Index

By Betsy Pitha

A

Abraham, Commissioner-general Hans, 69

Absentee labor, 19 ;

income, 124 , 126 , 130 , 136 , 198 ;

and economic development, 140 -141;

and taxation, 148 ;

and agriculture, 192 , 193 , 195 ;

and industrial decentralization, 205 , 207

Adams College, 79

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 59 -60

"Additional grant," from South Africa, 143 , 144 -145

Africa:

leaders of independent, 72 ;

Buthelezi's program for information on independent, 83 ;

colonial administration, 168 ;

agricultural development in, 197 -198;

homeland independence and, 219 -220;

and homeland standards, 221 ;

South Africa's relations with, 227 ;

homeland contact with independent, 227 -228

Africa South, newspaper, 57

African Mineworkers Union, 66

African National Congress, 31 , 54 , 59 , 74 , 121 , 224 , 226

African newspapers, 57 , 83

Africanization:

of law, 39 ;

in homeland administration, 44 -49, 226 ;

in universities, 119

Africans:

and land policies, 9 -12;

population, 17 -18, 156 ;

political rights, 21 -23;

national policies and, 24 -41;

and separate development, 26 , 29 , 32 , 78 , 80 ;

councils, 26 -28;

development of homelands, 30 -41;

and homeland administration, 44 -49;

urban vs. rural voters, 53 , 54 ;

and Inkatha YeSizwe, 59 ;

pay vs. whites', 63 , 64 , 131 , 136 -137;

and commissioners-general, 69 -71;

and homeland leaders, 73 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81:

and media, 83 -84;

and federalism, 84 -90;

land consolidation plans, 90 , 91 , 93 , 95 ;

and industrial development, 97 , 98 , 99 ;

urban, 100 -104;

and education, 104 -120, 155 ;

income, 122 , 124 -126, 130 -131, 136 -137;

health, 131 -134,

and payments to homelands, 143 ;

in white farming, 152 , 153 , 179 , 180 , 186 , 223 ;

and bureaucracy, 157 -168;

beliefs about behavior, 168 , 193 , 198 , 217 , 218 ;

development and PPB system, 177 -178;

and agriculture, 180 -182, 185 , 186 -188, 192 -194, 198 , 200 -201;

land policies, 194 -197, 199 ;

and industrial decentralization program, 202 -207;

and internal homeland business, 208 -214;

homelands and power struggle, 219 -220, 222 ;

use of homelands to, 224 -226;

and future policies, 227 -231.

See also Employment; Labor; Urban blacks; Whites

Afrikaans language, 32 , 73 , 75 , 80 , 111 , 112 ;

press, 76 , 83 -84, 225 ;

universities, 120

Afrikaanse Calvinistiese Beweging (Afrikaans Calvinist Movement), 90

Afrikaners, 8 , 23 , 38 , 39 ;

homeland leaders' relations with, 75 , 76 , 77 , 80 ;

suggested multiracial council, 85

Age and sex structure, 19 -20, 124

"Agency" system, 97 , 98 , 142 , 214 , 215

Agriculture, 13 -14, 15 , 16 , 142 ;

Africans in white, 152 , 153 , 179 , 180 , 186 , 223 ;

project for Buthelezi clan, 79 ;

underdevelopment, 97 , 123 , 126 , 127 -129, 180 -181, 191 -201;

Republic's funds for, 122 , 140 ;

homeland responsibility for, 153 , 222 ;

development of, 158 , 162 , 163 , 181 -182, 198 -201, 217 , 225 ;

white, 179 -180, 181 ;

as subsistence, 179 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 200 ;

homeland output and yields, 182 -191;

Bantu Investment Corp. projects, 182 , 185 -186, 188 , 192 , 197 , 200 , 210 , 216 , 225 ;

policy agencies, 197 -198;

new jobs, 206 , 207

Agriculture, Departments of, 43 , 44 , 45 , 152 , 162 , 172 , 173 , 186 , 188 , 225

Aluminum, smelter strike, 101

Amanzimtoti, KwaZulu, 79 , 114

Anglican Diocesan Committee for Zululand, 80

Anglo-American Corporation, 102

Angola, 74 , 219 , 227 , 230

Animal husbandry, 123 , 127 , 181 , 187 -189, 191 , 192

Animal products, 187 -188, 189

Anthracite, 129

Apartheid, 1 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 40 , 102 , 104 , 118 -119, 133 , 160 , 226 , 229

Appelbosch teacher training school, 114

Asbestos, 14 , 215

Asia, 168 , 197

Asians, 5 , 22 , 32 , 104 , 115 , 120 , 132

Authority Affairs and Finance, Departments of, 44 , 50n, 152 , 162

Autonomy:

homeland, 42 -43;

and separate development, 1 , 6 ;

in KwaZulu, 55 -56;

problem of, 82 ;

and education, 106 , 111 , 119 , 120 ;

homeland fiscal, 145 , 148 -149;

and white developmental agencies, 178 ;

issue of in homeland future, 221 , 222 , 223

Avocados, 16

B

Babelegi, Bophuthatswana, 14 , 115 , 127 , 212 , 216

Bafokeng district, Bophuthatswana, 14

Bambatha rebellion (1906), 22

Bananas, 16

Bangladesh, 131

Banks:

development, 155 , 163 ;

and loans, 195 ;

and Bantu Investment Corporation, 210 , 213

Bantu Administration and Development, South African Department of, 34 , 40 , 67 , 77 , 88 ;

on elections in KwaZulu, 56 ;

resources for homelands, 63 ;

corrdination role, 68 , 162 , 163 ;

Mangope-Maseloane dispute, 69 ;

and commissioners-general, 70 ;

and manpower training, 107 ;

medical resources, 133 ;

revenue provided by, 143 ;

and development corporations, 166 ;

budget methods, 169 ;

Agriculture and Development Branch, 181n, 182 ;

agricultural policy, 197 , 225 ;

and physical planning, 199

Bantu Affairs Commissions, 67 , 163 , 166 , 169n

Bantu authorities, hierarchy of, 28

Bantu Authorities Act (1951), 28 , 30 , 36 , 41 , 79 , 80

Bantu Education, South African Department of, 45 , 106 , 107 , 111 , 115 , 155 , 162 , 166 , 169 , 225

Bantu Education Advisory Board, 75 , 106

Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970), 35 -36

Bantu Homelands Constitution Act (1971), 35 , 36 -39, 41 , 222

Bantu Investment Corporation, 60 , 155 , 163 ;

dissatisfaction with, 98 -99;

and manpower training, 107 , 115 ;

and homeland economic development, 122 , 127 ;

township creation, 134 ;

purpose, 153 , 162 ;

and development corporations, 168 ;

and agriculture, 182 , 185 -186, 188 , 192 , 197 , 200 , 210 , 216 , 225 ;

and industrial investment, 202 , 205 , 209 -213

Bantu Laws Amendment Act (1975), 143 -144

Bantu Mining Corporation:

and mineral rights, 15 , 16 ;

and homeland economic development, 122 , 127 , 153 , 162 , 215 -216, 217 -218

Bantu Taxation Act (1971), 115

Bantu Trust:

and mineral rights, 15 , 215 ;

creating townships, 134 ;

homeland capital formation, 142 ;

funds for developmental projects, 144 ;

mineral royalties, 144 , 216 ;

land acquisition, 153 ;

importance, 162 ;

budget methods, 169 ;

farm improvement, 185

Basotho Qwa Qwa, 56 , 98 , 228

Beans, 16 , 182

Beaumont Commission (1913-1916), 10

BENBO (research and planning unit of Bantu Investment Corporation), 123 , 127 , 136 , 163 , 166 ;

PPB program, 169 -170;

on homeland labor force, 206

Bethel College, 75

Bhekezulu, Ingonyama Cyprian ka Solomon, 34 , 56 , 79

Black Peoples' Convention, 101

Black Renaissance Convention, 101

Black Social Workers Association of South Africa, 67

"Black spot" removals, 152 , 153 , 155 , 194 , 195

"Black unity," 52 , 86 -87, 88 , 225

Blacks. See Africans

Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, 67

Bluegum timber, 16

Bophuthatswana:

scope of powers, 1 , 226 ;

and independence, 2 , 220 ;

ethnic groups, 2 ;

population, 9 , 17 , 18 -19;

land consolidation, 12 -13, 90 -91, 222 ;

agriculture, 13 -14, 123 , 127 , 182 -200, 221 ;

internal improvements, 14 ;

mineral resources, 14 -15, 129 , 215 -216, 217 ;

employment, 20 ;

nutrition, 21 ;

constitutional evolution, 33 , 39 -40, 41 ;

territorial authorities, 37 ;

politics, 42 , 50 -55;

autonomy, 43 ;

administration, 44 , 45 -47, 48 , 49 -50;

universities, 47 , 118 -120;

cabinet, 54 , 55 , 65 ;

budget, 62 -64, 77 , 170 , 172 -176, 177 ;

urban representatives, 66 , 67 ;

commissioners-general, 69 -70;

civil servants, 71 ;

