Index
A
Abe Iso[*] :
about, 225 n27;
on Japanese in West Coast, 100 ;
on leisure activity, 99 -100;
and racism, 99 , 101 , 143
abirete (ability): introduction of term, 103
Amerika (magazine), 92 , 95 , 118 , 231 n60. See also tobei publications
Amerika monogatari (Stories from America), 1 , 167 . Seealso Nagai Kafu[*]
authority:
ambiguities of, 85 ;
attitudinal changes regarding, 74 ;
in Botchan, 77 ;
challenges to, 80 , 221 n90;
shifting roles of, in Ie,84 -85;
concept of, 79 ;
and education, 79 ;
and Meiji government, 77 ;
political elements of, 79 -80;
redefinition of, 67 -68;
in small business, 83 -84;
in Ukigumo, 75 -76;
women and, in Ie,84 -85
B
Botchan (Natsume Soseki[*]77 -80;
definition of term, 221 n83;
on Tokyojin[*]78
Brooklyn Navy Yard: description, 21 ;
Japanese workers at, 21 -22
C
capital: investments, 63 ;
foreign, 216 n37
Caughey, John, 6
Chan, Sucheng, 4 -5, 207 n8
child-raising:
comparison, Japan and U.S., 98 ;
in U.S., 97 -98
Chinda Sutemi (foreign affairs vice-minister):
correspondence on banning imin,48 -49;
defines hi-imin,48
Christians, 124 -26;
as challengers of state, 125 , 230 n48;
in Meiji state, 229 n35, 230 n44. See also Katayama Sen; Shimanuki Hyodayu[*]
churyukaikyu[*] (middle class):
and contradictions in society, 85 -86;
defined, 66 , 216 n41;
formation of, 71 ;
identity, 66 ;
multidimensional aspect of, 66 ;
residences, 66 -67;
residences in Meiji compared to Edo, 216 -17n42;
as unifying element, 58
Civil Code of 1898, 153
civil servants. See Botchan; Japanese government; Ukigumo
Coney Island:
Japanese amusement concessions, 31 -35;
Nagai Kafu on, 32 -34;
rolling-ball game, 203 n67;
workers at, 33 -34. See also Kishi, Haru
consumer culture:
and consciousness, 62 , 215 n28;
and department stores, 62
cross-racial relations:
in Amerikamonogatari , 169 -71;
in Fushinchu[*]150 ;
marriage law in U.S., 235 n19;
Mori Ogai[*]150 , 236 n25;
in New York, 36 -37, 149 , 235 n17;
and social class, 151 . See also Ito[*] Kenzo[*] case
cultural knowledge, 3 ;
defined, 6 ;
Japanese, of U.S., 12 , 39
D
domestic workers, Japanese:
as buffers, 25 ;
as cooks, 24 -25;
and education, 23 ;
and isolation, 24 ;
and "manliness,"
domestic workers, Japanese (continued ) 26 -27;
number of, 28 ;
reactions of community leaders, 24 , 25 -27;
and upward mobility, 23 -24. See also Brooklyn Navy Yard; Takami, Toyohiko Campbell; Japanese immigrants in New York City
Dore, R[onald] P.: on moral conduct, 220 n80
F
family system:
effect on men, 155 , 158 -59, 164 ;
in Ie , 158 ;
ideology and reality, 158 -59;
and laws, 153 ;
and love, 160 ;
and women, 157 -58, 238 n54
Featherstone, Mike, 179
Foreign Ministry of Japan:
correspondence with consular offices in U.S., 41 -42, 51 , 52 ;
on registration of Japanese citizens in U.S., 49 -50, 51 , 52 , 53 -55. See also Japanese government
Fujii, James, 8 , 198 n25, 239 n68
Fushinchu[*]150 -51
Futon (Tayama Katai), 161 -62, 239 n68
G
gender relations, 11 , 84 , 145 -73;
class positions and, 146 , 147 , 148 ;
in Ie , 84 -85;
Japanese males and, 148 . See also cross-racial relations
Gluck, Carol, 8
H
Hakubunkan (publishing house), 90 -91, 223 n7
Harootunian, H. D., 179
