INDEX

A

Abolitionism, 102 -4, 114 , 154 , 171 , 172

Absolution, doctrine of, 360

Adams, Henry, 70

Adams, John, 111

Agassiz, Louis, 236

Agnosticism, xxii , 37 , 66 , 77 , 83 , 341

Alamán, Lucas, 52

Alcott, Amos Bronson, 321 , 322

Alcott, William A., 391 n4

Alienation, 162 , 187 , 211 , 224 , 234 , 270 , 271 , 350

Alphonsus de Liguori, Saint, 309 , 420 n22

Ambrose, Saint, 203

American Protestant Vindicator (periodical), 64 , 373 n27

American Renaissance, 162 , 302

American Revolution, 68 , 70 , 130 , 142 , 279

Anglicanism, 128 , 184 , 188

Anti-Catholic discourse: and captivity narrative, 88 , 103 -6, 109 , 111 , 125 , 146 , 163 , 167 , 169 -70, 182 ;

commercialism of, 106 , 107 , 146 ;

and domestic sphere, 104 , 111 , 117 , 128 , 173 ;

and Edenic imagery, 111 ;

and family, 117 , 122 , 128 -29, 143 ;

and awthorne's Blithedale Romance , 344 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 352 , 357 ;

and Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil," 221 -22;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 260 , 264 , 268 ;

inauthenticity of, 106 , 107 ;

and Melville's Be-nito Cereno , xxv , 163 , 173 , 174 , 176 , 179 ;

and miscege-nation, 172 ;

and misogyny, 26 ;

and Mìhler's defense of Catholicism, 327 , 330 ;

and national identity, xviii , 106 ;

New World context of, xx -xxi;

number of publications within, 106 ;

and Parkman's Jesuits , 64 , 66 , 80 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," xxv , 163 , 167 , 169 -70;

and Prescott's Mexico , 43 -44, 46 , 52 , 61 ;

and priestly seduction, 122 -23, 171 , 182 ;

and Protestant nativism, 15 , 37 , 102 -6, 233 , 334 ;

and Protestant Reformation, xx ;

and

Anti-Catholic discourse (continued );

Protestant spectatorship, 234 ;

and rhetoric of influence, 231 ;

and sentimentality, 117 , 182 , 231 ;

and slavery, 102 -5, 171 -72, 173 , 174 , 391 n14, 412 n43;

and social class, 136 -42, 152 , 162 , 255 -56;

and theatricality, 106 , 185

Antichrist, 16 -17, 140 , 280 -81

Apostolic authority, 213 -14, 283 , 326

Archaeology, of Roman catacombs, 26 , 31 , 33 -34

Architecture, Catholic, xxi , xxiii ;

and cathedrals, 16 , 17 , 174 , 215 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 297 , 413 n1;

and confessionals, 100 , 121 -22;

and convents, 155 , 158 , 160 ;

and domestic sphere, 100 , 112 , 273 ;

and eroticism, 17 , 24 , 121 -22;

and Hawthorne's writings, 168 ;

and Holmes's writings, 243 ;

and interiority, 17 , 83 , 121 , 173 , 182 , 215 , 270 , 374 n3;

and Michelet's writings, 121 -23;

and Monk's captivity narrative, 158 , 160 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 165 , 169 , 170 , 182 ;

and Protestant tourism, 16 -18, 24 , 83 , 155 , 174 , 215 , 270 , 273 ;

and spectacle, 191 . See also Catacombs, Roman

Architecture, Protestant, 25 , 185 , 375 n10

Ariosto, Ludovico, 52

Arminianism, 5 , 244 , 371 n8

Art, Catholic, xxiii , 6 , 16 , 230 , 235 -36, 253 , 297 , 403 n17;

and authentic feeling, 271 -72;

and conversion to Catholicism, 236 , 299 , 326 , 410 -11n40;

as spectacle, 190 , 234 , 235

Art, Protestant, 125 , 191 -93, 200 -201, 237 , 238 , 403 n17

Artifice, thematics of, 162 , 167 , 170

Asceticism: of Capuchin nuns, 24 ;

of Catholic saints, 203 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 323 , 325 ;

and domestic fiction, 131 ;

of Jesuits, 64 , 66 , 68 , 75 -77, 92 ;

sentimental repression of, 115

Atheism, 341 , 348

Atlantic Monthly , 241 , 247

Augustine, Saint, 240 , 326 , 344 , 370 n7

Austin, James T., 144 , 151

Aztecs, 38 , 40 , 53 , 382 n33;

compared to Catholics, xxii , 36 , 43 -46, 52 , 54 -55, 61 , 62 , 64 , 135 , 150 , 358 ;

compared to U.S. middle class, 47 -48;

femininity attributed to, 43 , 49 , 55 , 61 , 380 n23;

and interiority, 44 -45, 61 , 83

B

Balmes, J., 67

Bancroft, George, 50 , 341 , 385 n59

Banvard, John, 209 -10

Barber, Daniel, 214

Bayley, Richard, 290 -91

Beecher, Catharine, 130 , 325 -26, 375 n10

Beecher, Edward: xxi, 131 , 231 , 363

Beecher, Henry Ward, 236 , 410 n40

Beecher, Lyman, 100 , 109 , 138 , 147 , 148

Bercovitch, Sacvan: xxvi , 373 n24

Berg, Joseph, 125 , 171

Berkeley, George, 11

Bernard, Saint, 203 , 240 , 250

Bible: Book of Revelation in, 34 , 182 ;

Catholic suppression of, 10 , 11 , 33 , 373 n22;

and conversion to Catholicism, 283 , 285 , 331 ;

King James version of, 10 ;

lay reading of, 10 -11;

and Protestant historiogra-phy, 7 -10. See also Scripture, Protestant

Billington, Ray Allen, 373 n22, 392 n16

Blythe, Stephen, 283 , 284

Body: and captivity narrative, 91 -94, 121 , 123 , 124 , 167 -69, 170 , 171 ;

and Catholic incarnationalism, 199 , 238 , 278 , 330 -31, 364 ;

and Catholic morbidity, 23 -29, 234 ;

and Catholic spectacle, 190 -91, 199 -200, 234 , 235 , 239 , 270 ;

and Catholic spirituality, 124 , 326 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, xxvi , 234 , 236 , 324 , 331 ;

and Holmes's "Anatomist's Heart," 364 -65;

and mind-body relation, 76 -77, 363 -64;

and Protestant historiography, 6 -8, 10 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 66 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 75 -82;

and Protestant liberalism, 234 , 235 , 242 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 184 ;

and Protestant tourism, 23 -29;

and public/private sphere, 324 ;

and rhetoric of influence, 228 -29;

and scientific physiology, 364 -66;

and sentimentality, 124 -25, 377 n30;

Transcendentalist concept of, 332 .

See also Invalidism; Torture

Boiardo, Matteo Maria, 52

Bourgeoisie. See Middle class

Bourne, George, 109 , 118

Brainerd, David, 282

Brébeuf, Jean de, 72 , 75

Brook Farm, 120 , 258 , 302 -7, 319 , 333 ;

Isaac Hecker's activities at, 302 -3, 319 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 326 , 334 , 422 n4;

Sophia Ripley's activity at, 302 -7, 314 , 319 , 414 n7, 420 n8

Brown, Charles Brockden, 45 , 83 , 198 , 286 , 388 n76

Brown, Henry "Box," 114 , 182

Brownlee, W. C., 12 , 109 , 373 n27, 385 n55

Brownson, Orestes A., 72 , 153 , 205 , 240 , 321 , 415 n19;

The American Republic by, 348 ;

appeal to Emerson by, 358 -59;

and Brook Farm, 303 ;

and Burnett's conversion, 425 n3;

Catholic conversion of, xvii , xxvi , 14 -15, 197 , 198 , 245 , 283 , 303 , 337 -38;

and Catholic historiography, 342 -46;

and Catholic immigration, 342 ;

childhood of, 338 ;

and conservativism, 343 , 345 ;

The Convert by, 302 , 303 , 325 , 338 ;

and correspondence with Hecker, 201 , 214 , 225 , 226 -27, 303 , 322 , 325 -26, 334 , 348 ;

and cultural identity, 281 , 302 , 338 ;

and epistemology, 338 , 339 , 426 n8;

on Holmes's Elsie Yenher , 409 -10n32;

and individualism, 339 , 340 ;

"The Laboring Classes" by, xvii , 340 ;

and Leroux's doctrine of

Brownson, Orestes A.(continued )

communion, 339 -40;

and mesmerism, 343 -44, 346 , 348 , 359 ;

and Michelet's writings, 122 ;

and modernism, 343 , 345 ;

New Views of Christianity, Society, and the Church by, 339 ;

and original sin, 340 ;

and patriotism, 342 ;

and Presbyterianism, xvii ;

and Protestant conspiracy, 341 , 345 , 347 , 359 ;

and Protestant historiography, 78 , 80 , 341 , 345 , 347 ;

and Protestant liberalism, 337 , 341 , 342 , 343 , 347 , 348 ;

and Protestant Reformation, 345 -46;

Quarterly Review published by, 414 n7;

and rationalism, xvii , 283 , 325 , 334 , 338 ;

and reformism, 338 , 340 , 342 -44;

and relations with William Ellery Channing, 339 ;

Ripley's comments on, 312 , 421 n33;

and satanism, 343 -49, 358 ;

and skepticism, 338 , 342 , 426 n8;

The Spirit-Rapper by, 302 , 342 -48, 359 ;

and Transcendentalism, xvii , 303 , 337 , 341 , 343 , 347 , 359 , 360 ;

and Unitarianism, 338 , 339 , 341 , 347 ;

and Virgin Mary, 411 n41

Bryant, John, 217 , 411 n41

Bryant, William Cullen, 332 , 333

Buell, Lawrence, 371 n8, 382 n32

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de, 68

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, 188

Bunkley, Josephine, 215

Buntline, Ned, 105

Bunyan, John, 282

Burgos Cathedral, staircase of, 17 , 18 , 19

Burke, Kenneth, 428 n4

Burnett, Peter H., 407 n17, 424 -25n3

Bushnell, Horace: and rhetoric of influence, 229 -33, 238 , 249 ; xviii , 54 , 101 -2, 215 -16, 224 , 282 , 391 n10, 410 n40, 415 n13

C

Calderón de la Barca, Fanny, 49 , 60

Caldwell, Patricia, 413 n4

Calvinism: and Brownson's Spirit-Rapper , 344 , 346 ;

and captivity narrative, 88 , 95 , 110 ;

and Catholic defense of reason, 334 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 282 , 283 , 284 , 316 , 317 , 322 , 325 -26;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 353 ;

and Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil," 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 260 , 263 , 264 ;

and Holmes's Elsie Venner , 242 -43, 244 , 245 -46, 364 ;

and liberal Protestantism, xxvii , 9 , 13 , 25 , 110 , 124 , 130 , 242 -43;

and martyrology, 7 ;

and Möhler's Symbolism , 327 ;

and predestination, 242 , 244 ;

sentimentality opposed to, 113 ;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 254 -55;

and tourism, 21 , 183

Cannibalism, 45 , 97 , 98

Capitalism, 113 , 161 , 172 , 322 ;

economic vulnerability of, 286 ;

familial sanctuary from, 122 ;

Protestant encouragement of, 212 ;

and Protestant nativism, 104 ;

social divisive-

ness of, 186 ;

and social reform, 340 .

