The Rhetoric of Confession "d0e15009"

― 315 ―

INDEX

A

Abe Akira, 297

Abe Kobo, 291

Abiko, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 209

Ackroyd, Joyce, 192 n, 199 n

Activism, political, 78 , 83 , 96

Actor-audience relationship, xxv

Adolphe (Constant), 121 n

Adversative passive, 256

Aeba Takeo, 211 n, 281

Akagi Kohei, 149 , 152 , 185

Akiyama Shun, 230 n, 235 n

Akutagawa Ryunosuke, xvi , 69 ;

on Chikamatsu Shuko, 182 -83;

on confessional literature, 290 ;

death of, 188 ;

elitism of, 137 -38;

Kasai Zenzo on, 294 ;

literary output of, 250 ;

on Shiga Naoya, 187 -88, 196 ;

on Shimazaki Toson, 111 ;

on shishosetsu , 50 ;

shishosetsu by, 294 .

Texts: Bungeiteki na, amari ni bungeiteki na , 187 ;

Haguruma , 187 n, 294 ;

"Shuju no kotoba," 52 n, 290 ;

"'Watakushi' shosetsu shoken," 50 n

Alcoholism, Kasai Zenzo and, 249 , 250 -51, 276 , 280 -81, 285

Alexandria Quartet (Durrell), 164

Alienation, 13 n, 81 , 151

Alvarez, A., 248

Anata (pronominal), 175 , 298

Andreyev, Leonid, 252 n

Anonymity:

of Chinese fiction writers, 21 ;

of Japanese writers, 55 ;

Shiga Naoya's urge toward, 190 ;

of western writers, 55

An'ta (pronominal), use of, 175

An'ya koro (Shiga Naoya), 14 , 132 , 184 , 190 n, 224 -46, 247 ;

author-hero identification in, 226 -29, 238 -40;

characterization in, 233 -34;

childhood memories in, 237 ;

completion of, 246 ;

continuity in, 234 -36;

critical studies of, 224 -46;

drafts of, 230 -31, 235 -39;

hero's self-absorption in, 233 -34;

Edwin McClellan's translation of, xi , 227 n, 239 n, 242 n, 243 n;

narrative change in, 242 -43, 246 ;

point of view in, 242 -43;

as primer for reading shishosetsu , 228 -29;

as "realistic" novel, 242 -46;

Shiga Naoya on, 243 ;

structure of, 229 , 230 , 235 ;

tenuousness of plot in, 229 -33;

textual history of, 225 , 229 -32;

themes in, 224 , 225 , 233 , 234 ;

time in, 229

Criticism:

Dazai Osamu on, 225 , 226 , 232 ;

Hirano Ken on, 230 n;

Hiraoka Tokuyoshi on, 235 n, 237 n, 240 ;

Kobayashi Hideo on, 190 n, 224 , 240 ;

Kono Toshiro on, 236 ;

Edwin McClellan on, 224 ;

Miyoshi Yukio on, 224 , 226 , 230 , 232 n, 233 , 241 ;

Nakamura Mitsuo on, 224 , 225 , 230 , 232 n, 241 ;

Nakano Shigeharu on, 227 -28, 229 -30, 238 , 241

Arab writers, xxviii

Arai Hakuseki, 191 , 192 n, 199

Archaic language, use of, 272 . See also Colloquial style

Arishima, Takeo, 132 , 149 , 191

Aristotle, on imitation, xxiiin

Art:

Akutagawa Ryunosuke on, 50 ;

experience and, 144 ;

Kunikida Doppo on, 90 ;

morality and, 48 ;

private life and, 54 -55, 193 ;

reality and, 18 n, religion and, 94 ;

Tayama Katai on, 107 -8;

truth and, 25 , 50 , 93 ;

unity of life and, 213

Asahi (newspaper), 110 , 130 , 134 , 135 t, 140 , 221 n, 231

Audience, xxv , 38 , 93 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 160 -62, 167 ;

interpretation and, xvii -xviii, xxviii , 192 , 273 , 275 -79;

reading and, xvii .

See also Reader

Auerbach, Erich, 19 n

Authenticity, x , 10 , 108 , 238 -39, 245 , 292 ;

of text, 7 , 261 ;

of unmediated transcription, 65 -66, 261 , 282 , 295 .