Hatoyama Haruko: on ryosai[*]157 -58
Hayashi Tadasu (foreign affairs minister):
on registration of Japanese citizens in U.S., 49 -51;
on U.S. treaty responsibility, 50
hi-imin (non-migrant):
in China, 44 ;
defined, 44 -45, 48 ;
and convention, 150 ;
decision to emigrate, 116 ;
introduction of term, 53 ;
number of, in New York City, 184 -85, 189 table 4;
warnings regarding misuse of category, 9 -10, 54 -55, 207 n9. See also imin
Hobsbawm, Eric, 152
honseki (registered family domicile), 14 , 46 , 242 n2;
of Japanese in New York, 183 , 187 table 1, 188 table 2
I
Ichioka, Yuji, 2
identity:
construction of, 57 -58, 59 -60, 85 , 90 ;
and gender relations, 158 -59, 160 , 164 , 166 ;
and global mentality, 178 , 179 ;
and ideology, 8 , 95 ;
multidimensional aspect of, 79 , 95 ;
and seiko[*]114 ;
and U.S., 90 ;
and West, 90 . See also churyukaikyu[*] ; cultural knowledge; kindai ; seiko[*] ; Tokyojin[*] ; wayo[*]
Ie (Shimazaki Toson[*]80 -82;
on American women, 165 ;
on changes in Meiji, 80 ;
on family system, 158 ;
on male role, 158 ;
small businesses and failures, 81 -82
imin (migrant): 41, 44 , 207 n9;
identification of, by Japanese government, 49 , 51 , 53 -54;
number of, in New York City, 189 table 4;
in tobei publications, 119 -20. See also hi-imin
immigration history:
Asian American 2, 4 -5;
general, 4 -5
Ishimoto Shidzué:
about, 237 n42;
on arranged marriages, 154 -55
Ito[*] Kenzo[*] case:
about 145 -48;
Japanesc government intervention, 145 , 146 ;
parental obstruction, 145 , 146 ;
settlement, 147 . See also cross-racial relations
Iwamoto, Kinichi, 37
J
Japan:
colonialism in Asia, 141 -42;
colonialist ideology, 143 -44;
cooperation with U.S., 141 , 142 -43;
map of, 15 ;
and racism, 234 n113;
on racism in U.S., 142 ;
suffrage, 70 , 218 n53;
urban population, 58 , 213 n6, 214 n22. See also Meiji Japan
Japan-U.S. relations, 43 , 51 -52, 207 n8, 210 n50;
and immigrants to U.S., 42 -43, 49 -50, 51 , 53 , 56 , 142 -43;
scholarship on, 42
Japanese Association of America, 53 ;
in New York City, 18 , 201 n24
Japanese companies, 47 , 60 , 62 , 72 , 215 n27;
in New York City, 26 , 30 , 200 nn16,22
Japanese emigration statistics, 207 -8n12;
to New York City, 190 table 5;
to U.S., 44 , 192 table 8;
to Asia, 141
Japanese government:
ban on imin to U.S., 47 ;
ban on "picture brides," 14 , 149 ;
civil servants, 71 -72, 214 n14, 218 n56;
communal lands and, 217 -18n51;
correspondence on imin , 42 , 48 ;
on control of emigrants to U.S.,
41 -42, 45 ;
depiction in fiction, 74 -76;
domestic policy on emigration, 41 -56;
goals on relations with U.S., 44 -45, 48 ;
on hi-imin and imin,48 -49, 51 , 53 -54, 54 -5;
and Japanese Associa-non of America, 53 , 211 n56;
laws on emigration, 45 -46, 47 ;
on passports, 44 , 47 , 55 ;
personnel and status, 77 ;
redistricting of land, 70 , 198 n1, 217 n50;
on registration of Japanese citizens, 49 -53;
Tokugawa samurai class and, 71 , 218 n55. Seealso laws, Japan
Japanese immigrant businesses (New York City): amusement concessions, 31 -36;
boardinghouse, 29 -30, 201 n33;
description of, 28 -29;
grocery, 28 ;
hiring practices, 27 ;
newspaper, 28 -29. See also Kishi, Haru
