Index
A
Abasolo, Adalberto, 172
Adonaegui, Jacobo, 151
aduanas. See customshouses
agentes viajeros (traveling agents), 234 -38
agriculture, 12 , 48 -53
in Hermosillo, 20
and prices, 110 -11
subsistence, 52 -53.
See also haciendas, hacendados; ranchos, rancheros
Agua Prieta, 162 , 163 , 164 -65
Aguayo, Severino, 136 , 245
Aguilar, F, M., 197
Aguilar, Francisco, 40 , 47 , 122 , 136
Aguilar family, 121
Ainslie, Alejandro, 204
Ainza family, 62
Ainza, Santiago, 34
Alamos, 14 , 18
land distribution in, 50
Alden, Farrelly, 98
Aldrich, Mark, 91 , 94
Alianza Hispano-Americana, 107
Almada, Vicente, 39 -40
Almanaque Histórico de México,125
Alta California, 80
Altar, 22 , 44 , 56 , 62 , 84
cattle rustling in, 71
land distribution in, 50 , 51
Alzua, Matias, 122
Ambos Nogales, 6 , 149 -75
railroad in, 140 , 150 -51.
See also Nogales (Arizona); Nogales (Sonora)
American(s), 8 , 10
Anglo-, 91 -92, 92 -93, 96 -97, 104 , 134 , 154 -55
attitudes toward, 246 -47, 249 -50, 257 -58
citizens as targets of banditry, 68 -69
citizenship, 104 -5
conscription, 76
in Guaymas, 136 -37
investment, 202
investment in Chihuahua, 304 n3
investment in Oaxaca, 304 n3
investment in Sonora, 6 , 12 , 176 , 178 -79
merchants, 80
preferential treatment of U.S, workers, 134 , 246
presence in Guaymas, 41
presence in Sonora, 98 -99, 184
racial attitudes of, 248
railroad workers, 136 -37
role in indigenous conflicts, 64
style, 205 , 206 , 207
in Tucson, 82 -83
Americanization, fear of, 5 , 132 , 133 , 210 , 258 -59
Anderson, Benedict, 3
Andrade, Guillermo, 124
Anglo-American(s): in Ambos Nogales, 154 -55
culture, 104
labor on railroads, 134
relations with elite, 91 -92
Sonoran government on, 96 -97
Angulo, Ventura, 70
anti-foreign attitudes, 195 -96, 246
Antorcha Sonorense (newspaper), 251
Apache, 15 , 58 , 62 -64, 66 , 71 , 89 , 95
raids, 9 , 21 , 37 , 51 , 53 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 80 , 96 , 97
Araiza, Ramón, 106
architecture and urban plans, 2l, 163 , 181 -82
Arenas, Juan José, 90
Arizona, 46 , 62 , 79
border, 82
indigenous people in, 109
isolation of, 4 -5
mining in, 82 -83, 87 -90, 97
as outlet for stolen cattle, 71
outmigration to, 55 , 75
railroads, 116 -18
settlement of, 101 -2
trade with, 82 , 110 -
11.
See also Nogales (Arizona); Ambos Nogales
Arizona Citizen (newspaper), 94
Arizona Daily Star (newspaper), 103 , 104
Arizona Graphic (newspaper), 166
Arizona Miner (newspaper), 94 , 95
The Arizonian (newspaper), 91 , 94
Arizpe, 44 , 56 , 62
land distribution in, 50
army: atrocities by, 70
conscription of Americans, 76
Mexican, 15 , 70 , 130 , 167 , 171 , 182 , 254
recruitment of Yaquis, 66
United States, 84 , 85 , 96 -97, 110 , 113 , 115
Artes y Letras (periodical), 125
Arvizu, Francisco, 166 -68, 169
Asia, trade with, 23
Atchison-Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, 133 , 134
Atocha, Alejandro José, 128
atrocities, military, 70
Audubon, James, 31
Australia, 134 -35
Austria, 184
Avalos, Patricio, 117
Ayon, Ramón, 138
B
Baja California, 4 , 9 , 12 , 14 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 183
population of, 13
Ballesteros, Lázaro, 195
Bandelier, Adolphe, 111
bandits, 37 , 44 , 67 -70, 92 , 97 , 98 , 102 , 103
collusion with authorities, 69 , 70
Barnett, Guillermo, 154
Barroso, Filiberto, 194
Bartlett, John Russell, 81
baseball, 35 , 168 , 210 , 259 -60
Batiz, Maria, 192
Battles: of Nogales, 172
of Puebla, 34 , 159
Baviacora, 75
beef, 12 , 47 , 54 , 81
Belma, Jesus, 194
Bernal, Ignacio, 213
bicycles, 221 -22
bilingualism, 204
Bird, Alan T., 157
blacks, 133 , 169 , 107 , 291 n39
Blair, David Boyle, 129 , 131 , 132
Blanco, Miguel, 61
Boers, 231
Boisville, Frank J., 76
boleta system, 187
Boletín Oficial (newspaper), 32
Bonillas, Ignacio, 34 , 153 , 158 , 163 , 174 , 178 , 253
border: conflict, 168 -69
culture, 6 -7
demarcation of Nogales, 150 -51
economy, 5
guards, 171 -73
and indigenous peoples, 109
interaction, 4 -8
land rush, 138 -39
law enforcement, 160 -61
patrols, 116
Sonora-Arizona, 4 -5, 6 , 82
Texas-Chihuahua, 6
towns, 6 , 149 -75
transformation of Sonoran, 98 -99
uncertain boundaries of, 106 , 109 -10
Bracker, Charles, 158
brandy, 86
Brickwood, John T., 152 , 154 -55
Bringas, Juan, 138
brokers, 153 -54
Browne, John Ross, 22 , 26 , 92 , 97 , 98
Buelna, Ignacio, 72
Buffalo soldiers, 169 , 170 , 291 n39
Bülle, Adolfo, 40 , 112 , 123
Bülle and Sandoval, 114
