INDEX
A
Aguado Lovera, Fernando de, 193 , 203
Aguirre, Juan de, 39 , 41
Aguirre y Castillo, Domingo, 150 -151, 166
Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace treaty of, 158 , 165
Aizpurua, Nicolás de, 202
Alas, Martín de las, 43
Alcabala, 66 , 247 -249, 251
Alfinger, Ambrose, 2
Alhorra (crop blight), 59 , 61 -62, 66 , 92 , 95 , 97
Alquiza, Sancho de, 34 , 43
Alternativa , 155 , 157 , 165 , 181 -182, 184 , 189
Alvarez y Abreu, Antonio José de, 114 -115, 117 -118, 161 -164, 180
Anauco (stream), 25 , 26 , 28
Angola (Africa), 56
Aragua (valley), 51 -52, 67 -70, 145 , 155 , 213
Araguita (valley), 185
Arcila Farías, Eduardo, 34 , 47 -48
Arechederra Tovar, Sebastián, 196
Arias, Francisco, 165
Arias Altamirano, Luis, 165 , 167 , 253
Arias Blanco, Maria Teresa, 209
Arias de Aquilena, Francisco, 56
Aristeguiete Lovera, Miguel, 193 , 239
Aroa (valley), 205
Arriaga y Rivera, Julián de, 153 -159, 166 , 168 , 172 , 241 -244, 246 , 249 -250
Ascanio Herrera, María Teresa, 252
Asiento. See Slave trade
Audiencia.
Santa Fe de Bogotá, 113 -115, 117 -118, 160 ;
Santo Domingo, 31 , 34 , 111 -113, 117 -120, 141 , 152 , 197
B
Barbary coast, 13
Barquisimeto, 2 , 4
Baruta (valley), 23 , 69
Basques, denied colonial administrative appointments, 242 -243
Batallón Veterano , 249 , 251
Beato, Pedro Martín de, 114 -115, 117 , 163
Bengoechea, Sabastián de, 22 , 41
Berrotarán, Francisco de, 108 -109
Berrotarán Tovar, Miguel, 109
Betancourt y Castro, Marcos, 114 -115, 117 , 162 -163, 197
Blanco, 1759 households of, 219 -221
Blanco de Ponte, Alejandro Pío, 239
Blanco de Ponte, Pedro (17th century), 39 , 56
Blanco de Ponte, Pedro (18th century), 165 , 167 , 239 , 253
Blanco de Villegas, Alejandro (father), 112 , 118 , 238 -239
Blanco de Villegas, Alejandro (son), 239 , 253
Blanco de Villegas, Juan, 110 , 119 -120
Blanco de Villegas, Juan Félix, 165 -166, 239 , 253
Blanco de Villegas, Miguel, 239
Blanco de Villegas kin, 120 , 128 , 238 -239
Blanco Ochoa, Antonio, 205 -208
Blanco Ponte, Alejandro, 54 , 56 -57
Blanco Uribe, Alejandro Antonio, 143 , 205 -208, 213 -215, 239 , 253
Blanco Uribe, Cornelio, 214
Blanco Uribe, María Josefa, 214
Blanco Uribe, Miguel, 165 , 207 , 214
Blanco Uribe kin, 205 , 208 , 213 -215, 238 -240
Blank, Stephanie, 24 -25, 28
Bolívar, Simón (16th century), 22
Bolívar, Simón (the "Liberator"), 6 , 208 -209
Bolívar Aguirre, José, 171 , 196 , 205 , 209 -211, 213 -215, 239 , 242
Bolívar Aguirre kin, 205 , 214 -215, 239 -240
Bolívar Arias, Josefa, 196
Bolívar Arias, Juan, 210 -211, 242
Bolívar Arias, Teresa, 196
Bolívar Martínez, Juan, 209
Bolívar Ponte, María Jacinta, 192
Bolívar Uribe, Juana, 206
Bolívar Uribe, María, 206
Borburata (valley), 191
Bourbon Reforms, 5 , 9 , 236 , 241 -243;
policies in Caracas, 244 -245, 254
Braudel, Fernand, 21
Buenos Aires, merchant marriages, 222
C
Cabalgada , 14 -15
Cabildo, 23 , 35 , 141. See also Caracas cabildo
Cacao:
farming, 33 -34, 46 , 63 , 73 -74, 86 , 91 -93, 95 -96, 100 , 105 -106, 121 , 125 , 132 -135;
hacienda censuses, 8 ;
impact on Caracas society, 53 , 65 ;
prices, 60 -62, 91 -93, 126 , 137 -138, 148 , 155 , 165 , 185 -186, 189 , 203 , 208 , 243 -244;
1684 hacienda census, 66 -68, 70 , 99 , 100 , 106 , 121 , 204 ;
1720 hacienda census, 67 , 100 , 106 -107, 121 -123, 126 -127, 204 ;
1744 hacienda census, 67 , 106 -107, 121 -123, 126 -127, 182 ;
trade, 3 -6, 42 , 44 -45, 48 -49, 52 , 55 , 62 -65, 70 -71, 99 , 148 , 155 , 157 , 165 , 179 -187, 242 ;
transportation to La Guaira, 55 , 124 -125, 132 -133, 144 , 160 , 243 ;
trees indigenous to Caracas region, 3 .
