Index
A
Administrative director's office, 137
Administrative programs:
prior to 1940, 80 , 122 ;
after 1940, 214 , 237 –238;
liberal character of after 1940, 238 –239;
motive for liberalization, 260 ,
See also Chinese Communist Party, Land revolution, Three-thirds system
Agricultural production, sharp decline of after war, 234 –235
Arendt, Hannah, 310
Asia before Europe, slogan of:
opposed by CCP, 303 –304;
supported by Kuomintang, 304
August First Declaration, 21 –22
B
Black field, 118 , 235
Bolshevization of CCP, slogan of:
supported by Internationalists, 161
Boyle, John Hunter, 150
Britain:
inclined to side with Japan against China, 164 ;
impact of Soviet-German pact and World War on, 165 –166;
closed Burma Road, July 1940, 208 ;
reopened Burma Road, October, 223
Bunker, Gerald, 150
C
Central Plains Bureau, CCP:
decision to establish, 82 , 160 ;
established, 195 ;
renamed Central China Bureau in winter, 1940, 82 ;
vied with Hsiang Ying and Kuomintang for control of north Kiangsu, 160 , 195
Chang Ch'ün:
September, 1936 talks (as foreign minister) with Japanese ambassador Kawagoe, 41 ;
vowed to eradicate CCP, 169
Chang Chung:
negotiated with Chou En-lai, 53 ;
in liaison function in Yenan, 213
Chang Fa-k'uei:
appointed 4th War Zone commander, 1939, 153
Chang Hsüeh-liang:
target of CCP's regional united front (against Kuomintang) tactics, 33 –34;
negotiated with Chou En-lai, 40 –41
Chang Kuo-t'ao:
became doubtful of CCP's rural revolution, 13 ;
mutual recrimination with Mao at Meoerhkai, 20 –21;
criticized Mao's radicalism at Loch'uan Conference, 59 ;
defected from CCP, 1938, 71
Chang Lan-feng, 288
Chang Nai-ch'i:
opposed Mao's land confiscation policy, 39 ;
regarded as CCP's "ally," 222
Chang Tsung-ch'ang, 203
Chang Wen-ang, 91
Chang Wen-t'ien:
appointed General Secretary of CCP at Tsunyi, 20 ;
warned against Left deviation, 1940, 198 , 234 ;
criticized Mao, 261
Chang Yin-wu, Kuomintang regional commander:
accused by Mao as friction monger, 167 ;
forces of, attacked by Communists, 169 ;
forces of, liquidated, 192
Chang Yün-i, 227
Chang Yu-san:
negotiated with Japanese in Kiri Operation, 190
Changkufeng Incident:
border skirmish between Soviet Union and Japan, 1938, 155
Ch'en Ch'ao-lin:
negotiated with Japanese in Kiri Operation, 190
Ch'en Ch'eng:
appointed 9th War Zone commander, 153 ;
reorganized San-Min-Chu-I Youth Corps, 153 ;
accused Communists of not fighting Japanese, 191
Ch'en Chi-t'ang:
revolted against Kuomintang in Southwestern War, 38
Ch'en I:
crossed Yangtze into north Kiangsu, 211 ;
on CCP's decision for Battle of 100 Regiments, 215 ;
appointed commander of New Fourth Army, 227
Ch'en Kuan:
commanded 115th Division after Lin Piao wounded, 99
Ch'en Yün, 163
Cheng Wei-san:
views of, on China's peasants, 297 –298, 300
Ch'eng Ch'ien:
accused Communists of subverting war, 191
Chi-Je-Liao (Hopei-Jehol-Liaoning) District (of Chin-Ch'a-Chi Border Region), 94
Chi-Lu-Yü (Hopei-Shantung-Honan) District (of Chin-Chi-Lu-Yü Border Region):
established, 192 .
See also Large Hopei-Shantung-Honan, Small Hopei-Shantung-Honan Districts
Chiang Kai-shek:
forced by China's disunity to appease Japan, 14 –15, 52 , 77 ;
demanded total surrender by CCP, 37 ;
responded to Soviet overture for alliance, 41 ;
made no public promise at Sian, 44 ;
in Suiyuan Incident, 86 –87;
spurned local settlement of Lukouchiao Incident, 52 ;
agreed to German mediation, 68 ;
warlordism increased pressure for war on, 86 –87;
announced stage of counter-offensive, 155 ;
repeatedly warned Communists against unauthorized expansion, 157 , 163 , 169 ;
reportedly able to end war peaceably, 164 ;
appealed to and threatened Britain, 164 –165;
approved of constitutionalism, 168 ;
reaction to Japan's peace terms, 180 ;
wooed by Japan in Kiri Operation, 191 ;
suspected Soviet-Japanese agreement at China's expense, 208 ;
peace terms with Japan, 244 ;
ultimatum to CCP over north Kiangsu question, 225 –226;
authored China's Destiny
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame:
asserted Chiang Kai-shek could end war, 164
Chiang Ting-wen:
appointed 10th War Zone commander, 153
Chiaotung District:
established, 99 –100
Ch'ien Yung-ming:
in peace contact, 223
Chin-Ch'a-Chi (Shansi-Chahar-Hopei) Border Region:
founded, 92 –93;
administrative program, 237 ;
tax rate higher in, 247 –248;
attack on, by Japanese forces, 271 –274
Chin-Chi-Lu-Yü (Shansi-Hopei-Shantung-Honan) Border Region: shaped up only in 1940
Chin-Chi-Yü (Shansi-Hopei-Honan) District (of Chin-Chi-Lu-Yü Border Region);
founded 92 ;
administrative program, 238
Chin-Sui (Shansi-Suiyuan) Border Region:
location of, 92 ;
founded 100 ;
underwent hardships under pacification, 275
Ch'in Ch'i-yuang:
accused by Mao as friction monger, 167
China Expeditionary Forces:
established, 116
Ch'in Pang-hsien:
disputed Mao at Tsunyi Conference, 18 –20;
replaced by Chang Wen-t'ien as General Secretary, 20 ;
supported Wang Ming in defense of Wuhan, 74
China Youth Party:
cooperated with Japanese, 98
Chinese Communist Party:
strategy in war summarized, 9 ;
declared war on Japan, 1932, 9 ;
origin of Long March myth, 12 –13;
lost O-Yü-Wan (Hupeh-Honan-Anhwei) Soviet, 13 ;
Fourth Front Army's Program Upon Entering Szechuan, 14 ;
Fifth Plenum of 6th Central Committee ordered defense of Kiangsi Soviet, 16 ;
July, 1935 signal to evacuate Kiangsi, 16 ;
Internationalists' view of Kiangsi Soviet's fall, 1934, 16 –17;
error in handling Fukien Rebellion, 17 ;
radio contact with Moscow during Long March, 18 , 23 ;
at Tsunyi Conference, 18 –19;
Internationalists' view of fall of Kiangsi Soviet at Tsunyi, 18 –19;
strange realignment of power at Tsunyi, 19 –20;
at Moukung and Maoerhkai, 20 –22;
August First Declaration, 21 –22;
decided to move into northern Shensi, 21 ;
November 13; 1935 declaration, anti-Chiang Kaishek, 27 ;
issued two declarations on
November 28, 1935, one anti-Chiang, the other proposing ceasefire to him, 27 ;
requested by Manchurian Communists to enter into ceasefire with Chiang Kai-shek, 27 ;
directed by Comintern to propose ceasefire to Chiang Kai-shek, 27 ;
relaxed treatment of rich peasants, 29 , 39 ;
proclaimed Soviet People's Republic, 31 ;
proposed anti-Chiang "united front from below and above" at Wayaopao, 32 ;
decided on regional united front of warlords to force Kuomintang into war, 33 –34;
encouraged Southwestern War against Chiang Kai-shek, 34 , 38 ;
raided Shansi to provoke war, 35 –37;
March, 1936 declaration on Shansi raid, 35 –36;
April, 1936 declaration on Shansi raid, 36 ;
April 25, 1936 declaration, 37 ;
second ceasefire proposal to Kuomintang, May 5, 1936, 37 ;
directive of July, 1936 confirmed expropriation of landlord class as part of united front, 38 –39;