bullfighting, 34 -35
Burruel, Antonio, 106
Bustamente, Agustin, 122 , 123 , 247
Bustamente, Jesús, 117 -18
Bustamente family, 38 , 124
Buston, Dominiciano, 123
C
Cabell, D.C., 171 , 172 , 173
Caborca, 3 , 22 , 35 , 69
Cajeme, José María Leyva, 3 , 68 , 217 , 261
Calabazas, 85
California: gold rush, 56 , 80 , 81
outmigration to, 28 , 51 , 80 -81
rail links to, 128 -29
relations with, 79 -80
trade with, 80 -81
Calles, Plutarco Elías, 1 , 162 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 206 , 216 , 252 , 260
Calvo, Vicente, 28 , 31 , 48 , 54
Camacho, Sebastián, 131 -32, 133 , 141
Camín Héctor Aguilar, 59
Camou Adelaida, 159
Camou, Ernesto, 52 , 233
Camou Fermin, 125
Camou, José, 25 , 30 , 33 , 55 , 125 , 150 , 156 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 211 , 214 , 215 , 224 , 235 , 240 , 242 , 254
Camou, Juan P., 24 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 47 , 55 -56, 72 , 108 , 112 , 122 , 130 , 138 , 164 , 178 , 201 , 227 -28
Camou, María, 159
Camou, Pascual, 47
Camou, Rafael, 164
Camou family, 25 , 29 , 40 , 41 , 47 , 62 , 81 , 113 , 121 , 122 , 124 , 136 , 138 -39, 152 , 153 235, 270 n21
Camou Sarralierre, Juan Pierre, 25
campesinos, 69 -70
Campillo, Miguel, 167
Campillo, Santiago, 86 , 122
Camp Moore, 85
Camp Stephen Little, 169 , 170
Cananea (mine), 176 -77
Cananea Consolidated Copper Company, 239 , 240
Cananea Herald (newspaper), 228
Cañes, Guadalupe, 155
caravans, 44 , 80 , 83 , 111 , 113
Carbó, José Guillermo, 14 , 15 , 76 , 113 , 232
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 1
Cárdenas, Ramón, 165
carnival, 32 -33, 160
Carranza, Venustiano, 172
Carrillo, Leopoldo, 101
Caruthers, James, 91
Castigny, General, 66
Catholic Church, 36 -37, 62 , 195 , 208 -9, 219
cattle, 4 , 10 , 12 , 49 , 80 , 154 , 189
ranching, 71 -72, 139
rustling, 71 -72
wild, 52 -53
celebrations, 30 -35, 42 -43, 159 -60, 220
census, Guaymas commercial, 121 -22
La Centinela de Alamos (newspaper), 249
Central America, 10
Cerro Colorado (mine), 83 , 88 , 91 , 177
Cervantes, Miguel, 185
Chavero, Alfredo, 132
Chee, Chang, 227
Chenoweth, W. F., 251
Chihuahua, 4 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 -14, 22 41, 46 , 49
American investment in, 304 n3
and railroads, 130
children, 184
Seri, 61
Yaqui, 57 , 61
Chile, 185
China, Chinese, 11 , 69 , 76 , 133 , 184 , 223 , 224 -29, 237 -38, 240
at Minas Prietas-La Colorada, 188 , 194 , 196 -97, 199
Chinese Empire Reform Association, 227
Chiricahua, 62
Chisem, P. B., 136
Christ, George, 154
Cincinnati and Sonora Mining Company, 62
citizenship, 107 -8
American, 104 -5
dual, 106 , 110
Mexican, 107 -8
rights of servants, 55
Ciudad Juárez, 147
class: elite, 6 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 38 -39, 91 -92, 121 -22, 150 , 168 -69, 202 , 220 -22, 253
interest, 149 -50
manufacturing, 48
middle, 8 , 13 , 150 , 241 , 248 , 250 , 253 , 258 , 260
Clausen, Emilio, 123
clientelism, 14
clothing, 22 -23, 47 , 119 , 156 , 226
Club Filarmonico, 158
Club Politico Bernardo Reyes, 197
clubs, social, 158 , 159 , 202 , 227 , 241
Club Verde of Hermosillo, 241
Coahuila, 9 , 10 , 11 , 49 , 183
Cobo, José, 122
Coindreau, Alphonso, 84
Colegio de Sonora, 203 , 214 , 215 , 216
Colegio Franco-Español, 158
Colima, 11 , 183
Colliers , 174
Combier, Cyprien, 19 , 21 , 26 , 41 -42, 43 , 45 , 54 , 107 -8, 178
Comisión Moralistas of Hermosillo, 252
commerce, at Minas Prietas-La Colorada, 187 -88.
See also agentes viajeros (traveling agents); merchants; trade
Conant, Carlos, 147
conscription, 63 , 231 -32
of Americans, 76
in civil militia, 72 -73, 74 , 75 -76
La Constitución (newspaper), 157 , 212 -13
consuls, in Tucson, 102
consumption, patterns of, 22 -24, 119 , 207 -8, 221 -22
contraband, 42 , 86 -87, 94 , 116 , 118 , 121 , 151
contratos de iguala,39 -40
copper, 8 , 45 , 139 , 145
Corella, G., 69
Corella, Ignacio, 246
Corella family, 38
Corral, Amparo, 201
Corral, Ramón, 14 -15, 61 , 64 , 68 , 155 , 159 , 160 -161, 178 , 182 , 201 , 215 , 227 , 228 , 241 , 242 , 243
on education, 213 -14, 216 -17
flight of, 253 -54
visit to Sonora, 201 -2
El Correo de Sonora (newspaper), 209 , 229
Costa, Francisco, 195
cost of living, in Guaymas, 19
cowboys, 34 , 96 , 103 , 130
Crabbs, Henry, 94
credit, 5 , 43 , 45 , 46 -47, 121 , 124
Crestón Colorada Mining Company, 178 -79, 181 , 182 , 185 , 196
crime, 67 -72, 76 -77.
