Index
A
Abstentions, 111 , 137 , 158
Ader, Paul, 12 , 126 , 130 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 142 , 148 , 149 , 151 , 157 , 158
Agricultural associations, 7 , 8 , 31 , 63 , 69 , 115 -21, 149
Confédération générale des vignerons du Midi (CGV), 145 , 146 -48, 150 , 151 , 152 , 157 , 160
Fédération des travailleurs agricoles du Midi (FTAM), 126 -38, 142 , 143 , 147 -48, 149 -51
Agricultural capitalism, 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 16 -17, 24 , 76 , 162 , 163 , 165
Agricultural revolution, 4 , 15 -38, 39 , 43 , 49 , 50 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 79 , 80
Albert, Marcellin, 12 , 139 , 141 , 144
Aldy, Félix, 102 , 103 , 106 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 132 , 136 , 137 , 159
Allier, 4 , 106
Alpes-Maritimes, 16
Aminzade, Ronald, 2 , 120 -21
Antimilitarism, 133 , 149 -50
Aramon, 31
Argelliers, 12 , 58 , 101 , 103 , 138 , 141 , 144 , 145
Ariège, 1 , 33 , 34 , 72
Arles, 135
Armissan 101 , 128
Articulated modes of production, 9
Artisans, 17 , 28 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 120 , 124 , 165
and agricultural depression, 52
and landownership, 17 , 27 , 28 , 69
and politics, 38 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 103 , 111 , 163
and phylloxera, 61 , 62 , 69 , 76
and strikes, 56 , 124 , 128
Arzens, 69
Augé-Laribé, Michel, 75
Aveyron, 4 , 34 , 72
B
Bages, 101 , 115 , 141
Ballainvillier, Charles, 15
Barbès, Armand, 50 , 51 , 52 , 55
Barral, J. A., 60
Berenson, Edward, 3 , 163
Bessan, 129
Béziers, 10 , 12 , 15 , 22 , 32 , 42 , 43 , 67 , 68 , 126 , 141 , 145
Birthrate, 87 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 96
Bizanet, 101
Bize, 141
Blanc, Louis, 58
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon, 53 , 56
Bonapartists, 154
Le Bon sens,100
Bordeaux, 16 , 22 , 68
Bouches-du-Rhône, 16 , 125 , 126 , 130
Boulanger, Georges (general), 108
Boulangism, 108
Bourgeois, Léon, 103
Bourges, 131
Bourse du travail, 7 , 102 , 112 , 115 , 116 , 124 , 128 , 142 , 151 , 153 , 157
Brassier, 17
Brousse, Paul, 102 , 106
Burgundy, 22
C
Cadastre, 105
Cafés, 17 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 48 , 51 , 57 , 116 , 120 , 149
Cafés concerts,48 , 49 , 149
Camargue, 45
Canet, 125 , 153
Carcassonne:
absentee proprietors in, 32 , 40
agricultural societies in, 31
Bourse du travail, 115
market and wine center, 10 , 16 -17, 22 , 42 -43, 80
multiproprietors, 45 , 68
radicals, 100 , 102
republican and démoc soc activity, 51 , 54
strike settlements in, 126
socialists in, 136 , 158
winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 141
Carignan, 31
Carmaux, 2
Carnival, 41 , 153
Castelnaudary, 22 , 23 , 42 , 43 , 54
Catholicism, 1 , 48
Cendrous, Mme, 96
Cennes-Monesties, 16
Cercle de jeunesse socialiste, 136
Cercle de l'union des travailleurs, 57 , 101
Cercle d'études sociales, 117 , 120
Cercle républicain socialiste-révolutionnaire, 136
Cercles, 40 , 41 , 57
Cette, 16 , 22 , 42
Chalabre, 15 , 16 , 23 , 54
Chalons, 134 , 150
Chamber of Deputies, 57 , 58 , 108 , 111
Chambrées,2 , 101 , 112
Chambrée socialiste,101 , 112
Chaptalisation,63 , 132
Charter of Amiens, 118
Cher, 7 , 99 , 106 , 162
Cheytion, François, 12 , 83 , 117 , 126 , 129 , 131 , 134 , 149 , 157 , 158 , 160
Child labor, 89 -90, 94 , 96 -97
Children, 45 -47, 78 , 89 -92, 94 -98, 123 , 124 , 129 , 143 , 167
Cholvy, Gérard, 48
Class:
conflict, 2 , 7 , 99 , 102 , 105 , 118 , 128 , 131 , 134 , 138 , 142 , 160 , 163 , 164 , 169
division, 4 , 5 , 6 , 36 , 41 , 59 , 72 , 114 , 146
formation, 2 , 3 , 5 -6, 8 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 60 -77, 112 , 120 -21, 162 , 165 , 167
identity, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 61 , 98 , 104 , 114 , 120 -21, 133 , 148 , 161 , 166 , 169 , 170
relations, 9 , 13 , 61 , 140 , 143 , 146 , 147 , 160 , 161 , 170
Clemenceau, Georges, 58 , 100 , 144 , 145 , 149
Club de la révolution, 56 .