kept landlord class out of united front throughout, 40 ;
Northern Bureau demanded party Center to adopt non-sectarian policy, 40 ;
first united front proposal to Kuomintang, August, 1936, 40 ;
proclaimed Democratic Republic, 40 ;
admitted national bourgeoisie to united front, 40 ;
ordered unilateral restraint toward Kuomintang army, October, 1936, 40 ;
resolution of September, 1936, 42 –43;
Sian Incident, 42 –44;
ordered by Stalin to save Chiang Kaishek's life, 43 ;
alarmed by Japan's retreat from north China in spring, 1937, 44 ;
terms of united front, 53 , 55 ;
anticipated war in May, 1937, 54 , 91 ;
sabotage of local ceasefire at Lukouchiao, 55 ;
telegram of July 8, 1937, 55 ;
declaration of united front, September 22, 1937, 55 ;
proposed common program but rejected by Kuomintang, 56 ;
Wang Ming demanded 7th party congress, 56 ;
Loch'uan Conference, August, 1937, 57 –61;
Ten Point National Salvation Program adopted, 58 ;
resolution on CCP participation in government, 58 –59;
adopted Mao's military line, 60 ;
military dispute, 60 , 65 –68, 69 –71, 75 –79;
Battle of P'inghsingkuan, 61 –65;
commenced base construction, 65 –66;
Politburo conference, December, 1937 disturbed by Chungking-Tokyo peace talk, 68 –69;
disputes over defense of Wuhan, 71 –75, 78 ;
Southeastern Bureau created, 73 ;
Yangtze Bureau created, 73 ;
Politburo conference, March, 1938, demanded defense of Wuhan, 73 –74;
Sixth Plenum of 6th Central Committee, 79 –82;
7th party congress postponed, 80 ;
pledged to cooperate with Kuomintang after war, 80 ;
adopted 15-point administrative program, 80 ;
demanded "bloc within" of Kuomintang, 81 –82;
adopted anti-traitor program, 81 ;
resolution on party organization in Communist bases, 81 ;
military expansion program, 82 ;
decided to establish Central Plains Bureau to take north Kiangsu, 82 ;
failed to take southwestern Shansi and turn to Shantung, 82 , 92 , 99 ;
expanded into south and central Hopei, 82 , 94 –95;
war plans in Shansi, 91 –92;
friction with Kuomintang regional forces, 95 , 154 , 157 , 168 , 192 , 198 –199, 222 , 233 ;
policy toward bandits, 106 –107;
incorporated rural self-defense organizations into base infrastructure, 113 –114;
built local governments, 114 –116;
Kuomintang's provision for Eighth Route Army, 122 ;
liquidation of traitors, 133 –135;
ordered New 4th Army to leave south bank of Yangtze and take north Kiangsu, 159 ;
Party consolidation directive, August, 1939, 162 –163;
decision on penetrating masses, November, 1939, 163 ;
Shen-Kan-Ning Border Region blockade began, 164 ;
Kuomintang's restriction of Communism intensified, November, 1939, 168 ;
Kuomintang's supply of ammunition to Eighth Route Army stopped, 169 ;
demand on Kuomintang to approve Communist occupation of Hopei, 169 ;
contingency plan for Chinese defeat discussed, 172 ;
resolution of October, 1939 warned against split in united front, 172 ;
December Incident, 174 –179;
control of 23 hsien in Shen-Kan-Ning secured, 177 ;
took December Incident to be beginning of civil war, 178 ;
refused to accuse Chiang Kai-shek, Yen Hsi-shan for attack, 178 –179;
New 4th Army and Eighth Route Army link up in north Kiangsu, 180 , 195 ;
directive of January, 1940 assured friction is "local,"
Chinese Communist Party
180 ;
rebuttal of Kuomintang accusations, 192 ;
secured control of Hopei by early 1940, 192 ;
Northern Bureau Lich'eng Conference restrained Left deviation, 193 ;
pushed by Kuomintang army out of southern Shansi, northern Honan, entered boundary accord, 193 ;
decision of February, 1940 warned of Kuomintang's capitulation, 193 ;
urged Hsiang Ying to speed up occupation of north Kiangsu, 194 ;
divided New 4th Army into two commands, 195 ;
Eighth Route Army main unit reached north Kiangsu to subdue Kuomintang opposition, 195 , 198 ;
Communist armies' total force level, 206 ;
concerned with defection of regional Kuomintang forces to Japanese, 200 –207;
June proposal to Kuomintang, 207 ;
July 7, 1940 manifesto, 210 ;
July 1 decision, 210 ;
rejected Kuomintang's first counter-proposal, 211 ;
August counter-proposal to Kuomintang, 212 –213;
August 15 directive on united front work, 213 ;
November directive on united front work, 214 ;
Double Ten Program of liberal reform adopted by Northern Bureau, 214 ;
motive for waging Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 214 ;
Central Committee's decision for offensive, 215 ;
Communist forces' casualty in offensive, 220 ;
September, 1940 proposal to Kuomintang, 221 ;
New 4th Army won decisive battle against Kuomintang in north Kiangsu, 222 ;
directive to anticipate Kuomintang attack, 222 ;
September, 1940 directive and war contingency plans, 222 ;
November, 1940 directive to win sympathy from public, 224 ;
message to Kuomintang refusing to give up north Kiangsu but agreeing to vacate south Kiangsu, 225 ;
December, 1940 directive noting end of capitulation crisis in Chungking, 225 ;
New 4th Army Incident, 226 ;
taken aback by stern Kuomintang action, 226 ;
disparity between Communist account and facts in New 4th Army Incident, 226 ;
reorganized New 4th Army, 227 ;
Twelve Item Demand on government, 227 ;
united front stabilized after Pearl Harbor until U.S. landing in China, 227 –228, 264 –265;
March, 1940 directive warning against radicalism, 233 ;
instituted Three-thirds system, 233 ;
warned against atrocity, 234 ;
blockade war with Japanese, 235 –236;
post-1940 administrative programs, 237 –238;
demanded constitutionalism, 241 ;
October, 1940 directive on artists, 242 ;
directive on intermediate groups, 242 ;
December, 1940 directive on united front policy, 244 ;
decision on land policy, January, 1942, 246 –247;
directive on labor hero Wu Man-yu, 259 ;
destruction of Communist organizations by Japanese, 271 ;
New 4th Army's consolidation of north Kiangsu came late in war, 274 , 286 , 291 –292, 294 ;
Japanese penetration of Communist bases, 275 ;
erosion of Communist bases, 277 ;
picked troops and simplified administration, 277 , 279 ;
reorganization of military, 278 ;
September 1, 1942 decision reverses party-army relationship, 279 ;
rate of desertion from army, 281 ;
loss of bases stopped, 284 ;
comparison of force levels between Communist and Japanese armies, 285 –286;
reason for survival of Communist bases, 286 , 310 ;
Resolution on History, 295 ;
Kao Kang's report on Shen-Kan-Ning, 298 ;
feared premature Soviet-Japanese war, 303 ;
third anti-Communist high tide against Shen-Kan-Ning, 304 ;
preparation for general insurrection against Kuomintang, 304 ;
requested U.S. to take command of all Chinese forces, 305 ;
7th party congress rewrites party history, 307 –308;
origin of Maoist myth, 308 .