See also bandits
Cuba, 10
Cubillas, Alberto, 147 , 253
Cubillas, Fernando, 61
culture, 17 -18, 165 -66, 202 , 209 -12, 258
in Ambos Nogales, 157 -58
American, 7
Anglo-American, 104
border, 6 -7
and impact of railroad, 129 -30
indigenous, 7
Mexican, 104
of Sonoran elite, 124
Sonoran rural, 9
Spanish, 17
and work, 96
currency, 157 , 165
copper, 45
fluctuations, 235 -36
silver, 44 -45
supply of American, 216 -17
customshouses, 42 , 83 , 84 -87, 114 -15, 117 -18, 151 , 153 , 154 , 236
attacks on, 169
D
dance, 31 , 32 , 34 , 268 n98
Darnall, J. F., 203 , 235
Davila, F. T., 107
death penalty, 69
El Defensor del Publico (newspaper), 237
de la Garza y Ballesteros, Lázaro, 37
Desse, Andre, 42
Día del Santo , 33 -34
Díaz, Porfirio, 13 -14, 15 , 16 , 113 , 116 , 126 , 140 , 162 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 202 , 212 , 232 , 237 , 253
extends Zona Libre, 152 -53
and railroad contracts, 132
Diéguez, Manuel, 197 , 199
diet, 119 , 145
Donalson, John, 86 , 87 , 90 , 97
Las Dos Republicas (newspaper), 33 -34, 104 , 107
Douglas, Arizona, 162 , 165 , 172
Dubois, John, 160
Duffo, Díaz, 140
Duran, Eugenio, 116
Durango, 9 , 11 , 183
Dworak, Fernando, 216
E
Echeverria, Carmelo, 113
El Eco de la Frontera (newspaper), 167
economy, 239 -40
border, 2 -3, 5
cash, 5
development of, 9 , 242 -43
and railroad, 144 -45
and reorientation of Sonoran border, 2 -3
role of Chinese in, 228 , 229
Ecuador, 29 , 48 , 185
education, 158 , 159 , 182 , 184 , 203 -4, 208 , 213 -17, 250 , 252
European, 23 , 217
funding for, 308 n110
Edwards, Arthur, 192
Ehrenberg, Herman, 91
Eldredge, James, 128 , 129
elections, 66 -67, 241
Elías, Alejandro, 34
Elías, José, 87 , 150
Elías family, 38 , 62
elite, 5 , 6 , 150 , 168 -69, 202 , 220 -22, 253
in Ambos Nogales, 158 -60
Californio, 12
merchant, 121 -26
Mexican, 8
Monterrey, 11
norteño, 8
relations with Anglo-Americans, 91 -92
Sonoran, 9 , 11 -12, 26 -27
and Sonoran government, 38 -39
El Paso, 151
El Paso-Ciudad Juárez, 153
El Rey del Oro Mining Company, 245
El Tiro, 244 -45
Emory, William, 150 -51
Empalme, 135 -37
England, English, 5 , 11 , 22 , 40 , 86 , 184 , 185
language, 104 , 203 -4, 205 -7, 208 , 211 -12
Escalante, Amparo, 147
Escalante, Manuel, 57 , 61 , 103
Escalante, Vicente, 34 , 209 -10, 241
Escalante family, 38
Escobedo, Mariano, 182
Escobosa Rafael, 47 , 122 , 123
Escobosa family, 45
Espino, Francisco, 74
Espriú, Francisco, 38 , 122
Estación Torres, 179 -82
Estado de Occidente , 9
El Estado de Sonora (newspaper), 159
La Estrella de Occidente (newspaper), 75 , 130 -31
Europe, European, 4 , 8 , 10 , 30 , 185
credit system, 21
education, 23 , 217
fashion, 22 , 23
goods, 23 , 45 , 80
investment, 102
merchants, 43 , 187 -88
Ewell, Richard S., 88 , 91
El Explorador (newspaper), 191
exports, 112
of Sonoran lumber, 48
Sonoran reliance on, 12
of wheat, 49
F
farms, urban, 20
Farrelly, Alden, 108
fashion, European, 22 , 23
Ferguson, David, 131 -32
Fernández, Amado, 123
fiesta de cascarones (egg shells), 33
filibuster attempts, 94 , 95 , 102 , 107
Filipinos, 224
films, 222
Flipper, Henry Ossian, 169
flour, 4 , 11 , 40 , 83
Forbes , 174
foreigners: attitudes toward, 59
at Minas Prietas-La Colorada, 187 -88, 194 , 195 -97
presence of, 24 -26, 27 , 98 -99.
