INDEX
A
Abel's equations. See P-t inversion
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 54
Accelerometers, 47
digital, 47
downhole, 47 , 114
Active faults, 229
Active surface folds, 229
Adams, R. D., 3 , 31
Afiamalu (AFI), Samoa, 73
Aftershocks, 34
Borah Peak (1983), 231
Chile (1985), 189 –195
Coalinga/Kettleman (1983–1985), 213 –214, 217 –218
decay parameter, 4
Eureka (1980), 208 , 212
Michoacan (1985), 69 , 72 , 74
Parkfield (1966), 200
Aki, K., 145 –146, 257 , 267
Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, 73
Apparent velocity, 99
Antenna theory. See Signal processing
Anza seismic gap, 179 – 180 , 184
Arms control, 123
Arrays
ARCESS (Norway), 136
Blue Mountain Observatory (BMSO), 129
borehole accelerometer, 114
Cumberland Plateau Observatory (CPSO), 129
Eksdalemuir (Scotland), 124
Garibidinaur (India), 124
Gräfenberg (West Germany), 65 , 124 , 125 , 129
Hagfors (Sweden), 124 , 125
Parkfield, 43
seismic, 37
seismology, 123 –153
SMART 1 (Taiwan), 47 , 268 –269
Tonto Forrest Observatory (TFSO), 129
Unita Basin Observatory (UBSO), 129
Warramunga (Australia), 124
Wichita Mountain Observatory (WMSO), 129
Yellowknife (Canada), 124 , 125 , 130 .
See also LASA; NORESS; NORSAR
Asperity model, 280 , 296 . See also Fault, rupture models
Attenuation factor. See Q
Australian plate, 169 –170, 177
Automated Seismic Processor (ASP), 24 –25, 41 , 99 –100
Azimuth, 40 , 99 , 246 , 304 , 353
B
Bandwidth, 119 , 142 , 280
Barrier model. See Fault, rupture models
Basin and Range province, 235
Bellamy, E., 6 , 9 –10
Benioff zone, 187
Berkeley Seismographic Stations, 24 –50, 53 , 64 , 86 –87, 99 , 159 , 199 , 244 , 245 , 257 , 339
Berkeley Byerly Station (BKS), 30 , 41 , 114 , 116
Berkeley Digital Seismograph Network (BDSN), 32 , 43 , 109 , 114 , 117 –119
broadband recording, 24 , 45
Bulletin of, 25 , 34 , 38 , 45 , 112
history, 24 –50
instrumentation, 109 –122
long-period instruments, 37
scientific contributions, 48 –49
telemetry network, 26 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 45 , 112 –113
Berkner Panel, 124 , 129
Berry, M. J., 53 , 68
Bismarck Sea Seismic Zone (BSSZ), 171 –172
Blanco fracture zone, 220
Bolt, B. A., 24 , 30 –32, 267
Borrowing strength, 270 –274
Branner station, 30
Brillinger, D. R., 31 , 266
Brune, J. N., 279 . See also Source models, Brune
Bullen, K. E., 96
Bureau Central International de Séismologie (BCIS), 53 , 55 , 158
Byerly, P., 29 –30, 32 –33, 34 , 36 –37, 41 , 199 , 244 –245
C
California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG), 86 –87, 159
California Division of Water Resources (CDWR), 86 –87
California Institute of Technology, 36 –37, 87 , 159
Cathedral Caves station, Missouri, 73
Chandra, U., 31
Charters Towers station (CTA), Australia, 73
CHEAT chemical explosion, 304 –306, 311
Chernov random-medium theory, 145
Cienega Winery, 38