See also Club de l'union
Club de l'union, 51 , 53 , 56 .
See also Club de la révolution
Club des rouges, 50
Coca, Julien, 96
Colles, 75 , 120 .
See also Team labor
Comice agricole de Narbonne, 68 , 100
Comités de défense viticole, 12 , 132
Commissionnaires de vin, 23
Communard, 57 , 100 , 106
Commune, 5 , 57 , 103 , 111
Coursan, 107 , 109 , 137
Narbonne, 50 , 56 -59, 101
Paris, 50 , 56 , 101 , 106
Communism, 52
Community:
class relations in, 61 , 77
gender relations in, 83 , 155 -56
and labor movement, 7 , 13 , 120 , 121 , 123 -24, 128 -29, 155 -56, 168
moral economy, 127 , 162
political culture of, 137
sociability, 40
solidarity, 27 , 41 , 70 , 114 , 166
Confédération générale des vignerons du Midi (CGV), 145 , 146 -48, 150 , 151 , 152 , 157 , 160
Confédération générale du travail (CGT):
and antimilitarism, 133 , 145 , 149 , 150
Charter of Amiens, 118 -19
and direct action, 130
and eight-hour day, 135
and FTAM, 126
and general strike, 131
and local unions, 115
and socialists, 136
and rectification de tir,151 , 161
vie chère protests, 153 -54
Conseils de prud'hommes,126
Conservatives/conservatism, 51 , 52 , 53 , 73 , 123 , 142 , 143 , 163
Consumers' cooperatives, 153
Contracts, 33 , 34 , 73 , 74 , 119 , 125 , 129 , 137 , 152 , 154 , 156 , 157
negotiation, 7 , 156 , 157
Corbières, 54 , 68 , 149
Corrèze, 4
Cost of living, 84 , 87 , 93 , 94 , 97 , 131 , 152 , 154 , 155
Coursan:
abstentions, 109 , 111 , 137
agricultural revolution, 25 -29
anti-militarism, 149
artisanal industry, 23
birthrates, 89
capitalist agriculture, 24
child labor, 90 , 96
education, 47
elections, 106 , 108 , 109
geographic mobility of inhabitants, 45 -46, 72
grain economy, 15
households, 87
income from vines, 90
landownership, 17 , 18 , 67 -69
marriage, 86 , 96
political groups, 51 , 101 , 103
population, 43 -44, 72
sociability and entertainment, 49
socialists, 136
strikes, 122 -25, 126 -30, 156 -57
union, 115 -18, 130 , 133
winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 141 , 144
women, 80 -87, 91 , 93 , 96 -97, 155 -56
workers, 10 , 12 , 33 , 35 , 71 ,73, 153
Crise de mévente,122 , 136
Crise de subsistance,19
Crisis, 42 , 58 , 115 , 131 , 136 , 139 , 142 , 143
economic, 60 -77, 79 , 91 -97
Cruzy, 27 , 36 , 69
Cultivateurs,39 , 40 , 45 , 49 , 59 , 116 , 128 , 153
Cuxac d'Aude, 12 , 25 , 45 , 51 , 80 , 101 , 106 , 115 , 126 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 136 , 137 , 142 , 153 , 158
D
Daudet, Alphonse, 83
Dechristianization, 48
Democratic republican, 50 , 52 , 100
opposition groups, 54
Démoc soc,1 , 3 , 5 , 12 , 38 , 50 -59, 100 , 120 , 163
Depression, 65 -70, 76 , 77 , 99 , 101 , 115 , 122
of 1880s, 60 , 61 -62, 99 , 101 , 104 , 106 , 108
of 1890s, 60 , 64 -65, 71 , 93 , 99 , 104 , 110
of 1900-1901, 60 , 65 -66, 93 -95, 110 ,
111 , 115
of 1905, 140
and labor, 76 , 93 -95, 97 , 98 .
See also Wine: market depressions
Digeon, Emile, 51 , 56 , 57 , 106
Division of labor, 6 , 32 -38, 76 , 156 , 157 , 162 , 167 .