See also by nationality
Fort Buchanan, 84
Fort Huachuhuca, 166
Fort Yuma, 115
Foster, George, 29 -30
France, French, 5 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 40 , 66 , 73 , 184
language, 25 , 203 , 204
trade with, 40 -41, 80 , 125
Fransci, Manuel, 122
Fraternal Order of Chinese, 227
Fronteras, 73 , 84
El Fronterizo (newspaper), 131 , 204 , 211
El Frontero (newspaper), 104 , 105 -6, 107
G
Gaceta de Cananea (newspaper), 248
Gadsden Purchase, 4 -5, 51 , 52 , 92
Galindo y Villa, Jesús, 10
gambling, 191
gambucinos, 53
Gándara, Francisco, 97
Gádara, Manuel, 65 , 66 , 82 , 92 , 99
Gándara-Yaqui alliance, 66
García, Lorenzo, 60 , 64
García, Santiago, 73
Gardillas, Manuel, 195
Garrison, A. P., 114 , 119
Gaxiola, Nicolas, 124
Gaxiola, Ramón, 110
gender, 27 -28
Germany, Germans, 5 , 19 , 40 , 121 , 184 , 185 , 194
merchants, 11
ships, 11
spies, 171
Gil, Severiano, 172
Gila (Indians), 109
Gila River, 82 , 88 , 97 , 98
Ginn, John, 157
gold, 56 , 80 , 81 , 86 , 87 , 97 , 139 , 145 , 178 , 180 , 245 , 246
González Navarro, Moisés, 53
González, Manuel, 14 , 66
Goodenough, Ward, 205 , 212
goods: finished, 9 , 22 -23
status of European, 23 , 45
Gordoa, C., 32
Gosper, John L., 104
government, 37 , 38 -39
attitude toward Anglo-Americans, 96 -97
contracts, 98
debt, 38 , 39
discontent with, 241 -42
involvement in illicit trade, 42
lack of incentive to serve in, 37 -38
policy on indigenous peoples, 63
protects local industry, 48
grain, 112 -13
Grand Central Mining Company, 178 -79, 185 , 187
Granillo, Rosa, 251
Greene, William C., 176 -77
guachos, 232 -33
Guadalajara, 40
Guardia Nacional, 193 -94
Guardia Nacional (Civil Militia), 72 -76
Guaymas, 11
Americans in, 136 -37
commercial census, 121 -22
cost of living in, 19
decline of, 140 -41
inter-relationship
with Hermosillo, 20 -21
land distribution in, 50
merchants, 39 , 42
rail links to, 34 -36
settlement of, 18 -19, 20 , 24 , 25
as Sonora's "door to the world," 41 , 139 -41
Guaymas Christian Association, 208
Guaymas-Hermosillo Corridor, 18
Guillet, Captain, 20
Gulf of California, 11 , 43
Guthfar, Walter, 193
Gutiérrez, Benjamín, 166
Gutiérrez de Lara, Lázaro, 246
H
haciendas, hacendados, 4 , 49 -52, 188 -91
at Minas Prietas-La Colorada, 188 -90
and mine owners, 91 -92
sell indebted peons to American mine operators, 88 -89
and smuggling, 117
and wheat production, 49
Hall, John, 31 -32, 50 , 51 , 63 , 88 -89, 91 , 99
Hamilton, Leonidas, 102
handicrafts, 22 -23
Hardy, John, 20
Hauser, J. M., 211
Hayden, C. F., 114
Heintzelman, Samuel, 86 , 88 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 96
Hermosa Flores, Miguel, 191 , 197
Hermosillo, 22 , 73
architecture and urban plan of, 21
celebrations in, 30 , 31
land distribution in, 50 , 51
railroad in, 137 -38, 139 -40, 145 , 146
relationship to Guaymas, 20 -21
settlement of, 18 , 19 -21
trade in, 44 -46, 80
urban plan of, 2 -21
women of, 27 -28
Hinojosa, Pedro, 76
Hitchock, Ripley, 152
El Hogar Católico (periodical), 208
holidays, 32 , 33 -34, 96 , 159 -60, 177 , 209 -10
Holms, Greenville, 146
Hong, Fong, 188 , 191
Hoppin and Appel, 90
Horvilleur, Leon, 25 , 41 , 108 , 162 , 164 , 228 , 235
Hostetter, Louis, 222 , 226
housing, See architecture and urban plans
Huerta, Torcuato de la, 136
Hugues, Manuel, 237 , 250
Hungerford, J. D., 172
I
Ibarra, Francisca, 24
Ibarra, Ignacio, 42
Iberri, Alfredo, 40 , 42
Iberri, Wenceslao, 115
Iberri family, 123 -24, 136 , 138
identity: Mexican, 7 -8
norteño, 3
regional, 7 -8, 59
of settlers of French descent, 25
Sonoran, 35
immigration, 6 , 103 -7
policies, 171
quotas, 174 .
See also migration
El Imparcial (newspaper), 209 , 216 , 237 , 249
imports, 49 , 140
impuesto de piso (entrance tax), 40
Indians. See indigenous peoples
indigenous: labor, 19 , 29 , 89 , 133 -34, 178
population, 231 , 232
indigenous peoples, 17
in Arizona, 109
and border, 109
in California, 80
conflicts with, 95
cooperation with Sonoran government, 63 -64
fear of, 59
and government, 63 -64
government policy on, 63
intermarriage with whites, 26 -27
lack of citizenship, 30
and railroad, 139
rights of, 67
stereotypes of, 19
trade with, 19
wars with, 9 , 26
individualism, 58
industries, native Sonoran, 47 -48
Ingersoll, Ralph, 185
institutional cooperation, 169 -70
Instituto de Sonora, 215
International Foresters, 191
International Institute for the Treatment of Alcoholism, Tobacco, Opium and Cocaine, 252
investment: American, 5 -6, 12
foreign, 40 , 178 -79
iron, 80
Isaacson, Jacob, 151 , 155
isolation, 2 , 177 , 255
of Arizona, 5
effect on Sonoran Spanish (language), 29
of Sonora from other Mexican states, 9 -10, 145
Italy, (Italian(s), 184 , 185 , 194
Izábal, Rafael, 14 , 15 , 160 , 201 , 202 , 212 , 228 , 239 , 242 , 245