Japanese immigrants in New York City:
age of, 185 , 191 tables 6,7;
class biases regarding, 27 , 30 -31, 39 ;
community leadership, 18 , 20 ;
compared to West Coast, 13 -16, 19 ;
cross-racial marriages, 36 , 37 , 149 , 235 nl7;
cultural knowledge about U.S., 12 , 39 -40;
description, 9 ;
and domestic work, 19 , 21 -22, 22 -25, 201 -2n35;
exodus from Brooklyn to Manhattan, 22 ;
and gambling, 30 ;
gender ratio, 148 ;
Japanese Christian churches, 29 ;
as kindai Japanese, 69 ;
and marriages, 36 -38, 148 , 205 n80;
points of entry in U.S., 13 , 193 table 9;
profile of, 3 , 13 -16, 183 -86;
and prostitutes, 38 -39;
and racism, 16 , 21 -22, 25 ;
segregation in employment, 19 , 25 , 27 , 40 ;
statistics about, 183 -86, 187 -88 tables 1-3, 190 table 5, 243 n10;
Tokyo origins of, 68 -69;
working class and business class, 30 . See also Iwamoto, Kinichi; Kishi, Haru; Kuwayama, Senzo[*] ; Nyuyoku[*]nihonjin battenshi; Takami, Toyohiko Campbell
Japanese immigrants in U.S., 42 , 46 -47;
gender ratio, 204 n79;
general knowledge of, 2 ;
registration in U.S., 52 ;
scholarship on, 2 ;
statistics, 192 table 8, 204 n79;
statistics compared to European immigrants, 206 n7;
in Texas, 211 n61;
in tobei publications, 45 , 100 , 119 -20, 123 -24, 132 , 133 ;
transmigration from Hawaii, 209 n28;
and transportation companies, 46 , 47 ;
warnings by U.S. government on, 41 -42
Japanese writings on U.S.: general description, 6 -8. See also tobei publications
K
Katayama Sen:
about, 126 -40;
advice to emigrants, 134 -35;
and Christianity, 126 -27, 128 , 136 ;
criticizes Japanese government, 128 -29;
exile from Japan, 139 ;
and expansionism, 140 ;
on Grinnell College, 134 ;
on imin behavior, 130 -31;
on hi-imin,134 ;
on Japanese in U.S. agriculture, 134 ;
and kindai,140 ;
on labor in U.S., 127 , 230 n54;
and labor-organizing, 231 n63, 233 n92;
and life in U.S., 135 -36;
marriages, 140 ;
and patriotism, 140 ;
and publications, 127 -28, 230 -31n56;
and racism, 136 -37;
on reform and tobei,137 ;
and reform Christians in U.S., 136 ;
and socialism, 126 , 128 ;
and Texas rice plantation, 137 -39, 233 n95;
as tobei advocate, 127 ;
travels in U.S. and Europe, 138 ;
on value of migration, 129 -30;
on working class and tobei,129 , 143
Keene, Donald, 239 n68, 240 n91
kindai (modern, modernity):
attitudes, 104 ;
and behavior, 101 ;
defined, 212 n2;
and identity, 114 ;
and Tokyojin[*],58 -59;
transforming of lifestyles, 57 , 62 , 67 , 113
Kinmonth, Earl H., 220 nn78, 79 , 220 -21n81, 224 n9
Kishi, Haru, 34 -36;
birth of child, 35 -36;
in Coney Island, 35 ;
life in Japan, 34 ;
marriage, 34 ;
small business, 35
Konjikiyasha (Ozaki Koyo[*] ):
based on American novel, 110 ;
author's aim, 111 ;
on bourgeois materialism, 113 ;
and literary style, 111 ;
on usury business, 112 ;
on wealth, 112 , 113
Kuwayama, Senzo[*]29 -3l;
on gambling, 30 ;
on operating boardinghouse, 30 ;
on working-class immigrants, 30
L
labor: attitudes toward, 104 ;
on attitudes in U.S., 98 , 115 ;
manual work, 101 -2;
sanctity of, 102
language, Japanese: changes, 70 , 221 n85;
foreign language skills, 88 ;
and introduction of new terms to Japanese, 89 ,
language, Japanese (continued)
93 , 159 , 223 n2, 224 n20;