See also Commercialism, literary

Captivity narrative: and anti-Catholic discourse, 88 , 103 -6, 109 , 111 , 125 , 146 , 163 , 167 , 169 -70, 182 ;

body concept in, 91 -94, 121 , 123 , 124 , 167 -69, 170 , 171 ;

and Calvinism, 88 , 95 , 110 ;

and Catholic conspiracy, 102 ;

and Catholic imperialism, 100 , 163 ;

and commercialism, 87 , 115 , 146 , 154 , 161 , 164 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 213 , 214 , 333 , 336 ;

and democracy, xxv , 87 , 108 , 182 ;

and domestic sphere, 104 , 105 , 111 , 113 -14, 120 , 126 , 154 , 162 , 164 , 173 ;

and eroticism, 105 , 118 , 166 ;

and family, xxv , 116 -17, 149 , 155 , 157 , 162 , 182 ;

and gender, xxiv -xxv, 118 , 154 , 163 , 166 ;

and Gothic literature, 87 -88, 139 , 142 , 155 ;

inau-thenticity of, 115 , 164 ;

and interiority, 105 , 108 , 149 , 173 , 174 , 182 ;

and melodrama, 104 , 105 , 114 , 115 , 162 , 164 , 394 n9;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 162 -64, 171 -81, 182 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 185 , 186 ;

and middle class, 87 , 112 -13, 114 , 120 , 154 , 162 ;

and national identity, 88 , 95 , 99 , 148 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 162 -71, 182 ;

and Protestant liberalism, 109 -10;

and Protestant nativism, 99 , 104 -5, 109 -10, 126 , 154 , 162 , 167 , 256 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 88 , 114 , 118 , 132 , 167 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 94 -95, 97 , 110 , 113 , 118 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 94 , 97 , 99 , 163 , 168 , 172 ;

and psychology, 95 , 112 , 117 , 170 -71, 182 ;

and public/private sphere, xxiii , 104 , 117 , 126 , 149 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 182 ;

readership of, 87 , 115 , 120 , 154 , 400 n41;

religious theme superseded in, 112 , 113 , 115 , 117 , 118 ;

and secularism, 182 ;

and sentimentality, 113 -17, 126 , 132 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 154 , 162 , 164 , 394 n6;

and slavery crisis, xxv , 103 -4;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 255 ;

and theatricality, 95 , 96 , 105 , 115 , 163 , 189 , 278 ;

and torture, 91 -94, 105 , 112 , 115 , 166 , 167

Captivity narrative, convent, xxii ;

body concept in, 121 , 123 , 124 ;

and celibacy, xxv , 119 , 120 , 125 , 127 , 131 ;

and commercialism, 146 , 154 , 161 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 214 , 226 ;

difference conceptualized in, 135 , 150 -51;

and domestic sphere, 111 , 120 , 126 , 154 , 157 , 162 ;

elite historiography compared to, 135 , 148 , 149 -51;

and family, 132 , 149 , 155 , 157 , 162 ;

and Gothic literature, xxv , 139 , 142 , 155 ;

Hawthorne's Marble Faun compared to, 357 ;

Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter compared to, 263 ;

importation of, 106 ;

Indian captivity narrative compared to, 118 ;

and melodrama, 105 , 162

Captivity narrative, convent (continued );

and Michelet's writings, 120 -23;

and middle class, 87 , 120 , 154 , 162 ;

and Monk's narrative, 139 , 154 -61, 400 n41;

mother superior in, 147 -48, 155 , 157 , 158 , 168 ;

and motherhood, 132 , 157 ;

and national identity, 148 ;

and patriarchy, 120 ;

and Protestant nativism, 99 , 105 , 126 , 154 , 162 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 118 , 132 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 168 ;

and public/private sphere, 113 , 117 , 126 , 143 , 149 , 162 , 163 ;

readership of, 87 , 120 , 154 , 400 n41;

and Reed's narrative, 139 , 145 -49, 400 n34;

religious theme superseded in, 112 , 118 ;

and sentimentality, 126 , 132 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 154 , 162 ;

and sexuality, 111 , 125 , 154 , 155 , 157 ;

and social class, 147 , 148 , 151 -52, 154 , 162 , 400 nn;

and social mobility, 119 ;

and thematics of artifice, 162 ;

and Ursuline convent riot, 139 -40

Captivity narrative, Indian: body concept in, 91 -94;

and Calvinism, 95 ;

Catholicism compared to native cultures in, 88 -89, 95 , 96 , 97 , 151 ;

and Catholic uncanniness, 96 ;

convent captivity narrative compared to, 118 ;

escape from Old World enacted in, 95 -97;

and family, 116 -17;

Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter compared to, 262 ;

and Jesuit missionaries, 90 -94, 95 , 96 -97, 99 ;

and Jogues's narrative, 90 -94, 99 , 114 , 164 , 190 , 388 -89nn;

and Marrant's narrative, 277 , 278 ;

and middle-class readership, 87 ;

and national identity, 88 , 95 , 99 ;

in New England, 94 , 96 , 97 , 151 ;

and Núñez's narrative, 89 -90, 94 ;

and Plummer's narrative, 116 -17, 182 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 88 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 94 -95, 97 , 113 , 118 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 94 , 97 , 99 ;

and public/private sphere, 104 , 163 ;

and Puritanism, 88 -89, 91 , 94 -96, 98 , 99 , 389 n6;

and Reformation, 91 , 94 , 96 ;

religious theme superseded in, 112 , 113 , 117 , 118 ;

and ritualism, 90 , 99 ;

and Rowlandson's narrative, 91 , 164 , 389 n6;

and sentimentality, 113 , 114 , 115 -17, 394 n6;

and Stratton's narrative, 115 -16, 394 n8;

and the-atricality, 95 , 96 , 115 , 278 ;

and thematics of artifice, 162 ;

and torture, 91 -94, 115 ;

Ur-suline convent riot compared to, 139 ;

wilderness symbol in, xxv , 94 -97, 98 ;

and Williams's narrative, 96 -98, 114 , 184 , 262

Captivity narrative, slave: and anti-Catholic discourse, 104 -5;

and domestic sphere, 104 , 105 ;

and interiority, 105 ;

and Jacobs's narrative, 104 -5;

and Mar-rant's narrative, 277 -80;

and melodrama, 104 , 105 ;

and "Narrative of Henry 'Box' Brown," 114 ;

and Prot-

estant nativism, 104 -5;

readership of, 87 , 104 , 105 ;

religious theme superseded in, 112 ;

and sentimentality, 114 ;

and sexuality, 104 , 105 ;

and theatricality, 105 , 115 , 278

Carlier, Auguste, 397 n36

Carlyle, Thomas, 21 , 127

Carpenter, William, 363

Cartwright, Peter, 191 , 282

Cary, Emma Forbes, 236 -37, 270

Catacombs, Roman, 22 , 24 -29, 31 -34, 116 , 174 , 353

Cathedrals, 16 , 17 , 174 , 215 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 297 , 413 n1

Catherine of Genoa, Saint, 309

Catholic World (periodical), 284 , 285 , 414 n7

Celibacy, xxiii , 163 , 283 ;

and convent captivity narrative, xxv , 119 , 120 , 125 , 127 , 131 ;

and Indian captivity narrative, 92 , 117 ;

of Jesuits, 64 , 92 , 311 ;

of priests, 119 , 120 , 125 , 255

Cemeteries, Catholic, 148 -49

Cemeteries, Protestant, 25 -26, 377 n30

Chamberlain, Samuel E., 379 n8

Champlain Bible Burning, 11 , 373 n22

Channing, Ellery, 257 -59

Channing, William Ellery, 211 -13, 223 , 225 -26, 232 , 236 -37, 332 ;

Brownson's relations with, 339 ;

conversion defined by, 415 n13

Characterology, and historiogra-phy, 37 , 54 , 55 , 62 , 66 , 149 , 383 n43, 387 n74

Charlestown, anticonvent riot in, 136 -42

Cherokees, 277 , 278

Child, Lydia Maria, 229 , 232 , 238

Chivalry: as trope in Prescott's Mexico , 42 , 48 , 52 , 60 ;

and Ursuline convent riot, 137 , 140 , 142 , 145

Christian Examiner (periodical), 13 , 64 , 67 , 233 , 375 n10

Civil War, American, 41

Clarke, James Freeman, 256 , 337 , 360

Class. See Social class

Clayton, John, 53

Clebsch, William A., 370 n7

Cobbett, William, 21 , 127 , 345 , 346

Coleman, John A., 410 n37

Collectivism, Catholic, 117 , 126 , 141 , 177 , 181

Collingwood, R. G., 426 n19

Colonial period, American, 4 , 373 n24

Colton, Calvin, 107 , 226

Columbus, Christopher, 36 , 63 , 384 n45

Commercialism, literary: and anti-Catholic discourse, 106 , 107 , 146 ;

and captivity narrative, 87 , 115 , 146 , 154 , 161 , 164 ;

and domestic fiction, 131 -32;

and Prescott's Mexico , 49 -50, 55 ;

and Protestant nativism, 164 . See also Mass culture

Communitarianism, 21 , 120 , 321

Confessionals: and captivity narrative, 112 , 120 -26, 128 , 158 , 165 , 166 ;

and Hawthorne's writings, xxiii , 223 -24, 267 -69, 403 n11;

and nativist discourse, 99 , 100 , 105 , 171 , 172 , 221 ,

Confessionals (continued )

268 ;

and Protestant liberalism, 212 , 223 ;

and Protestant tourism, 174 ;

sexual encounters in, 100 , 120 -26, 268 , 395 n17

Congregationalism: and conversion to Catholicism, 213 -14, 283 ;

xviii , 9 , 98 , 101 , 138 , 147 , 215 , 229 , 262

Conservatism, political: and abolitionism, 114 ;

and Catholic historiography, 343 , 345 ;

and Protestant historiography, 41 -43;

and Whig party, 41 -43, 50

Conservatism, religious: Catholic, 6 , 13 ;

Protestant, 37 , 100 , 115 , 184 , 211 , 216 , 233

Conspiracy, Catholic, 109 , 111 , 142 , 143 , 391 n9;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 174 -75, 179 ;

and Protestant nativism, 64 , 100 -103, 162 , 167 , 233 , 256

Conspiracy, Protestant, 341 , 345 , 347 , 359

Constant, Benjamin, 339

Consumability, 240 -41, 270 -71, 273

Consumerism, 115 , 202

Convents: architectural space of, 155 , 158 , 160 ;

priestly seduction in, 126 , 147 , 155 , 395 n14;

and Protestant tourism, 174 .

See also Captivity narrative, convent; Ursuline convent riot

Conversion, to Catholicism: and ambivalence, 197 , 216 , 218 , 220 ;

and apostolic authority, 213 -14, 283 , 326 ;

and Bible reading, 283 , 285 , 331 ;

body concept in, xxvi , 234 , 236 , 324 , 331 ;

by Orestes Brown-son, xvii , xxvi , 14 -15, 197 , 198 , 245 , 283 , 303 , 337 -38;

by Peter Burnett, 424 -25n3;

by Emma Forbes Cary, 236 , 270 ;

by Isaac Hecker, xxvi , 198 , 201 , 202 , 214 , 226 -27, 251 , 302 , 321 , 331 , 333 ;

by Joshua Huntington, 214 , 282 , 283 -84;

by Levi Silliman Ives, 214 , 284 -85;

by Native Americans, 73 ;

by Protestant women, 120 , 122 , 123 ;

by Sophia Ripley, xxvi , 198 -99, 237 , 302 , 305 , 307 , 312 , 420 n8;

by Elizabeth Ann Se-ton, xxvi , 197 , 198 , 298 -300;

and Calvinism, 282 , 283 , 284 , 316 , 317 , 322 , 325 -26;

and captivity narrative, 213 , 214 , 226 , 333 , 336 ;

and Catholic art, 236 , 299 , 326 , 410 -11n40;

and Catholic immigration, 226 , 227 , 245 ;

and Catholic materiality, 198 , 199 , 226 , 238 , 241 ;

and Catholic maternality, 238 ;

and Catholic spectacle, 234 , 236 ;

and Catholic spirituality, 226 , 227 , 284 -85;

and Channing's writings, 211 -13, 225 -26, 232 , 236 -37;

and Congregationalism, 213 -14, 283 ;

and cultural identity, 280 -82, 322 , 324 -25, 338 ;

and democracy, 226 , 228 , 240 , 285 , 347 , 348 -49;

and domestic sphere, 282 -83, 317 ;

and Episcopalianism, 213 -14, 216 , 283 ;

and eroticism, 238 ;

explanatory models of, 218 , 281 , 282 ;

and family, 282 ;

and gender, xxvi , 311 , 416 n25;

and Haw-

thorne's Marble Faun , 198 ;

and Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil," 224 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 197 , 260 , 267 ;

and Holmes's Elsie Venner , 198 , 243 , 244 -45, 246 ;

and immigration, 226 , 227 ;

and inauthenticity, 198 -99, 212 ;

and interiority, 299 -300, 324 , 331 ;

and literary production, 197 -99, 215 -16, 282 ;

and magic, 239 -40;

and materiality, 198 , 199 , 227 ;

and middle class, 281 ;

number of persons choosing, xx , 281 ;

and perversion, 215 -16, 217 ;

political aspects of, 217 , 218 , 226 , 228 , 240 , 334 , 335 , 338 , 343 , 347 , 348 ;

and Protestant consumption, 234 , 240 -41;

and Protestant liberalism, 212 , 214 -16, 225 -26, 234 , 235 , 246 , 282 , 284 , 302 , 333 , 337 ;

and Protestant nativism, 200 -201, 233 , 239 , 282 , 285 ;

and Protestant pluralism, 217 ;

and Protestant sectarianism, 198 , 225 -26, 228 , 233 , 324 , 337 , 347 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 198 , 284 , 285 , 302 , 322 ;

and Protestant spectatorship, 234 -37;

and Protestant subjectivity, 324 -25;

and Protestant tourism, 215 , 216 , 217 , 273 , 411 n40;

and public/ private sphere, 324 ;

and Puritanism, 97 , 98 ;

and rationalism, xvii , 199 , 283 , 284 , 338 , 422 -23n15;

and rhetoric of influence, 228 -29, 230 -31, 232 , 233 ;

and romanticism, 326 , 333 ;

and sentimentality, 198 , 358 ;

and social class, 233 , 240 ;

and spectacle, 234 ;

and spirituality, 226 , 227 ;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 197 , 250 -51;

and superstition, 216 -17;

and Transcendentalism, 197 , 282 , 322 , 337 ;

and Unitarianism, 212 , 215 , 227 , 232 , 237 , 240 -41, 244 , 283 , 284 , 322 , 324

