78 , 82 , 85 ;

and urbanization, 7 , 146 , 232 n13;

during World War II, 49 , 51 , 142 , 239 -240n54

Poverty, 54

Pravda (newspaper), 129 , 134

Precision instruments, 62 , 107 , 115 , 124 , 127 , 138 , 142 , 157 , 177 -178, 267 n5

Prerevolutionary conditions: and architecture, 87 -89, 166 ;

and founding of St. Petersburg, 23 -24;

and industry, 125 ;

and physical planning, 3 , 25 -28, 30 -32, 34 ;

and urban planning, 4 , 24 -28, 30 -32, 34 -35, 40 , 45 , 99

Primorskii Prospekt, 50 , 52

Priozersk, 110

Private property, xvii , 4 , 7 , 40

Private sector, 10 -12, 58 , 83 , 93

Problemy gorodov (Khorev), 101

Production associations, 18 , 291 ;

and defense program, 133 ;

and districts, 121 -122;

and economic reforms, 122 -125, 137 -139;

Elektrosila, 125 -128;

industrial, 120 -123;

Metrology, 127 -128;

and organizational innovation, 18 , 117 , 122 -123, 137 ;

Plastpolimer, 126 -128;

as policy experiment, 183 ;

scientific, 116 -117, 121 , 123 -128, 132 -133, 135 , 137 , 139 , 177 , 185 -186, 291 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 122 ;

and technological innovation, 18 , 117 , 121 -125, 132 , 139

Professional-technical schools (PTUs), 144 -146, 148 , 150 -153, 183 , 291

Proletariat, 145

Property relations: nationalization of, 4 , 7 ;

and private property, xvii , 4 , 7 , 40

Prospect Enlightenment, 88 , 93 , 95

Prospekt Stachek District, 50 , 52

Pskov, 129

Psychology, 156 , 157 , 255 n73

Public health 11 , 87 ;

and alcoholism, 38 ;

and cholera epidemic, 30 ;

and medical care, 83 , 106 , 110 , 158 -159, 161 ;

and 1966 general plan, 95 ;

in St. Petersburg, 30 , 38 ;

and social services, 83 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 161 ;

and venereal disease, 38 ;

and workplace improvement, 159 -161

Pulkovo, 45

Pulkovo airport, 51 , 52 , 79

Purges, 60 , 117 -118, 221 , 244 n54, 262 n10, 271 n1

Pushkin (city), 6 , 45 , 78 -79, 99

Q

Quality of life, 83 , 96 , 106 , 112

R

Radio, 11 , 15 , 111 , 124 , 142 , 153

Railroads, 47 , 58 , 77 , 79 , 179 , 243 n45

Reconstruction, postwar, 50 -52, 58 -60

Recreational facilities, 73 , 77 , 85 , 99 , 102 , 156 , 159 , 161 , 166 , 168 -169, 204 , 259 n108

Red Army. See Military

Reed, John, 89

Reforms: and center-periphery relations, 207 ;

and economic development strategy, 120 , 122 -123, 136 -137, 140 , 157 -159, 185 ;

educational, 18 , 144 -148, 152 -154, 183 -184;

and elections, 233 n16, 280 n1;

Khrushchev's attempts at, 119 ;

and production associations, 122 -125;

and Gorbachev, xvi , xviii , xxiii -xxiv, 8 , 83 , 86 , 123 , 154

Regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy ), 120 , 122

Regional government. See Government, regional

Religion, 56

Renaissance, 44 -45

Republican capitals, 195 -196, 235 n36

Rhein-Ruhr, 15

Riashchenko, Boris, 164

Riazan', 117

Riga, 58

Rio de Janeiro, 25

Rococo, 30

Rodionov, Nikolai, 221

Romanov dynasty, 24 -28, 30 -32, 34 -35, 39 -40, 42

Romanov, Grigorii xxiii , 61 -62, 87 , 95 , 116 , 123 , 129 , 131 , 133 -134, 137 -138 150 -151, 155 , 162 -164, 170 -172, 178 , 181 -182, 184 -185, 213 , 215 , 221 , 270 n36, 273 n23