standardized speech, 70 , 77
laws, Japan:
ban on imin,47 ;
banning of "picture brides," 149 ;
Civil Code, 153 ;
education, 72 , 219 n61;
Imin hogokisoku (Emigration protection law), 45 -46;
koseki law, 153 , 242 nn2, 3 ;
on passports, 45 ;
on redistricting land, 198 nl;
on registration of Japanese in U.S., 52 -54
laws, U.S.:
Alien Land Laws, 204 n79;
on contract labor, 41 ;
on marriage and citizenship/naturalization, 235 n19;
on New York public construction workers, 201 n34
leisure activity:
and cultural superiority, 99 -100;
and English women, 100 ;
gen-dered definition of, in Japan, 100 ;
and sports, 99 ;
in West, 99 -100
M
marriage:
failures of, 155 , 238 n46;
and family system, 153 ;
and go-betweens, 153 -54;
and ideal mates in England, 100 ;
and invention of tradition, 152 ;
and passport laws, 149 ;
practices, Meiji, 152 , 236 -37n31, 237 -38n44;
practices, pre-Meiji, 152 , 236 nn29, 30 ;
and ryosai[*]kenbo,156 ;
Yanagita on, 151 -52, 153
Meiji Japan:
attitudinal changes, 74 ;
changes in society, 5 , 70 -71;
economic development, 103 , 225 n34;
economic fluctuations, 73 -74;
effects on youth, 5 ;
small businesses, 82 -84, 222 nn10l, 102 ,107;
textile industry, 103 ;
unemployment, 73 , 219 -20n70;
vote in, 70 , 218 n53;
worldview, 6
Meiji-Taisho media:
on gender relations in U.S., 9 ;
and ideology, 8 ;
and self-advancement publications, 90 -91, 224 n9;
on success, 10 , 90 -91;
on U.S., 6 -8, 9 , 87 -88. See also newspapers; Seiko magazine; tobei publications
migration: complexities of, 177
Miyakawa, Masuji: on women in U.S., 163- 64;
on U.S., 239 n74;
on U.S.-Japan cooperation, 142 -43
Miyakawa Setsuro[*]142 -43
Miyoshi, Masao, 179 , 197 -98n17
Mizutani, Shozo[*]16 . See also Nyuyoku[*]nihonfin hattenshi
money: attitudes in Meiji, 104 -5;
attitudes in Tokugawa, 225 n35;
justifications of making, 105 . See also Konjikiyasha; Seiyomusume[*]katagi; tobei publications
N
Nagai Kafu[*] :
background, 166 -69;
class bias of, 38 , 39 ;
on Coney Island, 32 -34;
on knowledge of West, 166 -67;
life in U.S., 169 ;
in New York, 1 , 241 n104;
on prostitutes in Chinatown, 38 ;
and racism, 39 ;
on women, Japanese and American, 170 -72;
works, 240 nn94,97. See also Amerika monogatari
Natsume Soseki[*]60 , 77 -80
New York City. See Amerika monogatari; Nyuyoku[*]nihonjin hattenshi; tobei publications
newspaper novels:
American novels as basis, 105 , 110 , 227 n50;
and audience, 106 , 110 -11;
as basis of circulation, 105 -6;
and Ozaki Koyo[*]110 , 227 n51;
Western novels and, 107 , 226 n47
newspapers:
and censorship, 226 n39;
mass circulation dailies, 105
Niishima Jo[*]20 , 137 , 232 -33n88
Nitobe lnazo[*]124 , 143 , 230 n44
Nippon Club (New York City), 30
Nyuyoku[ *]nihonjin hattenshi (Mizutani Shozo[*] ):
about, 18 , 186 ;
on domestic work, 25 , 26 ;
focus, 18 -19;
on racism in New York City, 16 -17;
on race m U.S., 25 ;
on reception of Japanese in New York City, 16 -17;
sponsors, 18
O
O'Brien, Thomas J. (U.S. ambassador to Japan):
on hi-imin and imin,53 ;
on registration of Japanese in U.S., 49
Occidentalism:
evolution in Japan, 175 -76;
and Orientalism, 175
Okubo[*]167
P
passports, 44 , 46 , 51 , 210 n38;