Mangope and, 77 -78, 88 , 89 , 121 ;

industrial development, 99 , 123 , 202 , 204 -205, 206 , 208 ,

and Bantu Investment Corporation, 210 -212, 214 ;

education and training, 105 , 106 , 107 , 109 , 111 , 112 -115, 118 , 119 -210;

underdevelopment, 122 -123;

income, 124 -127, 130 -131, 136 ;

economic changes, 127 -129, 130 ;

hospital beds, 132 ;

output, 135 -136, 142 ;

public sector and economy, 142 , 143 , 144 -153;

dependency on Republic, 221 , 222 -223;

contact with independent states, 227 ;

and Republic security, 228 ;

new policies for, 229

Bophuthatswana Agriculture Board, 192

Bophuthatswana Constitution Proclamation (R 130), 39 -40, 53 , 55

Bophuthatswana Democratic Party, 55 , 89

Bophuthatswana Development Fund, 54

Bophuthatswana Executive Council, 54

Bophuthatswana Flag Bill, 61

Bophuthatswana Legislative Assembly, 39 -40, 51 , 60 -61, 70 , 89 , 99 ;

and Mangope, 54 -55;

and taxation, 63 -64, 145 ;

Mangope-Maseloane dispute, 69

Bophuthatswana National Development Corporation, 99

Bophuthatswana National Party, 52 -53, 76 ;

dispute within, 54 -55, 61

Bophuthatswana Transport Company, 211

Border area industries, 202 -208, 212 , 214 , 225 ;

and trained manpower, 107 , 115 ;

and labor shifts, 141 ;

and homeland growth points, 213

Botha, M. C. (minister of Bantu administration and development), 33 , 35 , 56 , 91 , 102 , 104 , 112

Botswana, 8 , 13 , 88 , 91 , 121 , 227

Brits, Transvaal, 203 , 204 , 216

Bunga (United Transkeian Territories General Council), 26 -27, 28 -29

Bureau of State Security, South African, 57

Businesses, homeland, 140 , 196 , 208 -214

Buthelezi, A. E., 58

Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha, 33 ;

Zulu leadership, 34 -35;

drafting of constitution, 40 -41;

citizenship problems, 41 ;

residence, 49 -50;

political problems, 52 , 57 , 58 -59, 82 ;

and elections, 55 , 56 ;

and Dladla, 59 -60, 67 ;

and Torlage, 70 ;

outspokenness, 73 , 74 , 224 -225;

and Mangope, 77 , 121 , 225 ;

biography, 78 -82;

use of press, 83 -84;

on federation, 85 -90;

on land consolidation, 93 , 95 -97;

and homeland development, 97 -99;

on position of urban blacks, 100 , 101 ;

attempt to improve black life, 102 , 103 ;

on education, 105 ;

on KwaZulu Planning Committee, 107 ;

and medium of instruction, 112 ;

and university expansion, 115 ;

need for trained people, 119 ;

and foreign aid, 156 ;

on business and investment, 213 ;

and South African-homeland interdependence, 223 -224;

on remaining a part of South Africa, 229

Buthelezi clan, 79

C

Caetano, Prime Minister Marcello, 73 -74

Calcite, 14 , 215

Cape Colony and Province, 8 , 9 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 33 , 75 , 91 , 201

Cape Times (Cape Town), 84

Cape Town, 67 , 103

Capital:

Republic assistance, 13 , 122 ;

development works and budget constraints, 63 ;

white investment, 97 -98, 201 ;

foreign, 98 ;

income to white mining corporations, 129 ;

homeland business and industry, 140 , 217 ;

homeland public sector, 142 , 152 , 173 ;

in investment corporations, 162 ;

and Bantu Investment Corporation, 185 , 186 , 209 , 210 ;

for agriculture, 186 , 195 , 198 , 200 ;

investment in border areas, 204 ;

formation, and new labor, 206 ;

supply, and independence, 223

Cashew nuts, 185

Cattle, 123 , 186 , 187 -188, 217 , 221

Cetewayo, Ingonyama, 79

Ceza mission hospital, 79

Champion, A. W. G. (Zulu labor leader), 57 , 58

Chickens, 188

Chief Minister and Finance, Departments of the, 44 , 172

Chiefs:

in Transkei councils, 27 , 29 ;

Bantu Authorities Act, 28 ;

and homeland government, 31 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 53 , 65 ;

and land rights, 194 , 195 , 196 ;

and trading rights, 209

Christiana, Orange Free State, 91

Chrome, 14 , 215

Ciskei, 5 , 25 , 26 , 30 , 198 n, 228 ;

Xhosa Development Corporation, 99 , 153

Citizenship:

expansion, 24 ;

and territorial authorities, 36 , 39 ;

certificates, 36 , 41 ;

and homeland elections, 50 , 55 ;

under proposed federalism, 85 -86;

homeland required for property rights, 104 ;

and land rights, 194 -195;

for urban Africans, 226

Citrus crops, 186

Civil service:

Africanization of 43 -45, 49 ;

problems, 48 -49;

and commissioners-general, 70 -71;

pay increase, 156

Clement, Prince, 57

Coal, 16 , 215

Coconuts, 185

Coffee, 185

Colenso, Natal, 203

Collective bargaining, 102

Colonial administration, 168

Coloureds, 5 , 22 , 28 , 32 , 104 , 115 , 120

Commerce, 129 , 134 n;

homeland responsibility for, 153 ;

and bureaucracy, 158 , 162 , 163 ;

black employment, 179 ;

in homelands, 208 -213

Commissioners-general, 30 , 68 -71

Communication:

commissioners-general's role in, 68 , 70 ;

handicaps in, 82 -84;

and homeland economic development, 127 , 129 , 163

Community Affairs, Departments of, 43 , 44 , 60 , 152

Community of the Resurrection, 74

Commuter labor:

income, 122 -130, 136 , 137 , 203 ;

leakage model, 138 -140, 141

Conservation, and physical planning, 181 , 199

Consolidated Fund, South African, 41 , 143

Construction, industry, 129 , 136 , 210 , 217

Cooperatives Act (1922), 179

Corn, 16

Cost-benefit project analysis, need for, 172

Cotton, 16 , 186

Cowpeas, 182

Credit:

for industrial development, 123 ;

lack for agriculture, 192 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 200 ;

Bantu Investment Corporation, 209 , 210

Cultural identity, 2 , 5

Cultural supremacy, 158 -159

Cwaka Agricultural College, 198

Cyprian, Ingonyama, 34 , 56 , 79

D

Daily Dispatch (East London), 84

Dairying, 179 , 188 , 192

Decentralization Board, 107 -108, 163 , 204

Defense:

and federalism, 85 , 86 ;

Republic, 227 , 228 -229

Delareyville, Cape Province, 91

Dentists, 132

Détente:

as Republic policy, 73 , 74 , 219 ;

and agricultural improvement, 198

Development corporations, 153 -155, 163 , 166 , 168 , 170 , 198.

See also Bantu Investment Corporation

Developmental agencies. See White bureaucracy

Diamonds, 14 , 179 , 215

Differentiation, policy of, 102 -103

Dinizulu, Constance Magogo ka, 79

Dinizulu, Ingonyama, 22 , 79

Diocesan Teachers' Training College, 74

Discipline, civil service, 49

Discrimination, 24 , 77 , 102 -103, 220

Ditsobotla district, Bophuthatswana, 185 , 191 , 192

Dladla, Barney Irving (KwaZulu councillor):

controversy with Buthelezi, 59 -60, 67 ;

land consolidation, 95 ;

and strikes (1973), 101

Dolerite, 215

Donkeys, 188

Drakensberg escarpment, 16 , 95

Duduza, Transvaal, 81

Durban, Natal, 16 , 17 , 59 , 131 , 203 , 213 ;

strikes, 101 ;

Pinetown industrial area, 201

E

Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth), 84

Education, 52 , 158 , 180 , 191 , 213 , 221 ;

early, 7 -8;

university, 47 -48, 115 -120;

for homeland administration, 48 -49;

disparities in, 64 , 104 -105;

control of 105 -107, 161 , 163 , 225 -226;

planning, 107 -108;

growth of, 108 -109, 112 -114;

attrition rates, 109 -111;

language problems, 111 -112, 121 ;

skill training, 114 -115;

expenditures for, 129 , 136 , 152 , 153 , 155 ;

need for, 172 , 177

Education (and Culture), Departments of, 43 , 44 , 45 , 106 , 149 , 152 , 226

Elangeni, KwaZulu, 205

Elections:

and Africans outside homelands, 50 ;

in Bophuthatswana, 50 -55;

in KwaZulu, 55 -56, 60 , 93

Electricity, 14 , 123 , 152 , 203 , 204 , 212

Empangeni, KwaZulu, 115 , 203

Employment, 107 , 169 ;

racial market, 7 , 158 ;

outside homelands, 13 , 20 , 122 , 124 , 126 ;

needs, 18 , 70 , 124 , 126 , 218 , 223 ;

in homeland administration, 43 -49;

creation, 98 , 142 , 155 , 170 , 172 , 173 , 177 , 194 , 201 ;

and education, 109 ;

in homelands, 122 -123, 126 ;

and Tomlinson Report, 160 ;

Republic patterns, 179 ;

agriculture patterns, 180 , 193 -194;

industrial, 200 , 202 -207, 217 ;

and Bantu Investment Corporation-financed projects, 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 ;

in mining, 215 , 216 .

