War and Popular Culture "d0e16331"

― 415 ―

Index

A

Page references to illustrations are in italics.

A Ying (Qian Xingcun), 70 , 72 , 80 , 191 , 220

"Abandon the Civilian Life, Join the Army" (Ye Qianyu), 110 , 111, 112 , 275

"The Abandoned and Unorganized Masses" (Zhang Ding), 113

ACRAWA. See All-China Resistance Association of Writers and Artists

Actors. See Spoken drama troupes

Advertising revenue, 42 -43, 306 - 7n148

Ai Qing, 244 , 255 , 263 -64

Ai Siqi, 249

Air raids, 169

All-China Resistance Association of Writers and Artists (ACRAWA; Zhonghua quanguo wenyijie kangdi xiehui), 6 , 187 , 195 -96, 213

An E, 187 -88

Anti-Japanese Drama Companies (Kangdi yanjudui), 49 -50

"Anti-Japanese Mountain Song" (Chen Yiyuan), 210 -11

Anti-Japanese Three-Character Classic (Kang-Ri sanzi jing ):

of CCP, 253 -54;

of Lao Xiang, 205 -7, 340 n67

Army Diary (Congjun riji, Xie Bingying), 75

August First Drama Troupe (Bayi jutuan), 222

Autobiography of a Woman Soldier (Nübing zizhuan, Xie Bingying), 75

B

Bai Yunpeng, 199 , 207

Ban Chao, 217

Ban Chao Pacifies the Western Region (Ban Chao ding Xiyu, Xi Zhengyong), 217

Bao Tianxiao, 211 , 216

Battle of Taierzhuang (April 1938), 5 , 117 , 152 , 209 -10

Battle of the Nankou Pass (August 1937), 168 -69, 208 , 332 n69

Battlefield Cartoons (Zhandi manhua, Feng Zikai), 145

Battlefront Newspaper Supply Team (Zhandi baozhi gongyingdui), 161 -62

Begonia (Qiu Haitang, Qin Shouou), 277 -78

Beijing, 18 , 40

Beijing opera. See Traditional drama

Beijing Opera Propaganda Troupe (Pingju xuanchuandui), 89

― 416 ―

Beijingese. See Traditionalists

Beixin Bookstore, 18 , 282

"Beside the Marco Polo Bridge" (Fan Changjiang), 165

Bestial imagery: in cartoons, 100 , 101 , 106 , 131 , 322 n30

Big Blossom (Fuguihua), 199 , 207

The Biography of Qiu Jin (Qiu Jin zhuan, Xia Yan), 81

Bo Gu (Qin Bangxian), 246

"Bombing" (Feng Zikai), 101 , 104

Bookstores, 18 -19, 217 , 271 -72, 282 , 354 n7

"Border region culture" (bianqu wenhua ), 266 -67, 283 . See also Border regions

Border Region People's Press (Bianqu qunzhong bao),249

Border regions:

Communist newspapers in, 234 , 245 , 247 , 248 -49, 250 ;

joyful and idyllic perception of, 221 -22, 241 , 243 , 266 -68;

Mao's emphasis on, 224 -25;

Party opposition in, 268 -69;

peasant heroes of, 262 -64, 266 ;

rhetorical language in, 283 -84;

storytelling in, 259 ;

Three-Character Classics in, 253 -54;

"village culture" of, 266 -67, 283 ;

woodcuts' popularity in, 238 -39, 241 .

See also Masses

Brother and Sister Clear Wasteland (Xiongmei kaihuang),231 , 267

Bu Shaofu, 164 , 272

"Bumper Harvest" (Hua Junwu), 237 -38

The Butcher (Tuhu, Xiong Foxi), 52

C

Cai Ruohong:

Western influence on, 35 , 37 , 100 , 304 n113-15;

in Yan'an cartoon campaign, 234 -37;

and Yan'an Talks, 237 , 347 n74

Callot, Jacques, 97

Cantonese opera, 90 . See also Traditional drama

Cao Bohan, 132 , 218

Cao Juren, 133 , 151 , 155

Cao Yu, 26 , 297 n22

Capturing Bai Jianwu Alive (Huozhuo Bai Jianwu),216 -17

Carlton Theater (Kaerdeng xiyuan), 27

Cartoon Association (Manhua hui), 30 -31

Cartooning Methods (Manhua de miaofa, Feng Zikai), 137

Cartoonists:

female, 113 , 116 ;

individual style of, 32 ;

in propaganda campaigns, 94 -96, 320 n7;

societies for, 30 -31, 34 , 93 -94, 301 n79;

wartime role of, 116 , 132

Cartoons (manhua ):

artistic recognition of, 31 , 38 , 39 , 124 ;

bestial imagery in, 100 , 101 , 106 , 131 , 322 n30;

citizenry's role in, 110 , 112 -13;

Communist, 234 -38;

critical of GMD, 97 , 120 -21, 124 , 237 -38;

defined, 28 -29, 129 , 300 n60, 301 n76;

erotic, 34 -35;

of Feng Zikai, 100 -101, 137 , 138 -39, 141 , 144 -45, 148 -50;

guerrilla warfare in, 117 ;

hanjian in, 107 , 110 ;

images appropriate for, 99 -100, 320 -21n18;

Japanese in, 100 , 101 , 106 -7, 112 , 131 , 148 ;

magazines of, 29 -30, 31 , 32 , 135 , 302 n84, 325 n100;

New Art Movement in, 124 -25;

in newspapers, 28 , 39 , 300 nn63, 64 ;

production and dissemination of, 96 -97;

as propaganda tool, 9 -10, 120 , 130 -31, 133 , 135 -36;

sinification of, 126 , 127 -28;

soldiers in, 116 -17;

and traditional art, 29 , 125 , 128 , 301 n71;

and Western cartoons, 98 -99;

Western influence on, 29 , 35 -39, 97 -99, 125 -26, 303 n101, 304 n115, 305 nn125, 127 ;

women warriors in, 113 , 116 , 322 nn39, 40 ;

woodcuts for, 96 , 241

― 417 ―

Cartoons on Japan's Invasion of China (Manhua Riben qin Hua shi, Feng Zikai), 140

"The Cat Kingdom" (Liao Bingxiong), 124

CCP (Chinese Communist Party):

border-region culture of, 221 -22, 266 -67;

cartoon campaign of, 234 -38;

as cultural arbiter, 229 -30, 237 ;

folk songs of, 255 -58, 351 n149;

GMD attacks by, 232 , 247 , 258 , 261 ;

ideological concerns of, 224 -25, 226 , 228 ;

intelligentsia's opposition to, 268 -69;

language politicized by, 10 -11, 249 , 250 -53, 283 , 284 ;

peasant heroes of, 262 -64, 266 , 353 n183;

popular culture campaign of, 4 , 13 -14, 215 -16, 221 -22, 269 , 279 ;

in second united front, 6 , 117 , 120 ;

storytelling reform by, 258 , 259 , 261 -62;

street poetry of, 254 -55;

Three Character Classics of, 253 -54;

woodcuts of, 241 , 243 -44.