J
Jalisco, 11
Jalisences, 7
Japanese, 226
Jesuits, 3 , 36 , 177 , 217
Jiménez, Francisco, 103
Johnson, Ricardo, 178
Jones, Ada, 159
Juárez, Benito, 13 , 67 -68, 114 , 152
judges, field, 71 -72
Judson Dynamite and Powder Company, 124
K
Kee, Fong, 188
Kino, Eusebio, 3 , 217
Kosterlistky, Emilio, 170
Kraft, Samuel, 207
L
labor, 53 -57, 83
black, 291 n39
conditions, 89 -90
and effects of conscription, 74
indebted, 135
indentured, 178
indigenous, 19 , 29 , 89 , 133 -34, 178
at Minas Prietas-La Colorada, 185 -87
mining, 87 , 88 -89, 181 , 185 -87
protests, 8
railroad, 135
Seri, 20
shortage of for mining, 88 -89
strikes, 90 , 147 , 195 , 239 -40, 243 -44
and unemployment, 239 -40
unions, 195
Yaqui, 19 , 52 , 53 , 54 -55, 56 -57, 133 -34, 178
La Colorada, See Minas Prietas-La Colorada (mining complex)
Lacy, Alejandro, 201 , 254
land: acquisition and value, 51 -52
distribution of, 49 , 50 -51
monopolies on, 50
prices, 164 -65
rush, 138 -39
Land of Nayarit (Bird), 157
La Paz, 41 , 43
La Reconstrucción (newspaper), 111
"Latin American Carnival," 160
Latz, Miguel, 124
Lee, Sam, 188
legislation, 56
on commerce, 236 -37
on education, 216 -17
on publishing, 211
on weapons, 77
on women, 28 -29
leisure activities, 220 -22
Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastián, 13 , 14
Llain, Lucas, 76
L. M., Jacobs and Company, 111
Loaiza, Wenceslao, 122 , 123
London Exploration Company, 178 -79
López, Gilberto, 197
López, Ruperto, 69
Los Angeles Examiner (newspaper), 170
Loustaunau family, 38
lumber, 45 , 48 , 120
lynchings, 93 , 95 , 103
M
Maceo, Antonio, 249
Madero, Francisco, 252 , 254
Magdalena, 22 , 26 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 44 , 84 , 85
development of, 242 -43
land distribution in, 50 , 51
population of, 74
Mahuechi, 52 -53
Manchester Liverpool District Bank, 45
manufacturing, 226 , 234
María Gándara, Manuel, 59
Maricopa, 109
Mariscal, Vicente, 13 , 14 , 15 , 107
marriage, 15 , 24 , 26 -27, 37 , 92 -93
Marsh, George, 158
Martínez, Angel, 66
Martínez, Jorge, 122
Martínez, Luis, 121
Martínez, Wenceslao, 128
Mascareñas, Luisa, 159
Mascareñas, Manuel, 46 , 54 -55, 57 , 71 , 121 , 122 , 125 , 138 , 153 , 154 , 204 , 209 -10, 214 -15, 240 , 260
Masons, 158 , 191
Matamoros, 152
Mayo, 3 , 35 , 52
rebellion, 66
Maytorena, José, 122 , 136 , 140 , 240 -41
Maytorena family, 38
Mazatlán, 11 , 15 , 41 , 43
McFarland, William, 97 -98
McGuire, Doris, 169
Mercer, George, 90
merchants, 4 , 80
Chinese, 227
elite, 121 -26
European, 43
foreign, 44 , 45
French, 80
German, 11
Guaymas, 39 , 42 , 136
guilds, 40
as international representatives and brokers, 123 -26
San Francisco, 113
tenuous position of, 47 -48.
See also agentes viajeros (traveling agents)
mescal, 33 , 49 , 86 , 103
Mesilla, 55 , 82 , 87 , 99 , 138
metals, 11
Mexican(s), 194 , 195 -97
army, 11 , 14 , 15 , 70 , 130 , 167 , 171 , 182 , 199 , 254
citizenship, 107 -8
civil war, 9
Congress, 9 -10
culture in Tucson, 104
identity, 7
labor, 89 , 133 -34
Mexican-American War, 4 -5
migration to Sonora, 230 -34
Northwest, 7
prejudice against, 195 -96, 223 , 224 , 232 -33
Revolution, 6 , 7 , 166 , 170 , 199
society, 2
Mexico City, 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 23
rail links to, 11 -12, 146 -47
Michoacanos, 7
middle class, 8 , 13 , 150 , 241 , 248 , 250 , 253 , 258 , 260
migration, 7 -8, 183 -84
due to Indian conflicts, 62 .
See also immigration
militia, civil, 31 , 72 -76, 84 , 193 -94
mills, 20 , 111
Minas Prietas-La Colorada (mining complex), 7 , 54 , 108 , 142 , 146 , 199 -200
and Chinese, 188 , 194 , 196 -97, 199
and commerce, 187 -88
decline of, 197 -98
early speculation, 177 -79
foreigners in, 187 -88, 194 , 195 -97
and haciendas, 188 -90
labor at, 185 -87
and Mexicans, 182 -83
population of, 182 -85, 186
and railroad, 179 -82
women at, 183 -84, 191 -93
and Yaquis, 182 -83
Minas Prietas Water Company, 179
minerals, 4 , 11 , 12 , 44 , 89 , 102
mining, 5 , 12
American investments in, 5 , 9
in Arizona, 82 -83, 87 -90, 97
and banditry, 69
casualties, 198
environmental impact of, 198 -99, 245
labor, 87 , 88 -89, 181 , 185 -87
wages, 7
mints, 44 , 131
miscegenation, 17
Mix, James L., 159 , 218
Mix, L. W., 201
mobility, 53
Moctezuma, 44 , 62
land distribution in, 50 , 51
Mö11er, Juan, 40 , 45 , 112
El Monitor (newspaper), 152 , 157 , 211
El Monitor del Comercio (periodical), 133 , 136
monopolies, 12 , 43 , 124 , 134 , 135 , 141 , 177 , 206 , 223 , 232 -33, 234
of land near rivers, 50
Monroy, Joaquin, 139
Montajer, Luisa, 169
Montano, Simón, 248
Monterrey, 10 -11, 12
Monteverde, Feliciano, 181 , 190 , 197
Monteverde, Manuel, 28 , 29 , 199
Monteverde, Pedro, 34
Monteverde de Torres, Amelia, 212 .