See also Gender: division of labor
Domestiques, 17 , 34 , 37 , 73 , 85 , 93 , 117
conditions of, 35
employer pressure on, 35
gagés,34
mésadiers,34 , 35 , 45
and unions, 117
Dordogne, 1 , 39
Draveil-Vigneux, 149
Dumazet, Ardouin, 66
Durban, 153
E
Education, 31 , 45 -50, 52 , 58 , 89 , 90 , 96 , 115 , 163
Elections, 34 , 51 , 101 , 103 , 119 , 123 , 134 -37, 151 , 157 -60, 162 , 164 , 168
of 1848, 52
of 1849, 53
of 1869, 55
of 1880s, 52
of 1881, 106 , 107
of 1883, 106
of 1885, 107 , 108
of 1888, 107
of 1889, 107
of 1893, 104 , 108 , 109
of 1898, 108 , 109
of 1902, 109 , 117
of 1906, 136 , 137
of 1910, 159
of 1914, 159
L'Emancipation sociale,101 , 106
Emigration, 4 , 60
Engels, Friedrich, 99
Estate vineyards, 24 -27, 67 -68
F
Fabrézan, 101
Family, 6
and economic crisis, 91 -97
and exploitation, 6 , 167
and phylloxera, 62
producers, 17 , 27 , 178 -80
and strikes, 123 , 129 , 155 , 157
syndicalist view of, 118
and women's work, 85 -91, 97
Fédération des travailleurs agricoles du Midi (FTAM), 126 -38, 142 , 143 , 147 -48, 149 -51
Fédération du textile, 135
Fédération radicale, 57
Félibrige, 83
Ferroul, Ernest, 101 -3
and CGV, 145 -47, 150 , 157
and elections, 108 , 158 , 159
and rural workers, 104 , 109 -11
and small vineyard owners, 104 -6
and strikes, 135
and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 141 , 144 , 158
Fitou, 141
Fleury, 101 , 108 , 123 , 125 , 127 , 128 , 149
Fournière, Eugène, 106 , 107
La Fraternité,51 , 52 , 55 , 100
French Revolution, 16 , 48 , 50 , 51
G
Gard, 7 , 16 , 45 , 48 , 57 , 61 , 72 , 100 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 139 , 146
Gavaches, 34
Gender, 3 , 6 , 33 , 35 -36, 41 , 78 -98, 118 , 155 , 157 , 167
and class formation, 167
divisions in community, 41 , 155 , 157
division of labor, 3 , 6 , 35 -36, 78 , 79 , 81 -82, 83 , 85 , 92 , 97 , 156 , 157 , 167
and food consumption, 85
and household, 6 , 79 -80, 85 , 87 -91, 94 -97
and labor protest, 3 , 92 , 155 -57
and proletarianization, 79 , 85 , 91 , 92 , 98
relations, 3 , 78 -98, 155
and skill, 35 -36, 81 , 82 , 85
and work, 3 , 4 , 35 -36, 77 , 78 -83, 85 , 87 , 89 -93, 98 , 167 .
See also Women
Genieys, Pierre, 65
Geographic mobility, 45 , 117
Gide, Charles, 65
Ginestas, 53 , 61 , 141
Grande bourgeoisie vinicole,23
Gratton, Philippe, 131 , 132
Grenache, 32
Groupes d'études sociales,101 , 103 , 109 , 136
Gruissan, 48 , 101 , 158
Guerre sociale,149
Guesde, Jules, 99 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 106 , 108 , 135
Guesdist, 112 , 119 , 135
agrarian program, 105
and rural workers, 105 , 106
in the Var, 111
Guthrie, Christopher, 3
Guyot, Jules, 29
H
Hanagan, Michael, 2 , 3 , 120
Harvest, 30 , 31
and child labor, 90 , 96
declaration of, 145
and gender division of labor, 35 , 82 , 84 , 156
migration, 45 , 80
and sociability and rituals, 40 -41, 83
Haute Garonne, 51
Hérault:
landownership, 5 , 6 , 27 , 69
migration from, 45 , 72 , 117
phylloxera, 57 , 61
in regional economy, 42
and religious practice, 48
rural working class, 2 , 132 , 165
socialists, 136 , 146 , 147
strikes in, 122 , 125 -27, 129 -30, 153
unions, 7
winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 139
Hervé, Gustave, 149 , 150
Huard, Raymond, 48
I
Immigrant labor, 33 , 40 , 46 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 156
Immigrants, 72 , 73
Immigration, 40 , 43 -45, 71 -72, 117 , 165 , 166
Income from vines, 19 , 27 , 36 , 61 , 70 , 87 , 90 , 92
Insurance:
health, 55 , 115 , 119
social, 111 , 115
unemployment, 111 , 115
J
Jaurès, Jean, 103 , 105 , 108 , 135 , 147 , 167
Jouhaux, Léon, 83 , 149
Journalières,80 , 84 , 155 , 157
Journaliers, 28 , 35 , 36 , 80 , 84 , 124 , 129 , 153
Judt, Tony, 3 , 6 , 111 -12, 159 , 164 , 165
L
Lafargue, Paul, 99 , 103 , 105
Landes, 162
Landownership, 4 , 5 , 6 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 23 -29, 30 , 36 , 37 , 68 , 69 , 72 , 87 , 91
before agricultural revolution, 17 -19