Circum-Pacific belt, 244
Cloud, W. K., 31 , 47
Clymer, R., 31
COALORA nuclear explosion, 304 –305, 307 –311
Coast Ranges seismic zone, 207 , 213 –219, 221 –223
Coda waves, 92 –95, 146 –147, 259 , 260 –264
Coherence, 147 , 318
College station (COL), Alaska, 73
Columbia College station (CMB), 41 , 114
Complex demodulation, 41
Comprehensive Test Ban. See Test-ban treaty
Comte, D., 187
Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD II), 82 –83
Conrad discontinuity, 36
Continental plates, 235
Cornell, A., 267
Corner frequency, 279 , 282 . See also Source models
Creepmeter, 114
D
Decade of North American Geology (DNAG), 157 , 160
Denham, D., 168
Dewey, J. W., 225
Digital processing. See Network data collection and processing
Discrimination (between earthquakes and explosions), 25 , 44 , 134
Double couple. See Source
Drake, L. A., 45 , 333
Dynamic range, 119
Dziewonski, A. M., 64
E
Earth
core, 38 , 40 , 65 , 323 , 325
core-mantle boundary, 3
crust, 199 , 220 –222
density distribution, 96
discontinuities, 36 , 38 , 144 –145, 328
free oscillations, 41 , 64 , 68 , 73 , 347 –365
mantle, 38 , 64 –65, 220 –221, 324 , 328
models, 145 , 326 –331, 349 –350
PREM model, 325 –327, 331
tides, 68
velocity distribution, 15 , 96 , 320 , 324 –331
Earthquake
catalogs, 55 , 158 –159, 199
location, 4 –22, 34 , 37 , 100 , 225
Earthquake hazard. See Seismic hazard
Earthquake mechanism. See Fault-plane solutions
Earthquake prediction, 25 , 44 –45, 148 , 185 , 200 , 264 . See also Parkfield Prediction Experiment
Earthquakes
Alaska (1964, March 28), 41
Aleutian Islands (1957, March 11), 248
Azores Islands (1980, January 1), 250
Borah Peak (1983, October 28), 229 –230
characteristic, 45 , 119 , 229
Chile (1985, March 3), 187 –189
Coalinga (1983, May 2), 90 , 215 , 217 , 227 –228, 235 –236
Colombia (1979, December 12), 352 –353
Coyote Lake (1979, August 6), 285 , 288 –289, 294
Daly City (1957, March 22), 24 , 274 –275
Eureka (1980, November 8), 208 , 210 , 212
Fort Tejon (1857, January 9), 165 , 213
Imperial Valley (1940, May 19), 285 –287
(1979, October 15), 181 , 285 , 290 –291
Kettleman Hills (1985, August 4), 215 , 217
Lompoc (1927, November 4), 24
Mexicali Valley (1980), 285 , 290 –291, 297
Michoacan (1985, September 19), 69 , 74 , 285 , 294 –296
Montana (1925, June 28), 38
Morgan Hill (1984, April 24), 285 , 292 –294
New Ireland (1983, March 18), 352 –353
New Madrid (1811–1812), 232
Northern California (1934, July 6), 245 , 247
Parkfield (1901, March 3), 45
(1922, March 10), 45 , 46
(1934, June 8), 45
(1966, June 27), 24 , 38 , 45 , 217 , 227 –228
Round Valley (1984, November 23), 90 , 281 , 285 , 292 –295, 297
San Fernando (1971, February 9), 24 , 38 , 285 –287, 296 –297
San Francisco (1906, April 18), 24 , 27 –29, 34 , 165 , 213 , 221 , 245
San Jacinto (1899, December 25), 180 –181, 185
(1918, April 21), 180 –181, 183 , 185