See also Communist drama movement; Communist newspapers; Mao Zedong

Censorship:

of dramas, 61 , 68 , 84 , 88 ;

of newspapers, 42 , 171 , 172 , 177 , 179

Central Daily (Zhongyang ribao),183 -84, 185 , 234

Chahua nü,19

Changsha, 85 , 89 , 136

Chen, Jack (Chen Yifan), 36 , 233

Chen Baichen, 25

Chen Bosheng, 168

Chen Cheng, 50 , 341 n79

Chen Lifu, 215

Chen Liting, 57 , 58

Chen Shaoyu (Wang Ming), 6 , 225 , 246

Chen Wangdao, 31

Chen Yanqiao, 240

Chen Yi, 247

Chen Yifan (Jack Chen), 36 , 233

Chen Yiyuan, 210 -11, 218 , 278

Chen Yunshang, 72

Cheng Shewo:

newspapers of, 175 -77, 334 n114;

on the press, 151 , 162 , 173 , 181 , 185 , 281 ;

training program of, 45

Cheng Yanqiu, 23

Chiang Kai-shek. See Jiang Jieshi

China Traveling Drama Troupe (Zhongguo lüxing jutuan), 26 , 27

Chinese Communist Party. See CCP

Chinese press law (1937), 171

Chinese Young Journalists Society (CYJS; Zhongguo qingnian xinwen jizhe xuehui), 45 , 161 , 163 -64, 308 n168

Chongqing, 5 , 85 , 185 . See also GMD

Christian missionaries, 207

Christian Science Monitor,233

Chu opera (Chuju ), 89 , 90 . See also Traditional drama

"The City of Hanyang in Flames" (Zigang), 154

"Civilized plays" (wenmingxi). See Spoken drama

"Classic for Women" ("Nü'er jing," Lao She), 200

Clausewitz, Carl von, 271

"Close Resemblance" (Hua Junwu), 238

"Collecting Winter Clothing" ("Mu hanyi," Lao Xiang), 203 -4, 206 , 219

Collection of Street Essays (Jietou ji, Qu Qiubai), 273 , 355 n21

Comic strips (lianhuantu ), 244

Commander Hao Mengling Dies a Hero's Death (Hao Mengling kangdi xunguo), 216

"Commemorating the Spirit of the Yuanyuan Studio" (Feng Zikai), 140

Commemoration plays (yishiju ), 55 -56. See also Spoken drama

The Common Folk (Laobaixing),179 -80

Communist cartoon campaign, 234 -38

― 418 ―

Communist drama movement:

clubs of, 228 -29;

foreign plays of, 224 -27;

opera reform by, 232 -33;

Edgar Snow on, 223 ;

training in, 227 ;

Yan'an Talks on, 229 -30;

yangge reform by, 230 -32, 345 nn36, 42 .

D

Dagong bao (L'Impartial ):

circulation of, 40 ;

conflict at, 171 -72, 333 n91;

editions of, 183 ;

editorial policy of, 46 , 245 ;

relocation of, 180 , 185

Dagu. See Drum songs

La dame aux camélias (Dumas fils ), 19

Daumier, Honoré, 29 , 35 , 125 , 127

Davis, Natalie, 7

December Ninth Incident of 1935, 59

Defend the Marco Polo Bridge (Baowei Lugouqiao),2 , 291 n2

Deng Tuo, 248

Dianshi Studio Pictorial (Dianshizhai huabao),28

"The Difficulty of Writing Popular Literature" (Lao She), 197 -98

Ding Cong (Xiao Ding), 96 , 97 , 117 , 120 , 127

Ding Li, 235

Ding Ling, 86 , 228 , 268 , 269 , 280 , 281

Ding Song, 30

Dingxian movement, 51 -52, 202 , 230 , 345 n36

Dingxian yangge xuan (Dingxian Plantation Songs ), 230

Disabled Soldiers Vocational Training Center (Rongyu junren zhiye xunliansuo), 213

The Disasters of War (Goya), 36 , 97 , 148

"A Divorce Suit" (Gu Yuan), 243 -44, 244

A Doll's House (Ibsen), 22

Drama (Xiju),24

Drama Times (Xiju shidai),281

Driven up Mt. Liang (Bi shang Liangshan),233

The Drum Singers (Gushu yiren, Lao She), 207

Drum songs (dagu ):

Beijing, 340 -41n74;

of Lao She, 199 -201;

origin of, 340 n73;

by private sector, 216 -17;

themes of, 208 -10.

See also Folk songs; Storytelling;Yangge

Dumas fils, 19

― 419 ―

E

"Eastern Pirate's Specialty" (Cai Ruohong), 101 , 105

Eastman, Lloyd, 215

Education:

Dingxian campaign on, 51 -52, 202 , 230 , 345 n36;

by GMD, 215 ;

journalism, 44 -45, 183 , 308 n163

Eighteen Society (Yiba yishe), 240

Eighth Route Army, 6

"The Eighth Route Army Helps the People at the Wheat Harvest" (Wo Zha), 241 , 242

Elshtain, Jean B., 77

Empress Wu (Wu Zetian, Song Zhidi), 65

"Emulate Wu Manyou" (Gu Yuan), 264 , 265

Erotic cartoons (seqing manhua ), 34 -35. See also Cartoons

F

Fan Changjiang:

background of, 156 -57, 329 n17;

battlefield reports of, 157 -58, 330 nn20, 21 ;

and Dagong bao,171 -72, 333 n91;

on GMD, 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 ;

on journalism profession, 44 , 45 , 48 , 163 , 164 ;

on local newspapers, 182 -83, 185 -86, 280 , 281 ;

on medical care, 170 ;

patriotic style of, 159 -60, 167 , 172 -73;

on soldiers, 155 -56;

on war, 272 ;

writing skills of, 164 -65

Fang Bai, 193

Fang Xiang, 239

Fanshen (freeing oneself, standing up, turning over):

as rhetoric, 251 , 252 -53, 284 .

See also Language

Favorsky, Vladimir A., 240

"Feeding on Blood" (Cai Ruohong), 100 , 103,321 n22

Fei Xiaotong, 268

Female resistance symbols:

courtesans as, 67 -68;

of Guo Moruo, 315 n90;

in historical plays, 64 ;

Hua Mulan as, 72 -74;

as male idealization, 78 ;

Pan Jinlian as, 65 -66;

in The Peach Blossom Fan,68 -70;

political significance of, 75 -76;

publications about, 315 -16n96;

in Sorrow for the Fall of the Ming,70 -72;

warriors as, 70 -71, 72 , 77 , 113 , 116 , 322 nn39, 40 .

See also Women

Feng Yingzi, 181

Feng Yuxiang, 133 , 195 , 198 , 202 , 216 , 274 , 338 n27

Feng Zikai:

artistic contributions of, 136 -37, 326 nn103, 106 ;

on cartoons, 31 , 99 , 144 ;

on children, 137 , 326 nn108, 110 ;

on Hua Mulan, 113 , 115,322 n40;

humanism of, 143 -44, 145 , 148 -50;

manhua term of, 28 , 300 n60;

mother/child separation theme of, 100 -101, 103 ;

prewar cartoons of, 138 -39;

wartime commitment of, 140 -41

Film industry, 13 , 26 , 27 -28, 72 , 294 n27, 294 -95n28, 295 -96n8, 299 n49

First National Cartoon Exhibition (1936), 32 , 34 , 96

First Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region Labor Hero Meeting (1943), 266 , 353 n183

Fitzpatrick, Daniel, 99 , 107 , 303 n101, 305 n128, 320 n16

Five Hundred Soldiers Die Martyrs' Deaths at Xifengkou (Wubai dadaodui zhansi Xifengkou),216

A Flower in a Sinful Sea (Niehai hua, Zeng Pu), 67

Folk literature (minjian wenyi ):

as popular literature, 189 , 190 , 191 -92.

See also Popular literature and art

Folk songs:

Communist use of, 255 -58, 351 n149;

of Feng Yuxiang, 195 ;

GMD dissemination of, 213 -14;

of Lao Xiang, 203 -4;

in newspapers, 178 ;

reform of, 210 -12;

in songbooks, 191 ; types of, 256 , 351 n149.