capital concentration, 4 , 5 , 6 , 24 -26, 60 , 67 , 68 , 76
liability of, 69 , 72
and persistence of small owners, 66 , 68 -70
and politics, 7 , 17 -18, 42 , 69 , 73
subdivision of land, 5 , 24 , 26 -27, 69
and vineyard revolution, 24 -29
and wine market depression, 66 -70
and workers, 35 -37, 68 , 116 , 134 , 166
La Nouvelle, 16 , 158
La Redorte, 141
Large vineyard owners, 27 , 42 , 60 , 61 , 67 -69, 70 , 76 , 115 , 138 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 152
La Ricamarie, 134
Le Cambon-Feugerolles, 2
Legitimism, 50
Le Havre, 105
Leucate, 149
Lézignan, 17 , 22 , 26 , 53 , 80 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 115 , 126
Libre pensée societies , 100 , 101 , 102 , 112 , 120
Lille, 70 , 101 , 102
Limoges, 150
Limoux, 16 , 22 , 43 , 54 , 57 , 101
Literacy, 47
Loire, 4
Longwy, 150
Loubère, Leo A., 2 , 100
Lozère, 4 , 72
Lyon, 2 , 22 , 101 , 102
M
Malric, Joseph, 106
Marcorignan, 101 , 128 , 153
Marcou, Théophile, 51 , 52 , 54 , 55
Margadant, Ted, 3 , 39 , 55 , 163
Marriage, 28 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 72 , 81 , 86 , 87
and women in the labor force, 81 , 87 -96, 117 -18, 167
Marseille, 16 , 101 , 105
Martinique, 150
Marx, Karl, 99
Marxism, 111 , 140
Masonic lodges, 100 , 164
Massif Central, 39
Merriman, John, 2 , 3 , 55 , 163
Mésadiers,34 , 35 , 45
Midi, 46 , 114 , 133 , 134 , 142
Caisse régionale de Crédit agricole du, 66
Canal du, 16 , 58 , 65 , 104
Compagnie du, 22
Compagnie des chemins de fer du, 142
Ligue du, 56
rouge, 3 , 162
Le Midi socioliste,151
Migrant workers, 34 , 37 , 45 , 71 -72
Migration, 12 , 43 , 80 , 165
Millerand, Alexandre, 101 , 103 , 108 , 134
Minck, Paule, 101
Minervois, 67 , 115
Mirepeisset, 61 , 128
Mistral, Frédéric, 83
Montagnard, 1 , 50 , 51
Montlaur, 119
Montolieu, 16
Montpellier, 10 , 22 , 32 , 48 , 117 , 126 , 141 , 142 , 145
Montredon, 101 , 129
Moral economy, 49 , 121 -23, 127 , 154 , 162 , 169
Mousson, 101
Multiproprietors, 68 , 73 , 76
Municipal socialism, 112 , 132 , 136
N
Nantes, 102
Narbonne:
absentee proprietors in, 32 , 40
agricultural societies, 31 , 100
antimilitarist activity, 133 , 150
Bourse du travail in, 115 -26, 157
breadbasket, 21
Commune, 56 -69
elections, 107 -11, 136 -37, 159
foreign population, 45
left-wing activity in, 51 , 53 -54, 101
market center, 10 , 17 , 42 -43
multiproprietors in, 68
socialist municipality, 102 , 112
strikes, 128
unions, 135
vineyards in, 4
winegrowers' revolt
of 1907, 139 -41, 144 -45, 149
wine trade in, 16 , 22 -23
Narbonne, Paul, 100 , 106 , 110
Nevian, 101
Nièvre, 106 , 162
Nîmes, 141 , 146
Nivernais, 39
Nord, 119 , 169
O
Occupational mobility, 27 -29
Opportunists, 68 , 108 , 110 , 135 , 164
Ornaisons, 51 , 115 , 153
Ouveillan, 51 , 58 , 61 , 101 , 115 , 141
P
Papinaud, Clovis, 106 , 107 , 108
Paris, 1 , 2 , 16 , 22 , 50 , 52 , 56 , 101 , 102 , 106 , 108 , 145 , 156
Parti ouvrier français (POF), 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 108 , 111 , 135 , 146
Parti républicain radical, 110
Passama, Paul, 97
Le Paysan, 12 , 126 , 142
Pech, Rémy, 42 , 68
Pelletan, Camille, 100 , 103
Père Peinard,149
Perpignan, 141 , 144
Le Peuple, 55
Peyriac de Mer, 114 , 121 , 123
Phylloxera, 5 , 49 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 100
economic and social change, 60 -64
effect on wine market, 64 -65
and landownership, 66 -70
and migration, 45 , 71 -72, 117 -66
politics and, 100 , 104 , 108
and work routines and working relations, 73 -75, 77 , 91 -93
Piquettes, 63
Political clubs or associations, 3 , 50 , 51 , 57 , 100 , 104 , 124 , 136 , 159 , 163 , 164
Political propaganda, 51 , 52 , 55 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 126 , 149 , 159
Political repression, 54 -55
Politics, 7 , 9 , 12 , 50 -59, 99 -13, 134 -37, 157 -59
and agricultural revolution, 39 -40, 50
and landownership, 17 -18, 42
and religion, 48
of skilled workers, 12 .
