INDEX

A

Abdul Kahar bin Bador, 3

Abdullah, Dato (Sediaraja), 110 -113, 150 , 353 n.13;

and reform, 112 -113, 146 -147, 273 , 320 , 353 n.12

Aborigines:

economic relations with, 131 , 357 n.11;

and Malacca Sultanate, 343 n.1;

Malay perceptions of, 115 , 116 , 322 ;

relations of, with Minangkabau, 17 -18, 76

Adat (perpatih), 10 , 18 , 20 -21, 343 -344 n.2;

and adat temenggong, 28 , 297 -298;

British policies toward, 102 -104;

change in concept of, 102 -104, 319 -325;

controversy in Rembau, 120 -127;

crisis in Bogang, 218 , 303 -319, 341 ;

debts, 81 , 82 ;

fulfilling, 58 -59;

and Islam, 104 -105, 108 -109, 114 , 119 -127, 144 -148, 322 -325, 351 -352 n.29;

Japanese soldiers and, 115 -116;

knowledge of, 242 -243, 246 , 324 ;

local explanations of, 296 -298;

money, 59 , 245 ;

and mythic origins, 72 -73;

outsiders' view of, 242 ;

and Undang, 35 -36

Adoption, formal:

ceremonies of, 23 ;

clan recruitment through, 21 -24, 173 , 226 ;

by Undang, 204 , 221 , 222

Adoption, informal:

author's, xvii -xviii ;

female enates and, 230 ;

functions of, 213 , 232 ;

and descent-group segmentation, 337 ;

in Hill lineage, 213 -217;

and household composition and residence, 197 , 347 -348 n.3;

and lineage (branch), 215 , 217 , 330 , 331 -332;

in new hamlet, 227 -228;

siblingship and, 331 ;

women and, 202

Affines, 41 , 71 -72, 259 -265;

and Bogang's adat crisis, 311 -312, 313 , 315 , 316 ;

and divorce, 258 -259;

relations of, in new hamlet, 229 ;

relations of, in old hamlet, 261 -265;

tensions among, 253 -254, 336 . See also Divorce; Marriage; Men: affinal relations

Afterbirth, burial of, 50 -51, 53 , 348 n.6

Agriculture. See Cash-cropping; Coffee; Gambier; Rice; Rice cultivation; Rubber; Tapioca

Akwapim, 339

al-Ghazali, 264 -265

Anak buah, 38

Associations, voluntary, 112 -113

Authority, in Hill lineage, 210

A. Wahab Alwee, 3 , 5 , 149 , 283

B

Bali, 209 , 358 n.3

Bandar, Dato, 111 , 130

Batang tuboh, 63 , 64

Bauer, P. T., 152 , 153 -154

Bayar niat, 321

von Benda-Beckmann, Franz, 344 n.3, 350 n.24

Berpuar, 113 -114, 159 , 273 -274, 320

Biduanda Dagang. See Clan, Biduanda Dagang; Clan(s)

Big men, in Bogang's adat crisis, 307 , 312 -314. See also Zakariah

Biras, 229 , 262 -265;

in Bogang's adat crisis, 311 -312, 315 -316, 319

Bloch, Maurice, 333

Bogang:

identification with, 192 -194;

map of, 220 ;

population of, xvi , 198 ;

river, 160 , 220

Bohannan, Paul, 361 n.3

Boserup, Ester, 302

Britain:

imposes colonial rule, 97 -98;

perceptions of Malays by, 140 . See also British policies

British policies:

and adat, 102 -104;

and

British policies

adat and Islam, 107 , 144 -146, 147 , 275 -276;

and Chinese, 140 , 142 -144;

contradictions in, 140 ;

economic, 129 , 130 , 142 -148, 152 -153;

educational, 101 , 111 -112. See also Inheritance: colonialism and changes in; Property

Brothers:

antagonisms among, 29 , 40 -41;

in Bogang's adat crisis, 315 -316;

elder, and role of husband, 295 ;

in Islam, 264 -265, 325 , 341 -342;

in-law, 262 , 311 -312, 313 , 319 ;

and politics, 217 -218;

relations of, with sisters, 201 , 218 -219, 244 -245, 269 , 298 ;

and structural equivalence, 8 -9, 217 -218;

structural importance of ties among, 8 . See also Biras; Siblingship

Buginese, 97

Burridge, Kenelm, 9

C

Caldecott, Andrew, 145

Cash, in local economy, 175 -176, 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 -186, 187 -189. See also Rubber

Cash-cropping, 130 , 133 -134, 136 -137, 157 , 354 n.2. See also Rubber

Central Bantu, 335

Charian laki-bini:

changes in devolution of, 109 , 137 -138, 146 -147, 149 -150, 286 ;

in nineteenth century, 77 -78, 83 -88. See also Inheritance; Paternal provisioning; Property

Children:

attitudes toward, 199 , 294 -295;

divorce and concerns with, 253 -254;