See also Drum songs; Storytelling; Yangge

― 420 ―

Foreign plays: debate over, 224 -27

"The Four-Season Production Song," 258

Fourth Road (Fuzhou Road), 18 -19

French Revolution: rhetoric of, 249 -50

"From the Pool of Blood Grows the Flower of Freedom" (Feng Zikai), 141

Fu Shaofang (pseud. Potato), 199 , 207

Fu Shu'ai (pseud. Big Blossom), 199 , 207

Fudan University, 44

Fumimaro, Konoe, 106

Furet, François, 249 -50

G

Gans, Herbert, 12

Gao Longsheng, 107 , 110

Gao Minfu, 261

Gao Qifeng, 322 n30

Gao Tian, 161 -62, 166

Gao Yongchang, 261

Ge Nenniang (A Ying), 70 -72

Ge Yihong, 281

Geertz, Clifford, 11 -12, 293 n22

Germany, 107

Gillray, James, 29

GMD (Guomindang):

in battle of Shanghai, 4 -5, 15 ;

and Cartoon Propaganda Corps, 95 ;

cartoonists' criticism of, 97 , 121 , 124 , 237 -38;

censorship by, 42 , 61 , 68 , 84 , 88 , 171 , 172 , 177 , 179 ;

Communist attacks on, 232 , 247 , 258 , 261 ;

drama reform by, 89 ;

literature dissemination by, 213 -14;

newspapers of, 183 -84;

popular culture campaign of, 13 , 215 -16, 269 , 278 -79;

and press decentralization, 184 -85;

reporters' criticism of, 168 -69, 170 -71, 179 ;

in second united front, 6 , 117 , 120 ;

and Southern Ming, 84 -85;

suspicious of masses, 170 -71, 214 -15;

war's impact on, 1 -2, 6 -7, 291 n1;

wartime policies of, 169 -71

Gold Theater (Huangjin daxiyuan), 27

Goya, Francisco de, 35 , 36 , 97 , 128

The Greatest Event in Life (Zhongshen dashi, Hu Shi), 20 , 22

Gropper, William, 129

Grosz, George, 35 , 37 , 125

Gu Jiegang, 191 -92, 193 -94, 216 , 273

Gu Yuan, 240 , 241 , 243 -44, 264

Guan Dexing (pseud. Xin Liangjiu), 90 , 319 n156

Guan Shanyue, 128

Guangweiran (Zhang Guangnian), 56 , 60

Guangxi Daily (Guangxi ribao),183 , 185

Guangxi province, 182 -83

Guangzhou, 4 , 19 , 40 , 96 , 135 , 234

Guerrilla warfare, 117

"Guerrillas" (Liao Bingxiong), 117

Guilin, 85 , 95 , 96 , 135 , 145 , 234

Guizhou province, 184

Guo Moruo, 6 , 65 , 83 , 84 , 95 , 215 , 272 , 273 , 315 n90, 354 -55n10

Guomindang. See GMD

H

Half-Angle Cartoons (Banjiao manhua),32

Han opera (Hanju ), 89 , 90 . See also Traditional drama

Han Qixiang, 254 , 259 -60, 261 , 262

Hangzhou Reporters Association (Hangzhou jizhe gonghui), 45

Hanjian (traitors), 107 , 110

Hankou, 4 , 23 , 40 , 95 , 184 , 187 , 195 , 196

Hanyang, 4 , 154

He Qifang, 257

He Rong, 196 , 198 , 203 , 218 , 219

Hinterland (houfang),279 . See also Masses

Hinton, William, 251

Historical plays (lishiju ):

audience reaction to, 76 -77;

courtesans in, 67 -68;

female resistance symbols in, 64 -67, 315 n90;

growth of,

― 421 ―

84 , 318 n128;

historicity debate over, 79 -80, 81 -82, 317 nn109, 115 ;

on Hua Mulan, 72 -74, 315 n89;

nationalism of, 71 , 74 , 76 , 82 -83;

The Peach Blossom Fan,68 -70;

and realist plays, 82 -84;

Sorrow for the Fall of the Ming,70 -72;

as urban phenomenon, 85 -86.

See also Spoken drama

Hogarth, William, 29

Hokusai, 35 , 300 n60

Hong Kong, 96 , 302 n84

Hong Shen, 25 -26, 54 , 87 , 174 , 281 , 298 n39

"How Come I Still Haven't Met an Eighth Route Army Soldier?" (Ding Cong), 117 , 122

"How Wonderful Is the Setting Sun" (Feng Zikai), 138 , 139

Hu Jiwei, 249

Hu Kao, 94 , 96 , 130 , 131 , 222 , 235

Hu Lanqi, 75

Hu Lin, 46

Hu Shi, 20 , 21 , 22

Hu Yichuan, 240

Hu Zhengzhi, 46 , 168 , 180

Hua Junwu, 234 , 235 , 236 -37, 241

Hua Mulan:

authenticity of, 317 n115;

Feng Zikai on, 113 , 322 n40;

in historical plays, 72 -74, 315 n89;

significance of, 77 , 78 ;

traits of, 70

Hua Mulan (Zhou Yibai), 73 -74

Huaju. See Spoken drama

Huang Mao, 38 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 131 , 139

Huang Miaozi, 129 , 135

Huang Shaogu, 215

Huang Shiying, 126

Huang Wennong, 29 , 127

Huang Xuchu, 183

Huang Yanpei, 233

Huang Yao, 302 n86

Huang Yuansheng, 46 , 308 n170

Huang Zhenxia, 151

Hunan Opera Propaganda Troupe (Xiangju xuanchuandui), 89

Husband and Wife Learn to Read (Fuqi shizi, Ma Ke), 231 , 252 -53

I

"I Am No. 6 in the World" (Zhang E), 236

Ibsen, Henrik, 20 , 22

Images: defined, 9 . See also Symbols

Independent Cartoons (Duli manhua),29 , 31

"The Instinct for Life" (Feng Zikai), 144 , 146,149

Institute of Journalism (Xinwenxue yanjiuhui), 44

Intellectuals:

cartoonists on, 116 ;

as cultural agents, 3 , 12 -13, 219 , 229 , 255 , 281 ;

in drama debate, 86 -88;

drama reform by, 89 -90;

on hanjian,107 , 110 ;

participatory role of, 274 -75;

Party opposition by, 268 -69;

in popular literature debate, 187 -88, 190 -94, 220 ;

and the press, 42 , 43 ;

rural fascination by, 279 -80;

as social critics, 168 ;

in storytelling campaign, 258 , 261 -62;

on War of Resistance, 271 -73;

writing difficulties of, 197 -98

International Faction, 225 , 246

J

Jade Blood Flower (Bixue hua, A Ying), 70 -72

Japanese:

at battle of Shanghai, 4 , 15 ;

as cartoon influence, 35 ;

in cartoons, 100 , 101 , 106 -7, 112 , 131 , 148 ;

and Manchus, 85 ;

at Marco Polo Bridge, 1 , 2 ;

at Nanjing, 5 , 291 -92n9;

at Nankou Pass, 168 -69;

wartime atrocities by, 106 , 107 , 270 ;

in woodcuts, 241

"Japanese People Under the Oppression of the [Japanese] Warlords" (Hu Kao), 235

"Japanese Soldiers' Bestiality" (Hu Kao), 101 , 104

Jia Zhi, 256

Jiang Feng, 235 , 240

Jiang Feng (Nanhai Shisanlang), 90

― 422 ―

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), 4 -5, 7 , 171 , 232 , 238

Jiang Qi, 84

Jiangxi province, 184

Jiangxi Soviet period, 222 , 234 , 251 , 256

Jietou (street):

connotation of, 273 -74, 355 n22.