(1923, July 23), 180 –181
Santa Cruz Islands (1987, July 6), 122
Sumbawa (1977, August 19), 360
Tabas (1978, September 16), 281 , 285 , 288 –289
Taiwan (1981, January 29), 268
Tokyo, "Plain of Yedo" (1881, March 8), 258
Tokyo (1889, April 28), 64
Whittier Narrows (1987, October 1), 24
Easter Island station (EIC), Chile, 73
Eaton, J. P., 41 , 199
Eigenvalue, 356
Eisenberg, A., 370
Elastic rebound theory, 29 , 244
Electric Power Research institute (EPRI), 159
Engdahl, E. R., 157
Eniwetok atoll, 30
Eskdalemuir station (ESK), Scotland, 73 . See also Arrays
European-Mediterranean Seismological Center (EMSC), 125
Event detection, 99
Ewing, J., 25
F
F-k (frequency-wavenumber) space, 125
F-k power spectrum, 137 , 142 , 144 . See also Signal processing
Fault, 225 –234
active, 36
Bartlett Springs, 206 , 208 , 212 –215, 221
branch, 231
Calaveras, 36 , 200 , 206 , 213 –215, 221 , 223
Concord, 213
creep, 38 , 183 , 200
directivity, 38
Green Valley, 206 , 213 –214
Greenville, 206 , 213 –214, 221
Hayward, 36 , 200 , 206 , 213 –214, 223
Healdsburg, 206 , 213 –214, 217
Imperial, 181 –182
length-repeat-time-moment relations, 183 –184
Lost River, 229
Maacama, 206 , 208 , 212 –215, 217 , 220 –221, 223
Nacimiento, 206 , 214 , 219
Ortigalita, 206 , 213 –214
Pocuro (Chile), 187
reactivation, 232
reverse, 227 , 234
rupture models, 279 –280
San Andreas, 36 , 86 –87, 90 , 117 , 200 –201, 206 –209, 212 –219, 221 –223, 227 , 235 –236
San Jacinto, 179 –185
slip rate, 182 , 185
strike-slip, 246
thrust, 227
Fault-Plane Project, 245
Fault-plane solutions, 37 –38, 66 –67, 96 , 173 , 190 , 192 , 196 , 225 , 227 , 231 , 234 , 243 –254
Byerly's method, 244 –245, 251
Knopoff's method, 249 –250
projections, 246
strike-slip mechanism, 245
Federation Data Centres, 61 –63
Federation of Digital Broadband Seismographic Networks, 57 –58, 61 , 68
Filters
anti-alias, 118
bandpass, 205
finite-impulse-response, 79
Finite-element mode, 41 , 45 , 334 –335, 337 , 339 , 341 –342, 345
Focal mechanism solutions. See Fault-plane solutions
Focal sphere, 245 , 247
Freedman, H., 40
G
Gain-switching errors, 72 –73
Geneva Conferences, 123 –124, 125
Geodetic data, 227 , 229
Geological Survey of Canada, 159
Geomorphology, 227
GEOSCOPE project, 61 –62, 68 , 73 , 82
Gorda/Juan de Fuca plate, 207 , 209 , 219 –221, 223 , 234 –235
Green's functions, 310 –311
Group of Scientific Experts (GSE), 58
Gutenberg, B., 96
H
Harris, H., 31
Harvard station (HRV), Massachusetts, 73
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), 88
Heat flow, 181 , 185
Hodgson, J., 55 , 245
Holden, E., 25
Husebye, E. S., 123
I
IASPEI Commission on Practice, 55 –56, 58
IBM Palo Alto Science Center, 93 , 94 , 96
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), 6 , 18 , 60 –62, 68 , 73 , 82
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), 60
International Data Centres (IDC), 58