See also Alternativa; Repartimiento por padrón; Tercio buque
Cádiz, 4
Caldera, María Candelaria, cacao haciendas of, 129 -136
Canal, Bartolomé de la, 18
Canarios. See Canary Islanders
Canary Islanders:
immigrants to Caracas, 4 , 54 , 106 ;
place in Caracas province society, 67 , 106 , 122 , 125 -128, 138 , 159 -160, 174 -175, 251 ;
role in 1749 rebellion, 5 , 143 -148, 168 ;
struggle for land in Tuy Valley, 109 -111, 119 -120
Cañas y Merino, José Francisco, 112 , 197
Candelaria. See Caracas, Candelaria parish
Capaya (valley), 144 , 185 , 191
Caraballeda (valley), 49 , 57 , 69
Caracas, 49 , 61 , 69 ;
Altagracia parish, 217 ;
Candelaria parish, 67 , 146 -148, 152 , 154 , 168 , 173 -175, 251 ;
Cathedral parish, 217 , 220 , 224 , 238 ;
climate, 15 -16, 20 -21, 49 , 80 ;
ejido, 26 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 43 ;
foundation, 1 , 13 ;
plaza reconstruction, 246 -247;
1759 household census, 8 , 72 -73, 217 -218;
trapiches in region (1752), 204 .
See also Elites; Portuguese
Caracas cabildo:
activities during cacao period, 65 -66, 95 -96;
activities during wheat period, 14 -16, 18 , 23 -24, 28 -35 passim, 41 -43, 52 , 86 -88;
gubernatorial authority, struggle for, 114 -117, 163 , 196 -200;
León's rebellion, role in, 145 -146, 148 -150, 152 -156, 163 ;
protest against Basque policies, 181 -182, 186 -187;
Ricardos's policies against, 244 -247, 249 , 317 n. 3
Caracas Company. See Guipuzcoana Company
Carrasquer, Nofre, 22 -23, 40 -41, 43
Carrasquer Rada, Ana, 193
Carrillo y Andrade, Lope, 196 , 198
Cartagena, 3 , 15 , 18 , 21 -23, 28 , 32 -33, 39 -43, 45 , 56 -58, 78
Castellanos, Luis, 143 -144, 146 -153, 155
Castillo, Francisco, 58
Cata (valley), 206
Cattle ranching, 51 , 66 , 68 , 79
Catuche (stream), 25 , 28 -31
Caucagua (valley), 121 -122, 124 -125, 139 , 143 -145, 185 , 206 -208, 212
Cepi (valley), 46 , 59 -60, 63 , 87 -97, 209
Chacao (stream), 25 , 26 , 28 , 76 , 79
Charles III, 241 , 254
Charles V, 2
Choroní (valley), 47 , 54 -56
Chuao (valley), 56 -57, 64 -65, 87 , 99 , 170
Chuspa (valley), 49 , 100 , 113 , 211
Cisneros, Joseph Luis de, 246
Collado, Pablo, 1
Compadrazgo , 25
Company of Noble Adventurers, 9 , 254
Conception convent, 88 -89, 98 -99
Coro, 2 , 18 , 111 -112, 197
Council of the Indies, 120 , 153 , 157 -158, 163 , 174 , 177 , 184 , 187 -188
Cubagua, 1
Cumaná, 171
Cumanagoto (Indians), 14 , 29
Curaçao, 64 , 111 -112, 156 , 170 . See also Dutch traders; Smuggling
Curiepe (valley), 108 -114, 117 -121, 144 , 185 , 239
Cuyuagua (valley), 196
D