See also Labor

English language, 32 , 111 , 112 ;

press, 73 , 82 -84, 225 ;

universities, 120

Equality:

whites' view of, 24 -25;

of opportunity, 78 , 111 , 121 ;

and federation, 88 -89

Eshowe, Natal, 93 , 114

Estcourt, Natal, 59

Ethiopia, 131

Ethnic groups, 2 , 6

Ethnicity, 22 -23, 26 , 53 , 96 , 121

European Economic Community, 90

Evangelical Lutheran Church of West Germany, 50

Executive councils, 65 -66;

Bophuthatswana, 54 ;

KwaZulu, 58 , 65 -66, 83 , 86

Expenditures.

increases in homelands, 62 , 63 , 142 ;

for public sector, 142 , 149 -153;

by corporations and trusts, 153 -156;

by Republic departments, 155 -156;

for homeland departments, 170 -176;

for agricultural development, 189 , 191 ;

recouping through homeland growth points, 213

Extension of University Education Act (1959), 115

Extension services, agricultural, 123 , 195 , 196 , 197 -198, 200

Eye diseases, 132 -133

F

Family and Community Health, Institute of, 65

Farming. See Agriculture

Farms, farmers, white, 9 , 158 , 200 ;

African employment, 152 , 179 , 180 , 186 , 223 ;

acquired for homelands, 181 ;

maize yields, 183 ;

and Bophuthatswana, 191 ;

extension service, 197 ;

overseers, 198n

Federalism, 53 , 84 -90, 121 , 221 , 225 , 231

Ferry estates agriculture project, 186

Fertilizer, 192 , 194

Finance, Departments of, 43 , 44 , 172

Fish farms, 185

Flax. See Phorium tenax

Fluorspar, 215

Fodder crops, 186 , 188

Fokeng, Tswana-speaking people, 15 , 216

Food grains, 182 -185, 189

Foreign aid, 99 -100, 156

Foreign affairs, 86

Forests, 189

Fort Hare, University and University College of, 48 , 65 , 79 , 80 , 118

Franchise. See Voting

Fruit, 14

Funds:

from Republic, 61 , 135 , 140 , 143 -144, 166 ;

in homeland budgets, 142 -145, 149 -153, 170 , 173 , 208 ;

need for increased, 153 .

See also Expenditures: Revenues; South Africa, Republic of

G

GaRankuwa, Bophuthatswana, 19 , 120 , 134 , 185 , 188 , 203

Gazankulu, 2 , 74 , 87 , 228

General dealerships, 208 , 210 , 211 , 213 , 214

Germiston, Transvaal, 70

Glen Grey Act, 26

Goats, 188

Gold, 14 , 179 , 215

Government sector. See Public sector

Granite, 14 , 215

Great Britain:

Republic's relations with, 7 , 227 ;

and Tswana lands, 8 ;

on apartheid, 31

Great Marico River, 14

Gross domestic product, homeland, 124 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 135 ;

1975 target, 202

Gross national product, homeland, 221

Groundnuts. See Peanuts

Growth points. See Homeland growth points

Guerrilla warfare, 227 , 228

Gypsum, 16

H

Haiti, 131

Hammarsdale, Natal, 203

Hartz River, 14

Health, 213 ;

in homelands, 20 , 21 ;

facilities, 123 ;

disparities in, 131 -132;

Republic support, 133 -134, 144 , 153 , 155 ;

in functional budgets, 170 ;

homeland need for, 172

Health, Department of (South Africa), 153

Health, Department of (Transkei), 41

Health (and Social Welfare), Department of (Bophuthatswana), 41 , 45 , 144 , 149 , 172

Herding. See Animal husbandry

High Commission Territories, 7

Hlengwa, Chief Charles, 57

Hluhluwe game reserve, 93

Homeland administration:

organization and Africans in, 43 -49, 222 , 226 ;

problems in, 49 -50;

white officials, 67 -71;

and Republic bureaucracy, 162 -168, 169 ;

departmental expenditures, 149 -152;

and functional budgets (PPB), 170 -178

Homeland budgets, 38 , 60 , 61 , 221 ;

growth, 62 -64;

and homeland public sector, 142 , 145 , 149 -152, 153 ;

functional (PPB), 169 -178;

loans to agricultural cooperatives, 192

Homeland cabinets, 31 , 37 , 43 ;

Bophuthatswana, 54 , 55 , 65 ;

KwaZulu, 59 , 60

Homeland constitutions:

development of, 35 -39, 40 -41, 222 , 224 ;

Transkei Constitution Act, 31 -32

Homeland developmental policy:

leaders, 59 -60, 75 , 79 ;

and land policy, 90 ;

and Republic, 7 , 119 , 155 , 217 -218, 222 -223;

and homeland governments, 153 , 225 -226, 230 ;

implementation of through bureaucracy, 157 -158, 161 -166;

Tomlinson Report, 159 -161;

priorities, 177 .

See also Agriculture; Commerce; Industry; Mining; Separate development: South Africa, Republic of

Homeland economies:

dependency on Republic, 122 , 222 -223;

per capita growth, 134 -135;

urbanization, 220 ;

effect of border industry on, 207 -208;

growth points, 213 ;

disabilities, and development, 217 .

See also Income

Homeland governments:

and mining, 15 , 215 ;

development of, 26 -41, 50 -51;

powers of, 42 -43, 166 , 222 , 225 -226;

funds from Republic, 62 -63, 122 , 140 , 143 -145;

tax collection, 64 ;

urban representatives, 66 -67;

communication control, 82 ;

and urban leaders, 101 ;

educational control, 106 , 107 , 120 ;

and internal economic development, 127 ;

and welfare problems, 133 -134;

public sector expenditures, 142 , 156 ;

taxing powers, 144 , 145 ;

financial needs, 153 ;

spending, 156 ;

debts, 156 ;

and white bureaucracy, 157 -158, 161 , 162 , 163 , 168 ;

PPB budget methods, 169 , 173 , 175, 177 -178;

and agricultural problems, 182 , 197 , 198 , 201 ;

position of chiefs, 196 ;

and industrial development, 202 , 207 , 208 , 213 -214;

lack of power, 222 , 225 -226;

future political control, 226 -227.

See also Homeland administration; Homeland cabinets; Homeland legislative assemblies

Homeland growth points, 52 , 127 -128, 142 , 212 -213, 214 , 217 , 223

Homeland leaders, 23 ;

view of homelands, 33 ;

legislation for rights, 39 ;

and homeland legislation, 63 -64;

cooperation with whites, 73 ;

and separate development, 77 , 78 , 227 ;

political commonality, 78 -79, 89 , 121 ;

and media, 82 -84;

federalism proposals, 87 ;

on land policies, 90 , 96 ;

and investment opportunities, 97 -98, 99 ;

and urban blacks, 100 -104, 226 ;

and educational needs, 104 , 112 ;

fiscal demands, 143 ;

more power for, 177 ;

and independence, 220 -221, 223 -224;

political power and responsibility, 224 -228;

and future of homelands, 229 -231.

See also Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha; Mangope, Chief Lucas; Ntsanwisi, Chief Hudson; Phatudi, Chief Minister Cedric

Homeland legislative assemblies, 31 -32, 37 -38, 39 , 42 , 43 ;

characteristics and functions, 60 -62, 64 -65, 222 ;

budget responsibilities,

62 -64;

and commissioners-general, 70 ;

and investment strategies, 99 ;

chiefs in, 196 ;

modernization, 224

Homeland underdevelopment, 14 , 43 , 122 -123, 126 , 128 , 168 , 223

Horses, 188

Hospitals:

beds, 131 , 132 ;

Republic's support of, 133 -134;

expansion, 152

Housing, 203 , 213 , 217 ;

for whites, 49 , 204 ;

ownership of houses, 103 ;

expenditure for, 142 , 152 , 153 ;

homeland need for, 153 , 172 , 177 ;

limited African access, 158 , 196

Huddleston, Father Trevor, 74

I

Impala mine, Transvaal, 14

Income:

higher, 109 , 160 , 201 , 218 ;

homeland sources, types, statistics, 123 -127, 145 ;

per capita, 122 , 130 -131, 137 , 221 ;

African vs. white, 131 , 216 ;

and growth, 134 , 136 -137;

flows, 137 -142, 203 , 204 , 208 , 223 ;

creation, 155 , 170 , 172 , 173 ;

in agriculture, 188 , 191 , 193 , 198 , 200 ;

homeland commerce, 208 ;

in mining, 216 .

