INDEX
A
Academia de Letrán, 98
Academia de San Carlos, 55
Acedo, Angel, 134
Acevedo, Jesús T., 104 , 208 , 320 n30
Acuña, Manuel, 150 , 174
Adams, Henry, 7 , 158 , 198
Adorno, Juan Nepomuceno, 43 , 134 , 278 -79n31
Afrancesamiento (Francophilia), 12 , 20 -22. See also France
Agriculture: French investment in, 275 n33;
use of statistics in, 129 , 301 -2n26
Aguilera, José G., 132 , 303 n42
Ahuhuétes (Velasco), 115
Aizpurul, Alberto, 151
Alamám, Lucas, 67 , 69 , 133 , 207
Albert, Prince of England, 43
Alexander II (czar of Russia), 190
Alfonso XIII (king of Spain), 220 , 231
Almanza, Cleofas, 55
Alt, Dr. (Geraldo Murillo), 215 , 234
Altamirano, Francisco, 120 -21, 142 , 153 , 305 -6n4
Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel, 53 , 97 , 162
El alumbrado público en la ciudad de México: Estudio histórico (Arizpe), 316 n37
Alva, José María, 66 , 73
Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de, 120
Alvarado, Ignacio, 149
Alvarado, Salvador, 227
Álvarez, Manuel Francisco, 99 , 295 n25
Álvarez Bravo, Manuel, 233
Amabilis, Manuel: pre-Hispanic/modern synthesis of, 225 , 228 -31, 235 -37;
public buildings of, 227 -28;
on Victor Reyes's legends, 328 n61;
on Diego Rivera, 230 ;
as Seville delegate, 226 , 227 , 326 nn37, 38
Amaral, Tarsila do, 201
Americanism: and European nationalism, 91 -92
Anales del Instituto Médico Nacional (formerly El Estudio ), 142 , 149
Andrade, Mario de, 201
Andrade, Oswald de, 201
Annitúa, Fanny, 216
Anthropology: Chicago exhibits on, 185 , 314 n17;
classificatory structure of, 88 -89, 94 ;
Mexican promotion of, 89 , 95 , 235 -36, 292 n31, 293 n48;
physical vs. ethnographic approaches of, 91 -92;
race issues of, 89 -92, 93 -94, 132 ;
world fairs' focus on, 85 , 87
Anti-Americanism: of postrevolutionary pro-Hispanics, 208 , 214 -15
Antiquities of México (Lord Kingsborough), 73
Anza, Antonio M. de: Aztec Palace of, 66 , 73 , 100 , 182 ;
Científicos peers of, 23 ;
and Contreras, 61 , 111 ;
as engineer, 102 , 295 n33;
Paris pavilion design of, 191 , 193 -94
Anzorena y Agreda, Luis, 55
"Apuntes para el estudio del clima en México" (Orvañanos), 309 n61
Aragón, Agustín, 128
Araquistáin, Luis, 233
Architecture: avant-garde cosmopolitan, 237 -38;
engineering and, 100 -102;
Latin American exhibits of, 97 ;
Mexican professionalization of, 102 , 296 n37;
modernist innovations in, 185 , 315 n21;
national style uncertainty in, 97 -100, 102 -4, 193 -94, 208 , 321 n44;
postrevolutionary neocolonial, 201 , 206 -7, 208 -9;
pre-Hispanic form of, 100 -101, 103 -4;
pre-Hispanic/modern synthesis in, 228 -29, 231 -32, 327 n53;
revived classicism in, 194 -95
Argentina, 18 , 43 ;
architectural presentations of, 97 , 327 n53;
as immigrant destination, 37 , 176 , 276 n53;
national image of, 19 ;
statistical studies from, 129 -30, 302 n27;
world's fair budgets of, 225 , 281 n9
Arias, Juan de Dios, 68
Ariel (Rodó), 222
Arista, Mariano, 43
Arizpe, Rafael R., 316 n37
El Ateneo de la Juventud, 21
Atlanta Cotton States International Exhibition (1895), 85 , 185 -86
Aubin, J. M. A., 91
Au Mexique: átudes, notes et renseignements utiles au capitalistes, a l'immigrant, e au touriste (Gostkowski), 59
Austria-Hungary, 17
Austrian Museum, 282 n26
Avant-garde movements, 239 -40
Avery , Isaac W., 40
Awards: Buffalo fair, 315 n27;
Chicago fair, 184 , 315 n27, 317 n45;
Paris 1889 fair, 21 , 58 , 59 -60, 64 , 121 , 122 , 131 , 191 , 302 n37;
Paris 1900 fair, 110 , 191 , 315 n97;
Rio fair, 215 -16;
Seville fair, 234 , 328 n74
Aztec Lilliputians, 85 , 291 n23
Aztec Palace: architects' criticism of, 98 -99;
commissions assigned to, 66 ;
cost of, 189 ;
disassembly/storage of, 181 -82, 184 , 313 n2, 314 nn3, 5, 6, 7;
as engineering/ architectural exhibition, 101 -2;
as exotic/modern synthesis, 64 -65, 67 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 77 , 82 -84, 123 -24;
facade of, 82 , 94 , 99 , 105 , 108 , 110 ;
inauguration coverage of, 79 -80;
interior designs of, 78 -79, 82 -83, 99 ;
landscape paintings of, 112 , 114 -16, 121 -22;
media satirization of, 99 , 169 , 170 -71;
Peñafiel's design of, 66 , 73 , 75 , 94 -95, 289 n43;
photography exhibits of, 117 -18;
precursor to, 279 n35;
pre-Hispanic style of, 70 , 97 , 101 , 103 -4, 118 -21;
racial ambivalence of, 88 ;
Salazar's proposal on, 66 , 73 , 103 -4, 289 n41, 296 n42;
scientific works in, 125 -26;
site and construction of, 78 , 289 n57, 290 n59.
See also Sculptures (Aztec Palace)
Aztecs: Contreras's eclectic sculptures of, 108 , 110 , 112 , 297 n64;
cultural preeminence of, 70 ;
mythology of, 105 ;
Obregón's paintings of, 118 , 119 -21.
See also Indians
"Aztecs and Their Industries" (Saint Louis exhibit), 85 , 188
Aztec stand (Philadelphia exhibit), 39 , 277 n9
B
Bablot, Alfredo, 49 , 61 -62, 99 , 285 n88, 289 n54, 308 n44
Balbuena, Bernardo de, 31
Ballesca, Santiago, 68 , 70 -71, 286 -87n14
Ballu, Albert, 97 , 98 -99
Baranda, Joaquín, 171
Barcelona exhibition, 220
Bátrcena, Mariano, 40 , 44 , 50
Barreda, Gabino, 29
Batres, Leopoldo, 84 , 88 , 89 , 93 -94
Baudelaire, Charles-Pierre, 6 , 71 , 158
Baz, Gustavo, 79 , 281 n11, 297 n59
Belgium, 17
Belmont, Andrés, 121
Beltrán, Joaquín, 49
BEMP (Boletín de la Exposición Mexicana en París,1889,280 -81n2
Benjamin, Walter, 269 n5
Berger, George, 23
Berlin fair (1883), 44
Bertier-Marriot, Clement, 276 n44
Bianconi, F., 34 , 58 , 284 n68
Bibliothéque Nationale (Paris), 282 n26
Bibriesca, Alberto, 55
Bibriesca, Antonio, 121
Biographical dictionaries, 58 , 284 n65
Bishop, William Henry, 25
Black immigration, 36 -37
Blanco, José Joaquín, 322 n60, 324 n85
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 92
Boari, Adamo, 182
Boas, Franz, 93
La bola (Rabasa), 174
Boletín de la Exposición Mexicana en París,1889 (BEMP), 280 -81n2
Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística , 143
Bolivia, 18 , 19 , 97 , 280 n48
Bonaparte, Prince Roland, 59
Bonilla, Abigael, 216
The Book of Thousand and One Nights , xi
Boston food fair (1908), 189
Botanical studies, 142 , 143 -44, 305 -6nn4, 10
Boulanger, Ernest Jean Marie, 25
Bourbourg, Brasseur de, 91
Bourgeoisie, Louis, 59
Bourget, P., 272 n51
Brading, David, 246 , 250 , 286 n5, 322 n63
Brazil: Mexican delegation to, 203 -4, 216 ;
national image of, 19 ;
neocolonialist renovation in, 202 , 209 ;
regional conflicts in, 201 ;
statistical exhibits from, 130 ;
as Vasconcelos's utopia, 219 , 323 n67, 324 n85;
at world's fairs, 43 , 200
Brehme, Hugo, 233
British Library of the British Museum (London), 282 n26
British Royal Commission, 17
Broca, Paul, 92 , 93
Budgets: Chicago fair, 17 , 262 ;
media on, 167 , 312 n23;
of Mexico, 262 -65;
New Orleans fair, 17 , 40 -41;
Paris 1889 fair, 16 , 17 , 43 , 49 -50, 189 , 262 , 263 , 281 nn7, 9;
Paris 1900 fair, 49 -50, 189 ;
Philadelphia fair, 17 , 39 , 277 n9;
Rio fair, 319 nn4, 5, 323 n73;
Seville fair, 224 , 225 , 326 n23;
state responsibility for, 17 , 39 , 40 -41, 277 n9
El Buen Tono (cigarette brand), 211
Buffalo world's fair (1901), 8 , 11 , 184 , 187 , 303 n53, 315 n27
Bulletin de l'Exposition Universelle de Paris 1889 , 15
Bullock, William, 43 , 278 n28
Bulnes, Francisco, 21 , 176 -77, 311 n3
Bustamante, Carlos María de, 67