See also Elections; Radicals; Socialists
Popular associations, 3 , 40 , 41 , 62 , 106 , 120 , 136
Population, 43 , 44
decline, 43
growth, 12 , 28 , 43 -44, 71 , 72
makeup, 43 , 45 , 72
Le Populus, 52
Possibilists, 106
Pouget, Emile, 149
Pouzols, 128
Prices, 87 , 94 , 121
land, 26 , 67 , 69
wheat, 19 , 52
wine, 19 , 21 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 52 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 73 , 87 , 110 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 140 , 145 , 152 , 153 , 154
Privilège des bouilleurs de cru,65
Proletarianization:
gender differences in, 79 , 85 , 92 , 97 , 98
of vinedressers and small proprietors, 104 , 116 , 161 , 162
of vineyard workers, 3 , 5 , 6 , 70 -77, 120 , 140 , 166 , 168
Protestantism, 48
Protoindustry, 16 , 23 , 43 , 80
Protourbanization, 39 -59
Protourban village, 12 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 59
Proudhon, 55
Provence, 45 , 164
Pyrénées, 39
Pyrénées-Orientales, 7 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 130 , 139
Q
Quillan, 15 , 16 , 158
R
Radical Federation of the Aude, 111
Radicalism, 3 , 7 , 8 , 52 , 57 , 99 -113
of peasants and small vinegrowers, 2 , 58 , 98
and vineyard economy, 5 , 50 , 59
Radical programs, 58 , 99 -100, 108
Radical press, 100
Radicals, 3 , 5 , 7 , 99 -113, 163 , 164 , 166
in Chamber of Deputies, 58
and elections, 136 -37, 159
in government, 142 , 157
and strikes, 128
and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 145
Radical socialiste,110
Railroads:
and expansion of vineyards, 21 -22
nationalization of, 58 , 104 , 108
and national market, 55
rates, 63 , 65 , 100
and regional economy, 42 , 162
and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 142
Raissac, 101
Raôn l'Etape, 149 , 150
Ramonet, 17 , 33 , 73
Ramonette, 33 -34, 80 , 85
Raynal, Théodore, 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55
Reconstitution of vineyards, 62 -64
Rectification de tir,151 , 161
Religion, 1 , 3 , 45 -50
popular, 48 -49
and radical politics, 48
and vineyards, 48
Repression, 50 , 53 , 54 -56, 57 , 106 , 158 , 164
Le Républicain de Narbonne,100
Republican, 50 -59
and antirepublican, 103 , 110
candidates, 51
ideas, 51
moderates, 52 , 57 , 123
movement, 48 , 56 , 163
officials, 49 , 50 , 54 , 57 , 123
opposition, 50 , 55
political culture, 51
political press, 51
and radicals, 52 , 56 , 57
and republicanism, 5 , 50 -59, 100 , 163 , 164
rural politics, 38 , 50 -54, 56
secret societies, 55 , 163 , 164
tradition, 40
La République sociale,101 , 104 , 106
Revolutionary syndicalism, 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 99 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 137 , 162 , 165
collaboration with small vineyard owners, 132 -33
as ideology, 118 -19
and socialism, 134 -36
and unions, 114 -18, 119 -21
and violence, 127 -28
and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 142 .