International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA), 65 , 73
International Seismological Summary (ISS), 6 , 24 , 34 , 38 , 53 , 158
Centre (ISC), 6 , 11 , 13 –19, 24 , 34 , 38 , 53 –55, 60 , 64 , 125 , 132 , 145 , 158 , 321 –323, 331
Interplate region. See Plate tectonics models
Intraplate region, 168 , 175 –177, 231 , 237
J
Jamestown station (JAS), 40 –41, 116
Jean's formula, 348
Jeffreys, H., 96 , 266 , 274
Jeffreys-Bullen tables, 64 , 245 , 331
Johnson, C., 88
Johnson, D. H., 99
Johnson, L. R., 31 , 320
Juan de Fuca plate. See Gorda/Juan de Fuca plate
K
Kagan, Y., 267
Kanamori, H., 179
Kasperske Hory station (KHC), Czechoslovakia, 68
Keilis-Borok, V. I., 267
Kevo station (KEV), Finland, 73
Kipapa station (KIP), Hawaii, 73
Knopoff, L., 45 , 267 , 347
L
Lamb, H., 257
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (L-DGO), 05, 334
LASA (Montana), 15 , 20 , 99 , 124 , 129 –132, 134 –136, 144 –145, 148
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 86 –87
Lawson, A., 28 , 36
Lee, W. H. K., 86
Lick Observatory. See Mount Hamilton station
Likelihood function, 267
Lomnitz, C., 31 , 45
Louderback, G., 25
M
McEvilly, T. V., 31
Magistrale, H., 179
Magnitude, 37 , 160 , 281
body wave (mb ), 160
completeness threshold, 158 , 161 , 164
detection threshold, 100 , 164
duration (MD ), 160
frequency (recurrence relation), 4 , 161
intensity (MI), 160
maximum likelihood, 145
moment (MW ), 160 , 184 , 271
Richter (ML ), 160
surface wave (MS ), 11 , 160
Majer, E., 31
Mallet, R., 4
Marion, W., 30
Maximum likelihood, 127 , 128 , 252 , 272
Mendocino
fracture zone, 205 –210, 219 –220, 223
network, 163
seismic zone, 207 –213, 220 –221
triple junction, 207 , 209 , 220 , 222
Microbarograph, 41 , 114
Microearthquakes, 48 , 86 , 200
Microseisms, 73 , 144
Midocean ridges, 132 , 169
Milne, J., 6 –7, 99
Mississippi Embayment seismic zone, 232 –233, 236 –237
Mohorovicic[*] , A., 64
Mohorovicic discontinuity, 36
Moment, 36 , 267 –268, 270 , 282 , 294
accumulated, 182 –183
deviatoric, 311
rate tensor, 310 –311
tensor, 4 , 11 , 47 , 65 –66, 254 , 310 –312
Montessus de Ballore, F. de, 4 –5
Mount Hamilton station (MHC), 24 –25, 53 , 109 , 111 , 114 , 117 , 120
N
Nakano, H., 37
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 187 –188
National Data Centres (NDC), 58 , 62
National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC), 15 , 34 , 55 , 60 , 64 , 125 , 132 , 138 , 190 –191, 193 , 195 , 321
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 31 , 60
Nazca plate, 190 , 195 –197
Near field
displacement, 117
Near Field Project, 47
Network data collection and processing, 86 –95, 97 , 101 –105, 139
Networks, 4 , 13 , 15 , 158 , 162 –165
Berkeley Seismographic Stations, 24 –50, 53 , 64 , 86 –87, 99 , 159 , 199 , 244 , 245 , 257 , 339
Canadian Network of Digital Seismometers (CANDIS), 62