Busto, Emiliano, 56 ;
public administration study by, 137 -41, 304 n72, 305 nn79, 81;
statistical focus of, 54 , 128 , 129 ;
technocratic peers of, 23 , 49
C
Cacama (Aztec hero), 77 , 105 , 108
Cahun, Léon, 112 , 114 , 115
Calles, Plutarco Elías, 202 , 204 , 222 -23, 224 , 232 , 237
Calvo, Pedro, 282 n40
Camaxtli (god), 77 , 105 , 108
Campa (photographer), 277 n8
Campo, Angel del, 167 , 174 , 312 n29
Campos Ortiz, Pablo, 205 , 217
Cañada de Metlac (Velasco), 115
Canciones para can tar en los barcos (Gorostiza), 234
Canto, R., 71 , 288 n32
Carbajal, Antonio, 134 -35, 148
Cárdenas, Guty, 325 -26n22
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 236 , 237
Carmona y Valle, Manuel María, 149 , 173
Carneiro da Cunha Filho, José M., 209
Carnot, Sadi, 22 , 25 , 79 , 201
Carrasco, Gonzalo, 41
Carta estadística minera de la Rep ública Mexicana (Chicago exhibit), 184
Carta general geográfica (Paris 1889 exhibit), 131
Carta general geológica (Paris 1889 exhibit), 132 -33
Carta general minera de la República Mexicana (Paris 1889 exhibit), 132 -33
La Carte générale de la République à la centmillionèsime partie, par le système horizontal , 131
Cartographic exhibits (Paris 1889), 130 -32, 302 n37
Cartoons: as ironic critiques, 162 -64, 312 n10
Carvalho, R. de, 201
Casasola, Gustavo, 314 n7
Casasus, Joaquín, 23
Caso, Antonio, 217 , 234
Castillo, Antonio del, 132 , 133 , 303 n42
Catholic church, 99 , 169 , 224 , 231
Cazeneuve, Felipe, 58
Ceballos, José, 171 , 313 n45
Çelik, Z., 84 , 98
Census, 54
Centeotl (goddess), 77 , 105 , 296 n49
César, José María, 1 34
Chabert, Maximiliano M., 187 , 197
Chacón, Manuel, 237
Chalchiutlicue (goddess), 77 , 105 , 296 -97n50
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 138
Charnay, Desiré de, 67 , 73 , 85 , 91 , 288 n34
Chavero, Alfredo: on Aztec Palace proposals, 77 ;
on Camaxtli god, 108 ;
exhibition team peers of, 55 ;
Lerdo de Tejada
panegyric by, 30 -31;
México a través de los siglos , 68 , 70 , 73 , 84 ;
Saint Louis fair exhibits of, 187 , 315 n29
Chávez Orozco, Luis, 275 n33
Chicago Columbian Exposition (1893): Henry Adams on, 7 , 198 ;
antagonistic views of, 8 -9;
awards at, 184 , 315 n27, 317 n45;
exhibits at, 25 , 56 , 127 , 131 , 184 -85, 314 n17;
Hispanism and, 222 ;
Mexico's financing of, 17 ;
U.S. national image and, 19 , 41 , 43
Chile, 18 , 97 , 216 , 323 n74, 327 n53
Chinese immigration, 35 , 36 , 37 , 276 n51
Científicos, 23 , 24 , 29 , 126 , 128 , 153 . See also Porfirian elites
Cigarette companies, 175 -76
Class: indigenist/Hispanic synthesis and, 239 ;
modernity's construction of, 22 -23, 88 -89, 124 , 292 n31
Clavijero, Francisco Xavier, 31 , 67
Clendinnen, Inga, 296 -97n50
Climate: and disease transmission, 151 , 152 , 309 n61
Colegio de Minería, 101
Colibert, E., 110 -11
Colonia Juárez (Mexico City), 208 , 321 n44
Columna de la Independencia (Mexico City), 55
Comisión de Límites, 131
Comisión Geográfico-Exploradora, 131 , 142 -43, 184 , 302 n37
Comisión Geológica Mexicana, 184 -85
Comtian positivism. See Positivism Condorcet, Marquis de, 125
Congreso Internacional de Americanistas (1895), 91
Congreso Pedagógico Higiénico (1882), 150 -51
Consejo Superior de Salubridad (Superior Sanitation Council), 147 , 172 , 173 , 308 nn35, 36
Conservative liberalism: and state intervention, 137 -40, 305 n85
Contaduría de la Federación: Cuenta Pública (Mexico City,1889-1890), 281 n7
Contemporáneos group, 202
Contreras, Jesús, 55 ;
awards to, 110 , 191 ;
bronze focus of, 78 , 110 , 297 n59;
Díaz Mimiaga and, 111 , 297 n62;
in exhibition conflicts, 61 ;
Paris pavilion design of, 191 -92, 317 nn46, 47;
relocated sculptures of, 182 , 314 nn6, 7, 10;
sculptural style of, 105 , 108 , 112 , 297 n64;
statuary corporation of, 112
Corbin, Alain, 150
Cornely, René de, 45 -46
Correa, Alberto, 152
Cortés, Hernán, 212
Cosío Villegas, Daniel, 251 , 287 n15
Cosmes, Francisco, 20
The Cosmic Race (Vasconcelos). See La raza cósmica
Cosmopolitanism: controlled portrayals of, 2 ;
exoticist reconciliation with, 81 -82, 83 -84, 114 -15;
nationalism and, 8 , 9 , 71 , 96 -97;
of proindigenist trends, 209 -11.
See also Modern nation
Costa Rica, 18
Cotton States International Exhibition (1895, Atlanta), 85 , 185 -86
Covarrubias, José, 276 n51
Crespo, Gilberto, 23 , 50 , 57 , 170 , 282 n27
Criollo patriotism, 67 , 69 -70, 246 , 250 , 286 n5. See also Indigenism
Cristero rebellion, 224 , 231
La Crónica , 169
Cruces (photographer), 277 n8
Cruces y Compañía, 118
Cruz, Juana Inés de la, 267 n1
Cruz Conde, José, 220
Crystal Palace fair (1851). See London Crystal Palace fair
Crystal Palace (London exhibit), 100
Cuadro estadístico (Glümer), 54
Cuauhtémoc (emperor of the Aztecs), 66 , 77
Cuauhtémoc monument: Herrera's design of, 55 , 283 n45;
Rio fair's replica of, 205 ;
sculptural style of, 77 , 105 , 108 , 208 ;
Vasconcelos on, 212 -14, 322 n60
Cuesta, Jorge, 251
Cuitlahuac (Aztec hero), 77 , 105 , 108
Cuvier, Georges, 92
D
Darío, Rubén, 195 , 317 n60
Darwinism: anthropological use of, 92 -93, 293 n48;
geological links to, 132 ;
mestizo fusion vs., 211 -12;
of Riva Palacio, 69 , 93 , 287 n20
De historia plantarum Novae Hispanae (Hernandez), 143
Democracy: as changing concept, 5
El descubrimiento del pulque (Obregón), 118 , 119 -21
De Vogüe, Eugene-Melchior, 81 , 82 , 100
El Diario del Hogar : on Aztec Palace, 169 ;
on idealized national image, 161 , 168 , 172 -73, 312 n9;
on Liceaga, 154 ;
on Mexican world's fair, 45 , 280 n46;
on propaganda, 176 ;
on world's fair budget, 167 , 312 n23
Diaz, Agustín, 131 , 306 n7
Díaz, Felix, 196
Díaz, Porfirio: anthropology support from, 93 ;
awards distribution by, 278 n26;
bust exhibits of, 55 , 121 , 283 n45;
Contreras and, 111 , 297 n62;
exhibit interests of, 57 , 85 , 131 , 138 ;
exhibition team and, 49 , 50 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 77 ;
media satires of, 162 -63, 165 -66, 167 , 170 , 173 ;
on social issues, 24 ;
transformed regime of, 29 ;
wife of, 25 , 50 , 184
Díaz Covarrubias, Francisco, 50 , 281 n11
Díaz Dufoo, Carlos, 129 , 167 , 312 n29
Díaz Mimiaga, Manuel: appointment of, 47 ;
in Aztec Palace negotiations, 78 , 289 nn57, 59;
Contreras and, 55 , 111 , 297 n62;
Porfirio Díaz and, 50 , 165 -66;
difficult personality of, 61 , 285 n80;
exhibition team role of, 47 , 49 , 59 ;
media on, 170
Dirección General de Estadística, 129
Le Disciple (Bourget), 272 n51
Disease: international debates on, 149 ;
transmission of, 145 , 148 , 151 -52, 153
Doctorow, E. L., 198
Dominican Republic, 18
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 6 -7
Drainage systems, 148 , 173 , 308 n40
Dreyfus affair (1894), 25
Dublán, Manuel, 166
Dunn, Archibald, 36
Dupaix, Guillerme, 67 , 73
Dupont, R., 304 n72
Durán, Diego, 289 n43
Durán, Manuel, 171
E
El Economista Mexicano , 167
Ecuador, 18 , 97
La Edad de Oro (Martí), 285 n1
Edge Moor Iron Company (United States), 45
Edison, Thomas, 18 , 135
Education: Paris 1889 exhibits on, 55 -56;
and racial fusion, 89 -90
Egerton, Daniel Thomas, 282 n40
Eiffel Tower (Paris 1889 exhibit), 27 , 84 , 98 , 100 , 101
Electricity, exhibits (Paris 1900), 102 , 189 -90, 316 n37
Eliot, T. S., 6 , 188