See also Language

Jin Shan, 49

Ji'nan Drama Club (Ji'nan jushe), 27

Ji'nan University, 27

Joan of Arc, 9 , 78 , 83

Journalism (Xinwen xuekan),45

Journalism Quarterly (Baoxue jikan),45 , 175

Journalists. See Reporters

"Journey to the West" ("Xiyou manji," Zhang Guangyu), 121

Journeys on the Frontier (Saishang xing, Fan Changjiang), 157

Judd, Ellen R., 262

K

Kaiming Bookstore, 18 , 271 , 282

Ke Zhongping, 228 , 254

"Killing Contest" (Li Keran), 100 , 102

Klinger, Max, 241

Kollwitz, Käthe, 35 , 36 -37, 97 , 127 , 240 , 243 , 304 n109

Kong Shangren, 68 , 70

Kuaiban format, 200 -201. See also Drum songs

Kuriyagawa Hakuson, 129

L

Langer, Susanne, 60

Language:

of newspapers, 178 -80, 248 , 249 , 250 -51;

political function of, 10 -11, 251 -53, 276 , 283 -84;

Qu Quibai on, 273 , 355 n21;

in spoken drama, 54 ;

of war correspondents, 160 , 161 , 162 -63, 166 -67

Lao She (Shu Qingchun):

artistry of, 201 , 219 ;

background of, 196 ;

on popular literature, 187 , 188 , 189 , 197 -98, 201 ;

rhetoric of, 10 ;

works of, 194 -95, 199 -200

Lao Xiang (Wang Xiangchen):

Anti-Japanese Three-Character Classic of, 205 -7, 340 n67;

artistry of, 219 ;

children's songs by, 203 -4;

on dissemination, 218 ;

on Li Zongren, 209 -10, 341 n79;

on popular literature, 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 192 -93;

rural involvement by, 201 -2

The Last Stratagem (Zuihou yi ji ),61 , 313 n56

Lay Down Your Whip (Fangxia nide bianzi, Chen Liting), 8 , 57 -61, 311 n35, 311 -12n40, 312 n49

League of Left-Wing Dramatists (Zuoyi jutuan lianmeng), 26 , 81

League of Left-Wing Writers, 51 , 273

"Learning from Wu Manyou Movement," 263 -64, 266 , 353 n183

"Let the Blood of the Martyrs Nourish the Flower of Freedom" (Feng Zikai), 141 , 142

"Let the Gunfire of National Salvation Smash This Pair of Shackles" (Yu Feng), 116 , 118

"Let's Change into New Uniform" (Ye Qianyu), 116 , 119,274 -75

"Let's Hand the Enemy an Even More Deadly Blow Following the Victory in Southern Shandong" (Liang Baibo), 112 , 114

Li Bozhao, 344 n24

Li Furen, 179 -80

Li Hua, 36 , 240

Li Ji, 256 , 257

Li Jiefu, 235

Li Keran, 100

Li Liewen, 42

Li Qun, 240

Li Shaoyan, 241

Li Shutong, 19 , 137

Li Xiangjun (symbol), 68 -70

Li Zongren, 5 , 209 -10, 341 n79

Liang Baibo, 113

Liang Hongyu (symbol), 70 , 75

Liang Qichao, 28 , 46 , 308 n170

Liang Shiqiu, 277 , 356 n32

― 423 ―

Liao Bingxiong, 19 , 99 , 110 , 127 -28, 130 , 132

Liberation Daily (Jiefang ribao),235 , 245 -47, 249 , 263 , 264 , 266

Life Bookstore (Shenghuo shudian), 217 , 282

Life Daily (Shenghuo ribao),178

Life of the Masses (Dazhong shenghuo),178

Life Weekly (Shenghuo zhoukan),177

Lin Shan, 261

Lin Shu, 20

Lin Yutang, 47

Link, Perry, 17

"Liping's Distress" ("Liping de fannao," Mo Ye), 268 -69

Literary supplements (fukan ), 27 , 42

Literature and Art Attack (Wenyi tuji ),251

Literature Monthly (Wenxue yuebao ), 27

"Little Teahouse" (Sa Kongliao, ed.), 177

Liu Baoquan, 199 , 207 -8

Liu E, 207

Liu Fu, 189 , 198

Liu Nianqu, 60

Liu Qun, 218

Liu Ruming, 168 -69, 332 n69

Liu Shi, 178 , 181 -82, 220 , 273

Liu Xinhuang, 215

Liu Yazi, 80 , 317 n109

Liu Zhiren, 230 , 262

Liu Zhuzhou, 153 , 166

Liu Zunqi, 166

"Living for Vengeance" (Ye Qianyu), 101 , 105

Living plays (shenghuoju ), 82 . See also Realist plays

Local newspapers (difang baozhi ), 181 -86. See also Newspapers

Low, David, 35 , 37 -38, 107 , 117 , 304 n118

Löwenthal, Rudolf, 40 , 44 -45, 174

Lu Dingyi, 245 , 264

Lu Shaofei, 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 112 , 129 , 135 , 302 n86

Lu Xun, 31 , 34 , 36 -37, 129 , 240 , 304 n108, 347 -48n80

Lu Xun Academy of Art (Lu Xun yishu xueyuan; Luyi), 227 , 235 , 240 , 257 , 346 n62

Lu Yi, 151 , 152 , 163 , 167

Lu Zhixiang, 37 , 95 , 110

Luyi (Lu Xun Academy of Art), 227 , 240 , 257

Luyi's Work Team (Luyi gongzuotuan), 232

M

Ma Ke, 231 , 252

Ma Yanxiang, 88 , 90

Magazines: cartoon, 29 -30, 31 , 32 , 135 , 302 n84, 325 n100; popular literature, 196 , 202 -3. See also Newspapers

Manchurian Incident (September 1931), 8

Manchus, 20 , 84 -85. See also Qing dynasty

Mao Dun, 24 , 79 -80, 81 , 304 n108

Mao Zedong:

guerrilla warfare of, 117 ;

on newspapers, 245 -46, 247 , 248 ;

rural-based revolution of, 224 -25, 282 -83;

and second united front, 6 ;

on sinification of Marxism, 225 -26;

socialist rhetoric of, 283 -84;

on Yan'an cartoons, 235 -37;

Yan'an Talks of, 229 -30, 345 n32

March to the Front (Shang qianxian),61

"Marching to the Western Front" (Fan Changjiang), 165

Marco Polo Bridge Incident (7 July 1937), 1 , 2

Marxism: sinification of, 225 -26

Masereel, Frans, 240

Mass Education Movement. See Dingxian movement

Masses (qunzhong ):

as actors, 52 , 54 -55;

as audience, 54 -55, 56 , 57 , 60 -61, 76 -77;

cartoons for, 99 -100, 112 -13, 131 -33, 135 -36;

Communist focus on, 4 , 227 , 228 -29, 246 , 248 -49, 284 ;

― 424 ―

Masses (qunzhong ) (continued )

cultural forms of, 192 -93;

drama dissemination to, 49 -50, 51 -54, 228 -29, 281 ;

education of, 201 ;

GMD policies on, 170 -71, 214 -15;

illiteracy of, 16 , 51 , 53 ;

intellectuals and, 12 -13, 219 , 229 , 255 , 274 -75, 281 ;

language politicized for, 249 -51;

Mao Zedong on, 224 -25, 282 -83;

as news source, 165 , 166 ;

newspaper distribution to, 174 -75;

newspaper popularization for, 47 -48, 161 , 175 , 177 -80, 246 , 248 ;

newspapers localized for, 181 -83;

as peasant heroes, 263 -64, 266 , 353 n183;

as political rhetoric, 284 ;

popular culture crusades for, 212 -13;

popular literature for, 187 -89, 213 -14, 218 -19;

romantic attachment to, 279 -81;

traditional dramas impacting, 90 -91;

yangge dances of, 230 .