"medicine," 184 ;

money from, 182 , 183 ;

property rights of, strengthened, 137 -138, 150 , 280 -281. See also Adoption, formal; Adoption, informal; Inheritance; Paternal provisioning; Property

Chinese:

British policies toward, 140 , 142 -144;

in commercial development of Negeri Sembilan, 95 -96, 97 , 99 -100, 112 , 129 , 130 -131, 133 ;

and Emergency, 117 , 118 ;

and Japanese Occupation, 115 , 116 ;

in local economy, 141 -142, 179 -180, 191 , 271 -272;

population in Negeri Sembilan, 131 , 132 ;

relations between Malays and, 114 -115, 116 -117, 118 , 131 , 133 ;

selling durian to, 185 , 268

Citizenship, village, idioms of, 185 -186

Clan, Biduanda Dagang, 24 , 25 , 27 , 358 n.7;

divorce in, 257 ;

and marriage with Javanese, 222 -223, 257 ;

settlement, 204 , 220 , 221 -223;

and siblingship with Hill lineage, 204 , 222 . See also Clan(s)

Clan, Lelahmaharaja, 24 -25, 32 -35;

settlement, 220 , 223 -225. See also Adat: crisis in Bogang; Clan(s); Lineage, Hill

Clan, Sediaraja, 24 , 25 , 32 , 33 ;

settlement, 220 , 225 . See also Clan(s)

Clan chiefs, 35 , 36 , 37 ;

in Bogang's adat crisis, 304 , 308 , 310 -311, 316 ;

in colonial bureaucracy, 100 -101;

and development of Islam, 106 -107;

in Rembau's adat controversy, 121 -122

Clan councils, 31 -32, 36 -37

Clan(s), 19 , 24 , 345 n.4;

affiliation, 20 , 226 ;

alignment, 24 -28;

commoner, 24 , 26 -28;

gentry, 24 -26, 32 -35, 76 , 225 ;

gentry privileges, 26 , 36 , 101 ;

recruitment, 21 -22, 23 -24. See also Clan, Biduanda Dagang; Clan, Lelahmaharaja; Clan, Sediaraja

Clan subchiefs, 35 , 36 , 37 , 207 , 246 . See also Adat: crisis in Bogang; Ibrahim

Climate, 158 , 160 , 164 , 167 -168

Coffee:

acreage in Negeri Sembilan, 140 ;

cultivation, 135 ;

shops, 200 -201, 203 , 220

Collector of Land Revenue, 98 -99, 100 , 142 . See also British policies

Communist Party, Malayan, 104 , 117 , 118

Consumer goods, 133 , 175 -176, 189 , 271 -272

Courts:

British, 99 , 100 , 101 ;

indigenous, 99 , 102 , 103

Curers. See Dukun

Customary savings, 18 , 20 -21, 35 , 71 -72, 83 , 85 , 87 , 323 -324, 343 n.2

Customary Tenure Enactment:

of 1909, 142 -143, 144 -145;

of 1926, 121 , 122 -123, 142 , 144 -145, 146

D

Dakwah, 325

Daughters, moral obligations to, 294 -295. See also Inheritance; Property

Death:

burial and funerary rituals and, 63 -64, 67 ;

dissolution of marriage due to, 237 ;

of spouse and distribution of conjugal property, 85 -88. See also Marriage; Property

Debts, ancestral, 81 , 82

Deforestation, 158 , 159 -161

DeMoubray, G. A., 350 n.24

Depression, 151 -152

Descent:

in anthropological literature on Negeri Sembilan, 3 -5;

anthropological notion of, 333 -334;

and descent-group segmentation, 337 ;

local importance of, 225 -226;

and siblingship, xix , 4 -5, 8 -9, 326 -328, 329 , 333 -335, 337 -342;

and siblingship in Bogang's adat crisis, 315 -316;

units, alignment of, 24 -28;

units in Bogang, settlement of, 219 , 220 . See also Brothers; Clan(s); Enates; Inheritance; Lineage; Matriliny; Property; Siblingship; Sisters

Divorce:

consequences of, 74 , 250 -251, 359 n.5;

decline of, 258 -259;

distribution and frequency of, 236 , 251 , 254 -257;

and distribution of jointly acquired property, 83 , 85 ;

factors contributing to, 72 , 251 , 252 -259;

matriliny and, 359 -360 n.8;

as percentage of terminated marriages, 237 ;

process of, 251 -252;

and remarriage, 57 , 68 -69, 235 ;

women initiating, 122 , 251 -252, 359 n.6

Douglas, Mary, 300 , 338 , 340

Dukun, 182 , 183 , 184 , 272 -273, 357 n.9

Durian, 184 -185, 268 -269, 367 n.10

Dutch, 94 -95

E

Ecological change, 158 -162, 167 , 168

Economy:

boundaries of sectors in traditional, 267 -273;

and cash remittances, 182 , 183 ;

cash transactions in, 180 , 182 , 268 ;

decline of rural, 182 ;

and development of precolonial commercial networks, 94 -97;

and process of commoditization, 267 -270. See also British policies: economic; Cash; Durian; Income, household; Inheritance; Labor; Land; Property; Rice; Rice cultivation; Rubber; Tin mining