Monteverde family, 38
Montigo, Raúl, 180
Morales, Jesús, 67 -68
morality, 8 , 250 -53
Morawetz, Albert, 235
Moreno, Antonio, 130 , 133
Moreno, Jesús, 47
Moreno, Juan, 109
Moreno, Luisa, 192 .
Morley, Agnes, 152
Morley, W. K., 133
Morley City, 136
Mormons, 76 , 229 -30
Mowry, Sylvester, 86 , 88 , 89 , 93 , 96
Mulatos, 245 -46
Mulege, 43
mule trains, 44 , 85 -86, 92 , 114
El Mundo Illustrado (periodical), 125
Muñoz, Eleazar, 67 -68
Murrieta, Priciliano, 244
music, 30 , 31 , 32 , 81
N
El Nacional (newspaper), 209
Naco, 162 -64
names, 30
for Ambos Nogales, 155
translation of, into Spanish, 24
Nanetti, Carlos, 125 , 135
National Business , Journal,174
National Geographic,174
nationalism, 8 , 67
naturalization, 105
Naugle, J. A., 145 , 179
Navarro, Cayetano, 61
Navarro, Luisa, 154
Nayarit, 49
Negrete, José, 14
Negro, Pedro
newspapers, 83 , 131 , 167 , 206 -7, 248 -49, 250 , 251 -52
bilingual, 157
coverage of U.S. anti-Mexican feeling, 94
critique of immigrants, 105
move to
Nogales, 140
on the Chinese, 196
publication of dissenting literature, 32 .
See also press, state
New York Times (newspaper), 19 , 24 , 26 , 102 , 134 -35, 136 , 137 , 160 , 167
Nicoli, José Patricio, 10
Nogales (Arizona) 152 .
See also Ambos Nogales
Nogales (Sonora), 118 , 158 , 201
early settlement patterns, 153 -55
population of, 152 , 153 .
See also Ambos Nogales
Nogales and Santa Cruz Board of Trade, 169 -70
Nogales Arizona Women's Beneficence Club, 159
Nogales Chamber of Commerce, 169 -70
Nogales Protective Association, 169
Nogales Women's Club, 159
Nogales Yacht Club, 159
Noon, John J., 154
Noriega, Carlos, 34
Noriega, Francisco, 38
norteño, 1 , 2
accent, 29
elites, 8
identity, 3
stereotypes of, 3 -4
North Pacific Steamship, 115
El Noticio (newspaper), 203 , 228
Nuevo Laredo, 152
Nuevo León, 9 , 10 -11, 13 , 183
O
The Oasis (newspaper), 157
Oaxaca, American investment in, 304 n3
Obregón, Alvaro, 1 , 170 , 172 , 174 -75
Ochoa, Jesús, 211
Ondovilla, Manuel, 34
Opata, 22 , 35 , 63 -64, 66 , 80
opera, 30
Orcí, Juan R., 56
Orózco, Pascual, 254
Ortega, Francisco, 77
Ortiz, Carlos, 15 , 23 , 215
Ortíz, Celedonio, 38 , 218
Ortiz, Fernándo, 110
Ortiz, Vicente, 123
Ortiz family, 121
outmigration: to Arizona, 55 , 62 , 75 , 109
to California, 28 , 51 , 62 , 80 -81
embarrassing to Mexico, 104 -5
Oviedo, David, 167
Oviedo, Vicente, 122
P
Pacheco, Carlos, 15
Padilla, Trinidad, 106
Palomares, Crispin, 214
Palominas, 118
Pan American Mining Company, 179 , 196
Papagos. See Tohono O'odhams
Parks, Joseph, 89 , 93
Paso del Norte, 152
pastorelas, 33
Patagonia, 83 , 91
patriotism, 34
patronage, 14 , 15
Peck, A. L., 158
Peñalosa, Felix, 172
peons, 53 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 185
indebted, 53 , 55 -56
indentured, 88 -89, 90
Perkins, William, 59
Peru, 29
Pesqueira, Agustin, 138 , 167
Pesqueira, Gerardo, 171 -72
Pesqueira, Ignacio, 13 , 23 , 37 , 59 , 63 , 65 , 66 -67, 81 , 85 , 94 , 107 , 253
and railroad contracts, 129 -30
Pesqueira, Jesús, 72
petate del Muerto (repose of the dead), 59
Piedras Negras, 152
Pierson, José, 111
Pima, 63 , 80
Pinelli, Pedro, 178
Pitic. See Hermosillo
Plan de Noria, 14
pochos, 201 -11
poetry, 32
police, 194
population, 49
of Arizona-Sonora border, 5
of Baja California, 13
of Chihuahua, 13
Chinese, 229
indigenous, 231 , 232
of Magdalena, 74
at Minas
Prietas-La Colorada, 182 -85
of Nogales (Sonora), 152
of Nuevo León, 13
Seri, 61
of Sonora, 13 , 62 , 132 , 275 nn28, 31
Portilia León, Miguel, 29 , 59
El Porvenir (newspaper), 246 , 249
posadas, 33
Poston, Charles, 82 , 83 , 88 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97
Pradeau, Alberto, 132
prejudice, 8 , 92 -93
against Chinese, 223 , 224
against Mexicans, 195 -96, 223 , 224 , 232 -33
presidios, 19 , 62 , 82 , 84
press, 206
state, 15 , 24 , 32 , 75 , 96 , 130 , 132 , 138 , 217 , 242 , 244
presta hombres ("name lenders"), 107 -8
prisoners, 77
property, private, 53
prostitution, 191 -93
Protestants, 208 -9
protests, labor, 8
Proto, Anton, 158
Proto, Luis, 108 , 154