El Salvador, 18 , 130
Encina, Juan de la, 114
Engineering: architecture and, 101 -2
England, 16 -17, 34 , 206 , 275 n33, 320 n31
English Ethnological Society, 85
Ensayo de geografía Médica y climatología de la República Mexicana (Orvañanos), 151
Época Ilustrado , 162
Escandón, Pedro de, 43 , 278 n27
Escobarista rebellion, 224
España Fiel (Gómez Morin), 234
Esparza, Isaac, 134
Esparza Otero, Alfonso, 234
El Estudio (later Anales del Instituto M édico Nacional ), 142 , 149
Estudio sobre las razas mexicanas (Genin), 281 n19
Ethnography: race issues of, 91 -92. See also Anthropology
Ethnos , 211
Europe: exotic interests of, 7 -8, 18 , 97 , 236 -37, 329 n78;
Mexican anthropology interest of, 91 , 292 n41;
public hygiene in, 145 -46, 307 n25, 308 n32
Evolutionism. See Darwinism
Exoticism: cosmopolitanism's reconciliation with, 81 -82, 83 -84, 114 -15;
1890s decline of, 102 , 296 n37;
European demands for, 18 , 97 , 236 -37, 329 n78;
and European nationalism, 91 -92;
Mexican exhibitions of, 7 -8;
of modernist architecture, 185 , 315 n21;
of popular art, 215 , 323 n71
Explication de l'edifice mexicaine (Peñafiel), 84
Exponer (to exhibit, to expose), 162 , 164 , 312 n10
Exposição Internacional do Centenario (1922). See Rio de Janeiro world's fair
Exposición Ibero-Americana (1929). See Seville world's fair
Expositions (Hamon), 312 n10
Extractive arts exhibits: at Chicago fair, 184 -85;
at Paris 1889 fair, 57 , 132 -33, 283 n56, 303 n42
F
Fell, Claude, 215 , 323 n71
Fernández, Ignacio, 233
Fernández, Justino, 118 , 120
Fernández, Leandro, 50
Fernández, Ramón, 47 , 61 , 79 , 279 n35
Fernández Leal, Manuel, 12 , 51 , 191 , 317 n47
Fernández Ledesma, Gabriel, 205 , 206 , 215 , 217
Ferrari Pérez, Fernando, 50 , 55 , 282 n27
Ferrocarril Nacional Mexicano, 116
Ferry, Jules, 16
Financing. See Budgets Finlay, Carlos, 149
Flameng, Leopold, 122
Flaubert, Gustave, 8
Flores, Francisco, 149 -50, 153
Flores, Manuel: media satirization of, 168 ;
Paris 1889 exhibition role of, 24 , 50 , 77 , 148 , 271 -72n42, 282 n27, 308 n44
Foreign investment: competition for, 19 , 37 ;
by France, 34 , 275 nn33, 34;
hygiene's importance to, 154 -55;
media satirization of, 161 ;
patents registration and, 133 -34, 303 n53;
Porfirian goal of, 33 , 34 , 126 ;
statistical basis of, 129
France: anthropological approach of, 91 -92;
antipositivist reaction in, 26 , 272 n51;
architectural trends in, 99 -101, 102 ;
Aztec Palace negotiations in, 78 ;
classicist art of, 122 ;
exoticist displays from, 7 , 18 ;
foreign investment interests of, 18 , 34 , 275 nn33, 34;
freedom concept of, 5 ;
hygiene concerns in, 144 , 145 , 307 n25;
Mexican diplomatic relations with, 47 -48;
Mexican media on, 168 ;
Porfirian idealization of, xii , 12 , 20 -22;
public administration study of, 137 -38, 139 , 304 n72, 305 nn79, 81;
revolution commemorative of, 15 -16;
social economy issues of, 22 -24, 271 n39;
technocracy image of, 23 , 125 ;
transformed nationalism of, 25 -26;
universalism model of, 16 , 17 -18, 26 -27, 249 -50;
world's fair budgets of, 16 , 319 n5
Freedom: fairs' celebration of, 4 -5;
Porfirian conception of, 31
French, Daniel Chester, 297 n60
French Ministry of Finance, 138
French Revolution (1789), 15 , 16
French Second Empire, 5
French Third Republic. See France
Fritel, Pierre, 123 , 300 n102
Fuente Salceda, Maria de la Concepción, 277 n9
Fundición Artística Mexicana, 112
Funerales de un Indígena (Jara), 118
Furet and Rousseau (shipping company), 182 , 314 n3
Fuste, F., 71
G
Gabarrot, E., 57
La Gaceta M édica de M éxico , 134 , 150
Galindo y Villa, Jesús, 234
Galton, Francis, 87 , 130
Gamboa, Federico, 150 , 167 , 234
Gamio, Manuel, 93 , 208 , 211 , 214 -15, 235 , 321 n44, 322 n63
García, Augustín, 225
Garcia, Pedro, 308 n44
García Chávez, Antonio, 134
García Cubas, Antonio, 35 -36, 55 , 89 , 129 , 132 , 174 , 275 n41
García Granados, Ricardo, 293 n47
García Teruel, Gertrudis, 184
Garfias, Luis G., 215
Gargallo di Castel Lentini, Francesca, 287 n15
Garnier, Charles, 84 , 85 , 98 , 100 , 103
Garza, Abraham P. de la, 50
Gaviño, Angel, 148 -49, 153 , 154 -55, 308 n44
Gayol, Roberto, 308 n40
Genin, Auguste, 21 -22, 50 -51, 57 , 59 , 88 , 281 n19
Geographical sciences, 130 -32, 174 -75
Geologische Reichsanstalt (Vienna), 133
Geology exhibits. See Extractive arts exhibits
Germany, 17 , 34
Gibson, W. Hamilton, 8
Gide, Charles, 144
Gilbert, James, 185
Glasgow world's fair (1890), 181 , 313 n2
Glümer, Bodo von, 54
Godoy, José Francisco, 40 , 58 , 277 n15, 280 -81n2, 326 n34
Gómez, José L., 153
Gómez Morín, Manuel, 207 , 217 , 234 , 321 n40
Gomot, Hippolyte, 59
González, Gregorio E., 185 -86
González, Luis, 32 , 217
González, Manuel, 29 , 40
Gonzalez Martinez, Enrique, 216 ;
awards to, 234 ;
Mexican pavilion activities and, 321 , 326 -27n39;
on Mexican revolutionaries, 224 ;
on Victor Reyes's legends, 328 n61;
on Spanish republic, 223 ;
Vasconcelos on, 226 -27
González Navarro, Moisés, 275 n41
Goodhue, Bertram G., 327 n53
Gorostiza, José, 234
Gostkowski, Gustave, 59 , 284 n72
Goudeau, Émile, 27
La gran ciencia (Rabasa), 174
Greaver, María, 234
Grevy, Jules, 25
Gros Caillou (tobacco factory), 57
Groussac, Paul, 8 -9
Guatemala, 18 , 43
Guernica (Picasso), 237
Guerra, François Xavier, 273 n6, 330 n12
Guerra, Gabriel, 55 , 121 , 283 n45
Guerrero, Omar, 305 n79
Guerreros (Seville exhibit), 229
Guerry, A.M., 301 n10
Guillon, François Pierre, 123 , 300 n102
Gutiérrez, Rodrigo, 118
Gutiérrez Najera, Manuel, 62 , 175 , 216 , 285 n88
H
Haber, Stephen, 33 , 274 n26
Hacking, Ian, 130 , 301 n21
Haiti, 18
Hale, Charles, 20 , 93 , 287 n20, 293 n48
Hall, Christopher J., 323 n66
Hamon, Philippe, 312 n10
Hamy, E. T., 91 , 93 , 97 , 292 n41
Hausen, Gerhard, 152
Henríquez Ureña, Pedro, 205
Hermosa, Jesús, 128
Hernandez, Francisco, 142 , 143
Herrera, Alberto, 55 , 283 n45
Herrera, Alfonso, 93 , 306 n10
Herrera, Luis R., 226 , 328 n68
Hidalgo, Miguel, 66
Hidgreth, Martha L., 308 n33
El Hijo del Ahuizote : hygiene caricatures in, 73 ;
ironic cartoon critiques in, 162 -64;
on Mexican exhibits, 166 , 169 , 312 n21;
on national image presentation, 99 , 160 -61, 167 , 170 , 311 n4;
on Porfirian political machine, 164 -65
El himen en México (Flores), 149 -5
Hinojosa, Pedro, 171
Hispanic fair (1883, Buenos Aires), 44
Hispanism: emergence of, 208 -9;
indigenist synthesis with, 206 -7, 209 , 212 , 214 -15, 231 , 239 ;
Seville's modern expression of, 221 -23;
Vasconcelos's messianic, 218 -19, 324 n80
Histoire de l'habitation (Garnier), 100
Historia antigua de la conquista de México (Orozco y Berra), 289 n43
Historia de la Nueva España (Sahagún), 289 n43
Historia de las indias de la Nueva España e islas de tierra firme (Durán), 289 n43
Historia de Méjico (Alamán), 67
History: as accessible narrative, xi , 267 n1;
Alamán's account of, 67 ;
Aztec Palace's reconstruction of, 65 -66;
as development of reason, 4 ;
modern view of, 1 ;
Porfirian presentation of, 68 -71, 95 , 286 nn11, 12, 13, 287 n15
"History of Habitation" (Paris 1889 exhibit), 82 , 84
Hobsbawm, Eric, 10
Hollyhock House (California), 315 n21
Los hombres prominentes de México (Paz), 58 , 61 , 284 n65
Honduras, 18