Education, 101 , 110 , 111 -112, 167 , 250

Elite:

affinal control and traditional political, 41 , 72 ;

in Bogang, 154 , 182 , 186 ;

Islamic reform and political, 105 -106, 110 , 113 -114, 120 , 323 ;

Malayan Union and Malay, 118 -119;

privileges of traditional, 272 -273;

sociocultural change and political, 96 , 109 , 120 -127, 128 -133, 135 -136, 146 -147. See also Clan chiefs; Clan subchiefs; Lineage: heads; Lineage, Hill; Undang; Yang diPertuan Besar

Embree, John, 6

Emergency, the, 104 , 117 -118

Enates:

decline of cooperation and exchange among female, 172 ;

defined, 19 ;

divorce and bonds among, 258 -259;

erosion of rights shared among, 137 -138;

new hamlet and attenuated ties among, 226 -228, 229 ;

residential proximity of, 203 -204, 210 , 219 -221, 300 -301;

residual rights vested in, 76 , 77 , 78 . See also Brothers; Clan(s); Descent; Inheritance; Kinship; Labor; Land; Lineage; Lineage branch(es); Matriliny; Siblingship; Sisters

Engels, Frederick, 302

Etoro, 332 , 333 -334

Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 9

Exchange:

Bogang's adat crisis and affinal, 304 -305, 316 -318;

demise of reciprocal, 158 ;

of dodol, 61 , 62 -63, 64 , 66 -67, 69 ;

female predominance in, 47 -48, 61 , 62 -64, 301 ;

of food, 48 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 -63, 64 , 66 -67, 69 , 185 , 211 ;

intralineage labor, 211 , 330 ;

nineteenth-century affinal, 58 -64, 65 , 66 -69;

twentieth-century affinal, 243 , 245 , 246 -247, 248 -249. See also Labor

F

Fathers, and fatherhood, 72 -76. See also Inheritance; Men; Paternal provisioning; Property

Feasts:

biras and, 262 -263;

engagement, 58 ;

female enates and, 230 ;

funeral, 63 ;

Hill lineage and, 211 -213;

marriage, 60 -62, 166 , 167 , 247 , 248 , 249 ;

politics and, 212 , 246 ;

sisters and, 230 . See also Adat: crisis in Bogang; Marriage

Females. See Women

Fences, 205 -206

Fett, Ione, 361 n.6

Filipinos, 7

Fishing, decline of freshwater, 157 -158, 159

Flannery, Kent, 282

Fortes, Meyer, 9

Fruit. See Durian

Funerary rituals, 63 -64, 67

G

Gambier, 140

Geertz, Clifford, 209 , 358 n.3, 362 n.2

Geertz, Hildred, 209 , 358 n.3

Gender:

constructs of, 72 -76, 200 -203, 252 -253;

ideology and autonomy of

Gender

women, 298 -302;

inheritance and constructs of, 202 , 294 -298;

kinship terminology and, 49 ;

siblingship and, 339 -340. See also Ineest; Labor: sexual division of; Men; Sexual impropriety; Women

Genealogy:

knowledge of, 207 -209;

revision of, 222 -223

Gluckman, Max, 359 -360 n.8

Gold, acquisition and conveyance of, 270 -271. See also Marriage: gold

Goodenough, Ward, 196 , 350 n.24

Goody, Jack, 302

Green Revolution. See Rice cultivation

H

Hamlet:

Bogang's new, 192 , 220 , 226 -230;

Bogang's old, 220 , 221 -226;

married men and affinal relations in old, 261 -265;

married men in new, 259 -261;

new and old compared, 260 -261

Hamzah, 304 -315

Harta dapatan:

marriage and declaration of, 59 ;

overview of nineteenth-century, 83 -85, 88 ;

reclassification of conjugal property as, 88 . See also Property

Harta pembawa:

interest on, 149 -150;

marriage and declaration of, 59 ;

overview of nineteenth-century, 83 -85, 86 -87, 88 ;

and paternal provisioning, 84 , 86 -87, 328 ;

reclassification of conjugal property as, 88 . See also Inheritance; Paternal provisioning; Property

Heirship. See Inheritance; Property

Hill, Polly, 350 -351 n.24

Hill lineage. See Lineage, Hill

Households:

composition of, in Bogang, 196 -200;

development cycles of, in new hamlet, 228 -229;

in nineteenth-century, 43 -44, 347 -348 n.3;

nuclear family and nuclear, 196 -197;

and privacy, 193 -194;

and public identity, 194 ;

size of, in Bogang, 195 -196;

and structural complementarity in domestic domain, 200 -203. See also Residence

Houses:

mortgage and sale of, 267 -268;

proprietorship and inheritance of, in nineteenth century, 19 -20, 80 , 85 ;

proprietorship and inheritance of, in twentieth century, 195 , 287 , 288 ;

social space in, 50 , 260 -261

Husbands:

relations between wives and, 60 , 201 -202, 260 -261;

and role of elder brother, 295 . See also Affines; Divorce; Harta pembawa; Marriage; Men; Property