See also Unions
Rieux-Minervois, 119
Right wing, 53 , 137
Rivals, Jules, 78
Rive-de-Gier, 2
Rouanet, Gustave, 103
Roubaix, 91 , 96 , 102
Rouen, 16
S
Sabotage, 127 -28, 131 , 149
Sagnes, Jean, 2 , 3 , 5 , 111 , 153 , 165
St-Chamond, 2 , 70
St-Jean de Barrau, 153
St-Laurent de la Carbrérisse, 149
St-Marcel, 101
St-Nazaire, 128
St-Simonian groups, 50
Sallèles, 128 , 129 , 130
Salles d'Aude, 26 , 51 , 101 , 108 , 119 , 128 , 129 , 133 , 136
Sarraut, Albert, 132 , 145 , 159
Scott, James C., 121
Scott, Joan W., 2
Second Empire, 21 , 36 , 47 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 163 , 164
Second Republic, 5 , 50 , 54 , 163
Secret societies, 55 , 101 , 120 , 163 , 164
Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), 135 , 136 , 146 -47
Sembat, Marcel, 135
Shorter, Edward, 3 , 121 , 131
Sigean, 106 , 136
Skilled work:
and agricultural revolution, 29 -32, 35 -36
and gender, 81 -82, 85
and landownership, 36
and reconstitution of vineyards, 62 -64, 73 -75
urban workers, 5 , 165
vineyard workers, 6 , 63 , 73 , 75 , 76 , 92 , 120 , 166
Small vineyard owners:
and phylloxera, 64 , 66 -67, 68 -70
and politics, 50 -55, 57 , 58 , 89 , 100 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 108 , 112 , 136 , 158 , 159
and proletarianization, 166
and strikes, 124 , 132 , 138
and unions, 116 , 120 , 126 , 134 , 151 , 161 , 166
and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 140 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 148
Smith, J. Harvey, 2 , 3 , 5 , 27 , 36 , 69 , 111 , 142 , 152 , 160 , 165 , 167
Socialism, 6 , 9 , 99 , 101 , 138 , 163 , 169
in the Aude, 7 , 8 , 12 , 61 , 99 , 100 -101, 103 , 109 , 112 , 114 , 159 , 164
and labor movement, 9 , 113 , 114 , 134 -37, 162 -63, 168 , 169 , 170
in the Var, 3 , 99 , 103 , 111 , 112 , 159
Socialist Federation of the Aude, 158
Socialists, 12 , 50 , 51 , 61 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 110 , 112 , 160 , 164 , 165 , 166
agrarian programs, 103 -6
alliance with radicals, 103 , 106 -8, 111 , 136
and artisans, 100 , 101 , 103 , 106 , 111 , 158
associations, 101
and CGV, 146 -47, 160
and elections, 8 , 103 , 106 -11, 134 -37, 157 -59
municipalities, 101 -2, 112
press, 101 -2
programs, 102 -3, 104 , 111
and rural workers, 7 , 101 , 102 , 103 -6, 110 -11, 112 , 113 , 138 , 140 , 158 -59, 169 -70
and small proprietors, 103 , 104 -6, 109 , 158 , 159 , 164
and syndicalists, 134 -37, 147 , 150 , 151 , 158 , 160 , 165
and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 140 , 141 , 146 , 147 , 157 , 159 , 160
Société nationale des agriculteurs de France, 60
Solidarity:
class, 7 , 32 , 137 , 138 , 167
community, 8 , 41 , 121 , 123 -34, 128
family, 123
labor, 7 , 75 , 83 , 92 , 112 , 119 , 120 , 124 , 129 , 156 , 166 , 167
political, 54
Sou au soldat,133 , 150
Standard of living, 45 -50, 79 , 87 , 94 , 131 , 151 -54
Strikes, 2 , 8 , 9 , 150 , 168 , 169
Bessan, 129
Canet, 125
community support in, 123 -24, 128 , 129
contracts, 119 , 125 , 129 , 137 , 154 , 157
Coursan, 122 -24, 125 , 127 , 129 , 130
Cuxac d'Aude, 129 , 130
demands,
7 , 75 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 132 , 137 , 138 , 152 , 154 , 156
and elections, 134 -37
Fleury, 125 , 127 , 128
and foreign workers, 117
Gard, 125 , 126
general strike of 1904-1905, 126 -34, 136 , 137
government and, 100 , 123 , 128 , 129 , 133 , 149 , 160
Hérault, 125 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 132
incidence of, 114 , 125 , 151 -54
Marcorignan, 128
the military and, 123 , 129 , 133 , 149 , 160
Mirepeisset, 128
Montredon, 129
of 1903, 114 , 125
of 1904, 117 , 122 -24, 125 , 127
of 1905, 125 , 129 , 131 , 140
of 1906, 125 , 131 , 140
of 1907, 125 , 148 , 149 , 152
of 1908, 148 , 153