See also Wages

Inconvenience allowance, 119

Independence:

for homelands, 1 -2, 6 , 31 , 33 , 36 , 39 , 161 ;

and separate development, 26 ;

Pilane's stand on, 52 ;

and federalism, 87 , 89 ;

Mangope on, 89 , 90 ;

Buthelezi on 90 ;

and land counsel, 93 , 95 , 96 ;

and economic dependence, 137 , 145 ;

and income, 140 ;

from colonial governments, 160n;

and homeland responsibities, 177 ;

for Transkei, and Republic policy, 219 -220, 228 ;

as issue, 220 -221, 223 -224, 228 -229;

homeland political control, 226 -227

India, 131

Indian Ocean, 13 , 16

Indonesia, 131 , 168

Industrial and Commercial Workers Union, 57

Industrial Development Corporation, 166 , 202 , 225 ;

investment figures, 204 -205;

on new jobs, 207

Industry, 158 , 220 ;

development of, 14 , 60 , 97 -100, 122 , 127 , 129 , 208 -214, 217 ;

and separate development, 101 -102;

decentralization of, 107 -108, 141 , 202 -208;

and absentee labor, 126 ;

underdevelopment, 123 ;

and output growth, 134 n, 136 ;

Republic funds, 140 ;

developmental corporations, 162 ;

white bureaucracy, 163 ;

black employment, 179 ;

and agriculture, 191 , 200 ;

in Republic, 201 -202;

development problems, 221 , 222 , 223

Infant mortality rates, 132

Inflation, 64 , 134 n, 135 , 136 , 137 , 149 , 153

Influx control regulations, 81 , 85 , 102 , 104 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 226

Information, South African Department of, 65

Infrastructure:

KwaZulu, 16 -17;

development of, 122 , 142 , 153 , 162 , 163 , 170 , 173 , 179 , 213 , 214

Ingonyamas, 34 , 40 , 56 , 62 , 70 , 79 , 80

Inkatha YeSizwe (YakwaZulu), 58 -59, 67

Integration, 26

Interior, Departments of the, 41 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 149 , 152 , 172

Investment:

homeland opportunities, 98 , 217 ;

corporations, 99 , 153 , 162 ;

multiplier, 137 -138;

agency system, 142 , 202 ;

agricultural returns, 201 ;

in industrial border areas, 204 -205.

See also Bantu Investment Corporation; Capital

Iran, 131

Iron ore, 14 , 215

Irrigation, 14 , 15 , 93 , 183 , 185 -186, 188 , 189 , 191 , 197 , 210 , 217

Isithebe, KwaZulu, 16 , 115 , 213

Israel, Prince, 56 , 57

Iswe Lomnyana (The Black Voice),83

Izimtuphuthe, Uvulamehlo, 58

J

Jackson report (1976), 119 , 120

Jobs. See Employment; Labor

Johannesburg, Transvaal, 131 , 191

Jozini Dam irrigation project, 93 , 186

Judicial system in territorial authorities, 38 -39

Justice, Departments of, 43 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 50 n, 60 , 152 , 172

K

Kagiso, Transvaal, 81

Kalahari Desert, 8

Kanye, Walter, 65 , 66

Kaolin, 16 , 215

Kaunda, President Kenneth, 219

Ketlehong, Transvaal, 81

Kgotleng, D. P., 99

Kimberley, Cape Province, 65

Klipvoor Dam, 185

Kloppers, Commissioner-general T. S., 69

Koster, Transvaal, 91

Krugersdorp, Transvaal, 75

Kuruman, Cape Province, 14 , 91 , 185

Kwashiorkor, 132

KwaZulu, 220 ;

scope of powers, 1 , 226 ;

population, 9 , 17 , 18 -19, 87 ;

land consolidation, 12 -13, 90 -91, 93 ;

agriculture, 13 -14, 96 , 123 , 182 -200;

physiology, 15 -16;

minerals, 16 , 215 -216;

infrastructure, 16 -17;

employment in, 20 ;

nutrition in, 21 ;

constitutional evolution, 33 , 40 -41, 59 , 62 ;

citizenship in, 36 ;

politics in, 42 , 56 -60;

autonomy, 43 ;

administration, 44 -45, 47 , 48 , 49 -50;

and universities, 47 , 120 ;

elections and voting, 50 , 155 -156;

budget, 62 -63, 64 , 170 , 172 -176, 177 ;

urban representatives of, 66 , 67 ;

commissioners-general, 69 -70;

civil servants, 71 ;

Buthelezi's leadership of, 78 , 81 ;

radio, 82 , 83 ;

industrial development, 99 , 123 , 202 , 208 , 210 -212, 214 ;

labor prob-

lems, 101 ;

education and training, 105 , 106 , 107 , 109 , 111 -115;

underdevelopment, 122 -123, 126 ;

income, 124 -127, 131 , 136 ;

economic profile, 129 -130;

hospital beds in, 132 ;

output, 135 -136;

public sector, 142 , 143 , 144 , 149 -153;

labor force additions, 205 , 206 ;

dependency on Republic, 221 , 222 -223;

contact with independent states, 227 -228;

and Republic security, 228 ;

new policies for, 228 -229

KwaZulu Executive Council, 58 , 65 -66, 83 , 86

KwaZulu Legislative Assemply, 68 , 70 , 83 , 86 ;

and elections, 55 -57, 58 , 59 , 60 ;

characteristics of, 60 -61, 62 , 64 ;

budgetary problems, 64 ;

press conferences after, 83 ;

and taxation, 145

KwaZulu Planning Committee, 107

Kwena, 33

Kyanite, 16

L

Labor:

migrant, 7 , 19 , 122 , 124 -127, 130 , 133 , 136 -141, 206 ;

supply, 9 , 122 ;

increase in African, 18 , 205 -206;

absentee, 19 , 124 , 126 , 130 , 136 , 140 -141, 148 , 192 , 193 , 195 , 205 , 207 ;

recruitment problems, 59 , 101 -102

training, 107 ;

income and, 123 -127, 130 -131;

expense of and homeland economy, 137 , 138 -142, 201 , 223 ;

officials, 157 ;

agriculture, 180 , 191 , 192 -194, 195 -196, 200 ;

and industrial decentralization, 203 , 206 -208;

and growth points, 213 , 217 ;

mining, 215 -216.

See also Absentee labor; Commuter labor; Employment; Migrant labor; Permanent absentees

Labor unions, 60 , 102 , 216

Labor, South African Department of, 166

Ladysmith, Natal, 203 , 205

Land:

distribution of, 7 -12;

policies, 12 -13;

reservation of 24 , 26 ;

and the Bunga, 27 ;

Torlage on, 70 ;

Mangope on, 90 ;

Bantu Trust, 153 , 162 ;

planning 153 , 170 , 173 , 199 -200;

and white protection, 158 ;

white farmlands, 181 ;

and tenure laws, 192 , 193 -197, 198 , 209

Land consolidation, 52 , 90 -97, 153 , 222

Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa, 179

Law and order, 169

Leakages model, 138

Lebowa, 2 , 38 , 74 , 98 , 118 , 228

Legislation:

for homelands, 28 -33, 35 -38;

in homelands, 37 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 222 ;

homeland power to amend, 39 , 55.