See also Land revolution, Three-thirds system
Chou En-lai:
on ceasefire missions, 27 , 28 , 37 ;
letter to Ch'en Li-fu, 41 ;
negotiated terms of united front, 53 ;
on Eighth Route Army's reorganization, 60 ;
supported Internationalists' demand for defense of Wuhan, 74 ;
dispatched to persuade Hsiang Ying, 159 ;
on Chiang Kai-shek, 182 ;
negotiated terms of united front, 211 , 221 ;
on guerrillas, 310
Chu Huai-p'ing:
attacked Communists in December Incident, 178
Chu Shao-liang:
appointed 8th War Zone commander, 153 ;
in December Incident, 177
Chu Te:
opposed Mao's military line, 70 ;
transferred to Shen-Kan-Ning, 173 ;
letter to Kuomintang, 244
Ch'ü party committee, 139
Chugen[*] Campaign, 267
Chuk'ou Incident, 233
Chungking negotiation:
CCP's insistence on keeping north Kiangsu in, 158
Chungt'iaoshan, Battle of, 267
Clark-Kerr:
British ambassador to China, 164
Clear and hold tactics:
intensity of, 270
Comintern. See Soviet Union
Communist base:
organization of, 136 –141
Communist forces:
force level in 1937, 145 ;
in 1940, 206 ;
in 1943 281 , 306 ;
in 1945, 308
Communist power:
conditions of, 8 –9, 14 –15, 86 –87, 304 , 308 –309
Constitutionalism:
CCP demand for, 56 , 241 ;
Kuomintang's support for, 168 ;
Kuomintang's postponement of, 241
Craigie, Sir Robert:
British ambassador to Japan, 165
Creel, H. G., 309
Crowley, James B., 49 , 52
Cultural Revolution:
on Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 216
D
Dare-to-die column, 177 –178
Date Junnosuke, 204
December Incident:
in Shen-Kan-Ning, 174 –176;
in Shansi, 177 –178
December 9th Movement:
Internationalists' approval of, 38 ;
Mao's approval of, 38 ;
Liu Shao-ch'i on, 86
Democratic centralism:
in Three-thirds system, 240
Democratic Republic:
proclaimed by Chinese Communist Party, 44 –46
Desertion:
cause of, 281 –283
Detachment:
size of, 136 –137
Doihara-Ch'in Te-ch'un Agreement, 36 , 52 . See also Umezu-Ho Ying-ch'in Agreement
E
Eighteenth Group Army:
formal designation of Communist army in north China by Kuomintang government, 55 .
See Eighth Route Army
Eighth Route Army:
autonomy of Red Army being major issue in united front negotiations, 28 , 53 , 55 , 59 –60;
initial Kuomintang order of battle, 55 ;
authorized combat zone, 55 , 209 –210, 212 ;
aversion of officer corps toward guerrilla warfare, 71 ;
combat tactics of, 64 –65, 220 , 213 –274;
regularization dependent on external source of supply, 71 , 160 , 305 ;
Kuomintang provisions for, 122 , 166 ;
Chin-Ch'a-Chi Military District ahead in mass mobilization, anti-traitor work, aggressive military operation, 134 , 274 ;
army-party relationship, 139 , 279 ;
authorized force level, 145 , 212 ;
combat report of Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 219 ;
headquarters attacked, 274 ;
localization of, 276 –279;
desertion from, 281 –283;
expanded again at end of war, 306
Eighth Route Army: 115th Division:
in Battle of P'inghsingkuan, 61 –65;
failed to take southwestern Shansi, 92 ;
redeployed to Shantung, 99 ;
did not take part in offensive initially, 217 ;
committed atrocities, 233
Eighth Route Army: 120th Division:
transferred to central Hopei to reorganize warlord army, 82 , 93 –94;
returned to northern Shansi, 173 ;
transferred unit to Shen-Kan-Ning, 173
Eighth Route Army: 129th Division:
expanded into south Hopei, 94 –95;
close cooperation with Sacrifice League, 90 ;
in 1940 offensive, 218 –219
F
Fan Chu-hsien, 98 –99
Far Eastern Munich, 164 –166
Feng Chih-an:
division commander under Sung Che-yüan, 34
Feng Shou-p'eng, 203
Fifth Encirclement and Suppression Campaign:
Kuomintang's strategy in, 15 ;
Wang Ming's appraisal of, 16 –17;
Jerome Ch'en on, 144
First Changsha Campaign:
fierceness of, 171 ;
CCP's concern over, 172
France:
inclined to appease Japan, 164 , 166 ;
surrendered to Germany, 208 ;
closed Indochina route to Chungking, 208 ,
occupation of French Indochina, 208
Friction between Kuomintang and Communist forces, 95 , 154 , 157 , 167 , 168 , 192 , 197 –198, 222 , 233 . See also December Incident, New 4th Army Incident
Fukien Rebellion:
Mao blamed for handling of, 17 ;
Mao's reluctance to speak of, 47
G
Germany:
trained Kuomintang army, 17 , 53 ;
proposed anti-Soviet defense alliance to Tokyo, October, 1935, 29 ;
Germany
anti-Comintern pact with Japan, November, 1936, 29 ;
mediation in war, 68 , 71 , 208 , 223 ;
pact with Soviet Union, 165 ;
overture for alliance with Japan, 165 ;
Axis alliance completed, 222 ;
invaded Soviet Union, 264
Grain ticket, 128
Guerrillas:
total number in north China in Communist estimate, 114 ;
in Japanese estimate, 203 ;
irregular security forces formally enlisted by Japanese, 205 –206;
total Communist irregular forces, 206 , 308 ;
convergence of Chinese tradition with Communist infrastructure, 297 –302.