Conversion, to Protestantism, 8 , 15 , 216 , 277 -78, 280 , 330 , 413 n4

Conway, Moncure, 401 -2n10

Cooper, James Fenimore, 65 , 386 n61

Copley, John Singleton, 236

Cortés, Hernando, xxii , 38 -43, 45 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 62 , 83 , 149 , 382 n33

Counter-Reformation, xx , 75 , 91

Cousin, Victor, 339

Crespin, Jean, 7

Culler, Jonathan, 376 n13

Cultural critique: and Brownson's Spirit-Rapper , 343 -48;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 351 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 412 n3;

and Protestant tourism, 6 , 11 , 16 -21

Cultural identity, of religious converts, 280 -82, 322 , 324 -25;

and Orestes Brownson, 281 , 302 , 338 ;

and Isaac Hecker, 281 , 321 , 322 , 324 ;

and Sophia Ripley, 281 , 302 , 307 , 308 , 310 , 312 , 314 , 322 ;

and Elizabeth Ann Se-ton, 281 , 322

Cushing, Caleb, 39

D

Daguerreotype, 65

Dante Alighieri, 183 -84, 241 -42, 254 , 303 , 409 n24

Davis, David Brion, 392 n17

De Circourt, Adolph, 39

Deism, 283 , 293

Democracy: and captivity narrative, xxv , 87 , 108 , 182 ;

and Catholic conspiracy, 100 , 143 ;

and Catholic converts, 226 , 228 , 240 , 285 , 347 , 348 -49;

and Channing's "Letter on Catholicism," 212 ;

and individualism, 108 -9, 117 ;

and national identity, 19 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 184 ;

and public/private sphere, 117 , 182 , 183 ;

women's independence in, 397 n36

Democratic party, 50 , 100

Dewey, Orville, 239 , 271

Dhu, Helen, Stanhope Burleigh by, 239

Dial (periodical), 257

Didactic fiction, 10 , 353 , 354 , 356 , 360

Difference: and anticonvent literature, 135 , 150 -51;

in Parkman's Jesuits , 73 , 135 ;

in Prescott's Mexico , 40 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 54 , 61 , 135

Digby, Kenelm, 132

Dillenberger, John, 403 n17

Disestablishment, 4 , 12 , 20

Dissenters, 7 , 10

Divorce, 128

Domestic sphere: and anti-Catholic discourse, 104 , 111 , 117 , 128 , 173 ;

and captivity narrative, 104 , 105 , 111 , 113 -14, 120 , 126 , 154 , 162 , 164 , 173 ;

and Catholic architecture, 100 , 112 , 273 ;

and cemetery design, 25 -26;

and commercial fiction, 131 -32;

and conversion to Catholicism, 282 -83, 317 ;

and economic sphere, 134 ;

and family, 117 , 126 , 128 , 130 , 131 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 265 , 266 , 267 ;

and Longfellow's Evangeline , 203 -4, 206 , 208 ;

and Madonna figure, 253 ;

and marriage, 131 -34;

and masculinity, 132 , 163 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 173 , 176 ;

and middle class, xxi , xxv , 117 , 124 , 154 , 162 , 163 , 248 , 266 ;

and motherhood, 132 -33, 157 , 229 , 244 ;

and rhetoric of influence, 228 -29;

and sentimentality, 113 , 120 , 131 -32, 229 , 266 , 317 , 358 ;

and utopianism, 395 n15;

women's role in, xxi , 117 , 120 , 134 , 154 , 171 , 317 , 318

Doubling, ironic, xxvi , 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 155 , 358 -60, 362

Doughty, Howard, 386 n59, 387 n73

Douglas, Ann, xxvi , 372 n17

Douglass, Frederick, 172

Downing, Andrew Jackson, 375 n10

Dualism, 330 , 332 , 363

Duban, James, 402 n4

Dwight, Theodore, 154 , 161

E

Economic sphere: and consumerism, 115 , 202 ;

and domestic sphere, 134 ;

and family, 122 ;

and industrialization, 6 , 21 , 127 , 142 ;

and masculinity, xxi , 117 , 126 , 322 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 185 -86;

and social inequality, 141 -42.

See also Capitalism

Edinburgh Review , 225

Education, 99 , 100 , 215 , 300 , 370 n5, 390 n3

Edwards, Jonathan, 3 , 4 , 154 , 218 , 222 , 224 , 254

Eliot, George, Middlemarch by, 354

Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint, 311 , 312

Elson, Ruth Miller, 396 n34

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 80 , 190 , 211 , 232 , 236 , 306 , 314 , 333 , 340 , 342 ;

Brown-son's address to, 358 -59;

on Catholic immigration, 5 ;

on Catholic mass, 14 , 202 ;

on conversion to Catholicism, 240 -41;

on Dante, 241 ;

dualism of, 332 ;

on power, 237 , 408 n8;

on Protestant selfhood, 270 , 284 , 302 , 319 , 322 ;

on spiritualism, 344 ;

and Swedenborgianism, 227 , 228

Empiricism: and Protestant historiography, 37 , 48

England, John, 134

England: Catholic Emancipation Act in, xviii , 101 , 106 ;

as New World power, 36 , 67 , 94 , 277 , 278 , 279

Environmental paradigm, of character formation, 245 , 383 n43

Epidemic disease, 211 , 290 -93, 416 n26

Episcopalianism, 125 , 127 , 147 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 213 -14, 216 , 283 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 185 , 187 , 188 ;

Seton's espousal of, 286 , 293 , 294 ;

Stowe's espousal of, 245 , 249

Erlich, Gloria C., 428 n1

Eroticism: and captivity narrative, 105 , 118 , 166 ;

and Catholic architecture, 17 , 24 , 121 -22;

and Catholic morbidity, 17 , 19 , 24 , 32 , 357 ;

and Catholic spectacle, 190 -91;

and Catholic spirituality, 124 , 125 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 238 ;

and interiority, 17 , 83 , 183 ;

and sentimentality, 123 -24;

and Stowe's historical romance, 253 -54;

and tuberculosis, 417 n26.

See also Seduction, priestly

Etzler, John Adolphus, 395 n15

Eucharist, 293 , 294 , 305 , 331

Everett, Edward, 36

Exposé genre, xxv , 142 , 152 -53

Eyck, Jan van, 234

F

Family: and anti-Catholic discourse, 117 , 122 , 128 -29, 143 ;

and captivity narrative, xxv , 116 -17, 132 , 149 , 155 , 157 , 162 , 182 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 282 ;

and domestic sphere, 117 , 126 , 128 , 130 , 131 ;

and economic sphere, 122 ;

and heredity, 245 , 362 ;

and martyrdom, 128 -30;

maternal authority in, 130 -31, 257 ;

motherhood canonized in, 132 -33;

and national identity, 6 ;

patriarchal, 120 , 130 , 143 , 163 , 257 , 318 ;

and public/private sphere, 117 , 126 , 143 , 149 , 162 , 182 ;

and rhetoric of influence, 232 ;

sacralization of, 117 , 128 , 129 , 182 ;

and sentimentality, 117 , 120

Farina, John, 422 n4

Femininity: and Catholic spectacle, 191 , 234 ;

Catholicism characterized by, 14 , 49 , 71 , 79 , 80 , 121 , 183 , 216 , 234 , 239 , 248 , 249 , 272 ;

and do-

Femininity (continued )

mestic sphere, 117 , 120 , 134 , 154 , 171 ;

Mexico characterized by, 380 -81n23, 384 n47;

and mind-body relation, 76 ;

and narrative voice, 115 , 150 , 154 ;

Native Americans characterized by, 43 , 49 , 55 , 61 , 380 n23;

and party politics, 50 ;

Protestantism characterized by, 113 , 122 , 124 , 248 -49, 372 n17;

and sentimentality, 113 , 115 , 117 , 120 -21, 123 , 124 , 131 , 147 ;

and Stowe's historical romance, 248 , 249 , 253 , 254

Feminism, 318

Feudalism, 54 , 345 , 382 n30

Fiedler, Leslie, 17 , 400 n41

Field, Henry M., 127

Finney, Charles Grandison, 113 , 282 , 393 -94n8

Flint, Timothy, 104

Foner, Eric, 391 n14

Foster, Hannah, 10

Foucault, Michel, 395 n17

Fourier, Charles, 155 , 305 , 306 , 395 n15, 420 n8

Foxe, John, 7 -10, 11 , 128 -30, 171 , 342 , 371 -72n12

France, as New World power, 5 , 88 , 94 , 95 , 101

Franklin, Benjamin, 10 , 56 , 57 , 372 n17

French Revolution, 346

Frothingham, Charles, 126 , 142 , 148

Fruitlands, 322 , 323

Fugitive Slave Law, 136

G

Gardiner, C. Harvey, 379 n6

Gavin, Anthony, 106

Gender: and captivity narrative, xxiv -xxv, 118 , 154 , 163 , 166 ;

and Catholic martyrdom, 92 ;

and Catholic power, 248 , 257 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, xxvi , 311 , 416 n25;

and domestic sphere, 117 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 268 -69;

and Holmes's Elsie Venner , 243 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 163 , 172 ;

and mind-body relation, 76 ;

and Monk's convent narrative, 154 ;

and narrative voice, 49 , 115 , 150 , 154 , 162 , 163 , 166 , 172 ;

and Parkman's historiography, 70 , 71 , 79 , 80 ;

and party politics, 50 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 163 , 166 ;

and Prescott's historiography, 43 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 380 n23;

and property relations, 142 ;

and Protestant historiography, 50 , 60 , 70 , 71 , 79 , 80 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 184 ;

and psychology, 76 ;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 248 , 249 , 252 , 255 ;

in Victorian era, 190 .

See also Femininity; Masculinity

George III (king of England), 130

German immigrants, 5 , 103 , 175 , 227 , 333 , 368 n7

Gibbon, Edward, 26 , 381 n26

Gossman, Lionel, 382 n32

Gothic literature: and captivity narrative, xxv , 87 -88, 139 , 142 , 155 ;

and Catholic conspiracy, 101 -2;

and Catholic morbidity, 24 , 26 , 27 ;

and fear of intimacy, 395 n15;

historical displacement in, 178 ;

and Longfellow's Evangeline , 207 ;

and Parkman's writings,

70 ;

and Prescott's writings, 50 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 110 ;

and racism, 87 -88;

and Seton's correspondence, 291 ;

and Stowe's writings, 28 , 254 ;

trespass in, 400 n35

Greene, George, 26 , 27

Greenough, Horatio, 191

Gregory XVI, Pope, 101 , 137

Gyles, John, 98

H

Harbinger (periodical), 305 , 333

Harper's Magazine , 13 , 23 , 28 -29, 30 , 133 , 360 -61

Harris, Neil, 410 -11n40

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, xxii , 75 , 115 , 184 , 189 -90, 220 , 236 , 304 , 313 -14, 407 n18;

The Blithedale Romance by, 123 , 343 , 344 ;

on Italy, 19 , 20 , 22 , 168 , 183 , 190 , 200 , 240 , 352 -58, 412 n4;

on Longfellow, 203 , 205 -6, 208 , 211

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, The Marble Faun by: anti-Catholic discourse in, 352 , 357 ;

and Calvinism, 353 ;

and Catholic materiality, 352 , 354 , 355 , 357 ;

and Catholic morbidity, 352 , 353 , 355 , 356 ;

convent captivity narrative compared to, 357 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 198 , 243 ;

critical interpretations of, 427 -28n1;

cultural criticism in, 351 ;

didacticism in, 353 , 354 , 356 ;

female body in, 124 ;

female identity in, 183 ;

Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter compared to, 350 , 352 , 354 ;

Holmes's Elsie Venner compared to, 242 , 243 , 409 n27;

and interiority, 357 , 358 ;

marriage in, 351 , 352 ;

melodrama in, 354 , 357 ;

narrative structure of, 351 , 354 , 355 , 356 , 357 ;

and Protestant purity, 356 , 357 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 357 ;

and Protestant tourism, 19 , 20 , 22 , 351 , 353 , 357 , 358 ;

and romance genre, 350 -58;

and sentimentality, 124 ;

and sexuality, 355

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, "The Minister's Black Veil" by: and anti-Catholic discourse, 221 -22;

and Calvinism, 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 ;

and Catholic confessionals, xxiii , 223 -24;

and Catholic immigration, 221 , 224 ;

and Catholic perversion, 221 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 224 ;

and Edwardsianism, 222 , 224 ;

narrative voice in, 223 ;

and necrophilia, 223 ;

and original sin, 222 ;

and Protestant nativism, 221 , 222 ;

and Protestant Scripture, 222 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 222 , 224 ;