Romanticism, 39 -40

Rural areas, 100 ;

and migration, 53 , 142 ;

and population, 53 , 81 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 170 -171;

urbanization of, 4 , 7

Russian Museum, 166

Rutkevich, Mikhail, 171

Rybatskoe, 76

S

Sabsovich, Leonid, 4

St. Isaac Cathedral, 35

St. Isaac's Square, 89

St. Petersburg, 24, 32 , 50 ;

Dutch model for, 25 -28, 30 ;

and economic relations, 57 -58;

economic relations in, 39 ;

founding of, 23 -24;

housing in, 38 -39;

as imperial capital, 24 -25, 30 , 34 , 57 ;

and industrialization, 35 , 39 -40, 57 , 179 ;

municipal government in, 39 ;

neoclassical architecture of, 30 -32, 34 ;

population of, 27 , 30 , 38 -39;

public health in 30 , 38 ;

and regional expansion 179 ;

renaming of, 38 , 235 n1;

Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences in, 195 ;

and transportation, 57 -58, 243 n45

Saratov oblast, 51

Satellite cities, 30 , 74 , 78 , 79 , 99 -100, 131

Science: and basic research, 124 , 131 ;

and bureaucracy, 128 -131;

and educational institutions, 145 , 147 -148, 156 ;

and Fifth Five-Year plan, 17 ;

and information systems, 125 , 131 ;

and Leningrad Scientific Center, 62 , 102 , 110 , 116 , 128 -132, 138 -139, 181 -182, 196 ;

and military research, 16 ;

and municipal government, 129 ;

and national government, 128 -131;

and 1966 general plan, 74 , 78 ;

and 1986 general plan, 107 , 110 -111;

and political relations, 128 -131, 138 , 181 -182, 195 -196;

and regional government, 129 , 131 ;

and science-industry integration, 16 , 18 , 58 , 61 -62, 64 , 116 , 119 -120, 124 -131, 136 -142, 159 , 176 -177, 189 ;

and scientific institutions, 15 -17, 62 , 102 , 110 -111, 116 , 124 -125, 128 -131, 138 -139, 148 , 155 -156, 161 , 166 , 171 , 173 -174, 181 -182, 195 -196;

and scientific-production associations, 18 , 116 -117, 121 , 123 -128, 132 -133, 135 , 137 , 139 , 177 , 185 ;

and soviets (councils), 197 ;

and USSR Academy of Sciences, 62 , 102 , 110 , 116 , 124 , 126 , 128 -131, 133 , 138 -139, 181 -182, 195 ;

and workforce, 62 , 124 -125

Seaports, 51 , 57 -58, 74 , 79

Senate building, 33

Senior citizens. See Elderly, the

Serfs, emancipation of, 54 , 56

Seselgis, Kazys, 100

Sestroretsk, 6 , 79 , 100 , 166

Settlement patterns, 100 -102

Sewage, 11 , 50

Shchekino Combine, 176 , 279 n101

Shchemilovka district, 45 , 45 , 50 , 52

Shelepin, Aleksandr, xxiii , 147

Shelley, Louise, 206

Shipbuilding, 15 , 64 , 115 , 124 , 138 , 142 , 177

Shuvalovo, 102 , 111 , 131

Siberia: chemical industry in, 127 ;

hydroelectric power in, 126 ;

scientific institutions in, 128 , 181 , 195

Sigov, Ivglaf, 100 , 125 , 174 , 279 n99

Singer building, 68

Slaughterhouses, 39

Slavophilism, 92

Smith, Steven, 57

Smolenskii cemetery, 108

Smol'ninskii District, 75 , 108 , 131

Social change: and migration, 50 , 53 -54, 64 ;

and physical planning, 64

Socialism, 1 , 4 , 136 , 164 , 174 , 179 , 181 , 184 , 187 -189;

and property relations, 7 ;

and urban planning, 4 , 7 , 12 , 45 , 93 , 95

Social services, 83 , 85 , 94 , 204 ;

and districts, 168 -169, 207 ;

and economic reforms, 158 ;

and municipal government, 82 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 159 , 168