of 1909, 153
of 1910, 153 , 154
of 1911, 153 , 154
of 1912, 150 , 153 , 154
of 1913, 153
of 1914, 153
outcomes of, 124 -25, 126 , 129 , 130 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 156 -57
Peyriac de Mer, 114
Pouzols, 128
Pyrénées-Orientales, 125 , 126 , 127 , 130
St-Nazaire, 128
Sallèles, 128 , 130
Salles d'Aude, 129
shape of, 152
solidarity, 123 -24
and standard of living, 151 -57
Ventenac d'Aude, 128
women and, 83 , 123 -24, 129 , 154 -57
workers' participation in, 118 , 125 -26, 127 , 130
Syndicat des cultivateurs et travailleurs de la terre de Coursan, 116 , 118 , 133 , 156
Syndicat des travailleurs de la terre de Narbonne, 135
T
Tariff, 22 , 65 , 100 , 103 , 104
Tarn, 33 , 34 , 45 , 72 , 170
Tax, 55 , 57 , 58 , 104 , 105 , 132 , 140 , 144 , 145
alcoholic beverage, 65
income, 52 , 100 , 103 , 108
land, 53 , 62 , 69 , 100 , 108
strike, 132 , 144
sugar, 63 , 144 , 145
wine, 52 , 53 , 100
Team labor, 33 , 75 , 92 , 120
Les Temps nouveaux,149
Terret, 32
Thézan, 158
Third Republic, 1 , 5 , 12 , 47 , 52 , 56 , 70 , 100 , 109 , 120 , 158 , 163
Tilly, Charles, 3 , 121 , 131
Tilly, Louise, 121
Tilly, Richard, 121
Toulon, 16
Toulouse, 2 , 22 , 42
Trade, 12 , 16 , 22 , 23 , 42 , 65 , 100
Transportation, 12 , 52 , 58 , 63 , 64
Travail à forfait (payment by the job), 123 , 124
Le Travailleur de la terre,12 , 126 , 142 , 149 , 150
Troyes, 102
Turrel, Adolphe, 68 , 108 , 110 , 111
U
Unemployment, 17 , 64 , 99 , 102 , 111 , 115 , 119 , 129 , 132 , 140 , 143
Union départementale des Syndicats ouvriers de l'Aude, 151
Unions, 2 , 7 , 8 , 114 -38, 140 , 143 , 169 , 170
activists, 12 , 119 , 125 , 126 , 138 , 142 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 155 , 166
and antielectoral position, 119 , 134 -36, 137 , 158
and Bourses du travail, 115 -16, 128
and CGT, 118 -19
and CGV, 146 , 147 -48
in Coursan, 116 -17, 118 , 122 -24, 128 , 130
and elections, 111 , 117 , 119 , 134 -37, 151 , 157 -58, 168
and foreign workers, 117
membership, 115 , 116 , 118 , 126 , 130 , 133 , 148 , 151
and minorité agissante,131 , 133 , 161
radicalization of (after 1907), 149 -51, 161
and small proprietors, 116 , 132 , 134 , 147 , 148 , 151 , 161
and socialists, 9 , 106 , 114 , 134 -37, 140 , 146 -48, 150 , 151 , 157 , 168
and state repression, 149 , 160
and women, 117 -18, 140 , 154 , 155 -57
and winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 140 , 142 , 143 , 146 , 147 -51, 161 .
See also Fédération des travailleurs agricoles du Midi: Syndicat des cultivateurs et travailleurs de la terre de Coursan
Union sacrée,150 , 160
Unskilled work, 34 -35, 72 , 73 , 74 , 81
Urban artisans, 6 , 8 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 73 , 76 , 87 , 103 , 163 , 165
V
Var, 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 99 , 103 , 111 , 112 , 159 , 164 , 169
Vaucluse, 61
Ventenac d'Aude, 128
Vergnes, Anastasie, 83 , 96
Vie chère protests, 153
Vignerons, 27 , 55 , 62 , 70 , 91 , 104 , 106 , 137 , 159 , 162 , 165
Villeneuve-St-Georges, 149
Vinassan, 67 , 101 , 119 , 128 , 129
Vinedressers, 40 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 114 , 137 , 151
and economic crisis, 60 , 61 -66, 70 -75, 99 , 139
and family, 91
geographic origins of, 46
and landownership, 27 -28, 31 , 68 -69
and marriage, 45
and politics, 39 , 51 , 55 -59, 100 , 112
and proletarianization, 6 , 70 -77, 104 , 166
as skilled workers, 35 , 73 , 92
and solidarity, 166
and technological changes, 31 -32, 166
and unionization, 65 , 140
and wages, 37 , 57 , 74
and working conditions, 35 -38
Vinedressing, 29 -32, 37 , 39 , 61 -64, 73
changes in techniques, 27 , 31 -32, 62 -63
Vines, 16 , 19 -23, 60 -64
chemical treatments, 31 , 62
diseases, 21 , 58 , 61 -63
income from, 19 , 36 , 61 .