Reed's convent narrative compared to, 221 ;

symbolic indeterminancy in, 224 , 225 ;

and transvestism, 222

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, The Scarlet Letter by, xxii , xxvi ;

and anti-Catholic discourse, 260 , 264 , 268 , 269 ;

and autobiographical genre, 266 , 267 ;

and Calvinism, 260 , 263 , 264 ;

and Catholic materiality, 262 , 264 , 265 , 266 ;

and Catholic maternality, 266 ;

and Catholic morbidity, 264 , 265 ;

and Catholic spirituality, 264 ;

confessional

Hawthorne, Nathaniel (continued )

theme in, xxiii , 267 -69;

convent captivity narrative compared to, 263 ;

and conversion genre, 197 , 260 , 267 ;

and detective genre, 260 , 266 , 267 ;

and domestic sphere, 265 , 266 , 267 ;

gender construction in, 268 -69;

Hawthorne's Marble Faun compared to, 350 , 352 , 354 ;

Holmes's Elsie Venner compared to, 246 ;

imaginative mediation in, 264 -65;

Indian captivity narrative compared to, 262 ;

Longfellow's Evangeline compared to, 206 , 263 ;

and Madonna imagery, 262 -63;

narrative construction in, 261 , 263 , 264 , 267 , 269 , 412 n3;

and Protestant nativism, 262 , 268 ;

and Protestant purity, 264 -65;

and Protestant spectatorship, 262 , 268 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 263 ;

and Puritanism, 260 , 262 , 263 , 412 n2;

and romance genre, 264 -65, 266 ;

and sentimentality, 266 , 268 ;

and sexuality, 246 , 260 , 263 , 268

Hecker, Isaac, 251 , 258 , 306 , 415 n19;

and asceticism, 323 , 326 ;

Aspirations of Nature by, 302 , 322 , 332 -33;

body conceptualized by, 322 , 323 , 331 , 332 ;

and Brook Farm, 302 -3, 319 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 326 , 334 , 422 n4;

and Calvinism, 322 , 325 -26, 334 ;

and Catholic community, 326 , 333 ;

Catholic conversion of, xxvi , 198 , 201 , 202 , 214 , 226 -27, 251 , 302 , 321 , 331 , 333 ;

and Catholic interiority, 324 , 331 ;

and Catholic mass, 327 , 331 , 333 ;

and Catholic mysteries, 334 ;

and Catholic spirituality, 326 ;

Catholic World periodical founded by, 414 n7;

and correspondence with Brownson, 201 , 214 , 225 , 226 -27, 303 , 322 , 325 -26, 334 , 348 ;

critique of Beecher by, 325 -26;

critique of Emerson by, 332 ;

and cultural identity, 281 , 302 , 321 , 322 , 324 -25;

death of, 336 ;

diary of, 321 , 322 , 323 , 325 , 334 ;

Emerson's comments on, 202 ;

Emerson's maxims reformulated by, 302 ;

and entrepreneurialism, 322 , 338 ;

European travels of, 334 -36;

and Fruitlands, 322 , 323 ;

immigrant background of, 227 , 323 , 333 ;

invalidism of, 335 , 336 ;

and masculinity, 202 ;

and Melville's Pierre , 324 ;

and Milner's art, 326 , 332 ;

missionary activities of, 334 -35;

and Möhler's Symbolism , 326 -27, 330 , 331 , 332 ;

Paulist Fathers founded by, 302 , 334 , 414 n7;

and Pelagianism, 325 -26;

and Protestant liberalism, 302 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 324 -25;

Questions of the Soul by, 302 , 322 ;

and rationalism, 325 ;

and reformism, 321 ;

and relations with family, 322 , 323 , 334 ;

and relations with Sophia Ripley, 302 -3, 315 , 319 , 321 ;

and relations with Henry David Thoreau, 323 , 335 ;

and romanticism, 201 , 202 , 326 , 333 ;

and selfhood,

198 , 302 , 322 , 323 ;

and Transcendentalism, 322 , 332 ;

and Unitarianism, 322 , 323

Henry VIII (king of England), 128

Heredity, 245 , 362 , 409 n32, 416 n26

Hilliard, George, 19

Historiography, Catholic, 62 -64, 342 -49

Historiography, Protestant: body concept in, 6 -8, 10 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 75 -82;

Catholic critique of, 78 , 80 , 341 , 345 , 347 ;

and Catholic culture, 6 -7, 11 ;

and Catholic fictionality, 13 -14;

and Catholic images, 6 -7, 9 ;

and Catholic immigration, 5 , 6 , 40 -41, 55 , 62 ;

and Catholic stasis, 4 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 23 ;

and characterology, 37 , 54 , 55 , 62 , 66 , 149 , 383 n43, 387 n74;

and class identity, 6 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 136 ;

and convent captivity narrative, 135 , 148 , 149 -51, 153 ;

and empiricism, 37 , 48 ;

and gender, 50 , 60 , 70 , 71 , 79 , 80 ;

and interiority, 44 -45, 61 , 78 , 83 ;

and liberalism, 6 , 9 , 12 -13, 48 , 51 -53, 71 , 83 , 101 , 341 ;

and manifest destiny, 4 , 23 ;

and narrative coherence, 35 , 42 -43, 150 , 151 , 382 n32;

and national identity, 5 -6, 13 ;

nature conceptualized in, 11 , 44 , 67 , 68 , 74 ;

and New England culture, 9 , 12 , 36 , 39 , 43 , 55 , 62 , 341 ;

and progress, 3 , 4 , 5 , 13 , 14 ;

and psychology, 37 , 45 , 66 ;

and purity, 7 , 9 -10, 11 -12, 135 -36, 150 , 151 ;

and racism, 4 , 17 , 40 , 370 n6;

readership of, 37 , 49 -50;

and Reformation, 3 -5, 6 , 38 ;

and science, 26 , 31 , 33 -34, 70 ;

and Scripture, 6 -12, 48 ;

and sectarianism, 4 , 5 , 9 , 51 , 52 -53, 371 n8;

and selfhood, 35 -37, 81 ;

and slavery, 6 , 9 ;

and spirituality, 12 -13;

and tourism, 6 -7, 17 , 19 , 22 -23, 31 -32, 60 -62.

See also Parkman, Francis; Prescott, William Hickling; Romanticism, historiographic

Holmes, Oliver Wendell: "The Anatomist's Hymn" by, 364 -66;

and correspondence with Stowe, 244 , 245 , 246 , 254 ;

on Dante, 254 ;

on Longfellow, 204

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Elsie Venner by: anti-Calvinism in, 242 -43, 244 , 245 -46, 364 ;

body-soul relation in, 246 , 363 , 364 ;

Brownson's comments on, 409 -10n32;

and Catholic architecture, 243 ;

and Catholic maternality, 244 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 198 , 243 , 244 -45, 246 ;

and family heredity, 245 , 362 , 409 n32;

gender construction in, 243 ;

Hawthorne's Marble Faun compared to, 242 , 243 , 409 n27;

Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter compared to, 246 ;

and original sin, 242 -43, 364 ;

and Protestant tourism, 243 ;

and sentimentality, 243 ;

Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento compared to, 247

Hughes, John, 218 , 220 , 310 , 382 n33

Huntington, Jedediah, 199

Huntington, Joshua, 214 , 282 , 283 -84, 325

Hurons, in Parkman's history, 36 , 66 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 135

Hysteria, 28 , 106 , 173 , 204 , 377 n32

I

Illustrated Magazine of Art , 18

Images, Catholic: and Protestant historiography, 6 -7, 9 ;

and Protestant tourism, 17 , 19 , 22

Immigration, Catholic, xvii , xviii , xix ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 226 , 227 , 245 ;

and Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil," 221 , 224 ;

nativist struggle against, xx , 15 , 99 , 102 , 174 , 202 , 221 , 392 n15;

in New England, 40 , 55 , 62 , 103 ;

and patriotism, 341 ;

and political conspiracy, 100 , 101 ;

and Protestant historiography, 5 , 6 , 40 -41, 55 , 62 ;

and Protestant liberalism, 212 , 215 ;

and Protestant tourism, 20 , 21 .

See also German immigrants; Irish immigrants

Imperialism, 11 , 35 , 100 , 281 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 175 , 176 , 179 ;

Prescott's legitimation of, 39 -40, 41 -42, 56 , 83

Inauthenticity: and anti-Catholic discourse, 106 , 107 , 264 ;

and captivity narrative, 115 , 164 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 198 -99, 212 ;

and Protestant nativism, 198

Incarnationalism, 199 , 238 , 278 , 330 , 331 , 364 , 411 n41

Individualism: xxi , 108 -9, 117 , 126 , 251 -52, 285 , 335 , 339 , 340

Industrialization: xxi , 6 , 21 , 127 , 142 , 165 , 345

Influence, rhetoric of, 228 -32, 238 , 239 , 246 , 247 , 270 , 334 ;

in Bushnell's writings, 229 -33, 238 , 249

Inquisition, Catholic, 99 , 105 , 216 , 257 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 178 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 165 , 166 -67, 169 , 170 , 186

Interiority: and captivity narrative, 105 , 108 , 149 , 173 , 174 , 182 ;

and Catholic architecture, 17 , 83 , 121 , 173 , 182 , 215 , 270 , 374 n3;

and Catholic morbidity, 17 , 28 , 83 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 299 -300, 324 , 331 ;

and eroticism, 17 , 83 , 183 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 357 , 358 ;

of Jesuits, 78 , 83 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 173 , 174 , 176 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 ;

and Möhler's Symbolism , 327 , 330 ;

and national identity, xxi ;

and Protestant spirituality, 184 ;

and Protestant tourism, 17 , 25 , 28 , 83 , 183 , 374 n3;

and public/ private sphere, 182 , 183 ;

and superstition, 44 -45, 61 , 83 , 183 ;

and women, 121 , 123 , 183

Invalidism: of Hecker, 335 , 336 ;

of Parkman, xxiv , 66 , 69 , 70 , 75 , 77 -79, 81 , 83 , 386 n62, 387 n73, 388 n79;

poetic representation of, 417 n26;

of Prescott, xxiv , 57 , 83 ;

Protestant characterized by, 271 ;

and Seton's

concept of infirmity, 286 -87, 288

Ireland, Great Famine in, 100

Irish immigrants, xviii , xx , xxii , xxv , 100 , 103 , 175 , 392 n15;

in Catholic historiography, 63 ;

in Protestant historiography, 5 , 6 , 40 , 41 , 55

Iroquois: in Jogues's captivity narrative, 90 , 91 , 92 ;

and King Philip's War, 96 ;

in Parkman's history, 36 , 66 , 69 , 73 , 74

Irving, Washington, 24 , 377 n23, 384 n45, 417 n26

Italy: Catholic culture in, 6 , 16 -34, 297 ;

Catholic spectacle in, 190 -91, 192 ;

epic poetry of, 52 ;

and Hawthorne's writings, 19 , 20 , 22 , 168 , 183 , 190 , 200 , 240 , 352 -58;

Norton's travels in, 190 , 191 ;

Parkman's travels in, 17 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 35 , 69 , 70 , 77 , 190 -91, 386 n61;

poverty in, 17 , 21 , 217 ;

Prescott's travels in, 35 ;

Protestant tourism in, xxii , 6 , 16 -34, 43 , 116 , 174 , 271 ;

Roman catacombs in, 22 , 24 -29, 31 -34, 116 ;

Se-ton's travels in, 286 , 297 ;

Weir's travels in, 192

Ives, Levi Silliman, 214 , 284 -85, 409 n32, 422 -23n15

J

Jackson, Andrew, 100

Jacksonian era, 120 , 136

Jacobs, Harriet, 104 -5, 154

James, Henry, Portrait of a Lady by, 354

Jameson, Fredric, 400 n34

Jansenism, 326

Jarves, James Jackson: xxi , 132 , 217 , 253

Jefferson, Thomas, 382 n33

Jesuits: asceticism of, 64 , 66 , 68 , 75 -77, 78 , 92 ;

celibacy of, 64 , 92 , 311 ;

conspiracies of, 64 , 101 , 102 , 107 , 391 n9;

and individualism, 108 -9;

and interiority, 78 , 83 ;

and Jogues's captivity, 90 -94, 99 , 114 , 164 , 190 , 388 -89nn;

in McGee's history, 63 -64;

masculinity of, 64 , 67 , 70 , 71 , 78 , 80 , 107 , 108 , 311 ;

native cultures compared to, 64 , 72 -74, 77 ;

and reform movements, 226 ;

and superstition, 74 , 75 , 80 ;

and Taylor's biography of Loyola, 108 -9;

ubiquity of, 64 , 81 -82.