See also Sincerity; Written reportive style

― 316 ―

Author:

absence of in text, 49 , 51 , 69 ;

of autobiographies, xx ;

contract with reader, 216 ;

death of, 6 ;

distancing of, 121 n, 201 , 237 -38;

equation of hero and, xi , 8 -9, 89 , 127 , 189 , 193 , 200 , 202 , 216 , 226 -29, 238 -40, 254 -55, 265 ;

as fictive persona, xix , 8 -9, 41 , 46 , 143 -44, 195 , 238 , 241 n, 254 -56;

as guide to reader, 193 , 205 ;

moral development of, 192 ;

newspaper accounts of, 136 -37;

as outcast, 62 -63, 130 , 190 ;

presence of in text, xxvi , 7 , 9 , 42 , 43 , 50 , 51 , 194 , 210 , 212 , 241 n, 266 , 291 , 297 ;

private life and, 15 ;

relationship to writing, 190 ;

as sage, 46 , 192 -204, 211 , 246 , 281 ;

sincerity of, 65 -69, 188 , 205 ;

society and, 51 -58, 78 -81;

writer's block, 264 -65, 279 .

See also Bundan , Narrative; Self; Shishosetsu ; Shosetsu ; specific texts and writers

Authority:

Japanese writers and, xxii ;

in narrative, ix , xi , 30 , 279 ;

realism and, xxiii ;

religion and, ix , xxiii

Autobiography, 152 n, 189 ;

Futon as, 109 -23;

popularity of in Japan, 112 ;

relation to fiction, xx , xxvi ;

shishosetsu and, xxii , 63 ;

in west, xix .

B

Baba Kocho, 110

Bakin. See Takizawa Bakin

Balzac, Honoré de, 9 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 177 n, 245 n;

The Human Comedy , 47 ;

Père Goriot , 9

Banfield, Ann, 32 -34, 37 n. See also Represented speech and thought

Barthes, Roland, 6 , 28 , 64 , 290

Basho. See Matsuo Basho

Beauty, truth and, 93

Becker, George J., 106 n

Beckett, Samuel, 220 n

Bellah, Robert N., 81 n

Belsey, Catherine, 291 n

Biography:

Chinese literature and, 21 ;

importance to shishosetsu , 51 ;

narrative and, xx

Boku (pronominal), 298 ;

use of, 5 , 6 , 284 , 295

Bowring, Richard John, 96 n, 109 n

Brandon, James R., 16 n

Buddhism, 81 -84;

Christianity and, 82 ;

the "four trials" of life and, xxi , 14 , 217 ;

history and, 83 ;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 81 -84;

selfhood in, 82 ;

transmigration and nirvana in, 83 ;

shosetsu writer and, 192 .

See also Religion

Bundan , xvi , 9 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 70 , 128 -45, 189 , 190 , 271 ;

camaraderie in, 129 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 162 , 183 ;

definition of, xxv -xxvi, 128 -29;

donin zasshi and, 131 ;

elitist consciousness of, 137 , 258 ;

enpon books and, 141 ;

Iwano Homei and, 124 n;

journalistic pressures and, 129 , 137 , 143 -44, 264 ;

junbungaku and, 49 , 128 , 129 , 189 ;

as literary economy, 62 ;

literary magazines and, 129 , 132 -33;

as outcast group, 130 , 190 ;

poverty of writers in, 62 ;

readership of, 128 , 162 ;

rise of, 128 ;

Taisho period and, 128 -45, 290 .

See also Intellectuals; Junbungaku

Bungei Iinkai (Committee on literature), 96

Bungei Shunju (magazine), 132

Bunraku, 16 n

Bunsho kurabu (magazine), 132

Bunsho sekai (magazine), 132 , 136 n

Burch, Noêl, xxi , xxiv n

Bureaucratism, as opposed to spiritualism, 77

Butor, Michel, 220 n

C

Camus, Albert, 13 n

Censorship, 95 , 96 n, 136

Chance, in narration, 52 n

Chatman, Seymour, 8 n

Chekov, Anton, 240 n

Chiba Kameo, 128 , 133 -34

Chikamatsu Monzaemon, xvii n, 121 -22, 153 n, 185

Chikamatsu Shuko, xvii , xix , xx , 41 , 45 , 112 , 121 , 122 , 131 n, 144 , 149 -86, 194 , 202 , 248 , 251 , 280 n;

audience and, 160 -62, 167 ;

bundan and, 131 n, 161 -62;

character names in fiction of, 156 n;

chasing motif of 164 -65, 178 ;

confessional reputation of 154 -55;

criticism on, 149 ;

dojin zasshi and, 131 n;

early fiction of, 153 -54;

emotional claustrophobia in fiction of, 151 , 155 , 175 ;

on emplotment, 154 ;

epistolary style and, 156 , 160 -62, 166 -67;

Futabatei Shimei and, 113 , 183 ;

on Futon , 112 -13;

on Heibon (Futabatei Shimei), 113 , 122 , 183 ;

― 317 ―

honkaku shosetsu and, 182 ;