See also Border regions

Matthews, Herbert, 152

Mauldin, Bill, 116

May Fourth era, 21 -22, 65 , 76 , 97 , 275

Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 254

"Measuring Land" (Niu Wen), 241 , 243

Media. See Newspapers

Medical care: wartime, 170

Mei Lanfang, 23

Meng Qiujiang. See Qiujiang

"Meng Xiangying Turns Over" ("Meng Xiangying fanshen," Zhao Shuli), 252

Miscellaneous Essays in the Army (Junzhong suibi, Xie Bingying), 75

"Mr. Wang" ("Wang xiansheng," Ye Qianyu), 32 , 33 , 110 , 112 , 275 , 302 n86

Mrs. Warren's Profession (Shaw), 23

MK Woodcut Study Association (MK muke yanjiuhui), 240

Mo Ye, 268 -69

Modern Cartoons (Shidai manhua),19 , 29 , 31 , 129

"Modern Decoration" (Hua Junwu), 236

Modern Times (Xiandai),27

Mopping Up News (Saodang bao),183

"Mosquito newspapers" (xiaobao ), 41 -42, 177 . See also Newspapers

Mt. Taihang Drama Club (Taihangshan jutuan), 228

"Mouse Bribery" (Liao Bingxiong), 123 , 124

"The Movement to Unite Journalism and Journalists in the New Era" (Fan Changjiang), 182

Mowrer, Edgar A., 63

Mu Mutian, 3 , 341 n76

Mulan Joins the Army (Mulan congjun, Ouyang Yuqian), 72 -73, 74

N

NAAME (National Association for the Advancement of Mass Education), 51 , 217

Nanjing, 5 , 94 , 176

Nanjing Massacre (December 1937), 5 , 100 , 291 -92n9

Nankai School Drama Club, 26

Nankou Pass, Battle of (August 1937), 168 -69, 332 n69

Nash, Vernon, 44 , 174

The Nation Above All (Guojia zhishang, Lao She and Song Zhidi), 195

National Association for the Advancement of Mass Education (NAAME; Zhonghua pingmin jiaoyu cujinhui), 51 , 217

National Association of Chinese Cartoonists (Zhonghua quanguo manhua zuojia xiehui), 34 , 96

"National Day Festival Woodcut Show" (October 1942), 267

National Mobilizers Pictorial (Guojia zongdongyuan huabao),135 , 325 n100

― 425 ―

National Salvation Cartoon Propaganda Corps (Jiuwang manhua xuanchuandui), 94 -95

National Salvation Cartoons (Jiuwang manhua),93

National Salvation Daily,234 , 320 n14

National Spiritual Mobilization Movement, 215

Nationalism: jietou as, 274 ; sinification of Marxism as, 226

Nationalists. See GMD

"A Nazi Soldier" (Zhang E), 107

"New Art Movement" (Xin meishu yundong ), 125 -26. See also Cartoons

New China Daily,184 , 235 , 241 , 247 , 346 -47n66

New Fourth Army, 6 , 241 , 244

New Fourth Army Incident (January 1941), 6 , 84 , 237

"New opera" (xingeju ), 232 . See also Yangge

"New plays" (xinju ). See Spoken drama

New Year pictures (nianhua ), 191 , 244

New York Times,17

News (Xinwen bao),40 , 41 , 43

Newspaper plays (huobaoju ), 56 , 311 n28. See also Spoken drama

Newspapers:

advertising in, 42 -43, 306 -7n148;

cartoons in, 28 , 39 , 300 nn63, 64 ;

censorship of, 42 , 171 , 172 , 177 , 179 ;

of Cheng Shewo, 175 -77, 334 n114;

circulation of, 152 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 184 , 328 n8, 336 n146;

Communist, 234 , 241 , 244 -51, 349 n105;

cost of, 176 ;

decentralization of, 10 , 175 , 180 , 183 -84;

GMD, 183 -84;

"guerrilla," 162 ;

hometown coverage by, 152 , 328 n7;

improvements to, 41 , 306 n137;

language popularized in, 178 -80, 248 , 249 , 250 -51;

literary supplements to, 27 , 42 ; local, 181 -86;

as mass-oriented, 176 -78;

modern growth of, 39 -40;

mosquito, 41 -42, 177 ;

and national development, 173 -74;

objectivity of, 44 , 45 -46;

problems for, 184 -85;

as propaganda tool, 39 , 47 -48, 151 , 155 , 162 , 166 , 305 n129; tabloid, 176 -77, 184 ;

traditional, 46 -47, 160 -61;

training at, 45 , 183 ;

wall, 218 ;

war correspondents of, 151 , 153 ;

wartime reporting by, 152 -56, 160 , 161 -62, 165 -67;

Western influence on, 28 .

See also Reporters

"Newsreels and Newspapers" (Hong Shen), 174

Nie Rongzhen, 225

Night Talk in Suzhou (Suzhou yehua, Tian Han), 25

Nine-Power Pact, 106

The 1908 Pictorial (Wushen quannian huabao),28

Nineteenth Route Army, 169

Niu Wen, 241 , 243

Northern Expedition (1927), 74 -75

The Northwest Corner of China (Zhongguo de xibei jiao, Fan Changjiang), 156 -57, 161 , 164 , 169

Northwest Front Service Corps (Xibei zhandi fuwutuan), 228

O

"Ode to the War of Resistance" (Guo Moruo), 272

Old Poems in New Paintings (Gushi xinhua, Feng Zikai), 138

Orphan Island (Gudao), 181

"Outflanking the Enemy at the Nankou Pass" (Qiujiang), 158 , 169

Ouyang Yuqian:

as drama reformist, 19 , 21 -22, 24 , 87 , 91 , 193 ;

folk songs of, 211 ;

on Guan Dexing, 90 ;

in historicity debate, 79 , 80 -81, 82 -83;

Hua Mulan play of, 72 -73;

Pan Jinlian by, 65 -66, 81 ;

The Peach Blossom Fan by, 68 -70

― 426 ―

Ozouf, Mona, 250

P

Paine, Robert, 252

Paintings on the Preservation of Life (Husheng huaji, Feng Zikai), 137 , 143 -44

Pan Gongzhan, 84

Pan Jinlian (Ouyang Yuqian), 65 -66, 81

"'Paper Bullets' Can Also Annihilate the Enemy" (Cheng Shewo), 151 , 181

Papercuts (jianzhi ), 244

Parade plays (youxingju ), 55 . See also Spoken drama

"The Pass at Juyong" ("Juyongguan," Zhao Jingshen), 208

"The Pass at Pingxing" ("Pingxingguan," Zhao Jingshen), 208 -9

Passin, Herbert, 174

The Peach Blossom Fan (Taohua shan, Ouyang Yuqian), 68 -70

"Peasant Resistance" series ("Nongmin kangzhan congshu"), 217

Peasants. See Masses

Peng Zigang (Zigang), 151 , 154 , 155

People's Drama Society (Minzhong xijushe), 20 , 24

People's Literature and Art (Dazhong wenyi),251

Personal Essays and Cartoons (Xiaopinwen he manhua),31

The Philosophy of Old Zhang (Lao Zhang de zhexue, Lao She), 194

"Picture storytelling" (jiehua ), 96 -97. See also Cartoons

Pingxing Pass: in drum song, 208 -9

Plauen, E.O., 235

Pocock, J. G.A., 250

Poetry, 101 , 254 -55

Political culture: defined, 12

Popular literature and art (tongsu wenyi ):

defined, 190 ;

difficulty of writing, 197 -98;

folk literature as, 189 , 190 , 191 -92;

intellectual debate on, 187 -88, 220 ;

of Lao She, 196 , 199 -201;

of Lao Xiang, 201 -2, 203 -6;

merits of, 191 , 192 -93, 196 -97;

performance effect of, 199 ;

politicization of, 276 -78;

as poor quality, 190 -91, 193 , 219 , 277 ;

private publishers of, 216 -17;