See also Parkman, Francis, Jesuits in North America by

Joan of Arc, 256

Jogues, Isaac, 90 -94, 99 , 114 , 164 , 190 , 388 -89nn

Jones, Marga C., 427 -28n1

K

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 103

Kant, Immanuel, 338 , 339

King Philip's War, 96

Knowles, Sheridan, 185

Know-Nothing party: xviii , xx , 102 , 103 , 368 n7, 392 n15

Knox, John, 346

L

LaFarge, John, 403 n17

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 175

Leach, George, 333

Leroux, Pierre, 339 -40

Levin, David, 385 n59

Lewis, Matthew Gregory ("Monk"), 50 , 70 , 88 , 120

Liberalism, Protestant: Calvinism criticized by, xxvii , 9 , 13 , 25 , 110 , 124 , 130 , 242 -43;

Liberalism (continued )

and captivity narrative, 109 -10;

and Catholic body, 234 , 235 , 242 ;

and Catholic conspiracy, 101 ;

Catholic critique of, 341 -43, 347 , 348 ;

and Catholic immigration, 212 , 215 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 212 , 214 -16, 225 -26, 234 , 235 , 246 , 282 , 284 , 302 , 333 , 337 ;

and historiography, 6 , 9 , 12 -13, 48 , 51 -53, 71 , 83 , 101 , 341 ;

and interiority, 184 ;

and nativism, 109 -10, 211 , 256 , 257 ;

in New England, 9 , 12 , 110 , 202 , 233 , 333 , 341 , 342 ;

and public/private sphere, 117 ;

and rhetoric of influence, 228 -29, 246 ;

and spectator-ship, 234 , 235 ;

and spiritualism, 12 -13, 71 ;

and tourism, 26 , 31 , 33 , 378 n37.

See also Transcendentalism; Unitarianism

Lippard, George, 87 , 105 , 111 , 124 , 392 n20, 400 n41

Llorente, Juan Antonio, 166

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 241 , 409 n24

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, Evangeline by, xxi , xxii , xxvi ;

and Banvard's "Moving Diorama," 209 -10;

Catholic influence in, 197 , 203 -11;

critical reception of, 204 , 205 -6, 208 ;

and domestic sphere, 203 -4, 206 , 208 ;

and Gothic literature, 207 ;

Hawthorne's comments on, 203 , 205 -6, 208 , 211 ;

Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter compared to, 206 , 263 ;

Melville's Clarel compared to, 203 , 204 ;

and Postl's travel narrative, 207 ;

prosody of, 204 ;

and Quakerism, 210 ;

and sentimentality, 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 212 ;

and tourism, 204 , 205 ;

and Unitarianism, 205 , 206 , 208 , 209

Louisville, Bloody Monday riots in, 103

Lowell, James Russell: xxi, 197 , 215 , 241 , 242 , 254 , 270 -73, 413 -14n1

Loyola, Ignatius of, Saint, 10 , 71 , 108 , 189 , 241 , 256 ;

Parkman's depiction of, 79 , 80 , 101 , 203

Luther, Martin, 5 , 10 , 71 , 79 , 88 , 111 , 330 , 346 , 386 n66

Lutheranism, 10 , 21 , 88 , 327 , 330 , 346

M

McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, 62 -64, 385 n52

Madonna, 235 , 242 , 253 , 262 , 318 , 412 n4

Maitland, Charles, 32

Manifest destiny, 4 , 23 , 25 , 210 , 281 , 342

Manning, Robert, 298

Mariolatry, 117 , 143 , 253

Market. See Economic sphere

Marrant, John, 277 -80, 282

Marriage, xxv , 128 , 131 -34, 173 , 177 , 351 , 391 n5

Marryat, Frederick, 137

Martyrdom: Catholic, 66 , 76 -77, 78 , 90 -94;

Protestant, 7 -9, 11 , 32 , 128 -30, 371 -72n12

Masculinity: and Catholic discernment, 256 ;

and Catholic morbidity, 28 ;

and Catholic seductiveness, 122 ;

and Catholic spectacle, 190 , 239 ;

and

domestic sphere, 132 , 163 ;

and economic sphere, xxi , 117 , 126 , 322 ;

of Jesuits, 64 , 67 , 70 , 71 , 78 , 80 , 93 , 107 , 108 , 311 ;

and middle class, 126 ;

and mind-body relation, 76 ;

of mother superior, 144 ;

and narrative voice, 49 , 154 , 162 , 163 , 166 , 172 ;

and nativism, 171 -72;

and party politics, 50 ;

and priestly mobility, 119 , 126 ;

Protestantism characterized by, 14 , 49 , 71 , 79 , 121 , 171 , 243 , 358 ;

and self-containment, 80 ;

and Stowe's image of Catholicism, 248 , 249 , 252 , 255 ;

and U.S. annexation of Mexico, 381 n23;

and victimization, 171 -72

Mass, Catholic, 189 , 190 , 238 , 240 , 297 , 306 , 317 , 333 ;

Emerson's view of, 14 , 202 ;

Möhler's view of, 327 .

See also Eucharist

Mass culture, 115 , 146 , 161 , 188 , 236 , 331

Materiality, Catholic, 13 , 29 , 98 , 108 , 184 , 234 , 272 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 198 , 199 , 226 , 238 , 241 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 352 , 354 , 355 , 357 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 262 , 264 , 265 , 266 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 185 ;

and Parkman's Jesuits , 67 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 78

Maternality, Catholic, 238 , 244 , 257 , 258 , 266 , 272 -73;

and Protestant tourism, xxiii , 16 , 19

Mather, Cotton, 3 , 4 , 9 , 342

Maudsley, Henry, 364 , 366

Mechanization, 142 , 168

Medievalism: xxii, 21 , 127 , 132 , 207 , 375 n10

Melodrama: and captivity narrative, 104 , 105 , 114 , 115 , 162 , 164 , 394 n9;

and Catholic antidomesticity, 128 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 354 , 357 ;

and Prescott's Mexico , 150

Melville, Herman, xxii , 21 , 25 , 80 , 140 , 220 , 345 ;

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" by, 93 , 314 ;

Clarel by, 203 , 204 , 366 ;

The Confidence-Man by, 119 , 235 ;

Moby-Dick by, 28 , 347 ;

Pierre by, 131 , 324

Melville, Herman, Benito Cereno by: anti-Catholic discourse in, xxv , 163 , 173 , 174 , 176 , 179 ;

and authenticity, 164 ;

and captivity narrative tradition, 162 -64, 173 , 174 , 176 , 180 ;

and Catholic Inquisition, 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 178 ;

and Catholic morbidity, 176 , 177 ;

and conspiracy, 174 -75, 179 , 180 ;

and domestic sphere, 173 , 176 ;

gender construction in, 163 , 172 ;

and imperialism, 175 , 176 , 179 ;

and interiority, 173 , 174 , 176 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 ;

monastic imagery in, xxiii , 173 , 174 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 180 , 181 ;

narrative construction of, 164 , 174 , 180 ;

Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum" compared to, 172 , 173 ;

and Protestant nativism, 163 -64, 172 , 174 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 163 , 176 , 178 ;

and Protestant tourism, 173 -74, 179 ;

and purity, 172 ;

and

Melville, Herman (continued )

racism, 163 , 173 , 175 , 177 , 179 , 180 ;

shaving scene in, 178 ;

and slavery, 163 , 172 -81 passim ;

and social class, 175

Melville, Herman, "The Two Temples" by: and Catholic materiality, 185 ;

and economic sphere, 185 -86;

and Episcopalianism, 185 , 187 , 188 ;

Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum" compared to, 186 ;

and Protestant architecture, 185 ;

and Protestant nativism, 185 , 187 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 186 ;

and satire, 185 , 402 n4;

and spectatorship, 186 , 187 -88, 189 ;

and theatricality, 187 -89;

and working class, 185 , 186 , 187 -88

Mesmerism, 110 , 285 , 343 -44, 346 , 348 , 359

Metcalf, Julia, 317

Methodism, 103 , 191 , 278 , 280

Metropolitan (periodical), 32 , 132 , 285

Mexico: femininity attributed to, 380 -81n23;

and Mexican-U.S. war of 1846, xviii , xxiv , 38 -39, 41 -42, 381 n23;

racial mixture in, 40 , 41 , 42 , 48 , 53 .

See also Prescott, William Hickling, History of the Conquest of Mexico by

Michelet, Jules, 121 -23, 125 , 130 , 395 n17

Middle class: and captivity narrative, 87 , 112 -13, 114 , 120 , 154 , 162 ;

compared to Aztecs, 47 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 281 ;

and domestic sphere, xxi , xxv , 117 , 124 , 154 , 162 , 163 , 248 , 266 ;

and marriage, 177 , 351 ;

and masculinity, 126 ;

and national identity, xxi , 6 ;

and public/private sphere, 117 , 126 , 143 , 182 ;

and purity, 136 ;

and sentimentality, 114 , 115 , 117 , 125 ;

and sexuality, 191 , 395 n17;

and social mobility, 119 ;

and tourism, 19

Miller, Perry: xxvi

Milner, John, 230 , 326 , 328 -29, 332 , 423 n20

Mind-body relation, 76 -77, 363 -64

Miscegenation: and anti-Catholic discourse, 172 ;

and Prescott's Mexico , xxiv , 40 , 41 , 42 , 48 , 53 ;

and Protestant nativism, 104

Misogyny, 26 , 140 , 183

Missionaries, Catholic, 334 -35;

and Indian captivity narrative, 90 -94, 95 , 96 -97, 99 , 190 , 388 -89nn;

and Protestant historiography, 64 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 70 -78, 80 , 81 -82, 83 , 135 , 358

Missionaries, Protestant, 278 , 281 , 282

Mitchell, Donald Grant, 123 , 131 -32, 133

Modernism, 21 , 54 , 108 , 343 , 345

Modernization, 88 , 104 , 122 , 182 , 393 n28

Modleski, Tanya, 395 n15

Möhler, Johann Adam, 326 -27, 330 , 331

Monasticism: xxiii, 173 , 174 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 180 , 181

Monk, Maria, Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery by: as best-seller, xxi , xxiv , 154 , 161 ;

Catholic ar-

chitecture in, 158 , 160 ;

and Catholic irrationalism, 285 ;

as collaborative fiction, 154 ;

and domestic sphere, 154 , 157 , 162 ;

and family, 155 , 157 ;

gender construction in, 154 ;

Indian captivity narrative compared to, 118 ;

ironic doubling in, 155 , 361 ;

mother superior in, 155 ;

and motherhood, 157 ;

narrative coherence in, 157 ;

Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum" compared to, 165 , 166 , 170 ;

as popular historiography, 135 ;

prose style of, 155 ;

and prostitution, 155 , 157 , 161 ;

public reception of, 160 -61;

Reed's narrative compared to, 155 ;

and sentimentality, 154 ;

and sexuality, 154 , 155 , 157 ;

and social class, 154 , 400 n41;

Stone's investigation of, 160 -61;

and thematics of artifice, 162

Montalembert, René de, 311

Montezuma, xxiv , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 52 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 380 n23, 382 n33

Moralism: in Prescott's history, 56 , 382 n33

Morbidity, Catholic: counteracted by Catholic mysteries, 334 ;

and eroticism, 17 , 19 , 24 , 32 , 357 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 352 , 353 , 355 , 356 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 264 , 265 ;

and Holmes's Elsie Venner , 243 ;

and interiority, 17 , 28 , 83 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 176 , 177 ;

and Melville's Clarel , 366 ;

and Protestant tourism, 17 , 19 , 23 -29, 31 , 32 , 83 , 169 , 243

Morse, Samuel F. B., 15 , 110 -11, 200 -201, 233 , 403 n17

Motherhood, Protestant, xxv , 132 -33, 157 , 229 , 238

Mother superior, 130 -31, 140 -41, 143 -44, 149 , 168 ;

in Monk's captivity narrative, 155 , 157 , 158 ;

in Reed's captivity narrative, 147 -48

Murray, Nicholas, 15 , 23 , 109 , 124 , 285 , 374 n38, 395 n14

N

National identity: and anti-Catholic discourse, xviii , 106 ;

and convent captivity narrative, 148 ;

and Indian captivity narrative, 88 , 95 , 99 ;

and middle class, xxi , 6 ;

and Protestant historiography, 5 -6, 13 ;

and Protestant tourism, 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 31 , 43 , 61

Nationalism, 15 , 342

Native Americans, 4 , 19 ;

converted to Catholicism, 73 , 96 ;

femininity attributed to, 43 , 49 , 55 , 61 , 380 n23

Native Americans, compared to Catholics, 36 -37, 385 n59;

in Indian captivity narrative, 88 -89, 95 , 96 , 97 , 151 ;

in Parkman's history, 64 , 72 -74, 77 , 135 , 151 ;

in Prescott's history, xxii , 43 -46, 52 , 54 , 61 , 62 , 135 , 150 , 151 , 358

Nativism, Protestant, xviii , 16 , 34 , 89 , 124 , 330 ;

and anti-Catholic discourse, 15 , 37 , 102 -6, 233 , 334 ;

and captivity narrative, 99 , 104 -5, 109 -10, 126 , 154 , 167 , 256 ;

and Catholic confessionals, 99 ,

Nativism, Protestant (continued )