Díaz de Alfaro, Sebastián, 14 , 26 , 30
Depons, François, 72
Drake, Francis, 18
Dutch traders, 64 , 169 -170. See also Curaçao; Smuggling
E
Earthquake (1641), 59 , 61 -62
Echeverría, Martín de, 143 -145, 167
Ejido. See Caracas, ejido
El Dorado, 13
Elites:
alcaldes ordinarios, 200 -202;
Basque parentage, 195 -196;
cacao haciendas of, 121 -123, 125 -128, 187 -188, 190 -191, 237 -238;
consumption patterns, 56 , 85 , 97 -101;
cousin marriage, 231 -233, 239 -240, 253 ;
death of protest generation, 253 ;
debts with Guipuzcoana Company, 202 -203, 214 -215;
defined, 10 , 194 , 217 ;
grandparents, 228 , 234 ;
impact of reforms upon, 252 -254;
inheritance laws, impact upon, 6 , 7 , 230 -231, 235 , 238 , 252 ;
marriage patterns, 8 , 67 , 216 , 219 -235, 238 , 252 ;
political activism of, 24 -25, 33 -35, 42 -44, 197 -201;
protest against Guipuzcoana Company, 177 -178, 187 -206, 214 -215, 236 , 239 -240;
punishment for 1749 rebellion, 216 , 236 , 243 -244, 247 -251;
role in 1749 rebellion, 145 , 148 -151, 154 , 156 -157, 165 -168, 175 , 177 -178;
trapiches owned by, 204 ;
urban residence of, 72 -74, 216 -219; 233 -235;
widows, 188 -189, 193 , 234 .
See also Protest memorials
El Tocuyo, 2 , 23
Encomienda, 1 , 3 , 13 , 25 , 43 , 48 -53, 55 , 57 -59, 67 -70, 87
Ensenada, Marqués de la, 157 -161, 164 -165, 173 , 243 , 249
Escovedo, Francisca de, 78 , 85
Eslava, Sebastián de, 160 -161, 164 , 177
Estancias de trigo. See Wheat
F
Fajardo, Francisco, 1
Ferdinand VI, 157 , 165 , 241 , 254
Ferigo, Leonardo, 30 -33
Figueredo, Manoel, 29 -33
Flota, 3 , 21 , 158
Fortalezas , 13
Francia, Nicolás de, 203
G
Galindo Quiñones y Barrientos, Francisco, 152 -153
Galindo y Sayas, Domingo, 239
Gámez, Francisca, 57
García Pineda, Alsono, 25 -26
Gedler, Isabel María, 211
Gedler Ponte, Pedro Francisco, 192 , 193
Gibraltar (Venezuela), 32 , 63
Gil de Aguirre, Isabel, 212
Goizueta, Juan Manuel, 143 , 145
Góngora, Mario, 70
González de Silva, Garci, 14 , 24 , 26 , 28 -31, 33 , 39 -41
Goyzueta, Juan Manuel, 199
Guaiguaza (valley), 206
Guaire (river, valley), 16 , 20 , 49 , 52 , 88 , 95 , 124
Guarenas (river, valley), 49 , 69
Guayana jungle, 13
Guayaquil, 47 , 62
Guevara, Juan de, 19 , 30 , 40 -41
Guipúzcoa (Spain), 4
Guipuzcoana Company:
debts owed to, 202 -204, 212 -215;
commercial policies in favor of, 178 -187 passim;
establishment, 4 , 5 , 106 ;
impact on Caracas economy, 136 -138, 311 n. 31;
protests against, 8 , 142 -165 passim, 172 ;
reformed, 175 , 243 -244, 254 ;
and slave trade, 125 -126;
viewed from 1811, 174 .