Q

Qian Xingcun. See A Ying

Qin Bangxian (Bo Gu), 246

Qin Liangyu (symbol), 70

Qin Shouou, 277

Qing dynasty, 20 , 29 . See also Manchus

"Qingdao, Shandong province" (Shen Bochen), 97 , 98

Qiujiang (Meng Qiujiang), 151 , 158 , 164 , 167 , 169 , 170

Qu Junong, 202

Qu Qiubai, 51 , 198 , 273 -74, 355 n21

Qu Yuan (Guo Moruo), 84

― 427 ―

R

Radio stations, 174 . See also Newspapers

Raemaekers, Louis, 97

A Reader for Propaganda Techniques (Xuanchuan jishu duben, Cao Bohan), 218

Realist plays (xianshiju ), 79 , 82 -84. See also Historical plays; Spoken drama

"Recover Lost Territory" (Zhang Ding), 116 , 119

Rectification Campaign (Zhengfeng ), 222 , 224 , 237 , 246 , 269

Red Army, 6

"Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan" (1927, Mao Zedong), 234

Reporter (Xinwen jizhe),45 , 163 , 164 , 183

Reporters:

critical of GMD, 168 -69, 170 -71, 179 ;

language of, 160 , 161 , 162 -63, 166 -67;

lowly image of, 43 -44;

on newspaper decentralization, 175 ;

perils of, 153 , 180 -81;

professionalization of, 44 -45, 164 -66, 172 , 183 , 308 n163;

as social critics, 167 -68;

society for, 45 , 163 -64;

on traditional journalism, 46 -48;

as war correspondents, 151 -53;

wartime dispatches by, 153 -56, 160 , 161 -62, 165 -67;

women as, 155 . See also Fan Changjiang; Newspapers

Resistance Cartoons,95 , 97 , 135

Resistance War Daily (Kangzhan ribao),247 -48

Resisting Till the End (Kang dao di),196 , 202 -3, 205 , 338 n29

"The Resounding Victory in Southern Shandong" ("Lunan dasheng," Lao Xiang), 209 -10

Return to the South (Nan gui, Tian Han), 25

"The Reunion of Liu Qiao" ("Liu Qiao tuanyuan," Han Qixiang), 260 , 352 n162

"A Rich Man's Air-Raid Shelter" (Ye Qianyu), 120

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms,190 , 192 , 207 , 208

Rural culture forms:

described, 11 ;

and popular culture, 189 , 190 , 191 -92;

storytelling, 258 -62;

traditional attachment to, 279 -81.

See also Drum songs; Folk songs; Popular literature and art; Yangge

Rural masses. See Masses

Russell, William Howard, 152

S

Sa Kongliao, 177

"A Sacred Handshake" (Cai Ruohong), 117 , 120 , 122

Sai Jinhua (Xia Yan), 67 -68

St. John's University, 44

"San Mao" (Zhang Leping), 32 , 302 n88

San si yi (Three, Four, One, Lao She), 199

Sanjiiang hao (Lü Fu, Shu Qiang, Wang Yi, and Xu Zhiqiao), 61 , 313 n55

Schechner, Richard, 57

Schiller, Johann, 21

Schramm, Wilbur, 173 -74

Scott, A. C., 27

Scott, Joan, 75

Second united front, 6 , 117 , 120

Selected Folk Songs of Northern Shaanxi (Shaanbei min'ge xuan),257

"September Eighteenth Melody" ("Jiuyiba xiaodiao"), 59 , 60 , 211

Seven Women in the Tempest (Baofengyu zhong de qige nüxing, Tian Han), 27

Sha Ding, 280

Sha Kefu, 227 , 229 , 266 -67

Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, 224 , 253 -54, 259 . See also Border regions

Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region Popular Drama Troupe (Bianqu minzhong jutuan), 228

― 428 ―

Shandong province, 97 , 207

Shanghai:

battle of, 4 -5, 15 ;

as cartoon center, 29 -31, 32 , 34 ;

female dancers in, 296 n14;

film industry in, 27 -28;

new drama in, 24 , 26 , 27 ;

newspapers in, 40 -41;

as popular culture center, 17 , 18 -19, 295 -96n8, 296 n13;

population of, 16 -17

Shanghai in Cartoons (Manhua Shanghai),34

Shanghai National Salvation Cartoon Association (Shanghai manhuajie jiuwang xiehui), 93 -94

Shanghai News (Shen bao ), 40 , 41 , 43 , 47 , 152 , 306 -7n148

Shanghai Punch (Shanghai poke ), 29

Shanghai Reporters Club (Shanghai xinwen jizhe lianhuanhui), 45

Shanghai Theater Circle National Salvation Association (Shanghai xijujie jiuwang xiehui), 49

Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Daily (Jin-Cha-Ji ribao),248

Shanxi province, 184 , 250

Shanxi Provincial Sacrifice and National Salvation Alliance (Shanxi xisheng jiuguo tongmenghui), 212

Shanxi-Suiyuan Daily (Jin-Sui ribao ), 247 -48

Shao Lizi, 163

Shao Piaoping, 44

"Sharing Equal Responsibility" (Liang Baibo), 113 , 116 , 118

Shen bao. See Shanghai News

Shen Bochen, 29 , 35 , 97 , 127

Shen Congwen, 194 , 277

Shen Yiqian, 132

Shen Zhenhuang, 126 , 133

Shi Yan, 162 , 165 , 166

Shu Qingchun. See Lao She

Shu Yan, 84

Shuntianyou ("follow-heavenroam"), 256 -57, 351 n149.

See also Folk songs

Silang Visits His Mother (Silang tan mu),87 -88

Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945. See War of Resistance

"A Small Swallow" ("Xiao yanzi," Lao Xiang), 204 , 219

Smashing Little Japan (Da xiao Riben),213 -14

Smedley, Agnes, 226 , 304 n108

Snow, Edgar, 44 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 223 , 330 n20

"The Social Phenomenon" (Ding Cong), 120 , 127

Social Welfare (Yishi bao),40 , 43

Soldiers:

popular literature for, 187 -88;

wartime depiction of, 116 -17, 155 -56

Song Chungfang, 21 -22

Song of Righteousness (Zhengqi ge, Wu Zuguang), 81

Song Zhidi, 49 , 65 , 195

"Songs of Turning Over" ("Fanshen ge," Tian Jian), 252

Sorrow for the Fall of the Ming (Mingmo yihen, A Ying), 70 -72

South China Art Institute (Nanguo yishu xueyuan), 25

South China Fortnightly (Nanguo banyuekan),24

South China Society (Nanguo she), 24

Southern Ming, 84 -85

The Spirit of Freedom (Ziyou hun, Xia Yan), 81

Spoken drama (huaju ):

associations for, 19 , 24 -25, 26 , 49 -50;

audience participation in, 54 -55, 56 , 57 , 60 -61, 76 -77;

censorship of, 61 , 68 , 84 ;

dialects in, 54 ;

educational role of, 20 -21, 51 -52, 62 -63;

and film industry, 26 , 27 -28, 299 n49;

forms of, 55 -56;

historicity debate over, 79 -80, 81 -82;

origin of term, 24 , 298 n39;

patriotic symbols of, 9 , 70 , 75 ;

published articles on, 27 ;

as realist plays, 79 , 82 -84;

rural dissemination of, 49 -50, 51 -54, 228 -29, 281 ;

rural rejection of, 52 -54;

as street plays, 56 -57,

― 429 ―

59 -60, 61 -64;

ticket prices for, 26 , 298 -99n48;

and traditional drama, 21 -22;

in urban areas, 23 -24, 26 ;

Western influence on, 19 -20, 21 , 226 -27, 297 nn21, 22 .