Hoover in Spanish America (film), 233
Huerta, Adolfo de la, 202 -3
Huerta, Victoriano, 196 -97
Hugo, Victor, 26 , 27
Humboldt, Alexander von, 31 , 67 , 129
Hygiene: disease transmission and, 146 , 151 -53, 308 n32;
media satirization of, 171 -73;
medical profession and, 147 -48;
as national image element, 154 -55, 156 ;
Rio fair's emphasis on, 200 , 318 n3;
sanitary engineering and, 148 , 308 n40;
as scientific enterprise, 145 -46, 307 n25;
state intervention in, 155 -56;
women's issues and, 149 -51
Hymen studies, 149 -50
I
Ibarrola, Ramón, 41
Ibero-American Exhibition (1929). See Seville world's fair
Identity, 244 , 329 n3. See also National image
Iglesias, José María, 29
Immigration: Chinese and black, 35 , 36 -37, 276 n51;
competition for, 19 -20, 176 -77, 276 nn44, 53;
hygiene's importance to, 154 -55;
media on policy of, 160 -61;
patents registration and, 133 -34;
Porfirian goals on, 126 , 300 n7;
from United States, 35 , 39
Imperial Hotel (Tokyo), 185
Imperialism: exoticist displays of, 7 , 18 ;
French nationalism and, 25 -26
Import-substitution policy, 35
Indians: educability of, 45 , 89 -90;
evolutionary superiority of, 93 -94;
hygiene issues and, 156 ;
in national image portrayal, 53 ;
Porfirian ambivalence on, 88 , 121 ;
reconstructed past of, 66 -67, 69 -70, 73 , 75 , 77 , 119 -21.
See also Aztecs
Indigenism: anthropology's advancement of, 235 -36;
cosmopolitan aesthetics and, 209 -11;
of criollo patriots, 67 ;
Hispanism's synthesis with, 206 -7, 209 , 212 , 214 -15, 231 , 239 , 322 n63;
media on, 169 -70;
postrevolutionary monument to, 182 , 184 .
See also Indians
Indología (Vasconcelos), 211
Industria de la plata (film), 233
La industria del petróleo en México (film), 233
Industrialization, 3 , 17 , 33 , 53 , 274 n26
Inspección y Conservación de Monumentos Arqueológicos de la República, 84 , 89 , 292 n32
Instituto Geográfico, 129
Instituto Geológico, 303 n42
Instituto Médico Nacional, 127
International Congress of Conservation and Protection of Artistic Works (1889), 292 n32
International corporations: world's fairs and, 45 -46, 203 , 319 n15
International School of Anthropology (Mexico City), 93
Inventions, 134 -35, 304 n58
Islas, Flora, 216
Italy, 17 , 35
Itzcoatl (Aaztec hero), 77 , 105 , 108
J
Jackson, William Henry, 116 -17
Jamba de la Fusión de las Razas (Seville exhibit), 229
Jambas (allegorical representations), 229
Japan, 41
Jara, José, 118
Jiménez Rueda, Julio, 234 , 322 n60
Johnson, William Templeton, 327 n53
Jones, Owen, 100
Jornal do Commercio (Brazil), 205
Josat, Jules, 138 , 139 , 305 nn77, 79, 81
Juan Antonio (Mexican Indian), 8 , 54
Juárez, Benito, 66 , 278 n20
K
Kahlo, Guillermo, 215 , 233
Keystone Bridge Company (Pittsburgh), 41
Kingsborough, viscount of, 67 , 73
Knight, Alan, 30 , 323 n78, 330 n13
Krantz, Jean-Baptiste, 23
L
Landesio, Eugenio, 114
Landscape painting, 112 , 114 -16;
photography vs., 117
La Laterne journal, 144
Latin America: architectural presentations from, 96 -97;
collective exhibitions of, 47 , 280 n48;
foreign interests in, 18 , 34 , 275 nn33, 34;
idealization of France, xii -xiii, 22 , 27 ;
immigration competition within, 19 -20, 176 -77, 276 n53;
neo-colonial hybridism of, 231 , 327 n53;
Vasconcelos's ideas in, 204 , 216 , 323 n74;
Western-dominated nationalism of, 248 , 330 n12;
world's fair participation by 18-19, 40
Latour, Bruno, 307 n25
Lavista, Rafael, 149
Le Berge (scientist), 307 n25
Lechuga, Juan, 234
Leclerc du Sablon, Mathieu, 211 , 322 n54
Leçons sur l'étiologie et la prophylaxie de la fièvre jaune (Carmona y Valle), 149
Le Corbusier, 206 , 209
Lelo de Larrea, Luis, 182
León, Luis L., 227
Leén, Nicolas, 89 , 93 , 215 , 292 n31
Le Play, Frédéric, 23 , 144
Leprosy, 149 , 152 -53, 310 n67
Lerdista group, 30 -31
Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastián, 17 , 29 , 30 -31, 39 -40
Levasseur, E., 59 , 130
La Libertad group, 29 , 36 , 98
La Libertad (Madrid), 231
La Libertad (Porfirian newspaper), 20
Libraries: data distribution to, 51 , 282 n26
Liceaga, Eduardo, 151 , 309 n62;
Científicos peers of, 23 , 153 ;
hygiene role of, 147 , 154 , 155 , 310 nn75, 79;
media criticism of, 172 -73
Limantour, José Yves, 23 , 49 , 50 , 126 , 278 n20, 281 n11
Limantour, Julio, 50 , 281 n11
Lombardo Toledano, Vincente, 217
London Crystal Palace fair (1851), 4 -5, 6 -7, 43 , 127 , 278 nn27, 28, 301 n10
López Velarde, Ramón, 251 , 253
Louisiana Purchase International Exposition (1904, Saint Louis), 6 , 85 , 187 -88, 315 n29
Low Countries, 17
Lucio, Rafael, 149 , 155
Lund, Macody, 327 n46
M
Machines Gallery (Paris 1889 exhibit), 98 , 100 , 101
McKinley, William, 11
Madero, Evaristo, 51
Madero, Francisco I., 51 , 196 -97
Madrid historical exhibition (1892), 97
Malfatti, Anita, 201
Malgré-tout (Contreras), 110 , 191
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 26
Malo, Salvador, 46
Mancera, Gabriel, 39
Mandell, Richard D., 316 n38
"The Man Who Was King" (Eliot), 6
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 324 n80
Maria y Campos, Ricardo de, 35 , 54 , 282 n37
Mariscal, Federico E., 104 , 208 , 320 n30
Mariscal, Ignacio, 57 , 170 -71
Mariscal, Nicolás, 102 -3, 104
Marquina, Ignacio, 225 , 326 n29
Martí José, 64 , 81 , 84 , 285 n1
Massachusetts State Board of Health, 310 n68
Maximilian (emperor of Mexico), 20 , 47 , 68 , 194
Maya architecture, 185 , 315 n21, 329 n78
Mayer, Arnold J., 190
Media: on Aztec Palace, 99 , 169 , 170 -71;
on Porfirio Díaz, 162 -63, 165 -66, 167 ;
fair envoys from, 167 -68;
on idealized national image, 159 -62, 167 , 168 -69, 171 -73, 176 -78, 311 n4, 312 n9;
on official indigenism, 169 -70;
on Porfirian political machine, 164 -65;
science caricatures in, 166 , 171 -75, 312 n21;
state's relationship with, 59 , 159 , 167 -68, 311 n3;
on world's fair budget, 167 , 312 n23
Medical profession: hygiene contributions by, 147 -48;
as political elites, 153 -54, 155 -56, 310 n79;
women's exclusion from, 151 , 309 n56
Medina y Ormaechea, Antonia A., 45 , 280 n46
Mehédin, Leon, 279 n35
Meissonier, J. L. Ernest, 122 , 123
Melagraphie, ou nouvelle notation musicale par Juan Adorno (Adorno), 278 -79n31
Melchert (photographer), 197
Mena, Francisco A., 171
Mendieta y Nuñez, Lucio, 235
Mendizábal, Miguel Othón de, 215 , 235
Mendoza, Alberto, 225
Mestizos, 69 -70, 89
Meteorites (Paris 1889 exhibit), 133
Meulemans, Auguste, 18 , 269 n17
Mexican Alhambra (New Orleans exhibit), 41 , 278 n20
Mexican-American War, 39
Mexican exhibits (Paris 1889): awards for, 131 , 302 n37;
budget for, 49 -50, 281 n7;
cartographic, 130 -32, 302 n37;
commercial commission on, 54 , 282 n37;
ethnographic focus of, 84 -85, 291 n21;
extractive arts, 57 , 132 -33, 283 n56, 303 n42;
group directors of, 50 ;
hygiene and sanitation, 148 -51;
local fairs' collection for, 51 , 282 n26;
media satirization of, 160 -64, 166 , 171 -72, 312 n21;
national image goals of, xii -xiii, 34 , 52 -54;
natural history, 142 , 143 -44, 306 n6;
patent protection for, 133 -34, 304 n54;
product categories of, 55 -58;
proposed inventions for, 134 -35, 304 n58;
public administration study, 137 -41, 304 n72, 350 nn79, 81;
societies contributing to, 125 -26;
statistical, 127 -28, 130 .