See also Francia; Goyzueta; Lardizábal; Protest memorials; Zuloaga
H
Hatos. See Cattle ranching
Havana, 3 , 5 , 241
Havana Company, 161
Herrera, Antonio de, 56
Herrera, 1759 households of, 219 -221
Higuerote (bay), 113 , 119
I
Ibarra, Juan de, 47 , 55
Ibarra, María Petronila, 191
Ibarra y Herrera, Diego, 191
Ibarra y Ibarra, Ana Josefa, 191
Ibarra y Ibarra, Antonia, 191
Indians, 1 , 3 , 13 -14, 32 , 49 , 67 , 84 , 94 -95, 145 , 148 , 151 , 168 . See also Cumanagoto; Encomienda; Tomusa
Infante, Francisca, 57
Inquisition, 48 , 58 , 62
Isleños. See Canary Islanders
Izalcos, 47
L
Labor, wages paid as substitute for slavery, 250 -251
La Grita, 33
La Guaira, 1 , 5 , 16 , 22 , 47 , 52 , 55 , 74 , 112 -113, 116 ;
governor Castellanos takes refuge there, 145 -147, 149 -150;
León attacks fortress, 151 ;
round-trip to Veracruz from, 181 -182
Landaeta, Antonio Gregorio, 203
Lardizábal, Martin de, 120 , 144 , 156 , 184 -185, 198 , 200
La Vega (valley), 69
León, Juana Petrona de, 251
León, Juan Francisco de:
comment about repartimento por padrón , 183 ;
Curiepe, conflict over land, 110 , 119 ;
Panaquire settlement, 120 , 138 ;
protest and rebellion, 143 -156, 159 , 165 , 167 -170, 199 , 213 ;
surrender and punishment, 171 -175, 251
León, Nicolás de, 159 , 167 , 171 -173
Liendo, Domingo de, 54 , 59 , 87 -88, 95 , 97 , 99 , 100
Liendo, Juan de, 99 , 100
Liendo, Pedro de, 46 , 54 , 56 -57, 59 , 87 -88, 97 -100
Liendo, Santiago de, 54 , 63 , 87 -88, 90 , 94 -95, 97 -100
Liendo Blanco, Antolín de, 239 -240
Liendo Blanco, Antonio, 193
Liendo Blanco, Josefa Clara, 192
Liendo Cepi cacao hacienda, 75 -76, 86 -101, 128 , 134 -136
Liendo Gedler, Germana, 196
Losada, Diego de, 13
Lovera y Bolívar, Juan, 193
Lovera y Bolívar, Juana Josefa, 211 -212
M
MacLeod, Murdo, 47 , 62
Maiquetía (valley), 69
Mamporal (valley), 144 , 185
Mantuanos. See Elites
Maracaibo, 32 -33, 43
Margarita, 1 , 22 , 41 , 63
Marmolejo, Esteban, 29
Martí, Mariano, 139
Martínez de Villegas, Juan, 51
Martínez de Villegas, Luisa Catalina, 118 -120, 239
Matriarchy, 230 -235. See also Patriarchy
Mérida, 33
Mexía, Catalina, 57
Mexico, 3 , 4 , 6 , 22 , 46 , 56 , 99 , 113 , 186
Mexico, cacao market, 42 , 48 , 62 -64, 70 -71, 87 , 100 , 105 , 179 , 186
Mijares, Juan Antonio, 219
Mijares, Marqués de. See Mijares Tovar, Francisco Nicolás
Mijares Ascanio, Melchora Ana, 234
Mijares kin, 238 -240
Mijares Tovar, Francisco Nicolás (III Marqués de Mijares), 146 , 166 , 239 , 253
Mijares Tovar, Josefa, 234
Monasterios Renjifo, Francisco Domingo de, 118
Monasterios Sartucho, Mateo, 239
Morenos libres , 110 -114, 118 -120, 122 , 138 , 148
Muleteers. See Cacao, transportation to La Guaira
N
Naiguatá (valley), 69
New Granada, 14 -15;
viceroyalty of, 113 -116, 142 , 160 , 162 , 180 , 197 -198.