I

Ibrahim (clan subchief):

in Bogang's adat crisis, 304 -317;

as de facto head of lineage, 362 n.1

Incest, 52 -57, 243 -244;

British policies concerning, 107 ;

Islamic prohibitions against, 353 n.8

Income, household, 176 , 181 -191;

divorce and, 255 -257

Indians:

economic role of, 140 , 151 , 180 ;

in population of Negeri Sembilan, 131 , 132

Inheritance:

anticipated, in Bogang, 286 -294;

colonialism and changes in, 135 , 137 -139, 144 -148;

and enatic heirship, 282 -294;

favoring of females in, 277 ;

and female heirship and reproduction of matriliny, 149 , 282 -294, 329 ;

and gender ideology and autonomy of women, 298 -302;

in Islam, 88 -90;

local attitudes toward Islamic codes of, 126 ;

of noncustomary land, 285 -286;

and Rembau's adat controversy, 120 -127;

shifts in rights conveyed through, 274 -282;

and siblingship and gender, 293 -298. See also Property

Interest, 149 -150, 280 -281

Ipap, Dato Haji, 113 -114, 121 -122, 353 -354 n.15

Isa, 304 , 305 -306, 307 , 308 , 312 , 315

Islam, 18 ;

and adat, 104 -105, 108 -109, 114 , 119 -127, 144 -148, 322 -325, 351 -352 n.29;

administration of, 104 -110, 119 ;

British policy and property codes of, 144 -146, 147 -148;

brotherhood in, 264 -265, 325 , 341 -342;

and changes in property relations, 108 -110, 275 -276, 277 -278, 286 ;

and idioms in curing, 182 , 184 ;

incest prohibitions in, 353 n.8;

inheritance codes of, 88 -90;

and reform, 105 -106, 110 , 113 -114, 145 -147, 294 , 320 -325. See also Islamic magistrates

Islamic magistrates, 104 -105, 106 -109, 114 , 120 , 352 n.5;

and divorce, 251 -252;

and inheritance, 107 -109, 139 , 277

J

Jakun. See Aborigines

Japanese Occupation, 103 -104, 114 -118

Javanese, 7 , 170 , 362 n.2;

intermarriage of,

with Biduanda Dagang clan, 222 -223, 257

Jelebu, 17 , 96 , 340

Jempol, 17

Jemput adat, 63 -64

Johore, 17

de Josselin de Jong, P. E., 2 , 3 -4, 56 , 65 -66, 120 -127, 283 , 344 n.2, 359 n.2

K

Kadi. See Islamic magistrates

Kampung, defined, 345 n.7

Kaum Muda, 105 -106, 124

Kedah, 17 , 114

Kelantan, 17 , 114 , 115 , 298

Kelly, Raymond, 4 , 8 , 9 , 332 , 333 -335, 349 n.10

Kepercayaan, 322 -323

Keramat. See Shrines

Khadijah binte Haji Muhamed, 3

Kinship:

ambivalences in, 215 -217, 224 -225, 227 , 331 , 337 , 340 -342;

concepts of biological relatedness, 55 , 56 -57;

curing and idioms of, 185 -186;

and distinction between kin and nonkin, 193 , 226 , 227 ;

and tenancy, 174 -175, 180 -181;

terminology, 44 , 45 , 46 , 49 -50. See also Affines; Brothers; Clan(s); Descent; Divorce; Enates, Lineage; Marriage; Property; Siblingship; Sisters

Klana, Dato, 108 -109, 130

Kuala Pilah, 17 , 133 , 151 , 171

L

Labor:

commoditization of, 270 ;

decline of cooperative, 167 -168, 170 -171, 172 , 330 ;

exchange of, among biras, 263 ;

in Hill lineage, 211 -213;

in new hamlet, 226 ;

purchase and sale of, 185 -186;

sexual division of, 20 , 47 -48, 74 , 75 , 153 , 154 , 184 , 200 , 202 , 211 -212;

traditional, exchanges of, 47 -48, 162 -166, 175 , 272 -273;

and work force of Bogang, 177 , 178 . See also Rice cultivation; Rubber

Land:

British policies and administration of, 133 -148;

dead, 77 ;

distribution of rubber, in Bogang, 190 ;

and erosion of traditional tenure institutions, 189 -190;

fallow, 189 , 199 ;

identity and ties with residential, 193 -194;

and landlessness, 154 , 158 , 173 , 177 , 189 -190;

and landlordism, 177 ;

live, 76 -77;

policies, independence-era, 158 -159;

redeemed, 76 , 77 , 134 ;

sale of, 267 -268;

unclaimed, British notions of, 134 ;

unredeemed, 76 -77, 134 . See also Durian; Inheritance; Property; Rice; Rubber

Leach, Edmund, 7 -8, 333

Lelahmaharaja. See Clan(s); Clan, Lelahmaharaja

Levirate, 57 , 64

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 196

Lewis, Diane, 3 , 5 , 283

Lineage, 19 , 345 n.5;

adoption and, 215 , 217 , 230 , 331 -332;

and dynamics and entailments of membership, 203 -219;

and feuds, 303 -319;

heads, 37 , 346 -347 n.17. See also Lineage, Hill; Lineage, River; Lineage, Valley; Lineage branch(es)