See also Aztec Palace; Sculptures (Aztec Palace)
Mexican Pavilion (Seville 1929): corruption and, 227 , 326 -27n39;
cost of, 326 n33;
cultural continuities of, 235 -37;
design proposal for, 225 ;
explanatory book on, 228 , 327 n42;
legends for, 232 , 328 n61;
Mexican Pavilion (Seville 1929) (continued )
pre-Hispanic/modern synthesis of, 228 -31, 327 n46
Mexican Revolution (1910): and national image transformation, 224 , 228 , 238 -39, 240 , 251 -52, 326 n25;
reevaluation of, xii , 274 n22
Mexican Society for Consumption (Sociedad Mexicana de Consumo), 45
"Mexican Village" (Atlanta exhibit), 85 , 186
Mexico: ambivalent modernism of, 190 -91, 194 -96;
anthropological developments in, 89 , 92 -94, 95 , 292 n31, 293 n48;
architectural expertise in, 101 -2, 296 n37;
centenary independence festival of, 216 ;
class structure of, 88 -89;
delegation to Brazil from, 202 , 203 -4;
democracy's connotation in, 5 ;
exoticist exhibits from, 7 -8;
financing of fairs in, 17 , 39 , 40 -41, 49 -50, 262 -65, 277 n9;
foreign investment interests in, 34 , 37 , 275 nn33, 34;
French idealization by, 12 , 20 -22, 123 ;
under Huerta regime, 196 -98;
hygiene issues in, 144 -45, 146 -49, 155 -56;
Ibero-Hispanism and, 222 -23;
immigration to, 35 -37, 176 -77, 275 n41;
industrial transformation in, 33 , 274 nn22, 26;
landscape painting in, 112 , 114 -15;
local collection fairs in, 51 , 282 n26;
national image creation in, 158 -60, 249 -53;
nationalism-modernization linkage in, 247 -49;
natural history tradition in, 142 -44;
under Obregón, 202 -3;
patents registration in, 133 -34, 303 n53, 304 n54;
population statistics, 152 , 309 n62, 310 n63;
postrevolutionary national image of, 223 -24, 234 , 238 -39;
public administration study of, 137 -41, 304 n72, 305 nn79, 81;
Reform era of, 68 ;
scientific developments in, 126 -27;
social-economy issues in, 24 -25, 250 -51, 271 -72n42;
technocratic bureacracy in, 23 , 29 -30, 48 ;
as world's fair location, 44 -46.
See also Porfirian elites
México: su evoluci ón social (Sierra), 80 , 286 -87n14
M éxico a través de los siglos , 66 , 68 -69, 70 -71, 73 , 170 , 287 n15, 288 nn33, 34;
replacement of, 80
Mexico City: Paris vs., 169 -70;
as proposed fair location, 44 -46;
sanitation conditions in, 156 , 172 -73
M éxico en París (Godoy), 58 , 280 -81n2
El México Gráfico , 174
"Le Mexique, a la France" (Genin), 21 -22
Le Mexique a la portée des industriels, des capitalistes, des négociants importateurs et exportatuers et des travailleurs avec une carte du Mexique commerciale, boutière, minière et agricole (Bianconi), 58 , 284 n68
Le Mexique au début du XXe siècle (Levasseur, ed.), 59
Le Mexique, son pass é, son présent, son avenir (Cazeneuve), 58
Michelet, Jules de, 12 , 27 , 251
Mier, Sebastian B. de, 49 , 97 , 189 , 190 -91, 263 , 317 nn46, 47
Mier, Teresa de, 108
Mier y Celis, Antonia, 281 n11
Miltgen, Julio, 290 n59
Minas Gerais, 219
Mining École Supérieur (Paris), 133
Mining exhibits. See Extractive arts exhibits
Le Ministère de Finances (Josat), 305 n79
Ministry of Communication, 185
Ministry of Economic Development, 38 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 116 , 134 , 138 , 262
Ministry of Education, 207
Ministry of Finance, 54
Ministry of Justice and Public Education, 187 -88
Ministry of Public Works, 262
Ministry of Sanitation, 155
Ministry of War, 54
Miscegenation, 211 -12, 214 . See also
Race Modern Art Week (São Paulo), 201 , 209
Modernity: ambivalent view of, 10 -11, 189 -91, 194 -96, 316 n38;
of Brazilian intellectuals, 201 -2;
contradictory connotations of, 6 -7;
exotic/cosmopolitan element of, 81 -82, 83 -84, 114 -15;
fairs' representation of, 1 -3, 9 ;
nationalism's link to, xii -xiii, 82 , 247 -49;
style's construction of, 32 , 98 , 118 , 123 -24.
See also National image; Nationalism
Modern nation: classificatory structure of, 88 -89, 124 ;
continuities in construction of, 235 -37;
hygiene/sanitation issues of, 144 , 145 -46, 156 , 308 n33;
Indian past's synthesis with, 65 -67, 71 , 73 , 75 , 77 ;
Mexico's debut as, 234 -35;
peace component of, 32 ;
Porfirian ideal of, xiii -xiv, 30 -32;
postrevolutionary versions of, 182 , 184 ;
public administration role of, 136 -37, 139 -41, 305 n85;
state's representation of, 40 -41, 51 -53, 282 n27;
statistical component of, 130 , 136 .
See also National image; Nationalism
Modotti, Tina, 233
Molina, Luis G., 55
Monografías de arquelogía mexicana: Teotihuacán; o, la ciudad sagrada de los Toltecas (Batres), 84
Montenegro, Roberto, 205 , 206 , 215
Montiel Olivera, J., 226
Montoya, Matilde, 309 n56
Monumento a la Patria (Mérida), 227 -28
Monumentos del arte mexicano antiguo (Peñafiel), 75 , 84 , 289 n45
Morales, José D., 153
Morales Pereira, Samuel, 152
Moreno, Roberto, 93 , 287 n20
Moreno Carbonero, José, 122
Moritz Rugendas, Johann, 282 n40
Morones, Luis N., 225 , 227 , 239
Murillo, Gerardo (pseud. Dr. Atl), 215 , 234
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 133
Museo del Hospital Militar (Mexico City), 54
Museo Nacional de Arte (Mexico City), 283 n41
Museo Nacional de Artillería, 182 , 314 nn6, 7
El Museo Nacional (film), 233
Musical machine (Paris 1855 exhibit), 43 , 278 -79n31
Musil, Robert, 247
Mythological representation: in Aztec Palace, 75 , 77 , 105 , 108
N
El Nacional , 99
Nahmad, Salomón, 293 n47
Nahuatl mythology, 105
Napoleon III, 18 , 44 , 47 , 165 -66
Nashville world's fair (1896), 85
National image: architectural ambivalence on, 97 -100, 102 -4, 193 -94, 208 , 321 n44;
Aztec Palace's presentation of, 64 -67, 71 , 73 , 75 , 77 ;
bronze sculpture and, 110 , 297 n60;
centralized articulation of, 82 -83, 243 -44, 246 -47, 252 -53;
domestic negotiation of, 245 -46;
goals in creation of, 249 -53, 330 n13;
hygiene's contribution to, 154 -55, 156 ;
as ideal/reality contradiction, 159 -60;
media's critique of idealized, 160 -62, 167 , 168 -69, 176 -78, 311 n4, 312 n9;
in México a través de los siglos , 70 -71;
Porfirian elites' production of, xii -xiii, 19 , 33 -34, 38 , 52 -54, 236 , 244 -45, 249 -50;
propaganda promotion of, 19 , 35 -36, 58 -59, 276 n44, 328 n68;
revolutionary movement's transformation of, 234 , 238 -40, 251 -52;
scientific character of, 125 -26, 130 -32, 173 -75;
Vasconcelos's conveyance of, 214 -15, 216 -19.