See also Audiencia, Santa Fe de Bogotá
New Spain. See Mexico
Nirgua, 14
O
Ocumare de la Costa (valley), 206
Ocumare del Tuy (valley), 116 , 121 , 140 , 149
Olavarriaga, Pedro José de, 114 -115, 117 , 163
Osgood, Cornelius, 51
Ovalle, Diego de, 40 , 42 , 47 , 54 -56
P
Pacheco Mijares, Juan Jacinto (II Conde de San Javier), 143 , 146 , 166 , 167 , 183 -187, 192 , 202 , 238 -239
Pacheco Mijares, 1759 households of, 219 -221
Palacios, Juana Teresa, 211
Palacios Gil, Feliciano, 213
Palacios kin, 205 , 214 -215
Palacios Lovera, José de, 195 , 205 , 212 -214
Palacios y Gedler, Feliciano de, 195 , 205 , 211 -215, 239
Palacios y Palacios, Ana Juana, 212
Palacios y Sojo, Bernabé de, 211
Palacios Zárate, José, 211
Pamplona, 33
Panama, 1 , 15
Panaquire (valley), 120 -122, 125 , 128 , 143 -145, 155 , 160 , 168 -169, 171 , 173 -174, 182 , 185
Panezillo, 1
Patanemo (valley), 191
Patriarchy, 8 , 74 , 192 , 222 , 229 -233, 253 -254. See also Elites
Peru, 3 , 15 , 62
Petare, 69
Philip II, 16
Philip V, 156 , 164 , 198
Pike, Frederick, 23 , 35
Pimentel, Juan de, 16 , 17
Pirates, 34
Píritu, 171 , 173 , 244
Piñango, Augustín, 239
Piñate, Joseph Silvestre, 131 , 133
Piñate, Simón, 129 -136
Polanco Martínez, Tomás, 34
Ponte, Juan Nicolás, 165 -167
Ponte Marín, María Petronila, 193 , 209
Ponte Marín, Pedro, 109
Ponte Villegas, Lorenzo de, 146 , 192 , 228 , 253
Ponte y Andrade, Pedro de, 108 -109
Ponte y Hoyo, Nicolás, 197
Ponte y Mijares, Francisco de, 143 , 166 -167, 183 -187
Portales y Meneses, Diego, 115 -117, 119 , 163 , 197
Portobelo, 3 , 15
Portuguese.
Caracas vecinos, 34 ;
slaves-for-cacao traders, 48 , 62 ;
tobacco traders, 35 , 42 -43
Preston, Aymas, 16
Protest memorials.
1741, 188 , 205 , 235 ;
1744, 189 -194, 196 , 200 -203, 235 , 239
Puerto Cabello, 49
Puerto Rico, 32 , 40 , 41
R
Rada Arias, José, 192
Rada Liendo, Fernando, 192
Real Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas. See Guipuzcoana Company
Rebellion (1749), 136 , 138 , 142 -155, 159 , 168 -171, 241 ;
royal reaction to, 157 -161, 163 -169, 171 -174, 236 , 243 -249
Relaciones Geográficas,16 , 45
Remírez de Estenoz, Felipe, 250
Rengifo Pimentel, José, 54 , 56 , 57
Renjifo Mendoza, Miguel Gerónimo de, 239 -240
Repartimiento por padrón,182 -184, 189 . See also Cacao, 1744 hacienda census
Riberos, Juan de, 18 , 26 , 27
Ricardos, Felipe, 164 -175, 177 , 210 , 217 , 235 -236, 243 -251, 253
Rivillapuerta, Bartolomé, 78 -87, 94 , 96
Rodríguez de la Madrid, Domingo, 195
Rodríguez de la Madrid Vásquez, Andrés, 195
Rodríguez de la Madrid y Liendo, Salvador, 196
Rodríguez de la Madrid y Liendo, Santiago, 196
Rodríguez del Toro, Bernardo (I Marqués de Toro), 183 -184, 186 -187
Rodríguez del Toro y Istúriz, Francisco de Paula (II Marqués del Toro), 166 , 192 , 252 -253
Rodríguez del Toro y Istúriz, Marí Teresa, 191 -192
Rodríguez Santos, Alonso, 39 , 41 , 43 , 58 , 77
Rodríguez Santos, Juan, 58 , 77 -78, 85
Rodríguez Santos wheat estancia, 75 -94, 96 , 97 , 100 -101, 134
Rosario Blanco, Juan del, 112 -114, 117 -120, 138
Ruiz Arguinzones, Pedro, 239
S
San Javier, Conde de. See Pacheco Mijares, Juan Jacinto
San Matheo (valley), 100
San Sebastián (Spain), 4
San Sebastián de los Reyes, 14 , 26 , 45 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 68 , 145
Santa Lucía (valley), 88 -90, 95 -99, 116 , 121
Santo Domingo, 5 , 32 , 41 , 54 , 111 -112, 118 . See also Audiencia, Santo Domingo
Seven Years War, 241
Seville, 21 , 33 , 39 -40, 55 , 57 , 78
Sierpe, Gil de la, 49
Slavery:
African, 3 -4, 6 ;
control of Tuy slaves, 139 -140;
domestic, 72 -73, 79 , 89 -90;
and elite status, 128 , 138 ;
impact of declining prices on, 186 , 188 ;
Indian, 1 -2, 51 ;
Liendo-Rodríguez Santos slaves, 88 -90, 93 -96;
and morenos libres , 110 -112;
Piñate-Caldera slaves, 130 -131;
Rodríguez Santos-Escovedo slaves, 79 , 84 , 87 , 93 ;
transition from encomienda labor to, 43 , 56 -58, 64 -65, 67 -70.