See also Specific acts

Lehurutse, Bophuthatswana, 185

Lengene, P. M. (ex-chairman, Soweto Urban Bantu Council), 100

Lesotho, 86 , 107 , 137 , 227

Liberals, 24 , 81

Liberia, 96

Lichtenburg, Transvaal, 75 , 91

Life expectancy, 132

Limestone, 14 , 16 , 215

Lisbon, Portugal, 76

Literacy, 114

Livestock, 187 -188, 189 , 191 , 193

Loan Account, South African 114

Loans:

lack of security for, 195 ;

industrial and border area growth, 204 ;

and Bantu Investment Corporation, 209 , 210 -211, 213

Local councils, 26

Lombard, J. A., 124n, 126 , 127 , 169 n;

on decentralization, 203 -204

Lucerne, 185

Luthuli, Chief Albert, 80

M

Mabopane, Bophuthatswana, 19 , 185 , 203

McCrystal, Lawrence P. 107

Madadeni, KwaZulu, 114

Mafeking, Cape Province, 19 , 49 , 60 , 74 , 91 , 185 , 203 , 212

Magnetite, 16

Mahlabatini, KwaZulu, 34 , 50 , 79 , 80

Maize, 14 , 179 , 182 -185, 192 , 221

Makapan, Chief Thipe Victor, 65

Makatini flats, 90

Makhaya, T. J. (mayor of Soweto), 101

Malawi, 99 , 118

Malnutrition, 132

Mamelodi, Transvaal, 81

Manganese, 14 , 215

Mangope, Chief Lucas, 65 , 83 , 112 , 144 ;

political opposition, 52 , 53 , 61 ;

election results, 53 , 54 ;

dispute with Maseloane, 54 -55, 69 ;

and budget debate, 63 ;

problems with white officials, 68 , 69 ;

outspokenness, 73 , 224 -225;

biography of, 74 -78;

political problems, 82 ;

on federalism, 86 -90;

on land consolidations, 91 , 93 , 96 ;

and homeland industrial development, 97 , 98 -99;

and urban blacks, 101 ;

and education, 105 ;

and university expansion, 115 , 119 -120;

need for trained people, 119 ;

compared to Buthelezi, 121 , 225 ;

and foreign aid, 156 ;

and business and investment, 213 ;

and South African-homeland interdependency, 223 -224;

on following Transkei, 229

Manpower:

trained, in homeland administration, 47 -49;

policy, 107 , 108 ;

training, 114 -115, 163 , 210 ;

for internal development, 141 ;

white, and township control, 228

Manufacturing enterprises, 211 .

See also Bantu Investment Corporation

Maqondoze, V. A. (chairman, Bophuthatswana Assembly), 55

Marasmus, 132

Marianhill, Natal, 66

Markets:

for farm products, 196 , 197 , 198 ;

land, 196 ;

homeland arrangements, 223 .

See also Bantu Investment Corporation

Maseloane, Chief Herman:

dispute with Mangope, 54 -55, 69 ;

and Tswana payment of taxes, 63 ;

on "swamping," 88 ;

on land consolidation proposals, 91

Matanzima, Chief Kaiser, 74 , 121 ;

on Transkei independence, 31 ;

on advantages of separate development, 32 , 33 , 73 ;

on federalization, 86 , 87 , 88 ;

and land consolidation, 96 ;

on investment opportunities, 98

Mathlatlhowa regiment, 74

Matseke, N. T., 65

Medical practitioners, 131 -132, 134

Medical training, 119 -120, 134

Merebank, Natal, 65

Mexico, 131

Mfecane, Zulu, 25

Mhlongo, Abel, 57

Middle East, 217

Migrant labor, 7 , 19 , 194 ;

income, 122 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 130 , 136 , 137 ;

and family disorganization, 133 ;

and leakages model, 138 -140;

and Republic's economy, 141 ;

land rights, 196 ;

and border area jobs, 206

Migration, from reserves, 11

Millet, 182

Minerals, 14 -15, 16 , 63 , 158 , 215 , 221 ;

exploitation, 52 , 53 , 223 ;

royalties, 144 ;

discoveries in South Africa, 179 .

See also specific minerals

Mines, South African Department of, 166

Mining, 123 , 179 ;

revenues from, 52 -53, 63 , 144 ;

in Bophuthatswana, 127 , 129 , 130 , 135 , 217 ;

in KwaZulu, 129 ;

and output growth, 134n;

and Bantu Mining Corporation, 153 , 215 -216;

in Transkei, 220 ;

lack of homeland control, 221 , 222

Mkomanzi River, 15

Moçambique, 13 , 16 , 74 , 219 , 227

Mogotsi, S. (Bophuthatswana National Party secretary), 54

Molathwa, T. M., 65

Molopo River, 14 , 191

Montshiwa, Cape Province, 212

Morena Boloka (hymn), 37 n

Mortality, 20 , 132

Mota, Chief Wessels, 98

Motsatsi, Chief B., 65

Motswedi, Bophuthatswana, 74 , 75

Motswedi-Barutshe-Boo-Manyane people, 75

Msinga, KwaZulu, 66

Mthethwa, Jeffrey, 66

Mulder, Connie P., 15

Mules, 188

Multiracialism, 32 ;

Buthelezi's support of, 81 , 89 ;

proposed council, 85 , 88

Mzimkulu River, 15

N

Namibia, 8 , 74 , 85 , 118 , 219 , 227 , 230

Natal, 65 , 66 , 69 , 93 ;

and land distribution, 8 , 9 ;

roads, 16 ;

and Zulu voting rights, 21 -22;

and tribal authorities, 28 ;

and territorial authorities, 34 ;

strikes in, 101 ;

university enrollment, 118 ;

sugar cane in, 186 , 189 ;

African extension officers, 198 n;

possible KwaZulu control, 229 .

See also KwaZulu

Natal, University of, 48 , 79 , 107

Natal Medical School, 115 , 120 , 134

Natal Mercury (Durban), 83 , 84

National Party:

policies of ethnicity, 1 , 22 -23, 25 ;

control of South Africa, 32 ;

commissioners-general, 69 ;

government of, 93 ;

affirmative policy toward blacks, 159 -160

National Party Senate group on Bantu Affairs, 69

National units, 30 , 35

Native Affairs, South African Department of, 74 , 105 , 161 ;

Agricultural and Lands Branch, 181

Native Affairs Bill (1917), 10

Native Affairs Commission, 12

Native Economic Commission (1932), 11

Native Trust and Land Act (1936), 11 , 12 , 90 , 96

Natives Land Act (1913), 9 -10, 12

Natives Representative Council, 27 -28

Ndaba, Lloyd, 57

Ndebele people, 8 , 33 , 53

Newcastle, Natal, 203 , 205

Newspaper:

coverage of Buthelezi and Mangope, 73 , 76 , 78 ;

use by homeland leaders, 82 -84

Ngeleka clan, 199

Ngobese, Solomon, 59 , 67

Ngoya, KwaZulu, 115

Nguni people, 8 , 25 , 83 , 87

Nickel, 215

Nongoma, KwaZulu, 16 , 34 , 49 , 50 n, 61 , 66 , 70 , 79 , 81

Nongoma Regional Authority, 66

Nonviolence, Buthelezi's support of, 81

North, University of the, 47 , 48 , 115 , 118 , 119 ;

Advisory Council, 75

North Ndebele people, 2 , 25

Notwani River, 14

Nqutu, KwaZulu, 47

Ntsanwisi, Chief Hudson, 74 ;

on federalization, 87 ;

and homeland citizenship stipulation, 104

Nutrition, 20 -21, 131 , 132 -133, 134

Nxele, Lawrence 58

Nxele, Paulos, 58

Nxumalo, James Alfred Walter, 65 , 66

Nyasaland, 27 .

See also Malawi

O

Odi II, Bophuthatswana, 14

Oppenheimer, Harry, 102

Opportunity cost, and external work, 142

Orange Free State, 8 , 9 , 14 , 67 , 91 , 93

Output:

per capita, 123 , 124 , 126 ;

structural changes, 127 -130, 137 ;

growth in home-

lands, 134 -136;

and absentee labor system, 141 ;

of public sector, 142 ;

agriculture, 201 .

See also Productivity

Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, 50

P

Pan-Africanist Congress, 31 , 54 , 59 , 224 , 226

Parliament, South African, 91 , 93 , 130 ;

and land transfer appropriation, 11 ;

and councils, 27 ;

and authorities, 28 ;

eventual homeland amendments to acts of, 39 , 55 -56;

and KwaZulu politics, 58 ;

and homeland revenues, 62 -63, 143 , 144 , 153 , 221 ;

land consolidation proposals, 95 -97;

and education and finance, 106 ;

control of universities, 120 ;

and homeland policy, 157 .

