M

Ma Hong, 115 , 133 n.21, 136 , 139

McCubbins, Mathew, 62 , 69 n.15

Machine Building Commission, 44

Machinery Research Institute of the Wuhan Machinery Bureau, 287

Management-by-exception, 68 , 69 n.15, 71 , 72 , 75 -76, 81

and bargaining, 73

conservative bias of, 77

and ministries, 73

performance of, 74

and reform policies, 87

Management-worker relations, 273

Manion, Melanie, 15 , 30

Mao Zedong, 35 , 38 , 75 , 341

authority of, 25

and bargaining, 35 , 53

bureaucratic practice of, 26

and economic policy, 72

and foreign affairs, 114

and ideological indoctrination, 6

and military system, 152

provincial support for, 82

retirement of to "second line," 226 n.23

and Three Gorges Dam, 49

March, James, 183 , 190

Market reform, 81

Market towns, 336 , 337 , 338 , 339 , 360

Martial Law Command, 179

Material allocation system, 256

Mayor's office, 317 -18

Meicun, 342 n.18

Military Affairs Committee, 3

Military Commission of Chinese Communist Party, 98 , 112 , 119 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 164 -65, 167 -68

changes in, 162 -63

and Tiananmen Square, 179

See also State Military Commission

Military industrial system, 176

Military Legislation Bureau, 163

Military system, 3

budget of, 170

command and control of, 17 , 160 -69, 180

and military-service legislation, 159

and nuclear weapons, 168 n.30

personalistic character of, 18 , 178

ranks in, 159

regional commanders of, 168

See also People's Liberation Army

Ministries, 44 , 71 , 143

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry, 47

Ministry of Civil Affairs, 222 n.14

Ministry of Communications, 41 , 44

Ministry of Education, 184 , 191 , 193 , 194 , 204 , 208

and reforms, 201

Teacher Education Bureau, 194

Ministry of Electric Power, 53

Ministry of Energy Resources, 53

Ministry of Finance, 42 , 53 , 71 , 186 , 209 , 314

and economic reforms, 79 , 86

organization of, 70

and State Education Commission, 185

and taxation, 80 -81

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 124 , 148

influence of, 139 n.35, 145

Institute of International Studies, 140 n.36

Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, 86

Ministry of Foreign Trade, 124

Ministry of Justice, 98

Ministry of Labor and Personnel, 186 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 220 , 222 n.14, 238

and cadre retirement, 225

and State Education Commission, 185

Ministry of Light Industry, 43

Ministry of Machine Building, 43 , 44

Ministry of Metallurgy, 64

Ministry of National Defense, 49 , 118 , 124 , 162

Ministry of Railways, 136

Ministry of Water Conservancy [Water Resources], 47 , 53

Ministry of Water Conservancy [Water Resources] and Electric Power, 41 , 47 , 52 -53

Municipal government, 18

and economic reforms, 85

Municipal institutions, 311

and the Party, 317 n.22