Iwano Homei and, 126 n;

jealousy in fiction of, 152 , 158 -62;

on Kasai Zenzo, 251 n;

love affairs in fiction of, 155 , 156 -82;

narrative techniques of, 151 -52, 161 -67, 177 -80;

on Natsume Soseki, 140 ;

newspaper accounts of, 136 -37;

omniscience in fiction of, 181 -83;

Onuki Masu and, 153 , 154 , 161 ;

Ozaki Koyo and, 113 , 153 , 185 ;

personal history, 152 -53, 170 ;

personality in fiction of, 151 ;

pronominals used by, 5 , 160 , 166 -67, 175 ;

self-exposé and, 154 -55, 159 -60;

Shiga Naoya and, 44 ;

Shimamura Hogetsu and, 151 , 153 ;

as short-story writer, 141 ;

spontaneity of, 155 ;

story time's relationship to narrative present in fiction of, 165 , 174 ;

thematic parallels in, 179 ;

third-person narration in, 171 -72, 184 ;

use of "roving" narrative present, 157 , 163 -65, 168 , 174 ;

use of second person, 160 , 166 , 167 , 175 ;

view of interpretation, 152 ;

western literature and, 153 ;

writing time's relationship to story time in fiction of, 159 , 162 -63, 168 ;

Zola and, 182 n

Criticism:

Akagi Kohei on, 149 , 152 , 185 ;

Akutagawa Ryunosuke on, 182 -83;

Hirano Ken on, 45 , 150 -51, 180 n;

Honda Shugo on, 45 n;

Kasai Zenzo on, 280 n;

Masamune Hakucho on, 151 , 160 , 166 , 185 ;

Nakajima Kunihiko on, 155 , 157 n, 171 n, 180 n, 182

Texts:

"Ada nasake," 170 , 171 ;

"Aogusa," 170 , 171 ;

Bundan mudabanashi , 153 ;

Bundan sanju nen , 183 ;

"Bungei hyaku homen," 185 n;

"Bunraku-za yori," 136 ;

"Dark Hair" cycle, 151 n, 166 , 173 , 174 , 177 -179, 184 ;

"Doting Parent" cycle, 180 ;

"Estranged Wife" cycle, 151 n, 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 -70, 173 , 175 , 178 -79, 184 ;

Futari no hitori mono , 174 , 178 , 180 -81, 182 ;

Giwaku , 150 -51, 156 , 157 , 161 , 164 -69, 179 , 180 , 182 ;

Giwaku zokuhen , 137 n, 156 , 158 , 164 , 166 , 169 ;

"Hakken ka sosaku ka, 153 n;

"Honrai no negai," 182 n;

Katsuragi dayu , 173 n;

Keien , 182 n;

Koi kara ai e , 153 n, 154 , 180 ;

"Koi o enagara no shitsuren," 154 n;

"Koishikawa no ie," 154 n;

Ko no ai no tame ni , 4 n, 180 ;

"Kurokami," 170 , 171 ;

Kurokami , 174 , 175 -76, 179 , 184 ;

"Kuseyama joshu," 154 n, 173 n;

Kyoran>, 174 -75, 176 -77, 179 , 180 , 181 -82, 184 ;

"Kyoran gakuyabanashi," 179 n, 184 n;

"Kyoto Courtesan" cycle, 173 -80;

Kyuren , 174 , 177 -78, 181 ;

“Kyuren“ cycle, 177 -78, 180 ;

Kyuren zokuhen , 174 -177, 181 ;

"Nagare," 170 , 171 , 173 , 179 ;

"Omotta mama," 184 n;

"Osaka Courtesan" cycle, 170 -73, 179 , 184 ;

"Otoko kiyohime," 155 , 170 , 171 -72, 184 , 186 ;

Rin o nonde shinda hito , 182 -83;

"Ryojin," 136 ;

Shimo kouru yoi , 174 , 175 , 178 ;

Shujaku , 156 , 157 , 161 -66, 169 , 179 ;

"Sono hitori," 153 ;

"Tsunokuniya," 170 ;

Utsuriga , 158 , 160 , 162 , 165 -66;

"Utsuroi," 170 , 171 ;

Wakaretaru tsuma ni okuru tegami , 112 , 113 , 156 , 157 , 160 -62, 164 -66;

"Wakareta tsuma o kaita jidai no bungakuteki haikei," 113 n;

Watakushi wa ikite kita , 172 , 184 , 254 ;

"Yuki no hi," 149 , 158 -60, 173

Chinese literature:

categories of, 21 ;

fiction's subordinate place in, 21 ;

as model for Japanese literature, 19 , 20 -23;

Han shu , 22

Chohen shosetsu , 4 , 227 n

Chou Tso-jen, 23 n

Christianity, 80 -81;

Buddhism and, 82 ;

emplotment and, 83 ;

individualism and, 80 , 82 ;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 80 , 83 .