administrative responsibilities, 54 -55;
laws, 45 , 208 n18;
offenses against laws, 46 , 209 n23;
and statistics, 49 , 52 , 209 n26
Peattie, Mark, 141 -42
population, Japan:
intramigration of, 58 , 212 nn4,6;
voting, 70 , 218 n53. See also Tokyo
R
renai (love):
definition, 159 -60;
effect on family system, 160 ;
as form of subversion, 160 ;
Japanese perception of, in U.S., 172 ;
and social freedom, 166
Rikikokai[*]122
Robertson, Roland, 178 , 242 n8
Rosaldo, Renato, 180
ryosai[*]156 -58
S
Saikin tobeisaku (Shimanuki Hyodayu[*]122
Seiko[*]118 , 119 ;
establishment of, 91 -92, 224 nl3;
on success, 87 , 88 ;
on U.S., 87
seiko[*]94 ;
attributes of, 87 ;
barriers to, 93 ;
and child-raising, 97 -99;
and emigration, 93 ;
and failure, 115 ;
and identity, 114 ;
means to achieve, 93 ;
and motives, 93 ;
and negativism, 93 -94;
and sekkyokuteki spirit, 93 -95, 104 ;
in U.S., 118 ;
and youth publications, 90 , 224 n9
Seiyomusume[*]106 -10;
as reconstruction of Western form, 107 , 108 ;
wealth and happiness in, 109 -10
Shimanuki Hyodayu[*] :
about, 117 , 120 ;
advice to women, 124 ;
and Christianity, 124 -25;
establishes Rikiko[*]123 ;
establishes Rikikokai[*]121 ;
establishes youth clubs, 120 ;
on family, 124 ;
journey to U.S., 120 -21;
on passport regulations, 116 ;
publications, 121 ;
as tobei advocate, 116 , 117 ;
on women, 123
Shitamachi (low district): defined, 215 n24;
diseases in, 62 , 215 n32;
in Edo period, 61 ;
factories in, 63 , 216 n36;
industrial section, 62 ;
map of, 65 ;
as marketplace, 61 -62;
merchants in, 68 ;
multidimensional character of, 68 ;
population, 61 ;
as retaining Edo character, 61 -62;
Shitamachi speech, 78 ;
slums in, 62
Silverberg, Miriam, 6 , 197 n16, 217 n44
small business:
capital and interest rates, 83 , 222 n105;
dependence on large industry, 83 , 222 n102;
employer/employee relations, 85 ;
in Ie , 79 ;
insecurities of, 83 ;
in Meiji period, 82 -84, 222 n102
socialists: and Kotoku[*]233 n91;
and social democratic party, 138 ;
state persecution of, 139 , 234 n97. See also Katayama Sen
sports: in Japan and West, 99 -100
Sugimoto Etsu:
about, 163 -64;
on American women, 163 -65;
on arranged marriage, 155 ;
on Japanese men, 164
T
Takami, Toyohiko Campbell:
about, 19 -21;
arrival in New York City, 20 ;
as domestic worker, 21 ;
on domestic work, 27 ;
education in U.S., 21 , 201 n28;
as Japanese community leader, 201 n24;
and sponsor Nancy. Campbell, 21 , 201 n29
Takamine, Jokichi, 18 , 199 n14
Texas rice plantations, 138 -39, 211 n61, 233 n95
tobei advocates, 11 , 92 , 117 , 122 -23;
and internationalism, 142 , 144 ;
and land in U.S., 143 ;
and patriotism, 144 ;
on racism in U.S., 142 ;
on U.S.-Japan cooperation, 142 , 143 . See also Katayama Sen; Shimanuki Hyodayu[*] ; tobei publications
tobei netsu (tobei fever), 11 , 117 ;
on netsu, 228 n5
tobei publications, 17 -18, 92 -93, 117 ;
advice on behavior in U.S., 130 -31, 231 -32n73;
on American qualities, 101 ;
on American women, 165 -66;
East Coast, 149 ;
and hierarchy of national groups, 101 ;
on hi-imin, 119 -20;
on imin to U.S., 45 , 119 ;
on imin to Hawaii, 45 ;
instructions to imin, 118 -19, 228 n10;
on leisure activity, 99 -101;