Lineage, Hill:

adoption in, 213 -217;

Bogang's adat crisis and, 303 -319;

core of, 209 ;

divorce in, 256 -257;

economic independence of women of, 212 -213;

genealogy of, 204 -205, 207 -209;

identification with, 204 -205, 206 ;

as lineage branch, 209 ;

location of, 203 -204, 220 , 221 ;

men of, 217 -219;

and nineteenth-century Undang, 204 -205;

and out-migration, 207 , 208 ;

political connections of, 204 -205, 206 , 209 ;

residential aggregation of, 203 -204;

wealth and elite status of, 206 , 209 , 256 -257

Lineage, River, 220 , 224 , 307 , 313

Lineage, Valley:

in Bogang's adat crisis, 204 , 210 , 307 , 313 -314, 315 , 316 -317;

settlement of, 204 , 220 , 224

Lineage branch(es), 19 , 345 n.6;

adoption and boundaries of, 215 ;

Hill lineage as a, 209 ;

structure and boundaries of, 45 -46;

as units linked in nineteenth-century affinal exchange, 66 -69. See also Lineage; Lineage, Hill

Love magic, 242

Lowland and Upland Rembau, 29 -31

Lozi, 359 n.8

Luapulans, 339

M

McKinley, Robert, 8 , 332 , 358 n.5

Maimunah, 207 -209, 215

Malacca, 16 , 17 ;

European control of, 94 -95;

migration from, 22 ;

Muslims in, 105 -106;

Sultan(ate) of, 25 , 26 -27, 94 , 343 n.1

Malay:

population in Negeri Sembilan, 132 ;

use of term, 10

Malaya (West Malaysia), 16 , 17 ;

Federation of, 118 -119;

independence of, 117 , 157 , 158

Malayan Union, 118 -119

Malay Reservations Enactment, 142 , 143 -144

Malays, cognatic, 8 , 10 , 332

Malaysia, Federation of, xvi

Males. See Men

Marriage:

and affinal exchange and alliance in nineteenth-century, 57 -58, 65 -69;

and affinal exchange in twentieth century, 243 , 245 , 246 -247, 248 -249;

age at first, 43 , 232 -233, 244 -245;

arranged, 238 -239, 244 -245, 350 n.20;

attitudes and views on, 231 -233, 296 -297;

ceremonies and weddings in nineteenth century, 58 -63, 166 ;

ceremonies and weddings in twentieth century, 167 , 245 -250, 316 -318, 349 n.12;

childless, 231 -232;

with cross-cousins, 65 -66, 68 -70, 239 -240, 359 n.2;

and endogamy, local, 64 -65, 193 , 239 , 241 -244;

and endogamy, status-group, 26 , 243 , 256 -257;

and exogamy, 55 -56, 102 , 103 ;

forced, 245 , 247 , 248 ;

frequency and rates of, 233 -235, 238 ;

gold, 20 , 58 -59, 245 , 278 , 359 n.4;

"hanging," 246 -247;

patrilateral parallel-cousin, 55 -56, 279 , 359 n.3;

payments, 67 , 245 , 278 -279, 282 ;

payments, exorbitant, 107 , 231 ;

and preferred unions, 64 -66, 68 , 69 -70, 238 -244;

and prohibited unions, 52 -57, 244 ;

and remarriage, 57 , 64 , 68 -69, 199 -200, 233 -235;

and structural cleavage, 332 . See also Affines; Divorce; Levirate; Polygyny; Sororate

Matriliny:

divorce and, 359 -360 n.8;

"puzzle" of, 335 -336;

reproduction of, 282 -294, 329 , 338 -340. See also Clans; Descent; Enates; Inheritance; Property

Men:

affinal relations and married, in nineteenth century, 41 , 63 -64, 67 -68, 70 , 71 -74, 134 -135, 136 -137;

affinal relations and married, in twentieth century, 229 , 253 -265, 336 ;

in domestic domain and household composition, 196 , 197 , 199 , 200 , 260 ;

of Hill lineage, 217 -219;

property relations of, with sisters, 134 -135, 138 , 277 , 286 , 296 -298;

and sexual division of labor, 153 -154, 177 , 178 , 184 , 185 , 211 -212;

and sexuality of sisters, 52 -53, 54 -55, 218 -219, 244 -245. See also Adat: crisis in Bogang; Brothers; Fathers; Gender; Husbands