See also Phylloxera; Vinedressing
Vineyard capitalism, 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 19 -29, 38 , 58 , 77 , 164
Vineyard expansion, 4 , 19 -29, 36 , 42 -45 passim, 67 , 75
and education, 47
and family, 87
and politics, 50 , 58 -59, 164
and religion, 48 -49
and women's work, 79 -81, 84 , 91 , 92 .
See also Agricultural revolution
Vineyard workers (journaliers, journalières ):
abstention of, 109 -11, 119 , 137 , 142 , 158
and antimilitarism, 128 , 133 , 149 -50, 157 , 158 , 160
and community celebrations, 41
and economic crisis (depression), 2 , 60 -77, 78 -98, 115 , 122 , 131 , 136
and family, 33 , 78 -98, 117 , 118 , 123 , 129 , 133 , 155 , 157
and geographic mobility, 45 , 71 -72, 117
and labor process, 30 -38
and landownership, 18 , 27 -29, 35 -37, 68 -69, 116 , 117 , 120 , 121 -34
and loss of control over work, 73 , 120 , 157 , 167
and marriage, 45 , 72
and politics, 7 , 40 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 -56, 57 , 58 , 73 , 99 , 101 , 104 -13, 134 -37, 149 -51, 157 -60, 168
and proletarianization, 6 , 9 , 12 -13, 70 -77, 79 , 85 , 91 , 92 , 97 -98, 116 , 120 , 140 , 161 , 162 , 166
standard of living, 49 -50, 79 , 87 -88, 91 , 93 -95, 121 , 154
and technological changes, 63 , 73 , 166
and unionization, 6 , 7 , 70 , 75 , 82 , 114 -38, 166 , 168 , 170
and wages, 43 , 57 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 83 -85, 87 -90, 93 -94, 114 -26 passim, 130 -32, 137 , 138 , 143 , 148 , 152 -54, 156 , 157 , 169
and working conditions, 35 -36, 63 , 70 -75, 85 , 100 , 115 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 125 , 127 , 130 , 137 , 166 , 169
W
Wages:
of children, 90 , 96 -97
during expansion years, 35 -37, 57
during phylloxera, 71
equal, for equal work, 118
in kind, 33 , 82
of men, 19 , 71 , 84 , 91
post-phylloxera, 73 -75
real, 152
and strikes, 121 -27, 130 -32, 153 -54
of unskilled workers, 72
of women, 19 , 79 -82, 83 , 84 , 85 , 87 , 92 -94, 118 , 155 -56
Weber, Eugen, 163 , 165
Willard, Claude, 111
Wine:
dealers, 42 , 64 , 68
market, 22 -23, 42 -43, 61 , 64 -66, 70 , 76
market depressions, 65 -70, 76 , 77
prices, 52 , 60 , 61 , 64 -65, 122 , 152 , 154
tariffs, 22 , 65 , 103
tax, 52 , 53 , 65
Winegrowers' revolt of 1907, 8 , 12 , 112 , 138 , 139 -49
CGV and, 145 -48, 150 , 151 , 160
interclass front, 140 , 143 , 146 , 147 , 150 , 161
and large proprietors, 142 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 150
and small vineyard owners, 140 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 148
socialists and, 140 , 141 , 146 -47, 157 , 159 , 160
and syndicalists, 142 , 143 , 146 , 147 -51, 161
and unions (FTAM), 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 146 -48, 149 -51, 160 -61
vineyard workers and, 141
women and, 140 , 141 , 143
Women, 33 -35, 41 , 108 , 143 , 144 , 165 , 168
in domestic economy, 3 , 6 , 78 -98, 157 , 167
proletarianization of, 85 , 91 , 92
in strikes, 3 , 57 , 79 , 83 , 123 -24, 127 , 129 , 141 , 154 -57
in unions, 117 -18, 123 , 140 , 141 , 154 -57
and wages, 19 , 84 -85, 89 -91, 117 , 123 , 156 , 157 , 167 .
See also Gender; Gender: division of labor; Strikes; Unions; Winegrowers' revolt of 1907
Workdays, 35 , 36 , 42 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 78 , 93 , 100 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 129 , 132 , 135 , 154
Working hours, 35 , 36 , 71 , 74
as strike demand, 7 , 123 -26, 130 -32, 137 , 154
of women, 84 , 114 , 169