pseudo-Mexicans, 107 -8
El Pueblo (newspaper), 167
Pueblo Indians, 80
Pueblo Revolt, 80
Puerto Isabel, 114 -15, 116
Puerto Libertad, 84 -85
Pumpelly, Raphael, 83 , 93
Q
Quijada, Jesús, 28
Quiroga, Ismael S., 129
Quitovaquita, 118
R
race: and immigration, 103 -4
racial attitudes, 26 -27, 87 -88, 93 -94
racial hierarchy, 7
racism and racial prejudice, 8 , 88 , 92 -93, 103 , 134 , 168
railroads, 5 -6, 12
access, 11 -12
American investments in, 9
in Arizona, 116 -18
attitudes toward, 127 , 246 -27
contracts for, 128 -29, 141 -42, 151
cost of, 151
debate over, 130 -33
early plans for, 128 -29
labor for, 113 -34, 135
and Minas Prietas-La Colorada (mine complex), 179 -82
in Nogales, 151 -52
ridership, 142 -44, 292 n86
stations on, 161 -62
as symbols, 5 , 246
Raintree, Oscar
Raucho Los Nogales, 150 -53
ranchos, rancheros, 49 -51, 188 -91
armed force maintained by, 74
Rancho Viejo mill, 40
Randall, Carlos, 225
Rangel, José María, 77
rape, 46 -47
La Razón Social (newspaper), 218 , 251 -52
rebellion, 13 , 80
Mayo, 66
Seri, 66
of soldiers, 70 -71
Reed, John, 156
regional prejudice, 232 -33
religion, 36 -37, 62 , 195 , 208 -29, 219
Reyes, Bernardo, 15
rights: of indigenous peoples, 67
of women, 28 -29
Río Grande, 4
Río Sonora, 39
Roas, Arthur, 108
Robinson, Daniel, 133
Robinson, Guillermo, 34 , 247 -48
Robinson, Juan A., 18 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 38 , 81 , 84 -85, 260 -61
Robinson, Tomas, 150
Robinson family, 25 , 38 , 40
Robinson Jr., Juan, 45 , 47
Robles family, 38
Rodríguez, Eduardo, 39
Rodríguez family, 39 , 190
Román, Mariano, 204
Romero, Matias, 147
Rothenhausler, Joseph, 86
Rubio, Pablo, 38
Ruiz, Rafael, 122 , 125
Ruiz, Ramón, 12 , 40 , 47 , 154 , 195
Russia, 184
S
Sahuaripa, 44
land distribution in, 51
Saint Augustine, 96
Saint Francis, 34 , 96
Salido, J. M., 167
saloons, 20 , 156 , 191 , 219 , 251
San Bias, 41
Sánchez Navarro family, 10
Sánchez Ochoa, 30
Sandoval, Próspero, 153 , 164
San Francisco, 5 , 49 , 62 , 82 , 113 , 135
San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), 26 , 105 , 218
San Francisco Examiner (newspaper), 147
San Ignacio mill, 39 -40
San Joaquin mill, 40
San José, 43
San José de Guaymas, 18
San José del Cabo, 41
San Luis Potosí, 11
San Miguel de Horcasitas, 48
San Miguel River, 19
Santa Fe, 80
Santa Marta mill, 40
Santa Rita Mountains, 82
Saric, 69
Sarmiento, Domingo, 8
Sasabe, 118
scapegoating, 223 -38, 250
Schwatka, Frederick, 120
Serdan, Aquiles, 254
Seri, 15 , 35 , 86
children, 61
labor, 20
population of, 61
rebellion, 66
Serna, Francisco, 38 , 72 , 106 -7, 117
servants, 55 -56
citizenship of, 55
Indian, 29
settlement: of Arizona, 101 -2
of Guaymas, 18 -19, 20 , 24 , 25
Mormon, 229 -30
patterns of, 18 -22, 64
Seymour, Federico, 179 , 180 , 190
Seymour, Gordon, 180
sheep, 10 , 80
shipping, 11 , 4I, 42 -43, 81 , 84 , 110 , 115
Sierra Madre Occidental (mountains), 3 , 9
silver, 8 , 11 , 17 , 24 , 44 , 83 , 86 , 89 , 92 , 139 , 145
as collateral, 45
Sinaloa, 4 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 49 , 183
Smith, C. J., 108
smuggling, 42 , 86 -87, 94 , 99 , 106 , 114 , 115 , 118 -241
and hacendados, 117
Sobarzo, Horacio, 210
social clubs, 158 , 159 , 202 , 227 , 24
social interaction, 145 -47
Sociedad de Artesanos de Hidalgo, 158
La Sonora (newspaper), 107 , 131
Sonora, Mexico (Bird), 157
Sonora Mining and Exploring Company, 82
Sonoran Railroad Cornpany, 247
Sonora River, 19 , 20
El Sonorense (newspaper), 167
Soto, Nicolas, 86
South America. 134 -35
Southworth, J. R., 80
Spain, Spanish, 4 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 80 , 184
culture, 17
language, 6 , 29 -30, 43 , 157 -58, 203 , 204
Speedy, James, 161
Spence, David, 138
Spence, Enrique, 108
Spence family, 38
sports, 34
stagecoach, 98 , 179
stereotypes, 96
of Chinese, 225 , 228 -29
of indigenous peoples, 19
of Mexicans, 232
of Sonoran norteño, 3 -4
Stockton Mining Company, 113
Studebaker Company, 124
Sturges, William S., 110
Sud-Pacifico Railroad, 173
sugar, 20 , 54 , 83 , 119
Switzerland, 184