See also Chinese Communist Party, Rural self-defense
H
Han Chün, 177
Han Fu-ch'ü, Shantung governor:
fled from Japanese, 98 ;
executed by Kuomintang, 288
Han Te-ch'in, Kiangsu governor:
attacked New 4th Army, 197 ;
forces of, routed, 222 ;
fled province, 287 ;
forces of, on Kiangsu-Anhwei border, 291
Hard wall and clean field, 279
Hata Shunroku:
commander of China Expeditionary Forces, 268
Hinton, William, 116 , 118
Ho Kan-chih:
cited, 37 , 45 , 215 ;
on Soviet intervention in united front, 227
Ho Lung:
in Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 218 ;
on rural self-defense, 299
Ho Ping-ti, 309
Ho Ying-ch'in:
in Umezu-Ho Ying-ch'in Agreement, 36 , 52 ;
in Sian Incident, 43 ;
military report to Kuomintang's 5th Plenum, 155 ;
report of illegal Communist activities to U.S., 173 ;
message to CCP, October, 1940, 222 –223;
second message to CCP, December, 1940, 225 ;
denounced by CCP for New 4th Army Incident, 227
Hofheinz, Roy, Jr., 295
Hou Ju-yung, 178
Hsi-k'uan , 123
Hsi-liang , 123
Hsiang Ying:
advocated mobile warfare, 70 –71;
supported Internationalists and objected to CCP's order to move north, 159 ;
defended united front with Kuomintang, 160 ;
November, 1940 letter to Kuomintang, 224 ;
killed in New 4th Army Incident; some mystery surrounding his death, 226
Hsiao Ching-kuang, 176
Hsiao K'e, 94 , 272
Hsieh-tou , 299
Hsü Fan-t'ing:
organized Shansi New Army, 100 , 177 ;
strange reaction to December Incident, 179
Hsü Hsiang-ch'ien:
moved into south Hopei, 95 ;
on difficulty of penetrating Shantung, 99 ;
attacked Shantung government, 211
Hsü Yung-ch'ang, 68
Hu Tsung-nan:
in December Incident, 178
Hu Yü-chih, 23
Hua-cheng wei-ling , 279
Hua Fu (Otto Braun), 20
Hua hsia-ch'ü , 279
Huai River Valley:
in Mao's plans for last challenge agaisnt Chiang Kai-shek, 157 –158, 308
Huaipei Su-Wan (North Huai Kiangsu-Anhwei) base:
founded, 196 ;
administrative program of, 238
Huang Yung-sheng, 272
Huangch'iao:
first battle of, 211 ;
second battle of, 222
Hui Peiple's Detachment, 272
Hull Note:
impact of, on united front, 264
Huntington, Samuel P., 104 –105, 295
Hut'uo River, 272
I
I'chang Campaign, 199
Imai Takeo, 190
Indochina. See France
Intellectuals:
"reliable ally" of CCP, 31 ;
subverted warlord forces, 34 ;
sabotaged local ceasefire at Lukouchiao, 55 ;
pre-war agitation of, 85 –86;
Liu Shao-ch'i on, 86 ;
as cadres in Communist bases, 86 –91, 139 , 230 –231;
Li Wei-han on, 231 ;
tension with old army cadres, 231 .
See also Sacrifice League
Internationalist:
controlled CCP during Fifth Encirclement Campaign, 16 ;
views of, on CCP's defeat, 16 –17, 18 –20;
view of, on Fukien Rebellion, 17 ;
connection between urban line and softness toward Kuomintang, 26 –27, 72 –73, 262 –263;
accused Mao of Left deviation, 45 , 78 , 261 ;
struggle for power with Mao, 73 , 160 , 161 –163;
tried to retain foothold in Wuhan
and Shanghai-Nanking-Hangchow delta, 74 , 159 ;
undermined by Kuomintang, 79 , 210 ;
in Shansi Province, 90 ;
demanded bolshevization of CCP, 161 ;
final defeat of, 227 –228.
See also Chang Wen-t'ien, Ch'in Pang-hsien, Soviet Union, Wang Ming
Iriye Akira:
on U.S. intervention in China war, 265 –266
Ishikawa Tadao, 40
Ishiwara Kanji, 68
Itagaki Seishiro, 61 , 191
J
Jao Shu-shih:
on political complexity of central China, 290
Japan:
feared China's unification under Kuomintang, 9 ;
Stalin wanted neutrality pact with, in 1931, 29 ;
in anti-Comintern pact with Germany, 29 ;
sought to readjust relation with China in 1936, 41 –42;
retreated from north China in 1937, 44 , 52 ;
origin of second Sino-Japanese war, 48 –49, 52 –53;
Army General Staff opposed China war, 52 , 68 ;
proclaimed "New Order," 71 –72;
set up Temporary and Restoration Governments in China, 149 –150;
Imperial conference decision of November, 1938, 150 ;
invited China to take part in "New Order," 150 ;
negotiated with Wang Ching-wei, 150 –151;
Japan-Wang Ching-wei agreement, 151 ;
new war policy, November, 1938, 151 ;
new war policy, December, 1938, 151 ;
border wars with Soviet Union, 155 , 165 , 171 ;
sought British cooperation against China, 164 –166, 208 ;
hesitated between alliance with Britain and Germany, 165 ;
impact of Soviet-German pact on, 165 –166;
explored sphere of influence agreement with Hitler and Stalin, 165 ;
neutrality pact with Soviet Union, 1941, 165 ;
established China Expeditionary Forces in 1939, 166 ;
campaigns in 1939, 171 ;
came close to defeat in Kuomintang's winter offensive, 171 ;
landing in Kwangsi coast, 171 , 199 ;
peace exploration through Kiri Operation, 189 –191;
Ich'ang Campaign, 199 ;
sought to withdraw troops from China, 199 , 266 ;
began to pursue Communist troops primarily in late 1939 in north China, 200 ;
extended blockade line into Shansi, 206 –207;
"southward advance" advocated, 208 , 264 ;
plans to take Indochina to encircle China, 208 ;
impact of Battle of One Hundred Regiments on, 219 , 264 ;
joined Axis, 222 ;
last peace exploration before recognizing Wang Ching-wei regime, 223 –224;
accepted Kuomintang's peace terms, 224 ;
troop level in China in 1941, 266 ;
motive for attacking Kuomintang forces in Shansi in 1941, 266 –267;
began most intense phase of pacification in north China, 268 ;
penetration of Communist bases, 268 –276;
passim; setback in Pacific, 284 ;
began to reduce pacification zone in north China, 284 ;
force level in pacification campaigns, 284 –286;
parallel between China war and Vietnam war, 286 ;
cooperation with Yen Hsi-shan, 287 –288.