See also Communist drama movement; Historical plays; Traditional drama

Spoken drama troupes:

Communist, 228 -29;

and GMD, 215 ;

growth of, 50 , 309 nn3, 4 ;

hazards for, 61 -62;

1929 tour of, 25 ;

organization of, 49 -50;

peasants in, 52 , 54 -55;

in schools, 27 ;

in Shanghai, 26 ;

and traditional drama troupes, 89 -91;

unified mission of, 62 -63

Spring Festival couplets (chunlian ), 218

Spring Willow Society (Chunliu she), 19

Stand-up Journal (Li bao),176 -77, 334 n114

Stanislavsky System, 227

Stein, Gunther, 233

The Story of Yang E (Yang E zhuan, A Ying), 72

The Story of Yue Fei,190

Storytelling, 258 -62. See also Drum songs; Folk songs; Yangge

Storytelling Group (Shuoshu zu), 259 , 262

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 19

Street Essays (Jietou wentan, Xu Maoyong), 273

Street plays (jietouju ):

as educational tool, 62 -63;

flexibility of, 59 -60;

hazards of, 61 -62;

Lay Down Your Whip,57 -61, 311 n35, 311 -12n40, 312 n49;

popularity of, 56 -57, 61 ;

rural acceptance of, 63 -64.

See also Spoken drama

Street poetry, 254 -55

Street Talks (Jietou jianghua, Liu Shi), 273

"The Strength of the Armed People" (Lu Shaofei), 112 , 114

"Struggle" (Li Shaoyan), 241

The Struggle of Shanghai's Journalists (Zhao Junhao), 153

Sun Fuyuan, 202

"Surges of National Resistance" (Cat Ruohong), 120 , 123

Symbols, 9 , 64 , 293 n18

Szyk, Arthur, 99

T

Tabloids (xiaoxing bao ), 176 -77, 184 .

See also Newspapers

Taierzhuang, Battle of (April 1938), 5 , 117 , 152 , 209 -10

Taipings, 207

Takehisa Yumeji, 35 , 137

"Talks at the Yan' an Forum on Literature and Art." See "Yan' an Talks"

Tang Enbo, 169

Tang Huaiqiu, 26

Tang Tao, 82 , 85

Taylor, George, 52

Te Wei, 35 , 38 , 94 , 95 , 110 , 126

Teahouse plays (chaguanju ), 55 .

See also Spoken drama

"Thirteen Months" ("Shisan yue"), 211

Three Attacks at Zhu Mansion (San da Zhujiazhuang),233 -34

Three-Character Classic (Sanzi jing),205 -6, 207 , 253

Three Households Publishing House (Sanhu tushu yinshuashe), 216

Three Man Satirical Cartoon Show (Sanren fengci manhua zhan), 236

Three Rebellious Women (Sange panni de nüxing, Guo Moruo), 65

Tian Han:

as drama reformist, 24 -25, 89 , 91 , 193 ;

in historicity debate, 79 ;

on peasant actors, 55 ;

on traditional forms, 86 -87, 187 , 188

Tian Jian, 252 , 254 , 256

Tian Jin, 84 , 318 n128

Tian Qin, 195

Tianjin, 16 , 40

― 430 ―

Tianjin Cartoons (Tianjin manhua ), 32

Traditional drama:

audience acceptance of, 23 , 90 -91;

characteristics of, 87 -88;

intellectual debate on, 21 -22, 86 -87;

reform of, 89 -90, 91 -92, 233 -34;

troupes, 89 -91.

See also Communist drama movement; Historical plays; Spoken drama

Traditionalists:

in art, 125 , 128 ;

newspaper, 46 -47, 160 -61;

popular culture view of, 8 , 18

Traitors (hanjian),107 , 110

The Travels of Lao Can (Lao Can youji, Liu E), 207

Treaty of Nanjing (1842), 16

Treaty ports: characteristics of, 16 -17, 295 n5. See also Shanghai

Turner, Victor, 12 , 64 , 76

U

"Unbearable" (Zhang Ding), 107 , 109

Uncle Tom's Cabin (Stowe), 19 -20

Under Shanghai Eaves (Shanghai wuyan xia, Xia Yan), 82

"Unfettered Talk" ("Ziyou tan"), 27 , 42

United Resistance (Quanmin kangzhan),179

"The Unofficial History of Little Chen in Nanjing" ("Xiao Chen liu Jing waishi," Ye Qianyu), 32

Urban culture forms:

controversy over, 7 -8;

described, 9 -10;

as propaganda tool, 15 -16;

revised for masses, 275 -76, 279 , 280 -81;

rise of, 17 ;

rural dissemination of, 3 -4, 6 , 12 -13.

See also Cartoons; Newspapers; Popular literature and art; Spoken drama

V

Vercingétorix, 83

Vichy, 15 , 78 , 83

"Village literature and art" (xiang-cun wenyi),266 , 283 .

See also Border regions

"A Volunteer" (Tian Jian), 254 -55

W

Wall newspapers (bibao),218 . See also Newspapers

Wall paintings (qianghua),244

Wang Dunqing, 30 , 31 , 34 -35, 93 , 130 , 301 n79

"Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang" (Li Ji), 256 -57

Wang Jingwei, 5 , 110 , 153 , 181

Wang Liaoyi (Wang Li), 277

Wang Ming (Chen Shaoyu), 6 , 225 , 246

Wang Pingling, 187 ,188 , 189 -90

Wang Qi, 36

Wang Shiwei, 268 , 269

Wang Tao, 28

Wang Xiangchen. See Lao Xiang

"Wang Xiao Drives a Donkey" ("Wang Xiao gan lü," Lao She), 199 -200, 207 , 208 , 219

Wang Ying, 13 , 18 , 312 n49

Wang Youyou, 24

Wang Yunsheng, 333 n91

"War and Flower" (Feng Zikai), 149 -50

War correspondents (zhandi jizhe). See Reporters

War dispatches:

of Fan Changjiang, 157 -60,161 , 167 , 172 -73, 330 nn20, 21 ;

objectivity of, 166 -67;

Edgar Snow on, 163 , 164 , 165 ;

soldiers in, 155 -56;

sources for, 165 -66;

themes and format of, 153 -54.