See also South Africa

Pass laws, 41 , 81 , 85 , 102 , 225

Paternalism, 158 -159

Patrick, Prince, 57

Payment and Privileges of Members Bill, 61

Peanuts, 14 , 16 , 182

Pedi, people, 2 , 25

Pellagra, 132

Permanent absentees, 50 ;

income, 124 , 125 , 126 , 130 , 136 , 226 ;

and leakages model, 138 -140, 141 ;

taxation, 145

Permanent Committee for the Location of Industry, 201

Phatudi, Chief Minister Cedric, 74 , 98

Ph. D. training, of Africans, 119

Phorium tenax (flax), 185 , 189 , 197

Physical Planning and Utilisation of Resources Act (1967), 201

Pietermaritzburg, Natal, 16 , 50n, 66 , 203 , 205

Pietersburg, Transvaal, 74

Pigs, 188

Pilane, Chief Tidimane, 33 ;

and Mangope, 52 -53, 61 , 91 ;

election results, 53 ;

on black unity, 88

Pine trees, 16

Pinetown, Natal, 16 , 201

Pineapples, 16

Planning:

KwaZulu Planning Committee, 107 -108;

homeland, 157 , 163 , 166 ;

and history of government policy, 159 -160;

creation of active, 169 ;

through functional budgets, 170 -172;

black participation, 177 ;

and agriculture, 182n, 201 ;

physical (land), 181 , 195 , 197 , 199 -200, 217 ;

minister of, and industrial location, 201

Planning, South African Department of, 107

Planning-programming-budgeting (PPB) system, 169 -178

Plantations, 123 ;

in Bantu Investment Corporation projects, 185 , 186

Platinum, 14 , 63 , 215 , 216

Police, 157 , 226

Political power, 1 ;

distribution of, 39 , 41 , 42 -43, 72 , 74 , 75 , 78 , 82 , 84 -85, 89 , 121 , 163 , 219 , 222 ;

Buthelezi and, 80 ;

relative black, 86 ;

Vorster on white, 103 ;

educational policy making, 112 ;

of black leaders, 224 -225;

for all blacks, 226 ;

future homeland, 230 -231

Political rights, 96 ;

voting, 21 -22;

and problem of living place, 100 ;

and reforms, 103 , 104

Politics:

multiracial, 32 , 78 ;

in Bophuthatswana, 52 -55;

in KwaZulu, 56 -60;

and homeland domination, 72 ;

influence of homeland leaders, 73 ;

homeland system and black goals, 158

Pondoland, Transkei, 31

Pongola River, 15 , 93 ;

dam, 186

Population:

allocated to and in homelands, 2 , 5 -6;

increases, and manpower problems, 12 , 17 -21, 122 , 153 , 156 , 207 ;

imbalances, 20 , 123 -124;

communications problem, 82 ;

of schools, 108 -109, 112 -114;

de facto and de jure,124 -127, 130 , 136 , 149 , 236;

and output growth rates, 134 , 135 ;

resettlement, 152 , 162 , 170 , 173 , 199 ;

of KwaZulu compared with Bophuthatswana, 173 ;

settlement pattern, 179 ;

excess, and labor situation, 193 -194;

Tomlinson Report projections, 201 ;

and commercial development, 208 ;

future, 223 , 229 -231

Population density, 10 -11, 12 , 14 , 18 -19

Port Elizabeth, Cape Province, 201

Port St. Johns, Transkei, 93

Port Shepstone, Natal, 199

Portugal, 1974 coup, 73 -74, 76 , 227

Postmasburg, Cape Province, 91

Posts and Telegraphs, South African Department of, 68

Potatoes, white, 16 , 182

Potchefstroom, Transvaal, 75

Poverty. See Standard of living

PPB (Planning-programming-budgeting) system, 169 -178

Pretoria, Transvaal, 13 , 14 , 19 , 67 , 88 , 91 , 101 , 120 , 124 , 131 , 191 , 195 , 203 , 212 ;

1972 election, 53 ;

industrial areas, 201 , 215

Prime minister, South African:

policy guidelines for homeland development, 157 ;

determiner of priorities, 163

Private sector, 122 , 130 , 142

Proclamation 84 (1975), 55

Productivity:

homeland labor, 122 ;

internal homeland, 124 -130, 131 ;

and nutrition, 133 ;

raising internal, 141 -142;

agricultural, 179 -180, 182 -191, 200 , 201 .

See also Output

Profits, agricultural, 198

Progressive Reform Party, 75 , 80

Prohibition of Political Interference Act (1966), 32 , 57

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959), 28 , 30 , 66 , 68

Public sector:

and homeland economic development, 127 , 129 , 137 ;

output growth,

134 n, 136 ;

transfers to, 140 ;

homeland expenditures on, 142 , 149 -153;

capital formation, 142 , 152 , 173 ;

and homeland revenue sources, 143 -149;

older government agencies in, 166 ;

coordination, and budget, 169

Public Works, South African Department of, 68

Pulses (vegetables), 16

R

Race relations, 7 , 24 -26;

and federalism, 85 , 87 ;

and future of homelands, 229 -231

Race Relations, Institute of, Conference, 76

Radio, 82 , 83

Radio Bantu, 82

Radio Tanzania, 83

Radio Zambia, 83

Railways, 14 , 16 , 179

Rainfall:

in homelands, 13 , 14 , 15 ;

and agriculture, 123 , 183 , 189 , 191

Ramitsogo, Bophuthatswana, 49

Rand Afrikaans University, 77

Rand Daily Mail (Johannesburg), 83 , 84

Raubenheimer, A. J., 63

Recession, and homeland economic development, 134 -135

Reddingsdaadbond,77

Reference books, as voter identification, 41 , 51 , 55 , 56

Regional authorities, 50 -51, 80 , 144

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on the Decentralisation of Industries (Riekert Committee), 202

Representation of Natives Act (1936), 22 , 30

Reserves:

as homelands, 2 ;

as government policy, 7 , 8 , 9 -10, 22 , 25 , 90 ;

insufficiencies of, 12 ;

and separate development, 26 ;

Tomlinson Report on, 159 -160;

and South African economic development, 179 ;

inadequate agricultural programs, 180 -182

Resettlement, 152 , 162 , 170 , 173 , 199

Resources:

distribution of, 72 , 73 , 89 , 121 ;

use for development, 159 ;

human, programs for, 166 , 172 , 173 , 222 ;

allocations through functional budgets, 170 -172;

commitment to agriculture, 189 ;

dependency on South Africa for, 221 , 223 -224

Revenues:

homeland, 62 -63, 64 , 122 , 135 , 138 , 140 , 143 -149, 166 , 221 , 222 ;

to South Africa, 102

Rhodesia, 27 , 73 , 74 , 118 , 219 , 227 , 230

Richards Bay, Natal, 13 , 16 , 59 , 93 , 95 , 101 , 203 , 205 , 213 , 229

Riekert, P. J., 206

Riekert Committee, 202

Roads, 14 , 16 , 179

Rolong, the, 65

Roots, crop, 185

Rosettenville, Transvaal, 74

Rosslyn, Transvaal, 203 , 204 , 205

Rural Areas:

population, 17 , 19 ;

dependency burden, 20 ;

political representation, 51 ;

voters in, 53 ;

African newspapers in, 83 ;

farming equipment in, 189 ;

commerce and industry in, 209 , 214

Rustenburg, Transvaal, 14 , 19 , 91 , 124 , 203 , 204 , 216

S

St. Chad's school, 66

St. Peter's school, 74

Salaries, 71 , 143 -144, 173 , 226 ;

teachers', 64 , 119 , 156 ;

and output, 124 .

See also Income; Wages

Salt, 14

Sand, 215

Sanitation, 172

Schapera, Professor Isaac, 193

Schlemmer, Professor Lawrence, 107

School Committees, 106

Schools, 108 -109, 114 , 152 , 155 .

See also Education

Sea, access to, 13

Second Bantu Laws Amendment Act (1974), 156

Segregation:

as government political policy, 22 , 28 , 32 , 161 ;

and Bunga, 27 ;

and standard of living, 133 ;

and Republic spending levels, 145

Self-government:

in homelands, 1 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 225 ;

and separate development, 26 , 29 ;

and territorial authorities, 36 , 37 ;

legislative powers, in Bophuthatswana, 39 -40, 65 , 76 ;

in KwaZulu, 40 -41, 55 ;

problems, 63 -64;

and South African dominance, 119 ;

in Transkei, 220 ,

and homeland legislation, 222

Seoposengwe (Unity) Party, 52 -53, 61

Separate development, 50 ;

and apartheid, 1 ;

as government policy, 1 , 2 -3, 5 , 13 , 26 , 74 , 121 ;

and employment, 18 ;

African antagonism to, 29 , 33 , 80 , 81 ;

advantage of, 32 , 84 , 224 ;

and traditional rule, 38 -39;

in homeland politics, 50 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 60 ;

commissioners-general on, 70 ;

and homeland leaders, 72 , 73 , 76 , 77 , 82 , 85 , 89 , 121 , 223 ;

and federalism, 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ;

and land problems, 90 , 97 ;

and industrial development, 99 ;

and urban problem, 100 , 101 , 102 , 130 ;

and educational policy, 112 ;

and homeland future, 226 -227

Services:

and homeland administration, 45 , 47 ;

limited, 64 , 127 , 166 ;