100 , 105 , 171 , 172 , 221 , 268 ;

and Catholic conspiracy, 64 , 100 -103, 162 , 167 , 233 , 256 ;

and Catholic immigration, xx , 15 , 99 , 102 , 174 , 202 , 221 , 392 n15;

and Catholic imperialism, 100 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 200 -201, 233 , 239 , 282 , 285 ;

and education, 99 , 100 , 390 n3;

and Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil," 221 , 222 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 262 , 268 ;

inauthenticity of, 164 ;

and liberalism, 109 -10, 211 , 256 , 257 ;

and masculinity, 171 -72;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 163 , 172 , 174 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 185 , 187 ;

and party politics, 100 -104;

and patriarchy, 130 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 163 ;

and purity, 135 -36, 216 ;

and romance narrative, 201 -2;

and slavery, 102 -4, 171 -72;

and social class, 140 , 256 , 259 ;

and Ursuline convent riot, 140 , 256

Nature, in Protestant historiography, 11 , 44 , 67 , 68 , 74

Neander, August, 11

Nerinckx, Charles, 397 n42

Nevins, William, 239 , 240 , 374 n36

New England: anticonvent riot in, 136 -45, 147 , 255 -56;

captivity narrative in, 94 , 96 , 97 , 110 , 151 ;

Catholic converts in, 302 , 333 ;

Catholic immigration in, 40 , 55 , 62 , 103 ;

cultural coldness of, 314 ;

cultural hegemony of, xix -xx, xxvi ;

and Protestant historiography, 9 , 12 , 36 , 39 , 43 , 55 , 62 , 341 ;

and Protestant liberalism, 9 , 12 , 110 , 202 , 233 , 333 , 341 , 342 ;

Transcendentalism in, 257 ;

Unitarianism in, 9 , 35 , 62 , 110 , 138 , 209

Newnham, W., 76 -77

Newton, Thomas, 298

New York Tribune , 307 , 309

Noble, David, 373 n23

Noctograph, 57 , 58 , 81

North American Review , 13 , 16 , 22 , 203 , 358 , 361

Norton, Andrews, 330

Norton, Charles Eliot: xxi , 190 , 191 , 241

Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar, 89 -90, 94 , 388 n3

Nuns: antifamilial community of, 126 -28, 142 , 143 , 144 ;

and Ripley's religious activism, 307 -8, 319 ;

and Seton's religious activism, 300 ;

and Ursuline convent riot, 137 -41.

See also Convents; Mother superior

O

Optimism, 3 , 25 , 70 , 108 , 334 , 342 , 370 n7

Organicism, Bushnell's theory of, 229 -31

Original sin, 94 , 97 , 222 , 242 , 310 , 316 , 317 , 326 , 340 , 364

O'Sullivan, John, 25

P

Paranoia, Protestant: xix, xxi , 14 , 15 , 64 , 105 , 115 , 163 , 327 , 367 n3, 390 n2, 395 n17

Parker, Theodore, 50

Parkman, Francis, xxii , xxiv , 4 , 6 , 203 , 327 , 341 , 345 ;

agnosticism of, 37 , 66 , 77 , 83 ;

France and England in North

America by, 35 ;

invalidism of, xxiv , 66 , 69 , 70 , 75 , 77 -79, 81 , 83 , 386 n62, 387 n73, 388 n79;

Italian travels of, 17 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 35 , 69 , 70 , 77 , 190 -91, 386 nn;

and Protestant selfhood, 35 -37, 69 ;

and Unitarianism, 24 , 35 , 77 , 341 ;

Vassall Morton by, 78

Parkman, Francis, Jesuits in North America by: anti-Catholic discourse of, 64 , 66 , 80 ;

and asceticism, 64 , 66 , 68 , 75 -77, 78 -79;

body concept in, 66 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 75 -82;

Catholicism compared to native cultures in, 64 , 72 -74, 77 , 135 , 151 , 386 n59;

and characterology, 66 , 387 n74;

compared to anticonvent literature, 135 , 148 , 149 , 151 ;

compared to Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico , 64 -65, 68 , 72 , 73 ;

critical reception of, 65 ;

difference conceptualized in, 73 ;

documentary sources of, 65 ;

and empiricism, 37 ;

and gender construction, 70 , 71 , 79 , 80 ;

and interiority, 78 , 83 ;

ironic doubling in, 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 ;

Jogues's narrative in, 91 , 389 nn;

and liberalism, 71 , 101 ;

Loyola depicted in, 79 , 80 , 101 , 203 ;

materiality conceptualized in, 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 78 ;

narrative coherence in, 35 , 151 , 387 n68;

nature conceptualized in, 67 , 68 , 74 ;

novelistic models for, 65 , 66 ;

and realism, 37 , 81 , 381 n26;

and romanticism, xxi , 65 , 66 -67, 68 , 70 , 81 -82, 385 n59;

and spirituality, 71 ;

and torture, 72 -73, 81 , 93 ;

and tourist experience, 386 nn;

and Unitarianism, 78

Patriarchy, 142 , 144 , 229 , 350 , 353 ;

familial, 120 , 130 , 143 , 163 , 257 , 318

Patriotism, 142 -43, 342 ,

Peckham, Morse, 370 n8

Pelagianism, 325 -26, 402 n4

Penance, Catholic, 360 -61

Penington, Isaac, 390 n9

Percival, James Gates, 416 -17n26

Perversion, Catholic, 215 -16, 217 , 221

Pitrat, John Claudius, 119 , 394 n14

Plummer, Rachel, 116 -17, 182

Pluralism, 258 , 259 , 347 , 371 n8

Poe, Edgar Allan, xxiii , 32 , 44 , 417 n26

Poe, Edgar Allan, "Pit and the Pendulum" by: anti-Catholic discourse in, xxv , 163 , 167 , 169 -70;

and authenticity, 164 , 167 , 169 ;

body concept in, 167 -69, 170 , 171 ;

Catholic architecture in, 165 , 169 , 170 , 182 ;

and Catholic Inquisition, 165 , 166 -67, 169 , 170 , 186 ;

convent captivity narrative compared to, 162 -63, 165 , 166 , 168 , 170 , 361 ;

and detective imperative, 165 -66;

gender construction in, 163 , 166 ;

Melville's Benito Cereno compared to, 172 , 173 ;

Melville's "Two Temples" compared to, 186 ;

and Protestant nativism, 163 -64, 167 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 167 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 184 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 163 , 168 , 172 , 186 ;

Poe, Edgar Allan (continued )

and psychological realism, 170 -71;

and rationalism, 166 , 167 ;

and technology, 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 ;

and thematics of artifice, 162 , 167 , 170 ;

and torture, 166 , 167

Politics: and Catholic conspiracy, 100 -103;

of Catholic converts, 217 , 218 , 226 , 228 , 240 , 334 , 335 , 338 , 343 , 347 , 348 ;

and family structure, 130 ;

and gender, 50 ;

and nativism, 100 -104;

and Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico , 41 -43, 50 -51;

progressive, 216 , 312 ;

reformist, xvii , 225 , 226 , 306 , 309 , 314 , 321 , 338 , 339 , 343 -45;

and slavery crisis, 102 -4;

utopian, 155 , 302 , 304 , 314 , 321 , 343 .

See also Conservatism; Liberalism

Polk, James Knox, 39 , 41

Pornography: xxii, 107 , 154 , 400 n41

Porterfield, Amanda, 416 n25

Postl, Karl Anton, 207

Potter, David, 412 n43

Poverty, 17 , 21 , 100 , 217 , 345

Powers, Hiram, 125 , 191

Predestination, 242 , 244 , 325

Presbyterianism, xvii , 15 , 136 , 137 , 147 , 338

Prescott, William Hickling, xxii , xxiv , 4 , 6 , 58 , 238 , 341 , 345 ;

Conquest of Peru by, 39 ;

Ferdinand and Isabella by, 51 , 53 ;

financial interests of, 379 n11;

invalidism of, xxiv , 57 , 83 ;

personal character of, 55 -57;

and Protestant self-hood, 35 -37;

and Unitarianism, 35 , 83 , 341 ;

and Whig party, 41 -43, 50

Prescott, William Hickling, History of the Conquest of Mexico by: anti-Catholic discourse of, 43 -44, 46 , 52 , 61 ;

Aztec civilization in, xxii , 38 , 40 , 43 -48, 52 , 53 , 54 -55, 61 -62, 64 , 358 , 380 n23, 382 n33;

as best-seller, xxiv , 38 , 42 , 50 ;

body concept in, 60 , 61 , 62 ;

Catholic archives utilized in, 48 -49, 62 ;

and Catholic immigration, 40 -41, 55 ;

Catholicism compared to native cultures in, xxii , 43 -46, 52 , 54 -55, 61 , 62 , 135 , 150 , 151 , 358 ;

and characterology, 54 , 55 , 62 , 383 n43;

chivalric trope in, 42 , 48 , 52 , 60 ;

and class identity, 50 , 51 , 55 ;

and commercialism, 49 -50, 55 ;

compared to anticonvent literature, 135 , 148 , 149 -51;

compared to Parkman's Jesuits , 64 -65, 68 , 72 , 73 ;

compositional procedure of, 39 ;

Cortés depicted in, xxii , 38 -43, 45 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 62 , 83 , 149 , 382 n33;

critical reception of, 46 , 50 , 52 -53, 55 , 83 , 150 , 383 nn;

difference conceptualized in, 40 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 54 , 61 , 135 ;

and empiricism, 48 ;

and epic genre, 52 , 56 ;

footnotes in, 48 -49;

gender construction in, 43 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 380 n23;

and Gothic literature, 50 ;

imperialism legitimated in, 39 -40, 41 -42, 56 , 83 ;

incongruity conceptualized in, 53 , 54 ;

and interiority, 44 -45, 61 , 83 ;

Irving's writings com-

pared with, 384 n45;

and liberalism, 48 , 51 -53, 83 ;

and Mexican-U.S. war of 1846, xxiv , 38 -39, 41 -42, 49 , 51 , 56 , 381 n23;

miscegenation in, xxiv , 40 , 41 , 42 , 48 , 53 ;

Montezuma depicted in, xxiv , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 52 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 380 n23, 382 n33;

and moralism, 56 , 382 n33;

narrative coherence in, 35 , 42 -43, 150 , 151 ;

political stance of, 41 -43, 50 -51;

prose style of, 50 -51, 55 , 150 , 383 n43;

readership of, 49 -50;

romanticism of, xxi , 38 , 50 , 51 -52, 61 , 62 , 385 n59;

and sectarianism, 51 , 52 -53;

and slavery, 41 , 42 , 379 n11;

structure of, 38 , 46 ;

and superstition, 44 -45;

and tourism, 35 , 60 -62;

and Unitarianism, 43 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 62 , 150 ;

and Whig party, 41 -43, 50

Priests: celibacy of, xxv , 119 , 120 , 125 , 255 ;

mobility of, 119 , 126 ;

seduction by, xxv , 122 -25, 126 , 147 , 155 , 171 , 182 , 201 , 394 -95n14.

See also Missionaries, Catholic

Print medium, 7 , 9 , 10 , 100 , 212 , 331 , 372 n17

Private judgment, 10 , 22 , 153 , 155 , 186 , 269 , 285 , 324 , 325 , 344 , 346

Private property, 140 -41, 256

Private sphere: and captivity narrative, 113 , 117 , 126 , 143 , 149 , 162 , 163 ;

and Catholic interiority, 182 , 183 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 324 ;

and family, 117 , 126 , 143 , 149 , 162 , 182 ;

and Longfellow's Evangeline , 206 ;

and middle class, 117 , 126 , 143 , 182 ;

and Protestant democracy, 117 , 182 , 183 ;

and Protestant subjectivity, 113 , 183 , 324

Progress, historical, 3 , 4 , 5 , 13 , 14 , 341 , 342 , 345 , 382 n33

Progressivism, political, 216 , 312

Property relations, 140 -42, 184 , 256

Prostitution, 155 , 157 , 161 , 319

Protestant Way, xx , 4 , 106 , 368 n7

Providence, and historical process, 426 -27n19

Psychology: and captivity narrative, 95 , 112 , 117 , 170 -71, 182 ;

and gender, 76 ;

and Gothic literature, 88 ;

and historiography, 37 , 45 , 66 ;

and male victims, 171 -72;

of maternal nurture, 229 ;

and mind-body relation, 76 , 363 -64;

and romance narrative, 350 , 351 ;

and self-disclosure, 29

Public sphere: and captivity narrative, xxiii , 104 , 117 , 126 , 149 , 161 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 324 ;

and democracy, 117 , 182 , 183 ;

and family, 149 ;

and middle class, 117 , 126

Purgatory, 97

Puritanism: and Catholic historiography, 63 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 97 , 98 ;

and cultural identity, xxvi , 280 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 260 , 262 , 263 , 412 n2;

and Indian captivity narrative, 88 -89, 91 , 94 -96, 98 ,

Puritanism (continued )

99 , 389 n6;

and Protestant historiography, 4 , 5 , 9 , 37 ;

and superstition, 98 , 390 n10

Purity, Protestant: and Catholic immigration, 103 , 104 ;

and cemetery design, 26 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 356 , 357 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 264 -65;

and historiography, 7 , 9 -10, 11 -12, 135 -36, 150 , 151 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 172 ;

and nativism, 135 -36, 216 ;

and sexual repression, 120 , 126 ;

and slavery crisis, 103 , 104 ;

and tourism, 25 , 34 ;

and virility, 358 ;

and womanhood, 120 , 126 , 183

Putnam's (periodical), 185

Q

Quakerism, 95 , 210 , 228 , 327 , 390 n9

Quigley, Hugh, 217

R

Racism: and annexation of Mexico, xxiv , 40 , 41 , 42 , 53 ;

and Gothic literature, 87 -88;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 163 , 173 , 175 , 177 , 179 , 180 ;

and Protestant historiography, 4 , 17 , 40 , 370 n6, 383 n43;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 247 .