See also Religion

Chronicle:

contrasted with story, 19 ;

definition of, 19 .

See also History

Chuhen shosetsu , 4

Chuokoron (magazine), 132 , 133 , 136 , 137

Cinema, Japanese, xxi n

Cohn, Dorrit, 276 n

Colloquial style, 16 , 40 -41, 274 -75

Confession:

Akutagawa Ryunosuke on, 290 ;

Roland Barthes on, 290 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko on, 154 -55;

as content of shishosetsu , 58 ;

fiction and, 101 , 279 -80;

Futon and, 111 , 113 , 115 , 117 ;

individualism and, 15 ;

Ito Sei on, 63 ;

Japanese writers and, 15 ;

as literary source, 143 -44;

mediated reality and, 101 ;

naturalism and, 99 ;

as personal perception, 150 ;

rhetoric in, 204 ;

selectivity in, 152 ;

sincerity and, 188 ;

Shimamura Hogetsu on, 100 ;

shishosetsu and, x , xx , xxviii , 69 -70;

sincerity and, 188 ;

varieties of, 45 .

See also Emotions; Junbungaku ;Love affairs; Self; Shishosetsu

― 318 ―

Confucianism, 21 , 22 , 79 , 83 -84, 86 , 90 , 130 , 190 , 192 ;

didacticism and, 83 -84

Contentless hero, 241

Contentless story, 265

Cooke, Miriam, xxviii n

Coterie magazines. See Dojin zasshi

Creativity in Japan, xxvi

Crémieux, Benjamin, 66

Criticism, Japanese, xxii . See also specific writers

D

Da style, 274 . See also Colloquial style

Daisen, Mount, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 233 , 234 , 235 , 242

Dark Night's Passing, A . See An'ya koro

David Copperfield (Dickens), xix n

Dazai Osamu, 144 , 225 ;

death of, 188 ;

personal style, 189 ;

on Shiga Naoya, 187 -88, 225 , 226 , 232 , 247 , 252 ;

Nyoze gamon , 187 , 188 n, 225 , 247

De aru style, 275 . See also Colloquial style

Death:

identity and, 285 ;

Shiga Naoya on, 218 , 222 . See also Suicide

Defoe, Daniel, 15

Desu/masu style, 274

Diaries, xvi , xxviii , 16 , 82 , 279 . See also Kana nikki

Dick, Kay, 156 n

Dictation, Kasai Zenzo and, 250 , 272 -74, 283

Didacticism, 86 -87, 93 , 191 ;

in Chinese literature, 21 -22;

Confucianism and, 83 -84;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 80 ;

Kunikida Doppo and, 91 ;

Tsubouchi Shoyo and, 87

Documentation, shishosetsu as, xix

Dojin (donin ) zasshi , 131 -32

Domeki Kyosaburo, 133 n

Doppo. See Kunikida Doppo

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 47 , 52 , 276 n;

Crime and Punishment , 13 n, 47 ;

Notes from Underground , 276 n

Double negatives, 256

E

Easthope, Antony, 279 n

Eco, Umberto, 31 n

Edo fiction, xxii , xxv , 16 n, 22 , 79 , 87 , 121

Edo period, 15 , 22 -23, 25 , 83 , 87 , 130 , 191

Eguchi Kan, 210 n

Eliot, George, 29 -30;

Adam Bede , 29

Emakimono , 230 n

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 82

Emma (Austen), 13

Emotion:

Chikamatsu Shuko's conversion of into language, 156 , 158 ;

depersonalized, 85 ;

distancing of, 121 n, 155 , 203 ;

jealousy, 116 , 152 , 158 -62;

lack of in Ken'yusha school, 89 ;

writing and, 198 .

See also Love affairs; specific authors

Emplotment:

artificiality of, 48 , 282 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko on, 154 ;

Christianity and, 83 ;

Japanese literature and, 19 -20;

in narrative, xx , xxviii , 19 n, 73 , 87

Endo Hideo, 153 n, 157 n

Endo Tasuku, 197 n, 233 n

English language, adoption by Japanese, 244

Enlightenment (European), 10 , 12 , 73

Enomoto Takashi, 257

Enpon (one-yen books), importance of to bundan , 141

Epiphanies, 235 n

Episteme , medieval, 84 n

Epistemology, 101 , 126 , 181 , 194 , 282 ;

experience and, 39 ;

grammar and, 31 , 94 , 238 , 254 ;

ichigen byosha and, 124 ;

Japanese language and, 30 -31, 183 , 238 ;

narrative and, 53 , 58 ;

omniscience and, 181 -83, 238 ;

sensation words and, 31 n, 32 ;

shishosetsu and, 181 -82, 185 , 229 , 297 ,

translation and, 245 n.