Republic-homeland, 133 ;

funding base for homelands, 143 ;

and homeland taxation, 148 , 149 ;

and township expenditures, 152 ;

homeland need for, 153 ;

jobs, 206 , 207 , 217 ;

industries, 211

Setlogelo, M. 65

Settlement patterns, 91

Shangaan, people, 2

Sharpeville, massacre, 30 , 32

Shebeen women, 209

Sheep, 188

Shuping, Chief V., 65

Sisal, 185 , 189 , 197

Sithole, Chief Owen, 65 -66

Snyman, J. H., 119 , 120

Social services:

in PPB system, 169 , 170 , 172 , 173 ;

need for, and land reform, 196 -197

Soils, 13 , 221 ;

conservation, 181

Solomon, Ingonyama, 79 , 80

Sordwana Bay, 93

Sorghum, 16 , 182 , 183

Sotho, 25 , 37 n

South Africa, Union of, Republic of:

creation of homelands, 1 , 2 , 5 -6, 30 , 31 , 42 , 43 ;

and reserves, 7 -12;

homeland land policy, 12 -13, 24 , 26 , 89 , 90 -91, 93 , 95 , 96 -97, 192 , 195 , 196 , 199 -200, 222 ;

homeland dependency on, 13 , 66 -71, 126 , 221 , 222 -224;

employment in, 13 , 20 , 122 , 124 , 126 ;

population, 17 ;

and African political rights, 21 -22;

separatist policies, 22 -23, 24 -26, 27 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 74 , 226 -227;

African councils, 26 -27;

homeland legislation, 28 -33, 35 -38;

exit from Commonwealth, 31 ;

homeland constitutions, 31 , 35 -39, 40 -41;

authorities, 28 -30, 34 , 35 -36;

homeland power over legislation, 39 , 55 , 64 ;

judicial system, 38 -39;

homeland administration, 43 -44, 47 -48;

homeland politics, 50 , 51 -52, 54 ;

funds to homelands, 62 -63, 122 , 135 , 140 , 143 -144, 145 , 155 , 166 , 221 ;

white officials, 66 -71;

and homeland leaders, 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 -78, 81 , 84 , 223 -226;

détente, 73 , 74 , 198 , 219 ;

media, 82 -83;

federalism, 84 -85, 87 , 88 ;

homeland industry, 97 , 98 , 99 , 202 -214;

urban black problem, 100 -104, 226 ;

and African education, 104 -106, 112 , 119 , 155 ;

manpower policy, 107 -108;

gross domestic product, 124 ;

health care, 131 -132, 133 -134;

services, 133 ;

and homeland output, 134 -135, 138 -139, 140 -141;

per capita expenditures, 149 ;

cost of living, 156 ;

foreign aid for homelands, 156 ;

bureaucratic, and homeland development, 158 -168;

conflicts with homelands over priorities, 172 , 177 -178;

agricultural development, 179 -181;

sugar cane quota, 186 ;

industrial areas, 201 -202;

support of white business, 209 ;

mineral development, 215 ;

developmental policies, 217 -218, 221 -222;

international relations and homeland policies, 219 -220, 227 , 228 -229, 230 ;

and homeland future, 229 -231

South Africa, University of, 47 , 65 , 66 , 115

South Africa Act (1909), 22

South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), 82 , 83

South African Native Affairs Commission (1903-1905), 9

South African Native (now Bantu) Trust, 181

South African Students' Organization, 101

South African Sugar Association, 186

South Ndebele people, 2

South Sotho people, 6

Southwest Africa:

and German imperialism, 8 ;

multiracial council for, 85 .

See also Namibia.

Soweto, 51 , 67 , 70 , 81 , 89 , 90 , 97 , 101 , 120 ;

homeland states for, 100 , 102 ;

and educational policy, 112 ;

disorder in, 230

Soweto Urban Bantu Council, 100

Springs, Transvaal, 70

Squatters, 194 , 195

Stadler, J. J., 124n, 126 , 127

Standard of living:

improvement of, 73 , 102 -104;

homelands vs. Republic, 126 ;

and per capita income, 130 , 131 , 137 ;

economic and social indicators, 131 -133;

and homeland revenue sources, 148 ;

conditions, 218 , 226

Star, The (Johannesburg), 83

States, independent, 85 -86

"Statutory grant," 143 , 144 -145

Stellenbosch University, 76

Stone, 215

Strikes, 59 , 101 , 102

Students:

growth, 108 , 112 -114;

attrition rates, 109 -111;

university, 115 , 118 -119

Sugar cane, 16 , 95 , 148 , 192 , 217 , 221 ;

as cash crop, 179 , 186 -187, 189

Summit meetings:

on educational policy, 112 ;

of 1975, 225 ;

and future development, 229

Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 84

Swazi language, 69 , 228

Swaziland, 13 , 16 , 86 , 93 , 191 , 227

Sweet potatoes, 16

T

Taiwan, 131

Tambo, Oliver, 74

Tan-bark, 16

Tanning extract, 16

Tariffs, 179 , 207

Taung, Bophuthatswana, 19 , 65 , 91 , 115 ;

irrigation projects at, 14 , 185 -186, 188 , 189 , 191 , 192 , 197 , 217 ;

Agricultural College, 198

Taxes:

on absentees, 50 ;

mining, 52 -53, 63 ;

proposed labor, 59 ;

revenue sources, 62 , 63 -64, 138 , 140 , 143 , 144 -145, 148 -149;

African to South African Republic, 102 ;

bases, 122 , 126 , 145 ;

and foreign aid, 156 ;

and land planning scheme, 199 ;

industrial rebates, 204 ;

homeland power, 207 , 208 , 213 , 221

Tea, 185

Teachers:

salaries, 64 , 108 , 119 , 156 ;

training, 109 , 114 ;

university, 118 -119

Telephones, 14 , 17

Temba, Bophuthatswana, 19 , 115 , 129 , 212

Temperatures, 14 , 15

Territorial authorities, 28 , 30 , 33 -34, 35 , 36 , 37 , 42

Territorial integrity, 24 , 25

Thaba 'Nchu, Bophuthatswana, 15 , 65 , 185 , 191

Thula, Gibson Joseph, 67

Timber, 16 , 192

Titanium, 215

Tlbabane, Bophuthatswana, 19

Tobacco, 14 , 16

Tolbert, President William, 96

Tomlinson, F. R., 159 , 214

Tomlinson Commission (1955), 25 , 29 , 159 ;

report, 158 , 159 -161, 182 , 183 , 185 , 196 , 199 , 200 , 201

Torlage, Commissioner-general P. H., 69 -70

Toto, Chief James Bogosing, 54 , 55 , 69

Tourmaline, 16

Townships:

creation of, 134 ;

rental income, 145 ;

homeland expenditures on, 152 ;

development, 162 ;

African land rights, 195 ;

satellite, 207 ;

commerce and industry in, 209 , 214 ;

homeland control, 228

Trade deficits, 140

Trading rights, 52 , 209 , 214

Traditionalism:

in homeland governments, 38 , 43 ;

political parties on, 53 , 56 , 57 ;

in Bophuthatswana cabinet, 65

Training. See Manpower

Transkei, 74 , 93 , 137 ;

independence, 1 -2, 32 -33, 218 , 220 , 228 ;

ethnic groups, 5 , 25 , 87 ;

land, 9 , 126 ;

population of, 17 ;

territorial authorities, 30 , 31 ;

constitution, 31 -32, 41 ;

courts, 38 -39;

white administration, 48 -49;

elections, 51 ;

commissioner-general, 69 ;

proposed federalization with KwaZulu, 86 ;

precedent, 89 , 111 , 229 ;

Xhosa Development Corporation, 98 , 99 , 153 ;

and industrial decentralization, 203

Transkei Constitution Act (1963), 31 -32, 37 , 50

Transkeian Territorial Authority, 29 , 30 , 31

Transport, 123 , 129 , 197 , 203 , 204 ;

and homeland economic development, 127 ;

in Republic, 179 ;

in homeland growth points, 212

Transport, South African Department of, 68 , 166

Transvaal, 14 , 22 , 67 , 74 , 75 , 203 , 221 ;

land in, 8 , 9 , 10 ;

and tribal authorities, 28 , 33 ;

Bophuthatswana land, 91 ;

university enrollment, 118 ;

rainfall, 191

Tribal authorities, 28 , 36 -37, 51 , 80 , 102 , 144 , 215

Tshabalala, E. B., 57

Tsonga people, 2

Tswana:

and contention for land, 8 ;

in homeland, 9 , 10 ;

outside homeland, 9 , 13 , 47 , 50 , 229 ;

population distribution, 17 , 19 , 86 ;

dependency burden, 20 ;

political rights, 21 , 22 ;

tradition, 23 ;

authorities, 33 -34, 39 , 50 -51;

in homeland administration, 44 ;

political issues and elections, 52 -53, 54 ;

legislative inexperience, 61 ;

taxation, 63 , 64 , 145 ;

character of cabinet, 65 ;

white officials, 67 , 69 ;

language, 69 , 111 ;