Midwives, 247 , 272 -273

Migration. See Out-migration

Minangkabau:

affinal exchange among, 360 n.8;

intermarriage of, with Jakun (aborigines), 17 -18, 76 ;

and Negeri Sembilan, differences between, 18 -19, 334 -345 n.3;

reproduction of matriliny among, 339 ;

settlement of Rembau and Negeri Sembilan, 15 -19, 21 -22, 24 -25, 30 -31, 32 -34

Mitchell, J. Clyde, 359 -360 n.8

Mothers:

genealogical ties between natural and adoptive, 213 -215;

and motherhood, 73 , 74 -76, 196 -198, 296 . See also Inheritance; Property; Women

Mufti, 119 -120

Muhammadan Laws Enactment of 1904, 106 , 107

Murdock, George, 7 -8, 196

Myths:

of clan hierarchy, 24 -27;

of cultural origins, 28 -29, 72 -73;

of incest and pelisit, 52 -53;

of Minangkabau settlement in Negeri Sembilan, 17 -18, 30 -31, 32 -35;

of political alliance, 31

N

Nationalism, 101 , 110 , 113 , 127 . See also Kaum Muda

Negeri Sembilan:

in anthropological literature, 2 -5, 65 , 123 -127, 257 -258, 283 , 340 -341;

maps of, 16 , 17 ;

population of, 132 ;

size of, xvi

Nordin Selat, 3

Nuer, 9 , 334

O

Origin point, notion of:

in clan federations, 30 ;

in clan ranking, 24 -27;

contemporary importance of, 225 -226;

erosion of, 134 , 176 , 269 ;

female heirship and, 282 . See also Property

Ortner, Sherry, 298 -300

Out-migration:

and age structure of village population, 198 , 199 ;

and developmental cycles, 228 -229;

factors contributing to twentieth-century, 153 -154;

and Hill lineage, 207 , 208 ;

and marriage, 242 , 243 ;

Minangkabau, 15 -16

P

Padri War, 145

Pahang, 17 , 22 , 97

Palau, 337 , 338 , 339 -340

Pangkor Engagement, 97

Parenthood, expectation of, 231 -232. See also Adoption, formal; Adoption, informal; Fathers, Inheritance; Mothers; Property

Parish headman, xvi , 104

PAS (opposition political party), 228 , 305 , 313 -314

Paternal provisioning, 6 , 84 , 86 -88, 90 , 278 -279, 327 -328;

and cross-cousin marriage, 69 -70, 279 , 351 n.28;

historical changes in, 137 , 279 -281

Pawang:

in berpuar and bayar niat, 159 , 320 , 321 ;

and labor exchange, 272 -273;

in marriage ritual, 246

Pelisit, mythic origins of, 52 -53

Penang, 17 , 95

Pepper, 140

Perak, 17 , 97

Perlis, 17

Petai, 184 , 185

PMS/PMU (Peninsular Malays' Union), 121 , 125

Politics:

administrative reorganization of, in postwar era, 118 -120;

Bogang's adat crisis and party, 305 , 313 -314, 318 -319;

kinship and, 228 ;

and precolonial polity, 35 -41, 348 n.8;

and succession to office in nineteenth century, 79 -80, 96 , 98 ;

and succession to office in twentieth century, 38 -39, 217 -218. See also Adat: controversy in Rembau; Adat: crisis in Bogang; British policies; Clan chiefs; Clan councils; Clan subchiefs; Elite; Lineage: heads; Undang

Polygyny, 57 , 235

Ponape, 339

Population:

of contemporary Bogang, xvi , 198 ;

of Negeri Sembilan (1830-1980), 132

Port Dickson, 17

Property:

acquired, in nineteenth century, 76 , 78 , 83 -88;

ancestral, in colonial era, 100 , 131 , 133 , 142 -143;

ancestral, in nineteenth century, 78 -82, 87 -88, 351 n.26, 351 n.27;

British colonialism and male proprietorship of, 134 -138, 141 ;

changes in devolution of conjugal acquisitions of, 109 , 137 -138, 146 -147, 149 -150, 286 ;

codes, overview of nineteenth century, 76 -79;

customary, 142 -144, 147 , 148 ;

diachronic dimension in nineteenth-century system of, 76 , 78 -79, 281 ;

diachrony, colonial-era erosion of, 142 -143, 145 , 275 -278;

and divided title, 5 , 146 , 148 -149, 189 -190, 276 , 328 -329;

and full (undivided) title, 227 , 229 , 276 , 278 ;

men's rights in sisters' ancestral, 269 ;

movable and immovable, 137 -138, 280 , 281 -282;

noncustomary, 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 -148, 285 -286;

overview of contemporary attitudes toward, 267 -274;

prestige and rights over ancestral, 194 ;

relations, linealization of, 90 , 149 , 329 -330;

rights, provisional, 19 ;

rights, residual, 19 . See also British policies; Harta pembawa; Inheritance; Islam; Land; Paternal provisioning; Rice; Rubber