See also Indians; Slave trade
Slave trade, 6 , 7 , 45 ;
from Curaçao, 64 , 71 ;
early slave imports, 57 -58, 97 ;
English asiento, 9 , 124 -139 passim, 158 -159, 163 , 188 ;
French asiento, 111 -112;
Portuguese asiento, 109 , 111
Smuggling:
tobacco, 34 -35;
cacao, 5 , 124 , 156 , 169 -170, 186 , 327 n. 23;
and tenientes de justicia , 139 -142.
See also Curaçao; Dutch traders
Soconusco, 47
Sojo Palacios. See Palacios
Solano y Bote, José, 211 , 242 -243
Sosa Betancourt, Manuel de, 146 -147, 166
Soto Ibarra, Isabel, 192
South Sea Company. See Slave trade, English asiento
Spanish Succession, War of the, 198
Spira, Georg, 2
Sugar, 66 , 68 -70, 100 , 190 ;
trapiches in Caracas province (1752), 204
T
Tácata (valley), 121
Taguasa (valley), 209
Tenerife, 35 , 54
Tenientes de justicia mayor , 116 -117, 140 -144, 149 , 169 , 171 , 173
Tercio buque , 179 -183, 215
Tierra adentro , 2
Tierra Firme, 3 , 15 , 33
Tobacco:
ban on, 34 -35, 42 -43;
farming, 33 -34;
trade, 20 , 24 , 34 -39, 41 -42;
traders, 35 -39, 41 -42
Tócome, 145 -146, 153
Tomusa (Indians), 108
Toro, I Marqués de. See Rodríguez del Toro, Bernardo
Toro, II Marqués de. See Rodríguez del Toro y Istúriz, Francisco de Paula
Tovar, Antonio, 70
Tovar, Mauro de, 61
Tovar, 1759 households of, 219 -221
Tovar Blanco, Martín (I Conde de Tovar), 171 , 252
Tovar Galindo, Ana Juana, 203
Tovar Galindo, Fernando, 196
Tovar Galindo, José Domingo, 196
Tovar Galindo, José Manuel, 196
Tovar Galindo, Martín, 196
Tovar kin, 69
Tovar Mijares, Antonio, 196
Tovar Mijares, Luisa Catalina, 196
Tovar Mijares, Mauro, 196
Tovar Mijares, Melchora, 219
Tribiño Guillamas, Juan de, 49
Tunja, 33
Turmero (valley), 51 , 69
Tutela (guardianship), 76 -77, 100 -101
Tuy (river, region), 4 , 5 ;
closing of frontier, 135 -139, 254 ;
expansion of cacao haciendas to, 66 -67, 74 , 105 -144 passim, 185 ;
productivity of haciendas in 1744, 207 ;
trapiches, 204
U
Unare (river), 171
Urbina, Andrés de, 180
Uribe y Gaviola, Isabel de, 205 -207
V
Valencia (town, valley) 2 , 14 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 58 , 67 -69, 164 ;
trapiches, 204
Vasconcelos de Acuña, Francisco, 56
Vásquez de Escobedo, Diego, 40 , 41
Vásquez de Rojas, Juan, 56
Vellón (copper coinage), 63
Vera Ibargoyen, Melchora, 42
Villalonga, Jorge de, 114
Villanueva, Diego de, 41 , 45
W
Waldron, Kathy, 72
War of Jenkins' Ear, 158
Welsers, 2
Wheat:
farming, 3 , 16 , 20 , 32 -33, 66 , 68 , 70 , 73 , 77 -86, 93 , 96 -97, 100 ;
flour mills and milling, 26 -28, 30 -31, 78 -82, 100 ;
trade, 3 , 15 -16, 18 -20, 22 , 31 -32, 34 , 36 -38, 40 -46, 80 -86;
traders, 35 -38, 40 -42
Y
Ynforme (report on Indian population in 1690), 68 -69
Z
Zambos , 69
Zuloaga, Gabriel José de, 142 -144, 156 , 160 -161, 164 , 182 -183, 187 , 198 , 200 , 238