See also Modernity; Modern nation
Nationalism: as an anational phenomenon, 241 , 247 ;
anthropology's ties to, 90 -91;
continuities in construction of, 235 -37;
cosmopolitanism and, 8 , 9 , 71 , 96 -97;
French transformation of, 25 -26;
and identity, 244 , 329 n3;
modernity's link to, xii -xiii, 82 , 247 -49;
tradition-modernity dichotomy of, 248 -49;
universalist component of, 26 -27, 249 -50, 252 .
See also Modernity; Modern nation
National Medical Institute (Mexico), 142 , 144 , 148
La Naturaleza , 89 , 115 , 143
Natural history exhibits, 142 -44, 305 -6n4, 306 nn5, 6, 10;
media satirization of, 166 , 312 n21
Natural History Museum (Mexico), 143 , 306 n7
Natural Inheritance (Galton), 130
Naturalism, 26 , 115
Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna), 133
Neocolonialism: as indigenist/Hispanic synthesis, 206 -7, 208 , 209 , 231 ;
national architecture and, 104 , 208 , 321 n44;
of Rio fair exhibits, 201 , 202 .
See also Hispanism
Nepaltzin, 128
Neri, Ramón P., 227 , 239
Nervo, Amado, 167 , 168 , 174 , 196 , 198 , 216 , 312 n29
New Orleans fair (1884), 38 ;
awards at, 278 n26;
financing for, 17 , 40 -41;
Mexican exhibits at, 25 , 59 , 142 -43, 306 n5
New Orleans fair (1885), 277 n12
Newspapers. See Media
New York Herald , 279 n38
New York Times , 39
New York world's fair (1939), 198
Nezahualcoyotl (Aztec hero), 77 , 105 , 108
Nicaragua, 18
Nicaraguan Canal project, 40
Nicolai, Georg Friedrich, 211 , 322 n54
Nicolet, Claude, 125
Noel, Martin S., 327 n53
Noriega cigarette company, 175 -76
North, Central, and South American Exposition (1885, New Orleans), 277 n12
Notes sur le Mexique (Genin), 281 n19
Noticias climatológicas de la República, recopiladas pot la Secretaría de Fomento, para la formación de la Geografía Médica Mexicana (Ramírez and Rodriguez Rivera), 151 -52
Nouvelle pharmacopée mexicaine (Herrera), 306 n10
Novo, Salvador, 234 , 328 n68
Nuncio, Albino R., 186 , 187 , 197 , 315 n27
O
Obregón, Álvaro, 202 , 203 -4, 205 , 212 , 223 , 319 n19, 323 n73
Obregón, José, 41 , 55 , 118 --19
Obregonistas, 223
Obregón Santacilia, Carlos, 206 , 209 , 217 , 225 , 320 n30
Obreristas group, 239
Ocampo, Cayetano, 55
O'Gorman, Edmundo, 246
Olaguíbel, Manuel de, 58
Olaguíbel y Aristas, Carlos de, 151
Olavarría y Ferrari, Enrique de, 68
Omaha world's fair (1898), 186
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 92
Opúsculo sobre el real de San Lázaro o elefantiásis de los griegos (Lucio), 149
Orientalism. See Exoticism
The Origins of Mexican Nationalism (Brading), 286 n5
Orozco Ramírez, Francisco, 227 , 233 , 326 -27n39
Orozco y Berra, Manuel, 67 , 77 , 108 , 130 , 293 n44
Orquesta Típica Torreblanca, 216
Ortega, Juan, 55
Ortega y Gasset, José, 3
Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo, 234 , 326 n25
Ortiz Rubio, Pascual, 223 , 227
Orvañanos, Domingo, 23 , 148 ;
disease study of, 251 , 152 -53, 309 n61, 310 n68;
on prostitution regulations, 150
Ory, Pascal, 23
Otero, Mariano, 29
Ottoman reformers, 67 -68
"Our Facade in Paris: Sketches of the Universal Exposition" (cartoon), 170
P
El pabellón de México en la Exposición Ibero-Americana de Sevilla (Amabilis), 327 n42
Pacheco, Carlos: exhibition team and, 50 , 51 , 60 , 62 , 77 , 271 -72n42;
media criticism of, 166 , 312 n9;
Río de la Loza and, 143 -44;
on small producers, 52 ;
statistical department of, 129
Paez, F., 134
Paintings: accuracy-effectiveness paradox and, 120 -21;
European impressions of Mexican, 112 , 121 , 222 -23, 300 n102;
French classicist, 122 ;
landscape, 112 , 114 -16;
neocolonial, 206 ;
photography vs., 117 ;
populist theme of, 230 -31, 327 n51;
pre-Hispanic motifs of, 118 -21
Palace of Electricity (Paris 1900 exhibit), 102 , 189 -90
Panama Canal, 18 , 25
Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915, San Francisco), 63 , 196 -98
Pan American Exhibition (1901). See Buffalo world's fair
Pani, Alberto J, 156 , 212 , 319 n19
Paraguay, 18
Paris, 12 , 169 -70
Paris Universal Exhibition (1867), 44 , 100 , 144 , 279 n35
Paris Universal Exhibition (1889): anthropological research focus of, 85 , 87 ;
awards at, 21 , 58 , 59 -60, 64 , 121 , 122 , 131 , 191 , 302 n37;
budgets for, 16 , 17 , 43 , 49 -50, 189 , 262 , 263 , 281 nn7, 9;
catalogue of, 54 , 282 n38;
classicist French painting at, 122 ;
demolition of, 181 ;
European boycott of, 17 ;
exhibit categories at, 55 -58, 283 n56;
exoticist aspects of, 7 , 18 , 81 -82, 83 -85, 290 nn3, 5;
immigration goals of, 35 -36, 37 ;
inventions at, 134 -35, 304 n58;
Latin American participants at, 18 -19;
media
critiques of, 161 -64;
as modernity model, 16 , 269 n5;
national image production at, xii -xiii, 34 , 52 -54;
patent protections at, 134 , 304 n54;
product classification at, 15 , 269 n4;
propaganda network for, 35 -36, 37 , 58 -59, 276 n44, 284 n72;
social concerns of, 22 -23, 24 .
See also Aztec Palace; Mexican exhibits (Paris 1889); Porfirian exhibition team; Sculptures (Aztec Palace)
Paris Universal Exhibition (1900): ambivalent modernity of, 189 -91, 194 -96, 316 n38;
awards at, 110 , 191 , 315 n27;
budget for, 17 , 189 ;
Contreras's proposal for, 191 -92;
economy's impact on, 184 ;
exhibits at, 23 , 127 , 144 , 271 n39;
media agent for, 59 ;
media critiques of, 162 , 166 ;
neoclassical pavillion of, 97 , 193 -94;
Amado Nervo on, 198
Paris world's fair (1855), 6 , 23 , 27 , 71
Paris world's fair (1878), 44 , 47 , 279 n38, 280 n48, 282 n39
Paris world's fair (1937), 236 , 237 -38
Parra, Porfirio, 153
Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), 223
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 223
Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del, 85 , 105
Pasteur, Louis, 138 , 145 , 146
Pasteur Institute, 282 n26
Patents, 133 -34, 135 , 303 nn51, 53, 304 n54
Payno, Manuel, 50 , 68 , 123
Paz, Ireneo, 58 , 61 , 167 -68, 176 , 284 n65, 312 n29
Peace, significance of, 32
Pedro II (emperor of Brazil), 200
Pelados (shorn ones), 215 , 323 n66
Pellicer, Carlos, 205 , 216 , 217
Peñafiel, Antonio: architectural synthesis of, 100 ;
Aztec Palace design of, 66 , 73 , 75 , 94 -95, 289 n43;
book exhibits of, 84 , 187 , 315 n29;
exhibition team peers of, 50 ;
on history of statistics, 128 -29;
hygiene role of, 148 -49, 153 , 308 n45;
media criticism of, 168 -69, 172 ;
sculptural representations of, 105 , 108
Pérez Treviño, Manuel, 202 , 203 -4
Peru, 327 n53
Pessoa, Epitácio, 201 , 203 , 209 , 214 , 319 n16
Petit Trianon of Versailles (Rio fair replica), 201
Philadelphia fair (1876), 38 ;
awards at, 282 n39;
financing for, 17 , 39 , 277 n9;
Mexican exhibits at, 25 , 39 -40, 115 , 277 n8;
Pedro II and, 200
Photography, 116 , 117 -18
Physicians. See Medical profession
Picard, Alfred, 4 , 23 , 49 -50, 59 , 144 , 271 n39, 281 n9
Picasso, Pablo, 237
Picq (architect), 97
Pimentel, Francisco, 36 , 212
Piquerons Cotolí, Manuel, 327 n53
Plancarte, Antonio, 170
Plano geológico del Peñón de los Baños donde se encontró el hombre fósil prehistórico (Paris 1889 exhibit), 132
PNR (Partido Nacional Revolucionario), 223
Poèmes aztèques (Genin), 281 n19
Poincaré, Émile, 310 n68
Pola, Angel, 168
Ponce, Manuel M., 234
Popular art, 215 , 323 n71
Popular patriotisms, 247
Porfirian elites: ambivalence toward Indian past, 88 , 121 ;
class structure of, 88 -89;
exhibition team of, 62 -63;
foreign investment goals of, 33 , 34 , 126 ;
French idealization by, xii , 12 , 20 -22;
homogeneity of, 29 , 246 -47;
hygienists as, 153 -54, 155 -56;
immigration policy of, 35 -37, 126 , 300 n7;
industrial development by, 33 , 274 n26;
as masters of form/style, 4 , 32 , 60 -61;
media criticism of, 99 , 160 -62, 164 -68, 173 , 174 -75, 312 n10;
Mexico City fair project of, 44 -46;
modern nation formula of, xiii , xiv , 30 -32;
national history enterprise of, 68 -71, 95 , 286 nn11, 12, 13, 287 n15;
national image production by, xii -xiv, 19 , 33 -34, 52 -54, 236 , 244 -45, 249 -50;
occupational makeup of, 273 n6;
postrevolutionary national image vs., 249 -52;
propaganda network of, 58 -59;
social economy indifference of, 24 -25, 250 -51;
technocratic governance of, 23 , 29 -30
Porfirian exhibition team: budget commission of, 280 -81n2, 281 n8;
budget submission by, 49 -50, 281 nn7, 8;
Huerta regime and, 196 -97;
internal conflicts of, 60 -62, 77 -78;
lobbying for awards,
Porfirian exhibition team (continued )
59 -60;
members of, 50 -51, 255 -60, 281 n11;
product display directors of, 50 , 281 n12;
recruitment/development of, 48 -49;
as Rio fair model, 205
Portes Gil, Emilio, 223 , 224
Portugal, 17
El porvenir de las naciones latinoamericanas (Bulnes), 176
Positivism, 20 -21, 26 , 31 , 115 , 128 , 218 -19
Possonnier, Charles, 84
Pradilla, Francisco, 122
Prescott, William H., 67
PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional), 223
Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 220 , 222
Product groups (Paris 1889), 15 , 50 , 51 , 269 n4, 281 n12
Progress: contemporaneity and, 5 -6;
scientific/industrial foundations of, 2 , 116 , 126 ;
selective manifestation of, 6 -7, 9 -10;
and transformation of fairs, 10 -11.