symbols: railroads as, 5
of Sonoran identity, 3
Symon, Robert, 131 -32
T
Tamaulipas, 9 , 11 , 183
Tato, Pedro, 37
taxation, 39 -40, 65 -66, 72 -73, 114 , 236
of American trade, 43
for civil defense, 74 -75
concessions, 102
export, 281 n36
on luxuries, 63
of wheat imports, 49
telegraph, 179
Tepic, 49 , 183
Teresita, 169
Terminel, Elvira, 193
Terra, Manuel, 163
Terrazas, Luis, 12 , 13
Texas, 4 , 83
rail links to, 151
Texas-Chihuahua border, 6
textiles, 22 , 45 , 47 , 54 , 80 , 87 , 119 , 235
Tiburón Island, 61
Titicomb, Edward, 158
Tohono O'odhams, 19 , 22 , 35 , 63 -64, 80 , 83 , 89 , 97 , 109 , 244
culture of, 6
Toledo, Tiburcio, 26 -27
Tombstone, Arizona, 102 ,103
Torres, Lorenzo, 167
Torres, Luis E., 14 , 15 , 71 , 106 , 116 , 131 , 133 , 135 , 144 , 166 -67, 182 , 190 , 201 , 202 , 204 , 212 , 242
tourism, 147 , 173 -74
Tovar, Juan José, 65
trade: with Arizona, 82 , 110 -11
with Asia, 23
with California, 80 -81
free, 2 , 5 , 124
with indigenous peoples, 19
special status for, 152 -53
with United States, 2 , 5 , 94 , 124
Treviño, C., 108
Trías, Angel, 128
Triumvirate, Porfirian, 14 -16, 144 , 182 , 190 , 202 , 239 , 242 , 250 , 260
Tubac, 28 , 83 , 87
Tucson, 82 , 120
consuls, 102
racial attitudes in, 87 -88, 93 -94
settlement of, 92
Sonoran character of, 105
Sonoran political clout in, 107
Tumborrell, Manuel, 194
Tuxtepec, 14
U
Ulloa, Pedro, 205
United States, 5 , 8 , 30
army, 84 , 85 , 96 -97, 110 , 113 , 115 , 170 , 171
attitudes toward, 11
cavalry, 166 , 172
Civil War, 11 , 96 , 101 , 110
culture, 7
free trade with, 2 , 5 , 124
immigration quotas, 174
Sonoran imitation of, 205
Sonoran reliance on, 12
trade, 94
urban plans, 21 , 163 , 181 -82
urban renovation, 218 - 19
Ures, 19 -20, 44
land distribution in, 51
Urrea, Antonio, 34
Urrea, José, 59 , 65 , 66
Urrea family, 23
Uruchurtu, Antonio, 55 -56
U.S.S. Montana,113
V
Valdez-Piña y Díaz, Ignacio, 240
Valparaiso, 43
vandalism, 247
Vasquez, J.J., 152 , 160 -61
Vega, Plácido, 67
Velasco, Alfonso Luis, 12 , 27 , 29 , 50
Velasco, Carlos, 95 , 105 , 107 , 131
Velasco, José, 11 , 62 , 81 , 178
Veñegas, Victor, 233
Venezuela, 185
Vidaurri, Santiago, 11 , 13
vigilantes, 94 , 97 -98, 103
Villa, Francisco, 199 -200
Villa, Pancho, 170 , 199 -200
violence, 90 , 94 , 97 -98, 99 -100, 103 , 238
Vizcaíno, Fortino, 67 , 68
Voss, Stuart, 9
vote, Yaqui, 66 -67
W
wages, 88
and boleta system, 187
mining, 7 , 195 -96, 230
railroad, 134
Walker, Henry, 114
Wallace, Alejandro, 167
war(s): American Civil, 11 , 96 , 101 , 110
caste, 60
with indigenous peoples, 5 , 9 , 17 , 26 , 54
Mexican-American, 4
Mexican Civil, 10
Warman, Cy, 137
Warren, Thomas Robinson, 21 , 27 , 41 , 45 , 65
Wasserman, Mark, 12
water, 20 , 48 -49
supply in Guaymas, 18 -19
weapons, 73 -74, 76 , 77 , 278 -79n104
regulation of, 77
Weekly Arizonian,83
Wells-Fargo Company, 115 , 179
Western Manufacture (periodical), 205
wheat, 4 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 44 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 81,110 , 112 -13, 125
export of, 49
Willard, Alexander, 43 , 62 , 95 , 111 , 119 , 120 , 129 , 140 , 142
wine, 42 , 125
Woman's Auxiliary, 159
women, 90 -91, 92 -93, 166 , 251 -52
autonomy of, 27 -28
bounty for indigenous, 63
of Hermosillo, 27 -28
labor of, 56 -57
at Minas Prietas-La Colorada, 183 -84, 191 -93
Seri, 61
Sonoran, 24
and sports, 35
Yaqui, 56 -57, 61
Wonderland Association, 170
Wong Sam, Chale, 193
woolens, 22 , 80 , 119 , 120
work, cultural attitudes toward, 96
Wright, Marie Robinson, 27
Y
Yankees, 16
Yaqui, 2 , 3 , 8 , 15 , 16 , 19 , 35 , 52 , 60 -61, 65 -66, 68 , 74 , 76 , 78 , 91 , 109 , 231 , 232
children, 57
culture of, 6
labor, 19 , 52 , 53 , 54 -55, 56 -57, 133 -34, 178 , 182 -83
raids, 9 , 21 , 58
vote, 66 -67
Yaqui River, 19
Ymuris, 85
Ynsunza, Pedro, 45
Yrigoyen, Francisco, 122
Yucatán, 14
Yuma (Indians), 109
Z
Zacatecas, 11
Zamora, Leopoldo, 144 , 146 , 151
Zavala, Silvio, 59
Zertuche, José Garza, 171
Zona Libre, 116 , 156
extended, 152 -53
Zúñiga, Ignacio, 10
Zúñiga, Rodolfo, 191