See also Grammar; Mediation, of reality; Omniscience; Reportive style; Truth

Erlebte Rede. See Represented speech and thought

Essay form, xx , xxviii , 16 , 63 , 75 , 86

Estang, Luc, 69

Ethnology, xv

European literature. See Western literature

Experience, 117 ;

consistency of, 152 ;

dictated by writing, 202 ;

different tellings of, 178 , 257 -58;

epistemology and, 39 ;

fabrication and, 92 ;

Futon and, 117 -18;

as history, 18 ;

meaning of, 292 ;

mystical, 242 ;

nature and, 108 ;

realism and, xxiii -xxiv;

recording of, 108 ;

shishosetsu and, 14 ;

transformation of into art, 144 -45. See also Epistemology; Truth; Realism

F

Fabrication, in narrative, 7 , 26 , 47 , 84 , 92 , 107 -8, 181 , 207 -8. See also Fiction

Family: conflicts in, 202 , 205 , 223 ;

ex-

― 319 ―

tended, 98 ;

in fiction of Tayama Katai, Tokuda Shusei, and Shimazaki Toson, 150 . See also Society

Father-son relation, Shiga Naoya and, 204 -21, 224 , 231 . See also An'ya koro ; Wakai

Federman, Raymond, 42

Fiction, xxvii , xxviii ;

in age of disillusionment, 101 n;

autobiography and, xx , xxvi ;

confession and, 101 , 279 -80;

definition of, 10 ;

family resistance to writing of, 191 ;

Fowles on, 10 ;

history and, 18 -19, 87 ;

in Japanese literature, 16 -27;

Japanese writers' distrust of, 46 , 107 ;

narrative and, xx ;

nonfiction and, xviii ;

as nonliterature, 22 -25, 79 , 102 ;

notions of, 10 -11;

positive connotations of, 11 ;

reality and, 7 , 11 , 18 ;

"refined" vs. "vulgar," 22 -23, 86 ;

serialized, 134 , 135 , 138 , 231 ;

society's use of, 11 ;

truth and, 19 , 25 .

See also Autobiography; Epistemology; Fabrication; Mediation; Narrative; Shishosetsu ; Shosetsu ; specific authors and texts

Fielding, Henry, 15 , 18 , 29 , 196 n;

Tom Jones , 13 , 18 , 196 n

Film, Japanese, xxin

First-person narration, x , xxvii , 28 -29, 35 -36, 39 , 64 n, 107 , 171 -72, 184 , 200 , 236 -37, 240 , 241 , 282 , 296 ;

merging with third-person narration, 53 , 171 -72.

See also Third-person narration

First-person pronominals, 5 , 28 , 31 n, 184 , 207 . See also specific pronominals

Flaubert, Gustave, 47 , 49 , 53 , 54 -55, 228 , 238 , 295 , 298 ;

Madame Bovary , 13 , 47

Fourth-person, 53

Fowles, John, 10 , 29 , 198 n;

The French Lieutenant's Woman , 10 n, 198 n

Fragmentation of narrative, 260 -63, 284

Framing of narrative, 263 -65, 272 , 275 , 284

Freedman, Ralph, xxvii n

French language, adoption of in Japan, 244

Fujieda Shizuo, 296 ;

Gongu jodo , 296

Fukuda Kiyoto, 207 n, 251

Fukunaga Takehiko, Shi no shima , 220 n

Funaki Shigeo, 255 n

Furui Yoshikichi, 259 n, 273 , 288

Futabatei Shimei, xvii n, 3 , 23 -24, 76 , 87 , 113 , 183 ;

on fiction writing as a career, 24 ;

on narrative perspective, 183 ;

Tsubouchi Shoyo and, 87

Texts: Heibon , 113 , 122 , 183 -84;

Sono omokage , 183 n;

Ukigumo , 23 , 183 n;

"Watakushi wa kaigi-ha da," 3 , 24 n

Futon (Tayama Katai), xvi , 59 , 103 , 139 ;

as autobiography, 109 -23;

comic scenes in, 116 , 121 ;

confession in, 111 , 113 , 115 , 117 ;

familial obligation in, 122 ;

feminine ideal in, 104 , 117 , 120 ;

Hakai and, 59 , 117 ;

importance of, 60 -61;

individualism and, 112 ,

jealousy in, 116 ;

use of kare in, 36 n;

Katai's earlier fiction and, 117 -21;

Katai's later fiction and, 123 ;

literary sources of, 117 -19;

naturalism and, 117 ;

parody in, 116 , 121 -22;

privatization and, 103 ;

as prototypical shishosetsu , xvi , 53 , 104 , 123 ;

referential reading of, 113 -18;

sales of, 139 ;

shishosetsu and, 123 , summary of, 104 ;

success of, 107 , 112 , 122 ;

Thérèse Raquin and, 118 -19;

as turning point in literature, 61

Criticism:

Chikamatsu Shuko on, 112 -13;

Hirano Ken on, 114 -15;

Nakamura Mitsuo on, 59 -61, 113 -14, 121 n;

Okada Michiyo on, 115 -17;

Shimamura Hogetsu on, 99 .