Jen Pi-shih, 60 , 244
Johnson, Chalmers, 4 –5, 311
Jung Wu-sheng 91 , 177
Justice Force, 87
K
Kagesa Sada'aki, 150
Kao Ching-t'ing, 159 , 195
Kao Kang:
review of Shen-Kan-Ning Border Region's history, 298 ;
on connection between Communist movement and bandit movement, 298
Kao Shu-hsün, 192
Kataoka, 240
Kao Tsung-wu:
visited Japan as Kuomintang's emissary, 150 ;
defected back to Chungking, 179
Kenkoku dainigun, 203 –204
Kiri Operation, 189 –191, 223
Kolaohui, 107 –108
Konoe, Fumimaro, prime minister:
first peace exploration, 68 ;
refused to deal with Kuomintang, 71 ;
proclaimed "New Order," 150 ;
explored "pan-region" arrangement with Germany and Soviet Union, 165 ;
in Kiri Operation (in second cabinet), 191 ;
last peace exploration, 223 –224;
recognized Wang Ching-wei government, 224
Ku Chu-t'ung:
in decision to accept German mediation, 68 ;
appointed 3rd War Zone commander, 153 ;
in New 4th Army Incident, 226 , 227
Kuan Hsiang-ying, 218
Kuan Wen-wei, 211
Kuhn, Philip A., 6 , 84 , 300
K'ung Hsiang-hsi:
threatened Britain with prospect of Sino-Japanese alliance, 164
Kuomintang:
traditional, rather than fascist, dictatorship, 7 ;
force level in 4th and 5th encirclement campaigns, 13 , 15 ;
debilitated by warlordism, 15 , 86 –87;
compelled to appease imperialist powers before national unification, 15 , 77 ;
new tactics in 5th encirclement campaign, 15 ;
refused ceasefire with CCP, May, 1936, 37 ;
moved toward alliance with Soviet Union, 41 ;
abandoned appeasement of Japan, 41 –42;
abandoned armed struggle with Communists at 3rd Plenum of 4th CEC, 44 , 54 ;
hoped to check Japan with Anglo-American intervention, 53 , 265 , 304 ;
shift of anti-Communist strategy, 54 ;
order of battle for 8th Route Army, 55 ;
accepted united front, September, 1937, 55 –56;
assigned CCP in northern Shensi, 55 ;
in southern Kiangsu, 159 ;
in Shen-Kan-Ning, 174 ;
in northern Shantung, 212 ;
Program of Resistance and Reconstruction , 58 ;
provisions for Communist army in early stage, 122 ;
total force level, 145 , 305 ;
strategic options against Japan and CCP, 148 –149;
rebuffed "New Order," 150 ;
5th Plenum, 152 –155;
military reorganization and centralization, 153 , 154 ;
new order of battle, 153 ;
rejected "block within," 153 ;
War Area Party and Political Affairs Commission, 154 ;
anti-Communist measures, 154 ;
expelled Wang Ching-wei, 155 ;
stage of counter-offensive, 155 ;
commenced Shen-Kan-Ning blockade, 164 ;
new stage in anti-Communism, November, 1939, 168 ;
decided to convene national assembly, 168 ;
stopped supply of ammunition to CCP, 169 ;
First Changsha Campaign, 171 ;
nearly defeated Japanese 11th Army in winter offensive, 171 ;
plotted December Incident, 174 ;
T'ienshui Headquarters, 175 ;
penalized Yen Hsi-shan, 177 ;
terms of peace with Japan in Kiri Operation, 190 ;
warning to CCP against unauthorized expansion, 191 ;
regional forces in Hopei liquidated by Communists, 192 ;
Wei Li-huang pushed back Communist forces, 192 ;
7th Plenum, 208 ;
in critical international situation, 208 ;
first counter-proposal to CCP, 208 –210;
ordered New 4th Army out of central China in final decision, 211 –212;
anticipated Communist insurrection in August, 1940, 214 ;
second deadline for Communist compliance, 223 ;
peace terms with Japan, November, 1940; 224 ;
third deadline for Communist compliance, 225 ;
attacked New 4th Army, 226 ;
disbanded New 4th Army, 226 ;
plans to attack New 4th Army in north Kiangsu, 226 –227;
subsequent negotiations with CCP in war, 228 ;
hoped for Russian intervention, 303 ;
hoped for U.S. landing in China, 304 ;
changed mind after U.S. intervention in Shen-Kan-Ning crisis of 1943, 306
L
Lai Ch'uan-chu, 227
Land revolution:
July, 1936 directive of CCP reconfirmed expropriation of landlord class, 38 ;
land confiscation indispensable for peasant mobilization, 40 , 309 ;
landlord class kept out of united front, 40 , 119 ;
standard sequence in Communist land revolution in Kiangsi, 117 –118;
land investigation, 118 , 245 ;
development of land program from 1935 to 1937, 118 –119, 122 ;
unified progressive tax, 122 , 248 ;
land confiscation during war, 122 –123, 128 , 132 ;
national salvation public grain, 123 ;
hsi-liang , 123 ;
hsi-k'uang , 123 ;
rent and interest reduction early in war, 124 ;
rational burden, 124 –127;
village class rational burden, 125 –127;
hsien class rational burden, 125 ;
tax rates in Shansi 128 –129;
tax rate on poor, 129 ;
handling of traitors, 132 –135;
landlord class forced to become traitors, 134 ;
CCP's ban on free market, 236 ;
CCP removed ban on free market, 237 ;
CCP decision on land policy, January, 1942, 246 –247;
tax rate after 1941, 248 –249;
tax exemption of properties after 1941, 248 ;
squeeze on landlord class after 1941, 249 –250;
rent reduction after 1941, 249 ;
tactics adopted in rent and interest reduction, 251 ;
CCP policy on interest rate after 1941, 251 –252;
tax exemption of industries, 252 –253;
transformation of landlord class, 252 –253;
social mobility of peasants, 253 –258;
continuity of CCP land program from Kiangsi to Yenan periods, 310
Large Hopei-Shantung-Honan District:
definition of, 95 , 98