Social structure: and bourgeoisie, 38 , 41 , 93 ;

and education, 144 , 150 ;

and industry, 160 ;

and peasants, 7 , 39 , 41 , 54 -56;

and systems theory, 175 ;

and working class, 38 -39, 41 , 145 .

See also Population; Social change

Sociology, industrial, 96 , 103 , 122 , 142 , 153 ;

and educational institutions, 156 -157;

interdisciplinary nature of, 157 , 173 ;

and labor discipline, 157 , 159 ;

and labor productivity, 160 -161;

and labor shortage, 157 ;

and mathematical modeling, 173 ;

and psychology, 160 ;

rebirth of, 155 -156;

and scientific institutions, 155 -157, 173 -174, 185 ;

and social services, 159 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 157 , 159 -160, 163 , 171 -176;

and systems theory, 173 -175;

and turnover, 159 -160;

and worker motivation, 156 , 157 ;

and workplace improvement, 159 -161

Sokolov, S. I., 89 -92

Solov'ev, Iurii, xx , 61 , 95 , 106 , 116 , 135 -136, 178 , 222 , 261 n8

Sotsialisticheskii trud (periodical), 147

Sovety narodnykh deputatov (periodical), 172

The Soviet Prefects (Hough), 180 , 232 n3

Soviets (councils), 3 , 8 , 193 -194, 289 ;

and bureaucracy, 15 , 206 , 209 ;

and center-periphery relations, 206 -208;

and Communist Party, 12 , 14 -15, 72 , 91 , 205 , 214 -216;

and constituent contact, 204 -205;

and constitution, 196 -197;

and construction, 70 , 197 ;

and consumer goods and services, 82 , 197 ;

and culture, 197 ;

deputies of, 198 -204, 232 n4;

and economic relations, 10 -11;

and educational institutions, 197 ;

and elections, 197 -198, 203 -205, 207 , 280 n1, 282 -283n32;

and enterprises, 8 , 10 ;

and environmental protection programs, 197 -198;

and executive committees, 205 -206, 209 , 211 , 215 , 290 ;

and Five-Year Plan, 203 ;

and housing, 82 ;

and labor, 197 ;

and land use, 197 ;

and municipal budget, 209 , 211 ;

and municipal government, 11 , 15 , 70 , 72 -73, 91 , 105 -106, 133 , 196 -206, 214 -218, 236 n4;

and national government, 211 ;

and 1986 general plan, 105 -106;

and personnel appointment (nomenklatura ), 213 -215;

and political relations, 196 -197;

and regional government, 72 -73, 102 , 105 , 169 , 199 , 203 -204, 282 n32;

and scientific institutions, 197 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 10 -11, 161 ;

and suburban areas, 100 , 102 ;

and transportation, 197 ;

and urban planning, 104

Spiridonov, Ivan, 61

Sports. See Recreational facilities

Squares, 32 , 34 , 35 , 42 , 43 , 88 -89

Stalinism, 7 -8, 15 , 40 -42, 44 -45, 72

Stalin, Joseph, 7 -8, 11 , 58 -59, 110 , 118 , 141 , 145 , 155 , 176 , 193 , 243 n48

Stalinskii Prospekt, 50

Starye gody (periodical), 40

Stavropol', 170

Stepanenko, Anatolii, 174 -175

Stewart, Philip, 194

Streetcars, 66 , 69 , 94

Streets, 26 , 30 , 71 , 108 , 166 , 246 n86, 255 n71

Students, 82 ;

demonstrations by, 92 ;

in professional-technical schools (PTUs), 150 -151

Suburban areas, 6 , 77 , 179 ;

and economic relations, 243 n42.