Q

"Queen control," 261

R

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 8 -9

Rembau (map), 17

Residence:

in contemporary Bogang, 219 -230, 245 , 262 -263;

in nineteenth century, 19 -20, 42 -44, 347 -348 n.3. See also Lineage, Hill

Resident, British, 97 , 98 , 119

Rice:

acreage in Negeri Sembilan, 140 , 153 ;

consumption levels, 153 , 355 n.12;

life force of, 165 , 170 ;

purchase and sale of, 171 -172, 175 -176, 268 , 356 n.6;

yields, 153 , 165 , 355 n.11;

yields, declining, 158 , 159 -160, 161 , 172 -173. See also Inheritance; Property; Rice cultivation

Rice cultivation:

cooperation and labor exchange in, 47 -48, 165 , 175 , 272 -273;

decline of, 141 , 157 -158, 160 , 169 , 172 -173;

double-cropping and, 161 , 162 , 166 -169;

government aid in, 168 -169;

and harvesting, 164 , 165 -166, 169 -170;

and high-yield varieties, 158 -159, 161 , 162 , 166 -175, 355 -356 n.1;

and husking and milling, 166 , 169 , 170 -172;

irrigation in, 158 , 160 -162, 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 -167;

and pest control, 164 , 165 ;

and planting, 163 , 164 ;

and plowing, 164 , 165 , 168 -169;

and ritual, 113 -114, 159 , 273 -274, 320 , 321 ;

tenancy in, 129 , 172 -175, 177 , 185 -186;

traditional organization of, 162 -166;

and transplanting, 163 , 164 , 165 ;

use of chemicals in, 158 -159, 168 , 356 n.3;

and weeding, 168 ;

women of Hill lineage in, 212 -213. See also Rice

Richards, A. I., 335 -336

Ringgit, value of, xxii

Ritual:

and adat crisis, 304 -305, 316 -318;

change, 113 -114, 159 , 273 -274, 319 -325

River lineage. See Lineage, River

Rubber:

and Bogang's work force, 177 -178;

and cash-cropping, development of, 139 -142;

and cash-cropping and colonial policy, 142 -148, 152 -154;

income from, 176 , 183 , 356 n.7;

and ownership and tenancy, 174 , 176 , 177 , 180 -181, 185 -186, 190 ;

price and sale of, 151 , 152 , 179 -180, 181 , 355 n.10;

production process, 177 -179;

yields, 176 , 356 n.7. See also British policies; Inheritance; Land; Property

Rubber Control Scheme, 152

S

Sacks, Karen, 302

Sahil, Haji, 98

Sahlins, Marshall, 1 -2

Schneider, David, 336 -337, 338

Sediaraja. See Clan, Sediaraja; Clan(s)

Selangor, 17 , 97

Selbiah, 207 -209, 215

Seremban, 17 , 204

Sexual impropriety, 218 -219, 232 , 247 , 248 , 262 , 297 -298, 360 n.11. See also Incest

Shame, xvi , 102 , 244 , 252

Shrines, 113 -114, 193 ,273 -274, 321

Siblingship:

and adoption, 23 -24, 213 -215, 217 , 331 ;

ambivalences and antagonisms, in, 29 , 40 -41, 215 -217, 224 -225, 331 , 337 , 341 -342;

analytic formulation of, 9 , 26 ;

ancestral debts and compromises in, 82 ;

in Bogang's adat crisis, 315 -316;

and burial of afterbirth, 50 -51, 53 ;

in clan federations, 30 -32;

among clans and senior settlements, 25 -26, 40 , 346 n.11;

cross (opposite)-sex, 9 , 34 , 50 -53, 218 -219, 244 -245, 262 , 298 ;

cultural construction of, 26 , 46 -53;

and descent, xix , 4 -5, 8 -9, 326 -328, 329 , 333 -335, 337 -342;

development of concept of, 8 -9;

erosion of rights grounded in, 5 -6, 137 -139, 149 -150, 276 -277, 279 -281, 328 -330;

and gender, 294 -298, 339 -340;

between Hill lineage and Biduanda Dagang clan, 204 , 222 ;

in Islam, 264 -265, 325 , 341 -342;

and kinship terminology, 44 -45, 46 , 49 -50;

among lineages, 39 -40;

and "milk siblings," 56 -57;

moral force of, xix , 216 ;

between Negeri Sembilan and other Malays, 28 -29;

parallel (same)-sex, 9 , 32 , 50 -53, 215 -218, 219 , 337 , 362 n.9;

patrilateral, 25 , 27 -28, 34 , 55 -56, 313 -315, 346 n.11;

in political system, 38 -41;

and sexual prohibitions, 52 -53, 54 -57;

and structural complementarity, 9 , 51 -53, 218 -219, 298 ;

and structural equivalence, 8 -9, 32 -35, 51 , 216 , 217 -218, 219 , 293 -294, 298 , 362 n.9;

in territorial alignment, 28 -35. See also Brothers; Enates; Inheritance; Property; Sexual impropriety; Sisters