Lei Feng, Corporal, 301
Li P'in-hsien, 197 –291
Li Shou-wei, 222
Li Te (Albert List), Comintern agent, 276
Li Tsung-jen:
revolt against Chiang Kaishek, 1936, 38 ;
appointed 5th War Zone commander, 153
Li Wei-han:
critical of rural orientation, 231
Liang Hua-chih, 90
Liang Tun-hou, 90
Lich'eng Conference:
CCP Northern Bureau curbed radical excess, 193 –194, 234
Lin Hsi-min, 106
Lin Piao:
report on Battle of P'ingh-singkuan, 64 –65;
supported Mao on base construction, 66 –67;
failed to take southwest Shansi, 92
Lin Po-ch'ü, 243 , 256
Lindsay, Michael, 248
Liu Chih-tan, 36 , 108
Liu Kuei-t'ang, 203 –205
Liu Po-ch'eng, 193 –194, 218
Liu Shao-ch'i:
on intellectuals, 86 ;
on Yen Hsi-shan, 87 ;
report on guerrilla war in north China, 104 ff.;
as chief of Central Plains Bureau, 160 , 195 ;
on cultivation of a Communist, 163 ;
political commissar of New 4th Army, 227 ;
on conditions in central China, 289 ;
feared premature Russo-Japanese war, 303
Lo Jui-ch'ing, 232
Long March: See Chinese Communist Party, Maoist history, Mao Tse-tung
Lü Cheng-ts'ao:
recruited by CCP before Sian Incident, 93 –94;
in action in central Hopei, 272
Lu Chung-lin:
appointed Hopei governor, 95 , 157 ;
appointed Hopei-Chahar War Zone commander, 153 ;
suffered setbacks in friction, 168 ;
fled Hopei, 192
Luntung Incident: See December Incident
M
Mao Tse-tung:
resistance as "peasant war," 3 ;
China as "semi-colonial," "semi-feudal" country, 5 ;
on preconditions of "Red political power," 8 ;
originated myth of Long March, 13 ;
advice of, ignored by CCP leadership, 16 ;
began to criticize his opponents, 16 ;
blamed defeat on personal tactical error of opponents, 17 , 19 ;
monopolized radio communication on Long March, 18 ;
on validity of rural strategy at Tsunyi, 18 –19, 20 ;
Tsunyi Conference as military coup, 20 ;
blamed Chang Kuo-t'ao at Meoerhkai, 21 ;
insisted on Shensi as destination of Long March, 21 ;
conceded Wang Ming's authorship of August First Declaration, 22 ;
ended Long March with 4,000 troops, 26 ;
objected to ceasefire proposal, 27 ;
objected to united front from above, 28 –30;
sought to combine revolution and war, 32 –34;
attitude of, toward landlord class, 38 –40;
revealed ways to force China into war, 3 ;
on contradiction, 47 ;
Eight Point Program of, 58 ;
ordered Communist forces to disengage from enemy and concentrate on base construction, 66 ;
strategic analysis of, 66 –71;
controlled preparation for 7th CCP congress, 73 ;
strategic analysis of, 75 –79;
opposed defense of Wuhan, 78 ;
military policy of, prevailed at 6th Plenum, 79 –80;
postponed 7th CCP congress, 80 ;
had his way on substantive decisions of 6th Plenum, 80 ;
ordered expansion into Hopei, Shantung, north Kiangsu, 82 ;
upheld Chin-Ch'a-Chi Border Region as model to be emulated, 92 , 157 ;
on difficulty of subduing armed peasants, 101 –102, 104 ;
on typical land revolution sequence in Kiangsi, 117 –118;
on tax rates, 129 ;
predicted troop level necessary to defeat Kuomintang, 143 –144;
on Far Eastern Munich, 164 ;
on second stage of world war, 166 –167;
announced stage of stalemate, September, 1939, 167 ;
laid down tactics for piecemeal expansion, 180 –182;
conception of revolutionary united front, 182 ;
view of, on Kuomintang government, 182 ;
on New Democracy as post-bourgeois-democratic stage, 187 ;
close resemblance of, to Heinz Neumann, Besso Lominadze, Ch'ü Ch'iu-pai, 187 –188;
on China as Asiatic society, 188 ;
birthday greeting to Stalin, 188 –189;
objected to Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 216 –217;
power of, consolidated after New 4th Army Incident, 227 –228;
against ostracism of intellectuals, 231 ;
opposition to parliamentarism, 240 ;
attitude toward enlightened gentry, 241 ;
republished Rural Survey,
Mao Tse-tung
244 –245;
criticized capitalism in bases, 259 ;
on dispensing with October Revolution in China, 261 ;
criticized P'eng Te-huai's liberalism, 262 ;
picked troops and simplified administration program of, 277 ;
on loss of troops and population in war, 281 ;
views of, shifted between primacy of army and peasantry, 296 ;
on Chinese revolution as armed struggle, 308
Maoist history:
"Maoist strategy," 3 –4;
on validity of rural strategy, 4 ;
on Long March, 12 –13;
on defeat in Kiangsi as purely tactical subjective error of incumbent leaders, 18 –20;
common denominator of Mao's critics, 262 –263;
birth of Maoist myth on peasant revolution, 307 –308
Maoerhkai Conference, 20 –22
Matsuoka Yosuke[*] :
discussed "pan-region" arrangement with Hitler and Stalin, 165 ;
in search of peace with China, 223 –224
Military district, 137 , 139
Militia:
established, 279
Mobilization Committee:
hostile to Yen Hsi-shan in Communist areas, 90 ;
organization of, 116
Moore, Barrington, Jr., 7
Mou Ch'eng-liu, 203
Moukung: See Maoerhkai Conference
Myers, Ramon, 234
N
National Assembly:
Kuomintang's agreement to convene, 168 ;
postponed, 241
National Political Council:
demanded defense of Wuhan, 75 ;
pressed for national assembly and constitutionalism, 168
National salvation by detour, 287 . See also White skin, red heart
New Democracy:
economic components of, 247 ;
political intentions behind, 260 –263.