and 1966 general plan 74 , 78 ;

and population, 70 , 78 , 83 ;

and satellite cities, 74 , 78 , 79 ;

and soviets (councils), 100 , 102 ;

and urban planning, 100

Subways, 66 , 78 , 83 , 84 , 94 , 104 , 228

Sukhumi, 173

Summer Gardens, 166

Superblocks, 7 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 82 , 229

Surovtsev, Boris, 91

Suslov, Nikolai, 221

Sverdlovsk, 25 , 51 , 72 , 96 , 108 , 171 , 195 , 271 n1

Svetlana plant, 157 , 159 -160

Sweden, 23

Syktyvar, 195

Symbolism, 40

Syria, 126

Systems theory, 100 -102, 112 , 173 -175, 179 -180

T

Tadzhik Republic, 196

Tatar population, 54 -56, 193

Taxation, 187 -188, 209

Taxis, 12

Taylorism, 272 n13

Tbilisi, 25

Technological innovation: and bureaucracy, 184 ;

and centralization, 184 ;

and defense program, 118 ;

and economic development strategy, 105 -106, 115 , 118 -119, 132 , 138 -143, 184 ;

and economic reforms, 123 , 140 ;

and enterprises, 120 ;

and Five-Year Plan, 59 , 119 ;

and housing construction, 71 -72;

and industry, 138 ;

and innovation cycle, 3 , 182 -183;

and Intensification-90 campaign, 107 , 116 , 132 -137, 139 -140;

local conditions for, 57 , 59 , 125 ;

and market-oriented reforms, 140 ;

and 1986 general plan, 18 , 105 -107, 111 , 115 , 117 ;

and political relations, 137 , 184 -185;

and production associations, 18 , 117 , 121 -126, 132 , 139 ;

and science-industry integration, 62 , 64 , 116 , 118 -119, 131 , 136 , 139 , 141 ;

and socioeconomic planning, 162 ;

and specialization, 61 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 138 , 142 , 176 , 213

Television, 11 , 111

Theaters, 82

Tol'iatti, 171

Tolstikov, Vasilii, 61 , 159 -160, 172 , 273 n23

Tourism, 78 , 91 , 94 , 99 , 168 , 255 n69

Trade unions, 277 n76

Trams, 11 , 39 , 169 , 208

Transportation, 11 , 101 , 248 n104;

and budget, 208 ;

and economic relations, 57 -58;

and employment, 78 , 85 ;

mass, 66 , 83 ;

in Moscow, 66 ;

and 1947 general plan, 51 ;

and 1966 general plan, 74 , 78 -79, 95 ;

and 1986 general plan, 106 , 111 -112;

and pollution, 86 ;

and regional expansion, 78 -79, 83 , 85 , 94 ;

and regional integration, 180 ;

and St. Petersburg, 57 -58, 243 n45;

and socioeconomic planning, 158 , 162 ;

and soviets (councils), 197 ;

and systems theory, 175 ;

and urban planning, 4 , 7 , 102 , 104

Trezzini, Dominico, 237 n11

Trotsky, Leon, 58 , 221

Turkmen Republic, 196

U

Ufa, 171 , 195 -196

Ugarov, Boris, 89

Ukraine, 101 , 131 , 171

Ukrainian population in Leningrad, 54 -56

Unified Settlement System, 100 -101

Union republics, 8 , 70 , 144 , 193 , 195 -197, 206 -207, 209 , 292

United States: bureaucracy in, 188 ;

consulate of, 166 ;

crime in, 251 n12;

free market in, 187 -188;

industry in, 137 , 267 n5;