See also Tayama Katai

G

Gakushuin University, 129

Gender, of authors, xxix

Genesis, as an emplotted narrative, 19 n

Genette, Gérard, 8 n, 9 , 34 n, 177

Genre. See specific writing modes and styles

Gesaku (playful composition), 23 , 24 , 87 , 129

Gide, André, 9 , 52 , 54

God, in Japanese tradition, ix , 83

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang yon, 54 , 121 n;

Werther , 13 , 121 n;

Wilhelm Meister , 13

Gombrich, E. H., 18

Goncourt brothers, 123 , 123 n-124n

Grammar:

epistemology and, 31 n, 94 , 183 , 238 , 254 , 283 ;

textual transparency and, 205 ;

thought and, 194 .

See also Da style; De-aru style; Desu/masu style; Double negatives; Epistemology; Honorifics; Interjectionals;

― 320 ―

Grammar (continued )

Japanese language; Passive voice; Preterite; Pronominals; Tense

Grant, Richard B., 124 n

Great Earthquake (1923), 264

H

Haibun (haiku and prose), 16 , 29

Haikai (linked verse), xxi , 20 , 22 , 84 , 271

Haiku, xxv , 291 , fiction and, 16 ;

shinkyo shosetsu and, 44 , 47 n

Haishi shosetsu ("trivial history and small talk"), 24

Hakucho. See Masamune Hakucho

Hani Goro, 199 n

Harootunian, H. D., 23 n, 78 , 96 -97, 98 n

Hasegawa Komako, Shimazaki Toson and, 110 -11

Hasegawa Tenkei, 101 n, 125

Hashimoto Yoshi, 120 n

Hauptmann, Gerhart, 112 n, 118 ;

Lonely Lives , 118

Hayashi Fumiko, xxix

Hayashi Kyoko, 297

Hayashi Razan, 22 n

Heian period, 20 -21

Heiman byosha (flat description), 123 -24. See also Ichigen byosha ; Point of view

Hemingway, Ernest, 67 ;

A Farewell to Arms,67

Hermit figure, in classical Japanese literature, 81

Hero:

author as, 8 -9, 127 , 189 , 193 , 202 , 216 , 226 , 228 , 238 -40, 254 -55, 265 ;

as autonomous figure, xxi ;

confusion with narrator, xi , 8 , 39 , 172 , 183 , 237 ;

contentless, 241 ;

development of in fiction, xx -xxi;

as fool, 152 , 180 ;

kare and, 36 , 172 ;

as outcast, 258 ;

point of view in shishosetsu , 16 ;

role of in Japanese literature, xxi ;

role of in western literature, xx ;

as sage, 46 , 224 ;

society and, xxiv , 13 , 15 ;

as victim, 46 , 259 .

See also Author: Narrator; specific authors and texts

Hesse, Hermann, 152 n

Hibbett, Howard, 45 n

Higuchi Ichiyo, xxix , 113 , 153

Hijiya-Kirschnereit, Irmela, x

Hirabayashi Taiko, xxix

Hirano Ken, 4 , 49 n, 94 n, 230 n;

on An'ya koro , 230 n;

on Chikamatsu Shuko, 45 -46, 150 -51, 180 n;

on con fessional modes, 45 ;

on Futon , 114 ;

Geijutsu to jisseikatsu , 45 n, 68 , 104 , 115 n, 151 n;

on Kasai Zenzo, 45 -46;

myth of sincerity and, 68 ;

on Shiga Naoya, 45 -46;

on shinkyo shosetsu , 45 , 68 ;

on watakushi shosetsu , 45 -46, 68

Hiraoka Tokuyoshi, 220 n, 246 ;

on An'ya koro , 235 n, 237 n;

on Shiga Naoya, 240 , 246 ;

on shishosetsu , 292 -93, 296

Hiraoka Toshio, 22 n

Hiratsuka Raicho, xxix

Hirotsu Kazuo, 130 n, 143 , 270

History:

Buddhism and, 83 ;

Chinese model, 20 ;

Christianity and, 83 ;

experience as, 18 ;

fiction and, 18 -19, 87 ;

historiography and, 19 ;

Japanese view of, 10 , 18 ;

narrative and, xx ;

shosetsu and, 22 ;

truth and, 18 .