See also Modern nation
Propaganda: films, 233 , 328 nn69, 70;
media on, 166 , 176 -77;
newspaper contribution to, 51 , 59 , 167 -68;
Paris 1889 costs of, 58 ;
to promote immigration, 19 , 35 -36, 37 , 176 -77, 276 n44;
on public administration, 137 -41, 304 n72;
published works of, 58 -59, 284 nn68, 72, 328 n68
Prostitution regulation, 150
Prussia, 22
Public administration: Busto's study of, 137 -40, 305 nn79, 81;
corruption issues in, 140 -41, 305 n85;
as scientific endeavor, 23 , 29 -30, 54 , 136 , 304 n66;
state intervention in, 137 , 138 , 140 , 305 n77
Public works, 53
Puente curvo del Ferrocarril Mexicano en la Cañada de Metlac (Velasco), 115
Pugibet, Ernesto, 57 , 134 , 175 , 304 n54
Pulque beverage, 118 , 121
Putnam, F. W. 185
Q
Quatrefages, Armand de, 92
Quetelet, Adolphe, 129 , 301 n21
Quevedo, Miguel Angel de, 148
R
Rabasa, Emilio, 174
Race: anthropological approaches to, 89 -92, 93 -94, 132 , 292 n31;
class structure presentation of, 88 -89;
nationalistic concerns over, 82 -83, 91 , 156 ;
population breakdown by, 152 , 310 n63;
Vasconcelos's theories of, 211 -12, 214 , 218 -19.
See also Indians; Indigenism
Railroad construction, 33
Railroad paintings, 115 -16
La Ramera (Acuña), 150
Ramirez, Fausto, 73 , 96 , 115 , 289 n43, 296 nn37, 42
Ramirez, José, 23 , 88 , 148 -49, 151 , 153 , 280 -81n2, 308 n44, 310 n75
Ramírez, Leandro, 134
Ramírez, Rodolfo, 226
Ramírez, Santiago, 40
Ramírez de Arrellano, Nicolás, 153
Ramos, José M., 226
Raygados Vetiz, José, 215
La Raza, 182 , 184
La raza cósmica (The Cosmic Race , Vasconcelos), 204 , 217 , 323 n67
Razo, Rómulo, 227 , 228
Rebull, Santiago, 41 , 55 , 281 n12
Reclus, Elisée, 12 , 59
La Régie (tobacco company), 57
Reglamento económico (Bablot), 61 -62
Renacimiento group, 98
Renan, Ernest, 69
Repide, Pedro de, 231
Republicanism, 5 , 25
Revista de las Españas , 221
Revista de Revistas , 215
La Revista Moderna , 195 -96
La Revue Diplomatique , 18 , 269 n17
Reyes, Agustín, 153
Reyes, Bernardo, 50 , 196
Reyes, Rodolfo, 231
Reyes, Victor, 226 , 229 -31, 232 , 327 n51, 328 n61
Reyes, Vincente, 66 , 73
Rhetoric: of Porfirian political culture, 4 , 32 , 60 -62
Riguzzi, Paolo, 262
Rio de Janeiro, 203 -4, 219 , 318 n3, 323 n67
Rio de Janeiro world's fair (1922): awards at, 215 -16;
budgets for, 319 nn4, 5, 323 n73;
Cuauhtémoc monument replica at, 205 , 212 -14, 322 n60;
exhibit supervision at, 204 -5;
Mexico's national image at, 216 -19;
neocolonial style of, 201 , 202 , 206 -7, 208 , 209 ;
popular art at, 215 ,
323 n71;
sanitation focus of, 200 , 318 n3;
U.S. interest in, 203
Río de la Loza, Francisco, 143 -44, 306 n15
Río de la Loza, Leopoldo, 143 -44
Río de la Loza, Maximino, 134 , 143 , 304 n54
Ríos, E. M. de los, 37
Ríos, Fernando de los, 233
Riva Palacio, Vicente, 80 ;
Darwinism of, 93 , 287 n20;
Porfirio Díaz and, 24 ;
history texts of, 68 -69, 287 nn15, 17;
media satirization of, 170 ;
mestizo nation of, 69 -70;
Ireneo Paz and, 284 n65
Rivas Mercado, Antonio, 55 , 101
Rivera, Diego, 197 , 230
Rivera (exhibitor), 134
Rivero, M., 57
Robelo, Cecilio A., 296 n49
Rochard, Jules, 145
Rodin, Auguste, 190
Rodó, José Enrique, 208 , 222
Rodríguez, Francisco, 103
Rodríguez Rivera, Ramón, 49 , 151
Rodríguez y Arangoity, Ramón, 45 , 194 , 317 n53
Romero Rubio, Carmen (Mrs. Porfirio Díaz), 25 , 50 , 184
Romero Rubio, Manuel, 29
Rosenzweig, Alfonso de, 205
Rousseau, E., 78 -79
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 4
Rubio, Romero, 33 , 171
"Rue du Caire" (Paris 1889 exhibit), 82 , 173
Ruelas, Julio, 197
Ruinas de Yucatán (film), 233
Ruiz, Carlos R., 280 -81n2
Ruiz, Luis E., 150
Ruiz y Sandoval, Gustavo, 151
Russia, 17
Russian Revolution (1917), 240
S
Sáenz, Aarón, 223 , 233
Sáenz, Francisco, 226 , 227 , 231 -32
Sáenz, Moisés, 235
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 67 , 108 , 289 n43
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 297 n60
Saint Louis world's fair (1904). See Louisiana Purchase International Exposition
Saint-Simonianism, 10 , 23
Sala, George A. H., 123 , 300 n102
Salado Álvarez, Victoriano, 196
Salazar, Luis, 187 ;
Aztec Palace proposal of, 66 , 73 , 103 -4, 289 n41, 296 n42;
Contreras and, 61 ;
Paris 1889 role of, 23 , 280 -81n2;
pre-Hispanic style and, 100 , 103 , 296 n41;
professional background of, 102
San Antonio fair (1909), 189
Sánchez Solis, Felipe, 118
San Francisco world's fair (1915), 63 , 196 -98
Sanitation. See Hygiene
San Juan Teotihuacán (film), 233
Santa (Gamboa), 150
Santos y Cía, Eduardo, 281 n8
São Paulo, 201 -2, 219
Schálvelzon, Daniel, 279 n35
Schnetz, E., 160 , 311 n4
Science: Mexican developments in, 125 -27;
Mexican envoys of, 148 -49, 308 nn44, 45;
modernity's foundation on, 2 , 3 , 126 ;
Porfirian conception of, 31 ;
propaganda books on, 58 ;
public character of, 173 -75;
social economy applications of, 144 -46, 307 n25;
of statistics, 127 -30, 136 , 301 nn10, 21, 26, 302 nn27, 30;
women's exclusion from, 150 -51, 309 n56.