See also Chinese Communist Party, Land Revolution, Three-thirds system
New 4th Army: See Chinese Communist Party, Hsiang Ying
New 4th Army Incident, 226
Newly organized village, 126 , 141
Nieh Jung-chen:
upheld by Mao as model in base construction, 92 , 157 ;
in Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 217 ;
number of troops under, 272
Nishio Chuzo[*] :
first commander of China Expeditionary Forces, 166
Nomonhan Incident, 165 , 171
North China Area Army:
established, 61 ;
jurisdiction in north Kiangsu, 197
North Kiangsu:
Communist penetration of, came late in war, 274 , 286 , 294
North Yangtze Command, 195
Northeastern Anti-Japanese Army:
proposed Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tsetung unite against Japan, October, 1935, 27
Northwest Route, 173
O
Okamura Yasuji:
appointed commander of North China Area Army, 268 ;
sanko[*] seisaku of, parodied by Communists, 273
One-half system:
precursor of Three-thirds system, 240
O-Yü-Wan (Hupeh-Honan-Anhwei) Soviet:
loss of, 13
P
Pacification:
zone of, 152 ;
degree of, in Japanese statistics, 268 –269
Pai Chien-wu, 204
Pai Ch'ung-hsi:
revolted against Chiang Kai-shek, 34 ;
in Kuomintang decision for peace discussion, 68 ;
messages to Communists, 222 –223, 225
P'an Han-nien:
dispatched to Moscow from Maoerhkai, 23 ;
in ceasefire negotiation with Kuomintang, 37
P'ang P'ing-hsün:
attacked Communists in December Incident, 178 ;
succeeded Lu Chung-lin as Hopei governor, 209 ;
defected to Japanese, 288
Panyushkin, A. S., 170
Peasants:
tradition of militarization, 6 , 84 , 300 ;
conditions for supporting Communists, 14 –15, 265 , 286 ;
land expropriation and redistribution indispensable for mobilization of, 40 , 309 ;
"semi-feudal" traits of, and their linkage to Communist infrastructure, 101 –116, 136 –142, 298 –299;
Lo Jui-ch'ing's view of, 232 ;
revolutionary potential of, 295 –297;
Cheng Weisan's view of, 297 –298, 300 ;
Max Weber on, 299
Pearl Harbor:
impact of, on united front, 265
Peiyüeh District, 271 –272
P'eng Chen, 238
P'eng Hsüeh-fen:
organized guerrillas in northern Honan, 95 ;
disagreed with
Liu Shao-ch'i's order to move behind Japanese line, 196 ;
attacked by Kuomintang, 290
P'eng Te-huai:
appointed vise-commander of 18th Group Army by Kuomintang, 55 ;
opposed Mao at Loch'uan Conference, 61 ;
belittled Lin Piao's achievement, 63 ;
protested Lin Piao for taking away Yen Hsi-shan's credit, 65 ;
accused by Mao of warlordism, 66 ;
demanded mobile war against Japanese, 67 , 70 –71;
patronized Sacrifice League, 90 ;
transferred Lin Piao out of Shansi for fear of Yen Hsi-shan, 92 ;
sought to save Chungking's face after December Incident, 178 –179;
protest message to Ch'en Ch'eng, 191 ;
at Lich'eng Conference, 193 –194, 233 –234;
motive for launching Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 214 –216;
1959 self-criticism on offensive, 216 ;
message to Kuomintang, November, 1940, 224 ;
presumptive author of prototype of Three-thirds system, 240 ;
lenient on tax policy toward rich, 247 –248;
on rent and interest reduction, 250 –251;
demanded permanent democracy, 262 ;
wounded by Japanese, 274 ;
1942 self-criticism on offensive, 276 ;
criticized during 7th Plenum of 6th Central Committee, 283
P'inchiang Incident, 233
P'inghsingkuan, Battle of, 61 –64
Po I-po:
organized Sacrifice League, 87 ;
organized Dare-to-Die Columns, 177
Puppetization:
Kuomintang troops in Shantung, 288 –289
Q
Quebec Conference, 304
R
Refugee students from Peiping and Tientsin, 86 , 94 . See also Intellectuals, Sacrifice League
Regional force:
on CCP side, 139 –140, 278 –279;
on Japanese side, 205 –206
Rural self-defense:
tradition of militarization, 6 , 84 ;
in northern Honan, 98 ;
in Shantung, 99 ;
Mao on difficulty of subduing armed landlords, 101 –102, 104 ;
in northern Shensi, 104 ;
bandits in north China, 106 ;
Kolaohui, 107 –108;
secret societies in Hopei, 107 ;
Lienchuanghui, 108 –109;
organization of, 109 , 112 ;
total number of armed peasants estimated, 114 , 203 ;
liquidation of bandits, 133 ;
landlord insurrection against Communists, 197 ;
defection of irregular Chinese forces, 201 –203;
puppet forces, 205 –206;
revolutionary Peking opera Tiger Mountain relates the tale of, 289 ;
"native diehards," 291 –293;
in Huaipei District, 291 –295;
bandits in Huaipei, 292 ;
"native Communists," 294 ;
Ho Lung's views on, 299 –300;
connection of, with Communist movement, 300 –301
S
Sacrifice League:
original organization of, 86 –91;
as regional force of Communist army, 177 –178.
See also Hsü Fant'ing, Yen Hsi-shan
Sanko[*] seisaku, 273
Schwartz, Benjamin:
on Maoist strategy, 3 –4
Security Strengthening Campaigns, 268
Seigo[*] (Clearing the village) Program, 268
Selden, Mark, 122 , 174 , 240
Self-defense corps, 140 , 278 –279
Service, John S., 182 , 306
Shangkuan Yünhsiang, 227
Shangtang, 125
Shansi New Army, 177 –178
Shantung Column, 99 , 275 –276
Shantung District:
conditions of, early in war, 95 –100;
not assigned to CCP except northern part, 212 ;
administrative program of, 238 ;
conditions of, in 1941–42, 275 –276, 288 –289;
suffered from collaboration of Kuomintang troops, 288 –289; 203 –205
Shantung tzu-chih lien-chün, 204
Shen Hung-lieh:
appointed Shantung governor, 98 ;
attacked Fan Chu-hsien, 98 –99;
attacked by Communist forces, 211
Shen-Kan-Ning order Region:
administrative program of (1939), 122 , (1941) 238 ;
Kuomintang blockade tightened, 164 , 223 , 304 ;
Kuomintang-CCP dispute over, 174 –176;
Kuomintang-CCP proposals on, in boundary dispute, 207 –212
Sheng Shih-ts'ai, 170 , 175
Shih Yu-san:
in friction with Communist forces, 192 ;
requested defection, 203 ;
appointed Chahar governor, 209 ;
executed, 288
Shippe, Heinz, 2
Sian Incident:
CCP's part in, 33 –34, 40 –41;
Mao's stand on, 43 ;
Moscow's reaction to, 43 ;
settlement of, 44
Sino-Soviet nonaggression pact, 41 , 55
Small Hopei-Shantung-Honan District, 95 , 98
Snow, Edgar, 2 , 43
Soong, T. V., 221
South Hopei District:
established, 95
South Yangtze Command, 195
Southeastern Bureau:
creation of, 73 ;
reduced in significance by Central Plains Bureau, 160 –161
Southwestern War:
anti-Chiang anti-Japanese character of, 34 , 38 ;
Moscow and Wang Ming dismayed by, 38
Soviet-German pact, 165 –166
Soviet People's Republic, 31
Soviet Union and Comintern:
Comintern radio contact with CCP on Long March, 18 ;
Comintern instruction on Kiangsi evacuation, 21 ;
Comintern directed CCP and Manchurian Communists to propose ceasefire, 27 ;