See also Chronicle; Fiction; Story

Hogetsu. See Shimamura Hogetsu

Homei. See Iwano Homei

Honda Shugo, 56 n, 218 n;

on Chikamatsu Shuko and Kasai Zenzo, 45 n;

on Natsume Soseki, 205 -6;

on Shiga Naoya, 65 -66;

on shishosetsu , 65 -66

Honkaku shosetsu (true novel), 44 , 182 -83, 185

Honorifics Japanese narrative and, 40 , 275

Hsia, C. T., 21 n, 23 n

Hugo, Victor, 80 n

Hutcheon, Linda, 41 n

Huxley, Aldous, 156

I

Ibukata Toshirô, 161 n

Ibuse Masuji, 131 n-132n

Ichigen byosha (single-dimensional description), 124 -27;

written reportive style and, 127 .

See also Heimen byosha ; Point of view

Ich-roman, 4

Ihara Saikaku, 46 ;

Koshoku ichidai onna, 62

Ikegami Kenji, 135 n

Ikeuchi Teruo, 193 n, 221 n

Ikuta Choko, 46 , 126 , 127

Individualism, 54 , 75 -77;

Christianity and, 80 ;

confession and, 15 ;

inner life and, 79 ;

nature and, 81 ;

politics and, 78 n, 96 , 99 n;

private literature and, 79 ;

Shiga Naoya and, 76 -77;

shishosetsu and, xvi , xxiv , 15 ;

Tayama Katai and, 76 ;

in the west, xvi , 12 -13, 15 .

See also Self

Inland Sea, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 231

Ino Kenji, 126 n

I-novel, ix , xv , 4 , 6 , 14 , 184 , 222 , 297 . See also Shishosetsu

― 321 ―

Insanity, in Kasai Zenzo's fiction, 252 , 280 , 287

Integrity. See Sincerity

Intellectuals:

disorientation of after Russo-Japanese War, 101 ;

public careers of, 95 ;

Shimamura Hogetsu on, 100 ;

society and, 78 .

J

James, Henry, 40 , 127

Jameson, Fredric, 58

Japan Sea, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 222 , 231

Japanese language, x , 29 , 297 ;

epistemology and, 31 , 183 , 238 ;

imperfection of, 244 -45;

Roy Andrew Miller on, 245 n;

Shiga Naoya's attack on, 244 -45;

society and, 40 ;

translation into, 245 n,

See also Grammar; Pronominals; specific linguistic terms

Japanese literature:

alienation in, 13 n;

concern with specificity, 16 n;

classical, 16 -17, 19 -20, 81 , 84 , 86 ;

didacticism in, 22 n, 80 ;

emplotment and, 19 -20;

history of, xxii -xxiii, internationalization of, 291 , 297 ;

interpretation of, xvii ;

notions of "refined" and "vulgar" in, 22 -23, 25 , 79 , 86 ;

omniscience and, 29 -30;

originality in, xxvi ;

polysemy in, xxi , xxv , 20 ;

process and, xxi ;

"worlds" in, 16 -17. See also Junbungaku ;Narrative; Naturalism; Western literature

Jealousy. See Emotions

Jibun (pronominal), use of, 5 , 6 n, 34 -37, 171 -72, 236 , 240 , 284

Jiji Shinpo (newspaper), 134 , 135 t, 136 n

Jiko shosetsu , 5 n, 276 . See also Shishosetsu

Joruri (chanted narrative), xxi , 16 , 121 , 173

Journalism:

the bundan and, 129 , 137 , 143 -44, 264 , 273 ;

western, xxviii

Journals, literary. See Literary magazines

Journal(s), private. See Diaries; Kana nikki

Joyce, James, 32 , 235 n;

Finnegans Wake , 229 ;

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , 13 n

Junbungaku (pure literature), 49 , 57 , 126 , 128 , 244 , 291 , 294 ;

bundan and, 49 , 128 , 129 , 189 ;

criticism of, 294 ;

definition of, 49 ;

elitism of, 129 ;

magazines of, 137 ;

Nakamura Mitsuo on, 59 ;

naturalism and, 56 ;

opposed to popular literature, xix , 128 -29;

sensibility of, 126 , 244 ;

shishosetsu and, 290 ;

short story and, 141 ;

writers of, 142 n, 143 ;

Yokomitsu Riichi on, 52

Junsui shosetsu (pure novel), 52

K

Kabuki theater, xxiv , xxv , 16 n

Kafka, Franz, Letter to His Father , 211

Kagero nikki (Michitsuna no haha), 29

Kaiho (magazine), 132 , 133

Kaizo (magazine), 132 , 142 n, 229 , 264 , 272 n, 277

Kaizosha (publisher), 141

Kamakura, as setting in Kasai Zenzo's fiction, 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 267 , 271 , 275