See also Hygiene; Public administration
Scientific Commission of Mexico, 91
Scraping machines, 134 , 304 n58
Sculptures (Aztec Palace): as national
identity renderings, 75 , 77 , 105 , 108 , 110 ;
storage/relocation of, 182 , 314 nn6, 7, 10;
use of bronze in, 110 , 297 n60
Seler, Edward, 75 , 289 n43
El Senado de Tlaxcala (Gutiérrez), 55 , 84 , 118 , 119
Sentíes, Pedro, 50 , 129
Septien, Manuel, 155 -56
Serrano, F. R., 233 -34
Serrano, M., 184
Severo, Ricardo, 209
Seville Universal Exposition (1992), 268 n23
Seville world's fair (1929), 324 -25n2;
awards at, 234 , 328 n74;
budgets for, 224 , 225 , 326 n23;
cultural continuities of, 235 -37, 238 -39;
Ibero-Americanism goal of, 220 -21;
Latin 'American exhibits at, 222 , 231 , 327 n53;
Mexican delegation to, 226 -27;
modernized Hispanism of, 221 -23;
propaganda on, 233 , 328 nn68, 70 ;
romanticized Revolution at, 224 , 232 -33, 326 n25;
Toltec-Maya exhibit at, 225 , 326 n33.
See also Mexican Pavilion (Seville 1929)
Shapiro, Ann-Louise, 307 n25
Sierra, Justo, 20 , 21 , 29 , 55 , 284 n72, 286 -87n14, 287 n15
Sierra, Santiago, 20 , 29
Social economy: French focus on, 22 -23, 271 n39;
Porfirian indifference to, 24 -25, 250 -51;
state intervention in, 144 -45.
See also Hygiene
Sociedad Mexicana de Consumo, 45
Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, 129 , 131
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 143
Société Cali, 78
Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 92
Société des Études Pratiques d 'Économie Sociale , 144
Soriano, Manuel S., 150
Sosa, Julio, 232
Spain, 17 , 35 , 208 -9, 223 , 325 -26n22
Spanish-American War (1898), 220 -21, 222
Spanish Conquest, 67 , 68 , 69 , 77
"The Spanish Town" (Barcelona exhibit), 220
Spencer, Herbert, 211 , 293 n48
Stacy-Judd, Robert B., 329 n78
Statistics, 127 -30, 136 , 301 nn10, 21, 26, 302 nn27, 30
"Statistics and History of the Mexican Republic" (Garcia Cubas), 132
Steiner, George, 190
"Streets of Mexico" (Buffalo exhibit), 85 , 173 , 291 n21
Sullivan, Louis, 185
Superior Sanitation Council. See Consejo Superior de Salubridad
Sweden, 17
Switzerland, 177
T
Tablada, José Juan, 234
Taine, Hippolyte, 20 -21
Tarascan Indians, 93
Tarditti, Carlos, 206
Technocracy: governmental role of, 23 , 29 -30. See also Porfirian elites
Tello, Othón, 314 n17
Tenorio, Adolfo, 55
Tepoztecaconetzin Calquetzani (pseud.), 103
Textile fabrics exhibits (Paris 1889), 56 -57
Textile industry, 33 , 274 n26
Thompson, E. H., 185
Tiffany Company (New York), 2o5, 320 nn25, 26
Tlaloc (god), 77 , 105
Tolsa, Manuel, 314 n10
Tomassi, Leopoldo, 226 , 228
Toro, Alfonso del, 215
Torre Díaz, Alonso, 201 , 205 , 209 , 217 , 319 n16
Torres Bodet, Jaime, 233
Torri, Julio, 205 , 217
Totoquihuatzin (Aztec hero), 77 , 105 , 108
Toussaint, Manuel, 234
Tout-d'Union , 17
Traité d'hygiène sociale (Rochard), 145
Trans-Mississippi International Exposition (1898, Omaha), 186
Trejo Lerdo de Tejada, Carlos, 323 n74
Treviño, Angel, 308 n45
Trocadero Museum (Paris), 78 , 282 n26
El trompo de siete colores (Ortiz de Montellano), 234
Tuxtepec rebellion, 39
20th International Congress of Americanists, 214 -15
U
United States: architectural style of, 201 , 327 n53;
emigration from, 35 , 39 ;
fair participation goals of, 19 , 40 , 196 ;
as immigrant destination, 37 , 176 , 276 n53;
Mexican investment by, 34 , 275 n33;
national image of, 135 , 250 ;
propaganda from, 233 , 328 n69;
San Francisco fair in, 196 -97;
world's fair budgets of, 17 , 281 n9, 312 n23, 319 n4;
world's fair participation by, 43 , 203 , 221 , 319 n15, 325 n10
Universalism: fairs' expression of, 1 -4, 15 , 269 n4;
French tradition of, 16 , 17 -18;
of national image model, 26 -27, 249 -50, 252
University of California (Berkeley), 282 n26
University of London, 282 n26
University of Texas (Austin), 282 n26
Urbina, Luis G., 233 , 234
Uruguay, 18
V
Valadés, José C., 286 n11, 287 n15
Valdés, Rodrigo, 49 , 50 , 54 , 148
Valenzuela, Jesús E., 196 , 317 n61
Vallarta, Ignacio L., 44
El Valle Nacional (tobacco factory), 57 , 175
Varigny, C. de, 83 -84
Vasconcelos, José: awards to, 234 ;
on British
pavilion, 206 , 320 n31;
budget requests by, 323 n73;
on Cuauhtémoc monument, 205 , 212 -14, 322 n60;
on immigration, 37,276 n53;
Latin America prestige of, 204 , 216 , 323 n74;
messianic Hispanism of, 214 -15, 218 -19, 324 n80;
neocolonial synthesis of, 206 -7, 208 , 209 ;
on popular art, 215 ;
presidential campaign of, 223 , 224 , 229 ;
race theories of, 211 -12, 214 , 218 -19;
as Rio delegate, 202 , 204 , 217 , 319 n19;
utopian Brazil of, 219 , 323 n67, 324 n85
Vázquez, Josefina, 286 n 13
Vázquez del Mercado, Alejandro, 217
Vázquez Schiaffiano, José, 215 , 217
Velarde, Juan Andrés, 303 n51
Velasco, Emilio, 47
Velasco, Idelfonso, 147
Velasco, José Maria, 41 , 50 ;
awards to, 121 , 122 ;
Léon Cahun on, 112 , 114 , 115 ;
on French art, 96 , 122 -23, 300 n104;
interest in photography, 298 n80;
paintings of, 114 -16, 117 , 118 , 144 ;
prominence of, 55 , 282 nn39, 40, 283 nn41, 45, 288 n33
Velázquez, José María, 50
Velez, Carlos, 197
Venezuela, 19
Veracruz invasion, 197
Verlaine, Paul, 26
Verne, Jules, 135
Vianna, Victor, 216
Vigil, José María, 68 , 184
Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 201
Villaurrutia, Xavier, 234
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène, 85 , 100 -101
El virreinato (volume II of México a través de los siglos ), 69
W
Waite, C. B., 197 , 291 n21
Waldeck, Jean Frederic, 73
Weber, Max, 137
Wilson, Henry Lane, 197
Wilson, Woodrow, 196 , 197
Wizards of progress. See Porfirian elites; Porfirian exhibition team
Women: exhibits on, 24 -25, 41 , 184 ;
forums' exclusion of, 150 -51, 309 n56;
scientific studies of, 149 -50
Woolf, Virginia, 10
Working class: modernist emphasis on, 22 -23
World's fairs: capitalist use of, 84 -85, 175 -76;
as celebration of freedom, 4 -5;
ethnographic focus of, 84 -85, 291 nn21, 23;
exoticism aspects of, 7 -8, 81 -82, 290 n5;
Hispanism's ties to, 222 ;
historical vantage point of, 1 ;
immigration/investment goals of, 19 , 126 ;
late-twentieth-century, 11 -12, 268 n23;
Latin American participation in, 18 -19, 40 ;
Mexico City location for, 44 -46;
Mexico's budgets for, 262 -65;
Mexico's participation in early, 43 -44, 278 nn27, 28, 31, 279 nn34, 35, 279 nn38, 40;
as modernity representations, xi -xii, 1 -3, 6 -10, 16 , 269 n5;
national image production at, xii -xiii, 33 -34;
natural history displays at, 142 -44, 305 -6n4, 306 nn5, 6, 306 nn7, 10;
radical transformation of, xiii , 10 -12, 198 -99, 268 n23;
scientific developments and, 125 -27;
social issues at, 22 -23, 24 -25;
state financing of, 16 -17, 39 , 40 -41, 277 n9.
See also Awards ; Budgets; individual fairs
World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition (1884). See New Orleans fair (1884)
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 185 , 315 n21, 329 n78
X
Xochicalco temple (Paris 1867 replica), 44 , 279 n35
Xochiquetzal (god), 77 , 105 , 108
Xochitl presenta al rey Tépancalzin el pulque (Obregón), 118
Y
Yacatecuhtli (god), 77 , 105 , 108
Yeager, G., 262
Yellow fever, 149 , 153
Yucatán, 304 n58
Yucatán: La tierra del afamado henequén (film), 233
Z
Zamacona, Manuel Maria de, 45
Zárate, Eduardo, 50 , 56 , 61 -62, 77 , 290 n3
Záirate,Julio, 68
Zayas Enríquez, Rafael de, 21 , 34 , 88 , 176 , 281 nn11, 19, 290 n3
Zola, Émile, 26