Jewish immigration to, 56 ;

social indicators in, 277 -278n84;

technological innovation in, 132 ;

urban population in, 232 n13;

vocational education in, 145

Universities, 35 , 156 , 157 , 161 , 170 -171

Urbanization: and industrialization, 7 , 42 , 179 ;

and population, 7 , 146 , 232 n13;

of rural areas, 4 , 7 ;

and systems theory, 174

Urban planning. See Planning, urban

Uspenskii, Sergei, 102 , 256 n78, 259 n107

USSR Academy of Arts, 89

USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, 148 -149

USSR Academy of Sciences, 62 , 102 , 105 , 110 , 116 , 124 , 126 , 128 -131, 133 , 138 -139, 155 -157, 165 -166, 173 -174, 181 -182, 195 , 207 , 228

USSR Council of Ministers, 8 , 9 , 13 , 91 , 96 , 119 , 130 , 144 , 147 , 197 , 207

USSR Supreme Soviet, 9 , 13 , 18 , 59 , 72 -73, 130 , 133 , 146 , 152 -153, 183 , 197 , 204 , 207 , 277 n76, 292

Utilities, 4 , 39 , 50 , 106 , 208

V

Varshavskii Station, 79

Vasileostrovskii District, 75 , 162 , 203

Vasil'evskii Island, 25 -28, 67 , 68 , 69 , 73 ,

Vasil'evskii Island (continued )

76 , 79 , 82 , 86 -87, 108 , 237 n30, 247 n88

Vechernyi Leningrad (newspaper), 104 -105, 169

Vechkanov, Grigorii, 53

Venereal disease, 38

Vienna, 25 , 38

Vitman, Vladimir, 42

Vladivostok, 25 , 72 , 195

Vocational education, 18 , 143 -148, 150 -154, 159 -160, 174 , 176 -177, 183 -186, 270 n6

Volga River, 56

Volodarskii Election District, 59

Vologda, 129

Vorotilov, Viktor, 166

Vyborg, 110

Vyborgskii District, 75 , 121 , 162

W

Warhola, James, 194

Warsaw, 58

Washington D.C., 24 , 45 , 93

Waterworks, 11 , 39 , 50 , 86 , 106 , 208

Weather. See Climate

Wedding palace, 166 , 167

Werth, Alexander, 50

Winter War with Finns, 45 , 73

Winter Palace, 35, 37

Women: demography of, 51 , 146 ;

employment of, 125 ;

in workforce, 146

Woodworking, 63 , 112

Workforce, 18 , 168 ;

demography of, 115 , 146 , 154 ;

education of, 142 ;

effect of World War II on, 141 -143;

female, 146 ;

industrial, 62 , 146 ;

and municipal government, 206 ;

and 1986 general plan, 107 -108, 111 ;

scientific, 16 , 62 , 124 -125;

and socioeconomic planning, 174 , 176 ;

stabilization of, 147 ;

upgrading of, 156 , 159 ;

and vocational education, 145 , 147 , 159 , 174

Working class, 38 -39, 41

World War I, 56 , 57

World War II, 16 , 45 , 49 , 50 -51, 59 , 73 , 117 , 141 , 142 , 215

Y

Young Communist League (Komsomol), 144

Youth, 53 , 98 , 142 , 144 -145, 150 , 153 , 160 , 169 , 241 n13, 251 n12

Z

Zaikov, Lev, 61 , 95 , 104 -105, 116 , 131 -137, 139 -140, 168 , 184 -185, 215 , 222

Zakharov, Adreian, 51

Zavarikin, S. P., 81

Zelenogorsk, 79

Zhdanov, Andrei, 59 -60, 95 , 117 -118, 243 n48

Zhdanov (city), 171

Zhdanova, Tat'iana, 213

Zhdanovskii District, 75 , 122

Zhebit, Grigorii, 171 , 277 -278n84

Zhuk, Aleksandr, 91

Zhuravlev, Boris, 153

Zinov'ev, Grigorii, 58 -59, 221

Zolotoe runo (periodical), 40

Zoning, 39 ;

functional, 28 , 30 ;

and 1986 general plan, 108 -110;

residential, 7