Singapore, 95 , 105

Sinhalese, 7

Sisters:

adoption involving children of, 213 -215, 217 , 330 -331;

antagonisms and interdependence among, 47 , 213 , 215 -217, 264 ;

brothers and, 201 , 218 -219, 269 , 298 ;

brothers' property relations with, 134 -135, 138 , 269 , 277 , 286 , 296 -298;

brothers and sexuality of, 52 -53, 54 -55, 218 -219, 244 -245, 297 -298;

clan settlements and descent units linked as, 32 -35, 39 -40;

classificatory, as core of Hill lineage, 208 , 209 ;

-in-law, 261 -262;

structural significance of ties among, 42 , 44 -48, 207 , 342 . See also Enates; Exchange; Inheritance; Lineage; Lineage, Hill; Property; Siblingship

Slavery, 222 , 223 , 346 n.13

Smith, DeVerne Reed, 8 , 332 -333, 337 , 339 -340

Social structure:

and social organization, 1 ;

structural models of, 3 -4, 6 -7, 8 , 332 -333, 334 ;

and structural principles, 1 , 8 , 343 n.1

Sons, moral obligations to, 294 -295. See also Inheritance; Property

Sororate, 57 , 64

Spirits, 18 , 52 -53, 113 -114, 165 , 170 , 273 -274, 320 -322

Stivens, Maila, 3 , 361 n.6

Stoler, Ann, 170

Straits of Malacca, 15 , 96 -97, 170

Straits Settlements, 95

Stratification, 185 -191, 330

Sulong (bin Ambia), Dato Haji, 110

Sumatra (map), 16

Sungei Ujong:

disputes and warfare of, with Rembau, 29 , 98 ;

imposition of colonial rule in, 97 ;

kadi of, 107 ;

migration from, 22 ;

tin mining and commercial developments in, 95 , 96 , 129 , 130

Swift, Michael, 3 , 5 , 257 -258, 283 , 340 -341

T

Tampin, 17 , 31

Tangu, 9

Tapioca, 99 -100, 130 , 140

Tenancy. See Durian; Rice cultivation: tenancy in; Rubber: and ownership and tenancy

Thais, 6 , 7

Tin mining, 94 -97, 99 -100, 128 -129

Tolong-menolong. See Labor: traditional, exchanges of

Tonga, Gwembe and Plateau, 339

Treaties, 94 -95, 97 -99

Trengganu, 17

Trobriands, 339 , 340

U

Ulama, 106 , 108 , 113 -114, 321

Umar Junus, 360 n.8

UMNO (United Malays National Organization):

in Bogang, 193 , 228 , 305 , 313 ;

founding of, 118 -119;

in Rembau's adat controversy, 121 -127

Undang, 25 , 26 , 345 n.10;

authority under colonial rule, 98 -100, 101 -102, 104 -105, 120 ;

in Bogang's adat crisis, 304 , 310 -311, 318 ;

of Hill lineage, 204 -205, 221 , 222 ;

in nineteenth-century trade and territorial disputes, 96 -97, 98 , 130 ;

in Rembau's adat controversy, 121 -122;

succession to title of, 39 -40;

in traditional polity, 35 -36, 38 , 272 . See also Abdullah, Dato (Sediaraja); Ipap, Dato Haji; Sulong (bin Ambia), Dato Haji

V

Valley lineage. See Lineage, Valley

Village councils, 154 , 186 -187, 193 , 313

Village headman:

of Bogang, xvi , xix , 193 , 269 ;

in Bogang's adat crisis, 307 , 313 -314;

creation of office of, 104

W

Wan:

in Bogang's adat crisis, 307 , 309 -310, 314 ;

in Hill lineage, 208 , 209 -211, 213 , 218

Warfare:

Japanese Occupation and Emergency, 114 -118;

precolonial, 29 , 94 -97, 98

Waris, 24 -25. See also Clan, Lelahmaharaja; Clan, Sediaraja; Clan(s): gentry; Clan(s): gentry privileges

Wives, relations between husbands and, 60 , 201 -202, 260 -261. See also Affines; Divorce; Harta dapatan; Marriage; Property; Women

Women:

and cooperation in cooking and exchange of food, 48 , 69 , 185 , 202 , 211 -213;

gender and inheritance and autonomy of, 294 -302;

of Hill lineage, 209 -217;

initiating divorce, 122 , 251 -252, 359 n.6;

during Japanese Occupation and Emergency, 115 , 118 ;

perceptions of, 72 -73, 75 -76;

in rice cultivation, 20 , 47 -48, 163 -165, 170 -171, 172 , 173 , 177 , 178 ;

in rubber cultivation, 118 , 177 , 178 ;

and structural complementarity in domestic domain, 200 -203;

as widows, 197 , 236 . See also Enates; Exchange; Gender; Inheritance; Land; Property; Siblingship; Sisters

Y

Yang diPertuan Besar, 29 , 96 , 101 , 346 n.16

Yao, 360 n.8

Z

Zakariah, 307 , 313 -314, 315 , 317 -318

Zulu, 359 n.8