See also Miscegenation; Slavery

Radcliffe, Ann, 88 , 291

Rape, 157 , 268

Raphael, 235

Rationalism: and Brownson's Catholicism, 283 , 325 , 334 , 338 ;

and Catholic critique of Calvinism, 334 ;

and conspiratorial thought, 367 -68n3;

and conversion to Catholicism, xvii , 199 , 283 , 284 , 325 , 338 , 422 -23n15;

and Möhler's defense of Catholicism, 327 ;

and Poe's fiction, 166 , 167 ;

and Protestant tourism, 33 , 183

Readership: of captivity narrative, 87 , 115 , 120 , 154 , 400 n41;

of historical romance, 251 ;

of Protestant historiography, 37 , 49 -50

Reading: of Bible, 10 -11, 283 , 285 , 331 ;

of convent captivity narrative, 151 ;

and sexuality, 10

Realism: and Parkman's Jesuits , 37 , 81 , 381 n26;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 171 ;

and romance narrative, 202

Reed, Rebecca, Six Months in a Convent by: and anti-Catholic discourse, 146 ;

and commercialism, xxiv , 146 ;

difference conceptualized in, 150 -51;

and domestic sphere, 154 , 162 ;

elite historiography compared to, 135 , 148 , 150 -51, 153 ;

and exposé genre, 152 -53;

generic incoherence of, 150 -54;

Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil" compared to, 221 ;

Indian captivity narrative compared to, 118 ;

and middle class, 154 , 162 , 400 n34;

Monk's narrative compared to, 155 ;

mother superior in, 147 -48, 152 ;

Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum" compared to, 166 , 170 ;

readership of, 154 ;

Rowson's Charlotte Temple compared to, 147 ;

and sentimentality, 147 , 148 , 152 ;

and social class, 147 , 148 , 151 -

52, 153 , 400 n34;

and thematics of artifice, 162 ;

and Ursuline convent riot, 139 , 143 , 145 -46, 147 , 148 , 150 , 151

Reese, David, 109 , 218 , 220

Reform, social, 225 , 226 , 321 ;

and Orestes Brownson, xvii , 338 , 339 , 343 -45;

and Sophia Ripley, 305 , 306 , 309 , 310 , 314

Reformation: and anti-Catholic discourse, xx ;

Catholic critique of, 6 , 345 -46;

and Indian captivity narrative, 91 , 94 , 96 ;

and Luther's character, 386 n66;

and Protestant historiography, 3 -5, 6 , 38 ;

and Protestant tourism, 21 , 31 , 34

Republican party, 100 , 102 , 368 n5, 391 n14

Restorationism, 31

Revelation, Book of, 34 , 182

Ricci, Scipio de, 106

Ridgely, J. V., 392 n20

Riots, xviii , 103 , 172 ;

at Ursuline convent, xxii , 136 -42

Ripley, George, 303 -9 passim , 312 , 319 , 333 , 363

Ripley, Sophia, 191 , 240 ;

and Brook Farm, 302 -7, 314 , 319 , 414 n7, 420 n8;

and Calvinism, 316 , 317 ;

and Catholic community, 311 -12, 333 ;

and Catholic mass, 306 , 317 ;

and Catholic saints, 309 , 311 , 312 ;

and comments on Brownson, 312 , 421 n33;

and communion sacrament, 305 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, xxvi , 198 -99, 237 , 302 , 307 , 312 , 420 n8;

and correspondence with Ruth Charlotte Dana, 303 -20 passim ;

and cultural identity, 281 , 302 , 307 , 308 , 310 , 312 , 314 , 322 ;

death of, 307 , 319 , 320 ;

and Fourierism, 305 , 306 ;

and gender identity, 311 ;

lay order joined by, 307 -8, 319 ;

on Longfellow's Evangeline , 206 ;

and objectivism, 306 ;

and original sin, 310 , 316 , 317 ;

prose style of, 304 ;

Protestant coldness battled by, 314 -17, 358 ;

and reformism, 305 , 306 , 309 , 310 , 314 ;

and relations with family, 309 -10, 315 ;

and relations with Isaac Hecker, 302 -3, 315 , 319 , 321 ;

and relations with John Hughes, 310 , 315 -16;

and relations with husband, 305 , 306 , 307 , 309 , 312 , 319 ;

and sanctification of womanhood, 309 , 318 ;

and Transcendentalism, 304 , 305 -6, 308 , 316 ;

translations by, 307 , 309 ;

and Virgin Mary, 305 , 309 , 318 , 421 n22

Ritualism: and Indian captivity narrative, 90 , 99 ;

and Protestant historiography, 36 , 45 -46, 72 -73, 80 ;

and Protestant nativism, 107 ;

and theatrical spectacle, 189 -90

Romance narrative, 201 -2, 243 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 350 -58;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 264 -65, 266 ;

and Longfellow's Evangeline , 203 -11;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 248 , 249 , 251

Romanticism, 25 , 26 , 224 , 259 , 262 , 271 , 326 , 333 , 342 ;

and

Romanticism (continued )

rhetoric of influence, 228 , 230 ;

and utopianism, 302 , 306

Romanticism, historiographic, xxvi , 37 -38, 48 , 150 , 153 , 341 , 370 n6, 382 n32, 385 n59;

and Parkman's Jesuits , xxi , 65 , 66 -67, 68 , 70 , 81 -82;

and Prescott's Mexico , xxi , 38 , 50 , 51 -52, 61 , 62

Rome, city of, 22 -29, 31 -34, 217 , 258 , 259 , 352 -58

Rowlandson, Mary, 91 , 164 , 389 n6

Rowson, Susanna, 10 , 124 , 147 , 394 n14

S

Said, Edward, Orientalism by, 367 n2

Saints, Catholic, 117 , 203 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 256 , 410 n37

Salem, witchcraft in, 9 , 98

Sanford, Charles L., 370 n7

Satanism, and Brownson's Catholicism, 341 , 343 -49, 358

Scarlet fever, 298

Schaff, Philip, 404 n5, 410 n36

Science: and mind-body relation, 363 -66;

and Protestant historiography, 26 , 31 , 33 -34, 70

Scott, Walter, 21 , 43 , 65 , 66 , 382 n30

Scott, Winfield, 39

Scripture, Protestant: and Bushnell's theories, 230 , 407 n17;

Catholic critique of, 283 , 285 , 331 , 423 n20;

and Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil," 222 ;

and historiography, 6 -12, 48 ;

and tourism, 21 , 22 .

See also Word, Protestant scriptural

Sculpture, xxiii , 125 , 191 , 235

Sectarianism, Protestant: and Catholic conspiracy, 109 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 198 , 225 -26, 228 , 233 , 324 , 337 , 347 ;

and historiography, 4 , 5 , 9 , 51 , 52 -53, 370 n8;

and pluralism, 258 ;

and social class, 138 , 147

Secularism, xix , xxvii , 4 , 120 , 182

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 400 n35

Seduction, priestly, xxv , 122 -25, 126 , 147 , 155 , 171 , 182 , 201 , 394 -95n14

Selfhood, Protestant: and captivity narrative, 88 , 114 , 118 , 132 , 167 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 198 , 284 , 285 , 302 , 322 ;

democratic division of, 184 ;

Emerson's view of, 270 , 284 , 302 , 319 ;

fictional privatization of, 324 ;

narrative coherence of, 35 , 42 -43;

and Parkman's writings, 17 , 35 -37, 69 , 81 ;

and Prescott's writings, 35 -37;

and rhetoric of influence, 230 , 232 ;

and sentimentality, 114 ;

and Stowe's writings, 252 ;

and tourism, 17 , 69 , 270 .

See also Subjectivity, Protestant

Sentimentality: and anti-Catholic discourse, 117 , 182 , 231 ;

and captivity narrative, 113 -17, 126 , 132 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 154 , 162 , 164 , 394 n6;

Catholicism characterized by, 120 -21;

and commercial fiction, 131 -32;

and conversion to Catholicism, 198 , 358 ;

and domestic sphere, 113 , 120 , 131 -32, 229 , 266 , 317 , 358 ;

and eroticism, 123 -24;

and family, 117 , 120 ;

and female body, xxv , 124 -25;

and femininity, 113 , 115 , 117 , 120 -21, 123 , 124 , 131 , 147 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 266 , 268 ;

and Holmes's Elsie Venner , 243 ;

and Longfellow's Evangeline , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 212 ;

and marriage, 131 ;

and medievalism, 127 ;

and middle class, 114 , 115 , 117 , 125 ;

and motherhood, 229 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 114 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 113 ;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 248

Seton, Elizabeth Ann: American Sisters of Charity founded by, 300 -301, 414 n7;

and bodily infirmity, 286 -87, 288 , 289 , 293 , 295 , 301 ;

Catholic conversion of, xxvi , 197 , 198 , 298 -300;

and Catholic culture, 297 ;

and Catholic interiority, 299 -300;

and Catholic mass, 190 , 297 ;

and Catholic penance, 360 , 362 ;

and cultural identity, 281 , 322 ;

and devotion to Eucharist, 293 , 294 , 331 ;

and domestic sphere, 292 , 293 ;

and epidemic disease, 290 -93, 416 n26;

and Episcopalianism, 286 , 293 , 294 , 299 ;

and financial instability, 286 , 289 , 296 ;

maternalism of, 287 -88, 292 -93, 295 , 297 , 416 n25;

as "Mother Seton," 290 , 300 ;

parochial school system founded by, 300 , 414 n7;

Protestant emptiness repudiated by, 358 ;

and quarantine in Italy, 290 , 294 -97;

and relations with family, 287 -88, 289 , 290 , 293 , 299 , 300 , 301 ;

and relations with father, 290 -91, 292 , 293 ;

and relations with husband, 286 , 288 , 290 , 293 -97;

and travel to Italy, 286 , 294 ;

Mary Lovell Ware contrasted with, 361 -62;

White's biography of, 361

Sexuality: and Catholic confessional, 100 , 120 -26, 268 , 395 n17;

and Catholic morbidity, 17 , 19 , 24 ;

and Catholic spectacle, 190 -91, 239 ;

and convent captivity narrative, 111 , 125 , 154 , 155 , 157 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 355 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 246 , 260 , 263 , 268 ;

and middle class, 191 , 395 n17;

and public/private sphere, 117 ;

and slave captivity narrative, 104 , 105 ;

and Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento , 253 -54;

and transvestism, 222 ;

and women's solitary reading, 10 .

See also Eroticism; Gender

Shaw, Lemuel, 140 , 143

Shea, John Gilmary, 62 -63

Shepard, Thomas, 373 n24

Skepticism: xxvii, 338 , 342 , 425 n3

Slavery: and anti-Catholic discourse, 102 -5, 171 -72, 173 , 174 , 391 n14, 412 n43;

and Fugitive Slave Law, 136 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 163 , 172 -81 passim ;

and Protestant historiography, 6 , 9 , 41 , 42 ;

and Protestant nativism, 102 -4, 171 -72;

and Spanish Catholicism, 175 ,

Slavery (continued )

181 .

See also Captivity narrative, slave

Slotkin, Richard, 390 n10

Smith, Adam, 101

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 417 n28

Social class, 21 ;

and anti-Catholic discourse, 136 -42, 152 , 162 , 255 -56;

and convent captivity narrative, 147 , 148 , 151 -52, 154 , 162 , 400 nn;

and conversion to Catholicism, 233 , 240 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 175 ;

and national identity, 6 ;

and Protestant historiography, 6 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 136 ;

and Protestant nativism, 140 , 256 , 259 ;

and Protestant sectarianism, 138 , 147 ;

and Ursuline convent riot, 138 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 255 .