Afrikaner models, 77 ;

and Mangope's positions, 78 , 82 , 88 -89, 90 , 121 ;

development corporations, 98 , 153 , 155 ;

in Bophuthatswana National Development Corporation, 99 ;

education and training, 111 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 120 ;

income, 124 , 126 , 130 , 131 , 137 ;

in mining, 129 , 216 ;

health care, 134 ;

in agriculture, 189 , 193 ;

industrial relocation, 203 ;

labor force, 206 ;

and Bantu Investment Corporation, 210 -211, 213

Tswana Development Corporation, 153 , 155

Tswana Territorial Authority, 33 -34, 50 -51, 52 , 53 , 75

Tswana University, proposed, 77 , 119 -120

Tuberculosis, 132

Tugela River, 15 , 16 , 95 , 197 , 217 ;

estates, 186

Turfloop. See North, University of the

U

Ulundi, KwaZulu, 49

Umbumbulu Regional Authority, 57

Umfolozi game reserve, 93

Umkhonto ka Shaka, 57 , 58

Umkomaas, KwaZulu, 13

Umlazi, KwaZulu, 19 , 57 , 67 , 99

Umlazi Traders' Association, 99

Umtata, Transkei, 87

Union, mine, 14

United Nations, 31 , 74 , 85 , 220 , 227

United Party, 75 , 93 , 95

United States, South Africa's relations with, 219 , 227 , 230

United Transkeian Territories General Council. See Bunga

Universities, 107 , 115 -120;

and African exclusion, 30 ;

and homeland administration, 47 -48, 222 ;

expenditures for, 155

Urban areas:

African population in, 17 ;

dependency burden in, 20 ;

voters in, 22 , 53 ;

property, 36 ;

taxes, 50 ;

African newspapers in 83 ;

problems in, 100 -104;

students from, 118 ;

university branches in, 120 ;

resettlement and, 152 ;

remittances from workers, 221 ;

and homeland administration, 226 ;

disparity of, 230

Urban Areas Act (1923), 22

Urban Bantu Councils, 66 , 100

Urban blacks:

and political representation, 22 , 23 ;

view of homelands, 33 , 226 ;

support of Buthelezi, 81 ;

problems of, 100 -104;

training of, 107 ;

and educational policy, 112 ;

data on, 130 n;

hospital beds for, 131 ;

and Republic's economy, 141 ;

and border industries, 207 ;

organization of, 224 ;

con-

cessions to, 225 ;

and future of homelands, 229 -231

Urban representatives, 66 -67, 68 -69

Urban boards, 67

Usutu Tribal Authority, 66

V

Van der Merwe, P. J., 124 n, 126 , 127

Vanadium, 14 , 215

Vegetables, 14 , 185 , 186 , 189 .

See also Pulses

Venda people, 5 -6

Vereeniging, Transvaal, 201

Verwoerd, Prime Minister Hendrik, 29 , 30 -31, 76 , 201

Veterinary Services, KwaZulu, 47

Victoria Falls, 219

Vitamin deficiency, 132

Voice of the People , 58

Voortrekkers, 8

Vorster, Prime Minister B. Johannes:

on homeland independence, 33 ;

homeland financial changes, 62 n, 63 , 143 ;

Mangope on, 76 ;

on federalism, 85 , 88 ;

land consolidation, 93 , 96 ;

reforms, 102 -104, 214 ;

on language for education, 112 ;

relations with black Africa, 219 , 220

Voting:

African, 21 -22, 27 , 75 ;

reference books as identification for, 41 , 51 , 55 , 56 ;

urban vs. rural, 53

Vryburg, Cape Province, 91

Vryheid, Natal, -Richards Bay railroad, 16 , 17

W

Wages, 130 n, 204 ;

black vs. white, 63 , 64 , 136 -137;

need for higher, 90 , 98 , 101 ;

for blacks in Republic, 122 ;

and output, 124 ;

mining, 129 , 215 , 216

Warmbad, Transvaal, 91

Warrenton, Cape Province, 91

Water:

in Bophuthatswana, 191 ;

in KwaZulu, 192 ;

for agriculture, 194 , 197 , 198 ;

in border areas, 203 , 204 ;

in homeland growth points, 212

Water Affairs, South African Department of, 68

Weather, 134

Welfare. See Standard of living

Welkom, Orange Free State, 67

Wessels, Commissioner-General Gerhardus A., 69

Wheat, 14 , 182

White areas:

Africans in, 41 , 50 , 100 -104, 124 , 126 , 195 ;

choice of school language, 112 ;

black employment in, 122 , 177 , 180 , 200 , 201 , 206 , 207 ;

agricultural development in, 179 -180;

and industrial decentralization program, 202 ;

labor force increase, 205

White bureaucracy:

and manpower training, 107 , 115 ;

and homeland development, 119 , 138 , 157 -158, 209 ;

history of, 158 -162;

agency structure, 162 -166;

interaction with Africans, 166 , 168 ;

conflict within, 166 , 169 ;

conflicts with, 177 -178;

power to Africans, 218

White officials, 33 ;

and homeland administration, 44 , 48 -49, 61 , 68 , 70 -71;

salaries, 143 -144;

in bureaucracy, 158 , 161 , 168 ;

land tenure system, 194 ;

and homeland leaders, 224 -225

White rulers. See South Africa

White supremacy, 75 , 80 , 93

Whites:

residence, 5 ;

concessions to Africans, 6 ;

and competition for land, 8 , 11 ;

population, 17 , 29 ;

view of equality, 24 -25;

and African land tenure, 26 , 195 ;

control over Bantu authorities, 38 ;

and homeland administration, 44 -45, 47 , 48 -49, 106 , 222 , 226 , 228 ;

and homeland leaders, 57 , 73 , 76 -77, 78 , 80 , 81 , 84 , 224 -225;

and homeland revenues, 62 -63;

pay vs. blacks', 63 , 64 , 131 , 136 -137;

media, 82 -83;

and federalism, 84 , 86 -87;

land consolidation problem, 90 , 91 , 93 , 95 ;

and homeland industrial development, 97 , 98 , 99 ;

educational disparities, 104 -105;

on university faculties, 118 -119;

and African income, 124 ;

in mining, 129 , 215 , 216 ;

health disparities, 131 -132;

and public services, 133 ;

and homeland funding, 143 ;

homeland taxation of business, 145 ;

in bureaucracy, 157 -168, 177 , 178 , 218 ;

agriculture, 158 , 179 -181, 183 , 191 , 197 , 198 n, 200 ;

nonagricultural employment, 179 ;

investment in homelands, 202 ;

and border area industries, 204 , 207 ;

businesses' success, 208 -209;

and Bantu Investment Corporation, 209 , 211 , 213 -214;

in homeland growth points, 212 , 213 ;

and South African policies, 219 -220, 228 ;

concessions and future, 229 -231

Wine, 179

Winterveld, Transvaal, 19

Witwatersrand, the, 201 .

See also Johannesburg, Transvaal; Germiston, Transvaal

Women, 193 , 201 , 207 ;

shebeen, 209

Wool, 179

Woord en Daad ("Word and Deed"), 90 , 95

World War II, and land transfer, 11

Works, Departments of, 43 , 44 , 45 , 149 , 152 , 172 , 173

X

Xhosa, 29 , 33 ;

in homelands, 5 , 6 , 25 ;

and Transkei Territorial Authority, 30 ;

possible citizenship in KwaZulu, 36 ;

Pilane's view, 53 ;

businessmen, 99 ;

language, 31 , 32 , 69

Xhosa (now Transkei) Development Corporation, 98 , 99 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 162 , 214

Xolo, Chief Everson, 65 , 66

Z

Zambia, 73 , 131 , 217

Zeerust, Transvaal, 74 , 91 , 203

Zeerust Regional Authority, 75

Zulu, 121 ;

in homeland, 6 , 9 , 10 ;

contention for land, 8 -9;

outside homeland, 9 , 47 , 50 ;

in white sector, 9 , 13 ;

population, 17 , 19 , 29 ;

dependency burden, 20 ;

voting rights, 21 -22;

tradition, 23 ;

authorities, 34 -35;

citizenship and elections, 55 ;

and political issues, 56 -57, 58 , 59 , 82 ;

taxation, 64 , 145 ;

white officials, 67 , 70 ;

language, 69 , 111 ;

media, 83 ;

land consolidation problems, 90 , 93 , 95 , 96 ;

and Bantu Investment Corporation, 98 , 99 , 210 -211;

labor problems, 101 ;

and education, 112 , 114 , 118 , 120 ;

income, 124 , 126 , 130 , 131 , 137 ;

health care, 134 ;

investment institutions, 153 ;

agriculture, 186 -187, 193 ;

reaction to physical planning, 199 ;

industrial relocation, 203 ;

labor force increase, 206 ;

urban, 229

Zulu, Prince David, 57

Zulu Labor Party, 58

Zulu Mfecane, 25

Zulu National Cultural Liberation movement, 67

Zulu National Party, 57

Zululand, 13 , 16 , 34 , 40 , 93 , 95 .

See also KwaZulu

Zululand, University of, 47 , 48 , 115 , 118 , 120

Zululand African Chamber of Commerce, 99

Zululand Territorial Authority, 35 , 40 , 66

Zwelithini, Chief Goodwill, 40 , 56 , 57