Canadian Standard Network (CSN), 60
Central California, 92 , 96 , 200 –204
CUSP (Caltech-USGS Seismic Processing), 86 –97
Digital Worldwide Standardized Seismographic Network (DWWSSN), 41 , 60
Geneva Network, 19 , 58 –60, 63
Global Digital Seismographic Network (GDSN), 60 , 62 , 65 , 295 –296
Global Seismographic Network (GSN), 19 , 60 , 64 –84
Mammoth Lake (MAM), 162 –163
Mendocino (MEN), 163
Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology (MBMG), 162 –163
New Global Seismographic Network, 19 , 60 , 64 –84
Northern California (CALNET), 92 , 96 , 200 –204
Southern Great Basin (SGB), 163
University of Chile, 187 –188
Yellowstone (YSTON), 162 –163
Nevada Test Site (NTS), 42 , 44 , 47
Niazi, M., 31
Nodal plane. See Fault plane solutions
Nonparametric estimation, 274 , 276
NORESS (Norway), 124 , 136 –137, 139 , 141 –144, 149
NORSAR (Norway), 99 , 124 , 125 , 129 –137, 144 –146, 148 , 260 –261
North American plate, 207 , 209 , 219 –222, 234 , 236
O
Oceanic plates, 235
Ogata, Y., 267
Oldham, R. D., 64
Omega-square (w2 ) model, 259
ORFEUS, 61 , 62 , 68
Oroville station (ORV), 41 , 114
P
Pacific plate, 169 , 207 , 209 , 236 . See also Circum-Pacific belt
Pacoima dam, 296
Pardo, M., 187
Parkfield, 25 , 46 , 201 , 215 , 227 . See also Earthquakes, Parkfield
Parkfield Prediction Experiment, 45 , 46
Pasadena station (PAS), 73
Pattern recognition, 38 , 141 –142. See also Discrimination
Penzien, J., 31
Piñon Flats station (PFO), 73
Plate tectonic models, 96 , 165 , 168 , 177 , 225 –226, 231 , 234 –236, 254
central Chile, 187 –197
Papua New Guinea, 169 –174
Plesinger, A., 68
Poisson process, 269
Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE), 158 , 233
Priestley, K. F., 279
P-t inversion, 144 , 321 –322
P-waves, 65 , 131 , 133 , 138 , 142 , 145 , 249 , 252 , 261 , 323
energy, 284
Pg , 303
Pn , 303
polarity, 4 , 37 , 243
Q
Q, 41 , 92 , 262 , 264 , 356 , 358 –361
Quiet site ground noise (QSN), 201 , 204
R
Rainier nuclear explosion, 123
Ray-tracing, 249
Reid, H., 29
Reno station (UNV), Nevada, 30 , 86 –87
Richmond Field Station (RFS), 114
Rigidity, of the crust, 282
Rinehart, W. A., 157
Rise-time, 303
Rodgers, P., 41
Rome station (ROM), Italy, 243
Ruud, B. O., 123
Rydelek, P. A., 347
S
Saint Louis University, 232
San Andreas Geophysical Observatory (SAGO), 31 , 32 , 41 , 114 , 116
Savage and Wood inequality, 280 , 283
Seismic energy, 281 –284, 312 –313
Seismic hazard, 3 –5, 32 , 44 , 47 –48, 55 , 171
Seismicity, 96 , 179 –181, 226
Australian continent, 175 –177
DNAG Map of North America, 157 –167
northern California (1980–1986), 204 –219
northern California and western Nevada (1935–1986), 33 –36
Papua New Guinea, 169 –174
Seismic phases
Lg , 138 , 139 , 146 , 303
P'P', 40
P'dP', 40
P diff, 38
PdP, 38
PKP, 145 , 146 , 324
PKiKP, 40
PnKP, 38 , 40
PP, 131 , 146
Rg , 303
SH diff, 38
SKS, 324 .