See also Middle class; Working class

Social inequality, 141 -42

Socialism, 343 , 344

Social mobility, 119

Somkin, Frederick, 393 n27

Spain, as New World power: and Indian captivity narrative, 88 , 89 ;

and Protestant historiography, 5 , 36 , 39 -40, 41 , 83 , 381 n23, 384 n45;

and slavery, 175 , 181

Spalding, Martin Jay, 6 , 21 , 370 n6, 386 n66, 397 n42

Sparry, C., 201 -2

Spectacle, Catholic: and architecture, 191 ;

and art, 190 , 234 ;

and body, 190 -91, 199 -200, 234 , 235 , 239 , 270 ;

and Catholic mass, 189 , 307 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 234 , 236 ;

and femininity, 191 , 234 ;

and masculinity, 190 , 239 ;

and Protestant tourism, 189 -90, 192 , 221 , 235 ;

and sexuality, 190 -91, 239 ;

and theatricality, 106 , 185 , 239

Spectatorship, Protestant: and anti-Catholic discourse, 234 ;

and Catholic art, 190 , 234 , 410 -11n40;

and Catholic body, 190 -91, 199 -200, 234 ;

and Catholic mass, 189 , 238 , 307 ;

and Catholic morbidity, 234 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 234 -37;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 262 , 268 ;

and liberalism, 234 , 235 ;

and Melville's Confidence-Man , 235 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 186 , 187 -88, 189 ;

and Protestant art, 191 -93, 237 , 238 ;

and sexuality, 190 -91;

and tourism, 189 -90, 192 , 235 , 239 , 258

Spirituality, Catholic: antitextual aspects of, 283 , 285 , 331 ;

body concept in, 124 , 326 ;

and captivity narrative, 124 , 125 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 226 , 227 , 284 -85, 326 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 264 ;

and Joan of Arc, 256 ;

and Protestant historiography, 75 , 77 , 79

Spirituality, Protestant: body concept in, 184 ;

and captivity narrative, 94 -95, 97 , 110 , 113 , 118 ;

and Catholic interiority, 184 ;

and dualism, 330 ;

feminization of, 113 , 124 ;

and Hawthorne's "Minister's Black Veil," 222 , 224 ;

and historiography, 12 -13;

and Lowell's Fireside Travels ,

270 ;

and Parkman's history, 67 , 71 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 184 ;

and sentimentality, 113

Staël, Anne-Louise-Germaine de, 23

Stampp, Kenneth M., 368 n5

Stearns, Sarah, 317 , 333

Stone, William L., 160 -61

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, xxii , xxiii , 130 , 215 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 343 , 417 n26;

"Gardens of the Vatican" by, 248 ;

The Minister's Wooing by, 20 -21;

"Ministration of Departed Spirits" by, 250 ;

"The Other World" by, 250 ;

Uncle Tom's Cabin by, 28 , 87 , 103 , 114 , 154 , 228 , 248

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Agnes of Sorrento by: anti-Calvinism in, 254 -55;

captivity narrative compared to, 255 ;

Catholic past interpreted in, 249 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, xxvi , 197 , 250 -51;

and Episcopalianism, 249 , 250 ;

and eroticism, 253 -54;

gender construction in, 248 , 249 , 252 , 255 ;

and Gothic literature, 254 ;

Holmes's Elsie Venner compared to, 247 ;

and individualism, 251 -52;

Mariolatry in, 253 ;

maternalism in, 251 , 252 , 255 ;

narrative voice in, 250 ;

and Protestant selfhood, 252 ;

and Protestant tourism, 248 ;

and racism, 247 ;

readership of, 251 ;

and rhetoric of influence, 247 , 249 ;

sacralization of femininity in, 248 , 249 , 250 , 253 , 254 ;

and sentimentality, 248

Stratton, R. B., 115 -16, 394 n8

Strong, George Templeton, 172 -73

Subjectivity, Protestant: and captivity narrative, 94 , 97 , 99 , 163 , 168 , 172 ;

and Catholic interiority, 183 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 324 -25;

and dualism, 330 ;

and Hawthorne's Marble Faun , 357 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 263 ;

and Melville's Benito Cereno , 163 , 176 , 178 ;

and Melville's Pierre , 324 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 186 ;

and nativist discourse, 107 ;

and original sin, 94 ;

and Poe's "Pit and the Pendulum," 163 , 168 , 172 , 186 ;

and public/private sphere, 113 , 183 , 324 ;

and sentimentality, 113 ;

and tourism, 29 , 33 . See also Selfhood

Sumner, Charles, 51

Superstition, 67 , 74 , 75 , 80 , 98 , 216 , 390 n10;

and interiority, 44 -45, 61 , 83 , 183

Swedenborgianism, 125 , 227 , 283 , 327

Swisshelm, Jane, 401 -2n10

T

Taney, Roger, 124 , 395 n14

Taylor, Isaac, 108 , 189

Taylor, Joshua C., 408 n4

Technology, Poe's depiction of, 165 , 167 , 168

Thayer, John, 281

Theatricality: and anti-Catholic discourse, 106 , 185 ;

and captivity narrative, 95 , 96 , 105 , 115 , 163 , 189 , 278 ;

and Catholic seduction, 122 ;

and Catholic spectacle, 189 -93, 239 ;

and colonization, 67 ;

Theatricality (continued )

and Jesuit-Indian struggle, 70 , 72 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 187 -89;

and Protestant nativism, 163 ;

and Protestant tourism, 189

Thoreau, Henry David, 80 , 273 , 322 , 323 , 335 , 343 , 345 , 395 n15

Ticknor, George, 52 , 56 , 350

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 397 n36

Torture: and captivity narrative, 91 -94, 105 , 112 , 166 , 167 ;

and Parkman's history, 72 -73, 81 , 93

Tourism, Protestant: and Calvinism, 21 , 183 ;

and Catholic architecture, 16 -18, 24 , 83 , 155 , 174 , 215 , 270 , 273 ;

and Catholic art, 6 , 16 , 190 , 235 -36, 411 n40;

and Catholic culture, 6 , 16 -21;

and Catholic images, 17 , 19 , 22 ;

and Catholic immigration, 20 , 21 ;

and Catholic maternality, xxiii , 16 , 19 ;

and Catholic morbidity, 17 , 19 , 23 -29, 31 , 32 , 83 , 169 , 243 ;

Catholic past interpreted through, 6 -7, 17 , 19 , 21 -23, 29 , 31 -34, 35 ;

and Catholic perversion, 217 , 221 ;

and Catholic spectacle, 189 -90, 192 , 221 , 235 ;

and Ellery Channing's writings, 258 ;

and commodification, xxiii -xxiv;

and conversion to Catholicism, 215 , 216 , 217 , 273 , 411 n40;

and Hawthorne's writings, 19 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 351 , 353 , 357 , 358 ;

and historiographic discourse, 6 -7, 17 , 19 , 22 -23, 31 -32, 60 -62;

and Holmes's writings, 243 ;

and interiority, 17 , 25 , 28 , 83 , 183 , 374 n3;

and liberalism, 26 , 31 , 33 , 378 n37;

and Longfellow's writings, 205 ;

and Lowell's writings, 270 -73;

and Melville's writings, 21 , 25 , 173 -74, 179 ;

and national identity, 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 31 , 43 , 61 ;

and Protestant spectatorship, 189 -90, 192 , 235 ;

and purity, 25 , 34 ;

and rationalism, 33 , 183 ;

and Reformation, 21 , 31 , 34 ;

and Roman catacombs, 22 , 24 -29, 31 -34, 116 , 174 , 378 n37;

and Roman life, 22 -29, 31 -34;

and Scripture, 21 , 22 ;

and self-hood, 17 , 69 , 270 ;

and spectatorship, 189 -90, 239 , 258 ;

and Stowe's writings, 20 -21, 248 ;

and subjectivity, 29 , 33 ;

and Unitarianism, 24 , 32 , 239

Transcendentalism, 197 , 256 , 257 , 259 , 282 ;

and Orestes Brownson, xvii , 303 , 337 , 341 , 343 , 347 , 359 , 360 ;

and Emerson, 227 , 359 ;

and Isaac Hecker, 322 , 332 , 333 ;

and Sophia Ripley, 304 , 305 -6, 308 , 316

Transubstantiation, 97 , 98 , 184 , 271 , 272 , 297 , 363

Transvestism, 222

Travel. See Tourism

Trinitarianism, 363

Tuberculosis, 286 , 288 , 290 , 293 , 296 , 298 , 301 , 416 -17n26

Turner, Nat, 286

Turner, Victor, 406 n42, 413 n3

Twain, Mark, 26

U

Uncanniness, Catholic, 96

Unitarianism: and Brownson's writings, 338 , 339 , 341 , 344 , 347 ;

and Catholic exhibitionism, 189 ;

and Channing's writings, 211 -13, 223 , 232 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 212 , 215 , 227 , 232 , 237 , 240 -41, 244 , 283 , 284 , 322 , 324 ;

Emerson's repudiation of, 314 ;

and Longfellow's Evangeline , 205 , 206 , 208 , 209 ;

in New England, 9 , 35 , 62 , 110 , 138 , 209 ;

and Parkman's writings, 24 , 35 , 69 , 77 , 78 , 341 ;

and Prescott's writings, 35 , 43 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 62 , 83 , 150 , 341 ;

and Protestant spectatorship, 235 ;

and Scripture, 9 , 12 , 22 , 48 ;

and social class, 138 , 147 ;

and tourism, 24 , 32 , 239 ;

and Trinitarian-ism, 363 ;

and Ware's charitable activity, 361

Urbanization, 6 , 20 , 102

Ursuline convent riot, xxii , 136 -46, 148 -49, 150 , 154 , 233 , 259 ;

and Reed's captivity narrative, 139 , 143 , 145 -46, 147 , 148 , 150 , 151 , 221

Utopianism, 155 , 302 , 304 , 314 , 321 , 343 , 395 n15, 425 n3

V

Vallejo, José Maria, 190 , 299

Victorianism: xxii, 188 , 190 , 350 , 355 , 366

Virgin Mary, 235 , 242 , 262 -63, 305 , 309 , 318 , 411 nn, 420 n22;

and Mariolatry, 117 , 143 , 253

Voluntarism, 4 , 89 , 171

Voting rights, 15 , 103

Voyeurism, xxii , 186 , 190 , 244 , 257 , 357 , 403 n11

W

Walker, Peter F., 402 n10

Ware, Mary Lovell, 361 -62

Warner, Marina, 411 n40

Warner, Susan, 115 , 131 , 155 , 397 n43

Weir, Robert, 191 -93, 237 , 238 , 403 n17

Whig party: Prescott's adherence to, 41 -43, 50 ;

and Protestant nativism, 100

White, Charles, 361 -62

White, Hayden, 378 n3

Whitman, Walt, 23 , 127

Whitney, Louisa, 139 , 140

Whittingham, William, 363

Whore of Babylon, xix , xxi , xxii , xxiii ;

and anticonvent discourse, 120 , 142 , 155 ;

compared to Protestant womanhood, 120 , 182 ;

and conversion to Catholicism, 280 ;

and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter , 260 , 261 ;

and Protestant historiography, 3 ;

and Protestant tourism, 26

Wiener, Carol Z., 394 -95n14

Wilderness, American: and Indian captivity narrative, xxv , 94 -97, 98 ;

and Protestant interiority, 25 ;

and Protestant spirituality, 94 -95, 97 ;

Roman catacombs compared to, 25 , 34

Williams, John, 96 -98, 114 , 184 , 262

Willis, N. P., 32

Winthrop, John, 281 , 345

Witchcraft, 9 , 98

Women: affectional ties between, 417 n28;

and convent captivity narrative, 120 -23,

Women (continued )

127 -28, 134 , 155 ;

and didactic fiction, 10 ;

and domestic fiction, 131 , 231 ;

and domestic sphere, xxi , 117 , 120 , 134 , 154 , 171 , 317 , 318 ;

and Gothic literature, 28 ;

and interiority, 121 , 123 , 183 ;

mobility of, 127 , 144 , 145 , 397 n36;

and patriarchal family, 120 , 126 ;

psychology of, 76 ;

sanctification of, 309 , 318 ;

and sentimentalized body, xxv , 124 -25;

and sexual purity, 120 , 126 , 183 ;

and slave captivity narrative, 104 , 105 .

See also Femininity

Word, Protestant scriptural, 6 -12, 21 , 22 , 48 , 300 , 331

Working class: anti-Catholicism of, xxii , 136 -42, 152 , 162 , 256 ;

blamed for Catholic conversions, 233 ;

and Brownson's reformism, xvii , 340 ;

and Melville's "Two Temples," 185 , 186 , 187 -88;

and Victorian theater, 187 -88

Wright, Fannie, 345

X

Xenophobia, xx , 104 , 200

Y

Yellow fever, 211 , 290 -93