Soviet interest in maintaining Sino-Japanese tension, 29 ;
Soviet proposed neutrality pact to Japan, 29 ;
Soviet attempt to improve relations with China, 29 ;
Soviet disapproval of warlord revolt against Chiang Kai-shek, 38 ;
Soviet overture for anti-Japanese alliance, 41 ;
Soviet ordered to save Chiang Kai-shek's life at Sian, 43 ;
Soviet assistance to China in war, 55 , 75 , 169 –170, 225 ;
Comintern satisfied by CCP 6th Plenum, 80 ;
Soviet-Japanese border wars, 155 , 165 , 171 ;
Soviet-Japanese nonaggression pact forecast by CCP, 165 ;
Soviet expansion in northwest China, 169 –170;
Soviet intervention in united front during crisis, 169 –170, 225 , 227 ;
Comintern Tschita Conference ordered building Northwest Route, 173 ;
Comintern Tschita Conference ordered Communist offensive against Japan, 199 ;
Soviet impact on second united front assessed, 303 –304
Special administrative commissioner's office, 139
Special district, 139
Stilwell, Joseph, 300
Su T'i-jen, 205
Suiyuan Incident, 41 –42, 86
Sun Fo:
regarded as CCP's ally, 222
Sun T'ien-ying, 203
Sung Che-yüan, 33 –34, 175
Sung Jen-ch'iung, 95
Sung Liang-ch'eng, 192
Sung Shao-wen, 90 , 140
Sung Shih-lun, 94
Sung Tzu-liang, 190 –191
Suzuki Takuji, 189
T
Tada Shun, 150
Taihaku kosaku[*] (Yen Hsi-shan operation), 287 –288
T'aihang District:
as second class military district, 139
T'aiyüeh District, 207
T'ang En-po, 227
T'ang heng-chih, 68
T'ang Yang-tu, 205
T'angku Agreement, 49
T'ao Hsi-sheng, 179
Teng Hsiao-p'ing, 95
Teng Tzu-hui:
on rationale for taking north Kiangsu, 158 ;
in Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 218 ;
appointed director, political department, New 4th Army, 227 ;
in struggle against native opposition in Huaipei, 291
Terauchi Hisaichi, 61
Thornton, Richard C., 4 , 5 , 188
Three-thirds system:
announced, 233 ;
Mao's opposition to similar institution, 240 ;
prototype of, devised by Mao's critics, 240 ;
and constitutionalism, 241 ;
intermediate groups in, 241 –242;
dispute in CCP over, 243 –244;
turnover of officials in, 245 –246;
as means of political change, 245 ;
P'eng Te-huai's views on, 262
Tiger Mountain, revolutionary Peking opera:
as episode on armed landlord, 289
Ting Shu-pen, 192
Traitor:
program for handling, at 6th Plenum, 81 ;
liquidation of, 133 –134;
reason why landlords became traitors, 134
Trautmann, O. P., 68 , 71
Trotskyite, struggle against, 233
Tsap'ai, 203 , 224
Tseng Yang-fu, 27
Tso Ch'üan:
concern for security of Sinkiang Route, 215 ;
killed in action, 274
Tsunyi Conference, 17 –20
Tuan Hai-chou, 291
T'uan , extended multiplex, 300
Tuchman, Barbara, 2
Tung Tao-ning, 150
Tungya t'ung-meng tzu-chih-chün, 204
U
Umezu-Ho Ying-ch'in Agreement, 36 , 52
United front: See Chinese Communist Party, Kuomintang, Mao Tse-tung
United front from below and above, 32
United States:
post-Vietnam view of Chinese revolution in, 2 ;
critical role in Chinese revolution by, 10 , 264 , 304 ;
merely reiterated Open Door until 1940, 164 ;
began to commit itself to Chinese side in September, 1940, 221 ;
impact of Export-Import Bank loan on united front, 221 ;
began to enforce Open Door after Axis pact signed, 223 ;
intervention in China not inevitable, 264 –265;
demanded status quo of 1931, 264 ;
Army Observer Section in Yenan, 305 ;
decided on landing in China, 306
Usui Shigeki, 190
V
Van Slyke, Lyman P., 5
Von Seeckt, 17
W
Wakeman, Frederick, 6
Wang Ching-wei:
concerned with survival or Republic in War, 69 ;
negotiation with Japan, 150 –151;
expelled from Kuomintang, 155 ;
futile efforts to mediate between Japan and Kuomintang, 155 –156;
Internationalists chose to be upset by, 156 –157;
subordinates of, defected back to Chung-king, 179 –180;
questions of, figured in Sino-Japanese peace talks, 189 –191, 223 –224;
established Kuomin government in Nanking, 191 ;
formal recognition of, by Japan, 224 ;
impact on united front of formal recognition of, 225
Wang Chung-lien, 291
Wang Kuang-hsia, 291
Wang Ming (alias for Ch'en Shao-yü):
view of, on 5th Campaign as of 1934, 16 –17;
as possible author of August First Declaration, 22 ;
report to 7th Comintern Congress, 23 –24;
criticized rural revolution, 25 –26;
stated August 1st Declaration proposed ceasefire to Chiang Kai-shek, 27 ;
proposed lenient policy toward rich peasants, 29 ;
united front policy of, 34 –35;
disapproved of revolt against Chiang Kai-shek, 38 ;
returned to China, 56 ;
demanded defense of Wuhan, 72 –73;
two stage theory of war, 73 ;
defended Kuomintang as Chinese government, 74 ;
on national defense divisions, 74 –75;
slogan of, for united front, 80 ;
disturbed by Wang Ching-wei defection, 156 –157;
sought bolshevization of CCP, 161 ; 244 –245;
disturbed by December Incident, 180 ;
possible role of, in Battle of One Hundred Regiments, 199 ;
possible role in Kuomintang-CCP negotiations of 1940, 220 –221;
self-criticism of, 228 ;
skeptical of peasants' revolutionary potential, 296
Warlordism:
as precondition of Communist power, 8 –9, 14 –15, 86 –87, 308 –309;
charge of, in CCP, 141
Weber, Max, 299
Wei Li-huang:
appointed 1st War Zone commander, 153 ;
forced Eighth Route Army to withdrew from northern Honan and southern Shansi, 192 –193;
actually supervised Yen Hsi-shen, 192 ;
expelled from Shansi, 266
White skin, red heart, 280 –284, 293 . See also National salvation by detour
Wilson, Dick, 13
Winter offensive of 1940, 171
Wu chih-p'u, 95
Wuhan, fall of, 79
Wu Hua-wen, 288
Wujench'iao, 235
Wu-kung-tui, 284
Wu Man-yu, 258 –260
Wu P'ei-fu, 98
Wu Tsan-chou, 205
Y
Yang Ch'eng-wu:
as sub-district commander, 272 ;
on peasants' morale under pacification, 280 ;
combat report of, 219
Yang Hsiu-feng, 94 –95
Yang Hu-ch'eng, 33
Yang Shang-k'un:
supported Internationalists, 163 ;
review of party organization by, 230 –231;
deplored ban on free market in bases, 237
Yangtze Bureau, 73
Yeh T'ing, 224 , 226
Yen , 126
Yen Hsi-shan:
relationship with Sacrifice League, 86 –91;
authorized Communist base, 90 –91;
authored rational burden, 125 ;
penalized by Kuomintang for early support of united front, 177 ;
struggle with Shansi New Army,
Yen Hsi-shan
177 ;
liaison with Japanese, 203 ;
defection to Japanese, 287 –288
Yin Ju-keng:
abandoned by Japanese, 52
Yu Hsüeh-chung:
in Shantung, 99 ;
appointed Shantung-Kiangsu War Zone commander, 153 ;
penalized by Kuomintang, 154 ;
troop size under, 197 ;
liaison with Japanese, 203 ;
fled from Shantung-Kiangsu zone, 287
Yu-k'ang, 283
Yü-Wan-Su Border Region:
liquidation of, 95 , 196
Yüan Kuo-p'ing, 226