See also P-waves; S-waves
Seismic Research Observatory, 79
Seismograms
interpretation, 257 –265, 264
synthetic, 65 , 259 , 357
Wood-Anderson, 36
Seismological Society of America, 157
Seismometers, 6 . See also Berkeley Seismograph Stations, instrumentation
Benioff, 201 , 203
Bosch-Omori, 31 , 47
Ewing, 109
Gray-Milne, 109
ocean-bottom, 22 , 82 , 333 –334
Streckeisen, 41 , 111 , 116 , 117
ultra-long period, 116
Wilip-Galitzin, 31
Wood-Anderson, 37 , 114 , 201 , 203
Seismotectonics, 225 –226, 229
feature, 157 , 165
Semipalatinsk (USSR) explosions, 141
Semiparametric estimation, 274 , 276
Shumway, R., 267
Sierra Nevada, 205 –207
root, 36
Signal-generated noise, 268 –269
Signal processing, 125 , 142
broadband f-k power spectrum, 127
f-k power spectrum, 126
high-resolution beamforming methods, 127
incoherent (envelop) beamforming, 125 , 132
phased-array beamforming, 126
real-time integrated, 125
semblance methods, 128 , 143
Signal-to-noise ratio, 99 , 249 , 351 , 353
Simpson, D. W., 99
Slowness, 141
SMART 1 . See arrays
Smith, K. D., 279
Smith, W. D., 45
Source models
Brune, 203 –204, 268 , 270 , 279 , 283 –284, 297
double couple, 66 , 245 , 251
Haskell, 279 , 284
Orowan, 283 , 297
South American plate, 190 , 195
Southern California Seismic Network, 179
Spallation, 304 , 311
Spheroidal modes. See Earth, free oscillations
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), 93 , 94 , 96
Stauder, W., 31
Stereographic projection, 245 , 247
Stewart, S. W., 86
Strain
crustal, 37
accumulation, 182 –183, 227
energy, 184 , 227
ultimate failure, 183 –184
Strasbourg station (STR), France, 243
Stress
apparent, 280 , 282
dynamic frictional, 282
effective, 283
field, 231 , 234 , 237
Stress drop, 203 , 267 –268, 270 , 283 , 296
dynamic, 279 , 283
fractional, 279 , 284
static, 279 , 283 , 296
Stump, B. W., 303
Subduction zone, 15 , 168 , 173 –174, 219 , 234 , 333
Surface waves, 37 , 119 , 303 , 349 –350
energy scattering, 333 –334, 344 , 350
Love, 333 , 339 –345
phase-velocity dispersion, 333 –334, 339 –341, 344
Rayleigh, 314 , 317 , 333 –335, 338 –339, 341 –345, 351
Sutherland station (SUR). South Africa, 73
S-waves, 138 , 249 , 252 , 261 , 268 , 303
backscattering, 260
energy, 281 –284
polarization angles, 245
T
Take-off angle, 246 –247, 249
Teller, E., 30
Test-ban treaty, 48 , 58 , 123 , 125 , 129 , 134 , 135 , 138 , 142 , 148 –149
Tocher, D., 29 , 31 , 38 –39
Toledo station (TOL), Spain, 73
Tomography, 65 , 144 –146, 362
Toroidal modes, 348 . See also Earth, free oscillations
Townley-Allen Earthquake Catalog, 27
Travel-time
anomalies, 40 , 45
curves, 330 –331
data, 274 , 320 –324
triplications, 145 .
See also Earth, PREM model; Jeffreys-Bullen tables
Tukey, J., 267 , 270
U
Uccle station (UCC), Belgium, 243
Udías, A., 34 , 243
Uhrhammer, R. A., 31 , 45 , 109
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 21 , 24 , 48 , 54 , 158 , 171
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 24 , 34 , 38 , 60 –61, 64 –65, 73 , 86 –87, 158 , 199
V
VELA UNIFORM program, 30 , 44 , 47
Veneziano, D., 267
Vere-Jones, D., 267
Verification. See Test-ban treaty
Very Broadband (VBB) Seismographic System, 68 –69, 73 , 79
Vibroseis reflection survey, 37
W
Wave-field parameterization, 141 –142
Waveforms, 64
analysis, 86 , 254
digital, 120
explosion, 303
near-field, 311
Wegener, A., 171
Whiskeytown station (WDC), 41 , 114
Wiener-Robinson deconvolution, 259
Wood, H., 28 , 34
World Data Centres (WDC), 60
Worldwide Standardized Seismographic Network (WWSSN), 6 , 11 , 30 , 32 , 54 , 60 , 64 , 73 , 79 , 96 , 114 , 158 , 171 , 281
Z
Zurn, W., 347