See also Reporters

War of Resistance:

cartoon images of, 97 -98, 100 -101, 106 -7, 112 -13, 116 -17, 120 , 131 , 148 ;

casualties in, 270 ;

and cultural decentralization, 180 -81, 281 -82;

cultural study of, 12 , 293 -94n25;

drama movement of, 49 -51;

drum songs of, 208 -10;

female symbols of, 64 -65, 66 -66, 75 -78;

Feng Zikai on 136 , 140 -41, 148 ;

film industry during, 13 , 27 -28, 294 n27, 294 -95n28;

folk songs of, 210 -12;

GMD in, 1 -2, 6 -7, 169 -71,

― 431 ―

291 n1;

Guo Moruo on, 272 , 273 , 354 -55n10;

against hanjian,107 , 110 ;

intellectuals on, 271 -73;

New Art Movement of, 124 -25;

newspaper stories on, 152 -53, 154 -56, 160 ;

propaganda's importance to, 8 -9;

rural orientation of, 279 , 280 -81;

and Southern Ming, 84 -85;

traditional drama's use in, 86 , 90 -91;

unification fostered by, 2 -3, 6 , 15 , 117 ;

war correspondents of, 151 ;

women in, 78 ;

woodcut movement of, 238 -39;

Zheng Zhenduo on, 271 -72

War of Resistance (Kangzhan),179

"The Warlock 'Leader'" (Zhang Ding), 238 , 239

"Warriors at Taierzhuang" (Te Wei), 117 , 121

Wartime Dramatist Class in Hankou (Liu Han geju yanyuan zhanshi jiangxiban), 89

The Water Margin (Shuihu zhuan),65 , 66 , 191 , 207 , 233

Wen Xiangshuan, 266

Wen Yiduo, 255

Western influence:

on cartoons, 29 , 35 -39, 97 -99, 125 -26, 303 n101, 304 n115, 305 nn125, 127 ;

on drama, 19 -20, 21 , 226 -27, 297 nn21, 22 ;

on figure drawing, 127 ;

on press, 28 ;

and sinification, 126 , 127 ;

on woodcuts, 240

White, Theodore, 169

The White General (Grosz), 37

The White-haired Girl (Baimaonü),232

Williams, Walter, 44 , 307 n158

Wo Zha, 240 , 241

Women:

in cartoons, 113 , 116 , 322 n39;

nontraditional images of, 65 , 66 -67, 314 n72;

under socialism, 268 -69;

as war correspondents, 155 ;

wartime experience of, 77 -78, 316 n101.

See also Female resistance symbols

Women Generals of the Yang Family (Yangmen nüjiang),66

Woodcuts:

background of, 239 -40;

"Emulate Wu Manyou," 264 ;

Lu Xun's influence on, 36 -37, 240 , 347 -48n80;

optimism of, 243 -44;

popularity of, 238 -39;

as propaganda tool, 235 , 240 -41, 243 , 267 , 346 -47n66;

and woodcut cartoons, 96 , 241

Workers and Peasants ThreeCharacter Classic (Gong nong sanzi jing), 253

World Bookstore (Shijie shuju), 18

World Daily News (Shijie ribao),45 , 175 -76

World Evening News (Shijie wanbao),175

Wu Dingchang, 46

Wu Manyou, 263 , 264 , 266

"Wu Manyou" (Ai Qing), 263 -64

Wu Woyao, 19

Wu Youru, 28

Wu Zuguang, 81

Wu Zuxiang, 280

Wuchang, 4 , 95

Wuhan, 4 , 5 , 95

X

Xi Zhengyong, 217

Xia Yan, 26 , 67 , 68 , 81 -82

Xi'an, 96 , 179 , 180

Xiang Linbing, 219

Xiang Peiliang, 86

Xiao Ding (Ding Cong), 96 , 97 , 117 , 120 ,127

Xiao Fang, 165 , 169 , 170 -71

Xiao Qian, 20 , 133

Xiao Tongzi, 163

Xie Bingying 74 -75

Xie Liuyi, 165 , 178

Xinbo, 130

Xinwen bao (News),40 , 41 , 43

Xiong Foxi, 23 , 24 , 51 -52, 86 , 217 , 273 ,310 n8

Xu Baohuang, 43

Xu Beihong, 128 , 239 , 240 , 312 n49

Xu Maoyong, 273

Xu Ying, 151

― 432 ―

Xuan Wenjie, 94 -95

Y

Yan Yangchu (James Yen), 51 , 202 , 217

Yan' an era (1937-1947), 221 -22.

See also CCP; Communist drama movement; Communist newspapers; Mao Zedong

"Yan' an Talks," 229 -30, 236 , 237 , 345 n32

Yang Chaochen, 266

Yang Cunbin, 75 , 217

Yang E (symbol), 70

Yang Gang, 155

Yang Shengfu, 261

Yangge (rice-sprout songs):

Communist reform of, 230 -32, 345 nn36, 42 ;

disadvantages of, 258 -59;

fanshen in, 252 -53;

folk songs in, 256 ;

popularity of, 233 -34;

youngsters in, 262 .

See also Drum songs; Folk songs; Storytelling

Yangzi Fishermen's Songs ( Jiang Han yuge, Tian Han), 87

Yanjing University, 44

Ye Qianyu:

on cartoons, 127 , 135 ;

"Mr.Wang"by,32 ,33 ,110 , 112 , 302 n86;

professional affiliations of, 30 , 94 ;

as Resistance participant, 274 -75;

on Wu Youru, 28

Ye Yinquan, 302 n84

Yefu (Zheng Yefu), 240

The Yellow Mud (Huangtu ni, Lao Xiang), 201 -2

Yen, James (Yan Yangchu), 51 , 202 , 217

Yishi bao. See Social Welfare

Yu Feng, 96 , 116

Yu Ling, 49 , 79

Yue Fei, 64

Yunnan province, 184

Z

Zang Kejia, 3 , 273

Zeng Pu, 67

Zeng Xiaogu, 19

Zeng Xubai, 166 -67, 306 n137

Zhang Chuyuan, 266

Zhang Daofan, 340 n67

Zhang Ding, 37 , 94 -95, 106 , 107

Zhang E, 34 , 107 ,135 , 235 , 236 -37

Zhang Geng, 82 , 224 , 225 , 227 , 231

Zhang Guangnian (Guangweiran), 56 ,60

Zhang Guangyu, 30 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 39 , 127 ,305 n127

Zhang Jiluan, 46 , 167 -68, 171 -72, 180 , 183

Zhang Leping, 32 , 94 , 95 , 101 , 302 n88

Zhang Shanzi, 128 , 322 n30

Zhang Wang, 241

Zhang Wenyuan, 96

Zhang Youluan, 165

"Zhang Yulan Participates in the Election" ("Zhang Yulan canjia xuanjuhui," Han Qixiang), 260 -61

Zhao Dan, 13 , 49

Zhao Jingshen, 208 , 210 , 341 n81

Zhao Junhao, 42 , 153

Zhao Shuli, 252

Zhao Wangyun, 132 -33, 203 , 280

Zhao Zhankui, 266

Zhao Ziyue (Lao She), 194

Zhejiang province, 184

Zheng Boqi, 190 -91

Zheng Junli, 49

Zheng Zhenduo, 24 , 271 -72, 354 n7

Zhong Wancai, 232

Zhong Wancai Starting from Scratch (Zhong Wancai qijia),232 , 256 , 262

Zhonghua Bookstore, 19

Zhou Enlai, 26 , 172 , 247 , 267

Zhou Erfu, 259 , 262

Zhou Gangming, 54

Zhou Li'an, 85

Zhou Libo, 226 -27

Zhou Shoujuan, 42

Zhou Xinfang, 66

Zhou Yan, 279

Zhou Yang, 232 , 247

Zhou Yibai, 73

Zhou Zuoren, 21 , 189 , 193 , 197

Zigang (Peng Zigang), 151 , 154 , 155

Zou Taofen, 175 , 177 -78, 179