on New York City, 17 -18, 149 ;
on permanent settlement in U.S., 120 ;
on racism in U.S., 136 -37, 142 ;
racist attitudes in, 38 , 39 , 99 , 101 , 143 , 234 n113;
on reasons for emigration, 119 ;
on seiko[*]95 -98. See also Amerika ; Katayama Sen; Shimanuki Hyodayu[*] ; Tobei shimpo[*]
Tobei shimpo[*]92 , 122 -23
Tokugawa merchant culture, 213 n11
Tokyo, 10 , 57 -58;
compared to Edo, 61 ;
compared to other cities, 60 ;
description, 60 -61;
disease in, 62 , 215 n32;
labor/production methods in, 62 -63, 215 n33;
local government, 61 , 214 n21;
manufacturing in, 62 ;
maps, 64 , 65 ;
population makeup, 58 , 61 ,
Tokyo (continued )
212 n4, 213 n6, 214 -15n23;
rebuilding of, 60 -61, 214 n18;
slums in, 62 , 215 n31;
urban mentality, 57 -58;
wages in, 122 , 229 n32. See also Shitamachi; Yamanote
Tokyojin[*] :
defined, 58 , 59 ;
in Botchan, 60 , 77 -78;
compared to Edokko,59 , 214 n13;
and kindai, 60 ;
reasons for emigration, 69 -71;
reason for existence, 59
U
Ukigumo (Futabatei Shimei), 74 -76
unemployment, 73 , 219 n70;
advice on, 101 -2, 104
United States:
contract labor laws, 41 ;
imperial policy, 40 ;
on Japanese immigrants, 49 ;
Pacific fleet in Asia, 51 ;
on registration of Japanese in U.S., 49 . See also Japan-U.S. relations; O'Brien, Thomas J.
urban mentality: formation of, 57 -58. See also identity; kindai; Tokyojin[*]
usury business:
in Konjikiyasha,112 ;
rationale for, 113 -14;
term for usurer, 113 , 227 n62;
interest rates, 227 n63
W
wayo[ *] (Japanese-Western):
and American mentality, 179 ;
defined, 67 ;
and Japanese global mentality, 178 ;
and material culture, 67 ;
and Nagai Kafu[*]169 ;
in Seiyomusume[*]107 -8;
shifting meanings of, 179 ;
and "Western," 67 ;
and women, 162
wealth:
accumulation of, 105 ;
justifications for, 105 ;
in Konjikiyasha,112 , 113 ;
in Seiyomusume[*]110
Western novels: in mass-circulation news-papers, 107
women, 11 ;
and emigration from Japan, 48 , 185 , 189 table 4, 190 table 5, 191 table 6;
and family system, 153 ;
and go-betweens, 154 ;
and ideal mates in England, 100 ;
in Japan, 111 , 153 , 155 , 156 , 171 -72, 236 n29, 237 n42;
and kindai,162 ;
and passport laws, 149 ;
as renai partners, 161 -62;
in U.S., 162 -64, 165 -66, 170 -71. See also cross-racial relations; Fusbincbu[*] ; Futon; gender relations; Ito[*] Kenzo[*] case; Kishi, Haru; marriage; Nagai Kafu[*] ; Japanese immigrants in New York City; Shima-nuki Hyodayu[*]
Y
Yamanote (hill district):
described, 63 -66, 216 n40;
as honseki of Japanese in New York City, 68 -69;
map of, 65 ;
residents of, 67 , 68 ;
slums in, 68 , 217 n47;
and Tokyojin[*]66 ;
and wayo[*]67 ;
Yamanote speech, 77 , 221 n85
Yanabu Akira: on kindai,212 n2;
on renai, 159 -60
Yanagisako, Sylvia, 6
Yanagita Kunio, 212 n1;
on communal land, 70 ;
concept of city, 58 -59;
on dialects, 70 , 221 n85;
on "folk" and "aristocratic," 59 ;
on foreign commerce, 58 , 213 n9;
on marriage, 151 -52, 153 -54, 236 n30, 238 n48
Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia, 4
Yomiuri (newspaper), 105 ;
and Ozaki Koyo[*]110 , 111
youth publications, 10 , 90 -9l, 121 , 127 -28. See also Meiji-Taisho media; Seiko[*] magazine; tobei publications