Kamakura period, 21

Kamo no Chomei, 63 ;

Hojoki , 29 , 62 , 81

Kamura Isota, 250 ;

stories by, 143 n

Kana nikki (poetic diary), xxi , 16 , 17 , 20 , 29 , 52 -53, 84

Kanbayashi Akatsuki, 291 -92, 293

Kano Sakujiro, 142 n, 270

Kanojo (pronominal), 36 n, 298

― 322 ―

Kansai region, 199

Kanshi (poetry written in Chinese), 22

Kansobun (contemplative essays), 24 , 79

Kantian philosophy, 126

Kare (pronominal), 35 , 238 , 298 ;

as proper name, 36 , 172 , 254 ;

referent of, 39 , 254 ;

use of, 171 -72, 200 , 236 , 254 n;

watakushi and, 207 , 238 -41.

See also Pronominals; Third-person narration; Watakushi

Kare shosetsu , 238

Kasai Zenzo, xvii , xix , xx , 5 n, 41 , 45 , 48 n, 129 , 133 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 150 , 185 , 202 , 248 -89, 290 , 294 , 296 ;

on Akutagawa Ryunosuke, 294 ;

alcoholism and, 249 , 250 -51, 280 , 285 ;

art and private life in fiction of, 248 -49, 265 , 269 ;

audience and, 273 , 275 -79;

bun-dan's view of, 133 -34;

death of, 288 ;

on Chikamatsu Shuko, 280 n;

criticism on, 149 ;

dictation and, 250 , 272 -74, 283 ;

dojin zasshi and, 131 ;

family in fiction of, 253 , 259 , 278 ;

fee advances to, 142 -43, 151 ;

illness of, 249 , 263 , 280 , 282 , 285 -88, 289 ;

insanity in fiction of, 252 -53, 279 -88, 289 ;

interrelation of stories, 66 , 269 , 271 ;

Kume Masao and, 142 -43, 262 ;

life at Kenchoji temple, 261 , 262 , 264 , 266 ;

literary output, 250 ;

literary version of self, 254 -56;

narrative fragmentation in fiction of, 260 -63, 284 ;

narrative framing in fiction of, 41 n, 263 -65, 272 , 275 , 284 ;

orality of narrative, 273 -76, 285 -86;

personal history Of, 142 -43, 250 -253;

poverty and, 249 , 251 , 288 ;

pronominals used by, 5 , 284 ;

Russian literature and, 252 ;

self and, 257 , 282 , 285 ;

self-begetting novel and, 220 ;

as short-story writer, 141 -42;

sincerity of, 269 , 280 ;

on Tayama Katai, 280 n;

themes in fiction of, 251 , 252 , 258 , 260 , 268 -69, 277 , 279 , 282 ;

as victim, 46 , 253 , 259 , 263 ;

on writing, 248 -49, 261 , 263 -65, 267 , 279 ;

writing time's relationship to story time in fiction of, 265

Criticism:

Chikamatsu Shuko on, 251 n;

Furui Yoshikichi on, 259 n, 273 , 288 ;

Hirano Ken on, 45 -46;

Honda Shugo on, 45 n;

Omori Sumio on, 252 n, 254 n, 256 n, 258 , 259 n, 267 n;

Tanizaki Seiji on, 257 , 259 -60, 263 , 264 n, 274 , 281 , 288 ;

Tayama Katai on, 251 n;

Uno Koji on, 250 n, 251 , 281

Texts:

"Akuma," 258 ,

"Asa mairi," 263 -65, 266 , 273 ;

"Bakasukashi," 264 n;

"Chi o haku," 220 n;

Funosha , 142 ,

"Furo," 143 ;

"Furyoji," 276 , "

Guchi to kuda to iyami," 280 -81;

"Imiake," 249 , 289 ;

"Isan," 133 ;

"Jakusha," 280 , 281 , 282 -84;

"Kanashiki chichi," 249 , 253 -57, 258 , 261 ;

"Kohan shuki," 277 -80, 281 ;

"Ko o tsurete," 259 -60, 261 ;

"Kurai heya nite," 261 , 270 n,

"Norowareta te," 276 ;

"Nakama," 248 , 261 -63, 266 , 267 ;

"Saiban," 264 n;

"Sennin-buro," 261 ;

"Shii no wakaba," 271 -73, 275 -77, 281 ;

"Shiji o umu," 266 , 267 -69, 270 , 277 , 282 ;

"Suikyosha no dokuhaku," 250 , 261 , 277 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 284 -88, 289 ;

"Ugomeku mono," 266 -67, 268 , 269 , 276 , 281 , 282 ;

"Ware to asobu ko," 251 n, 266 , 269

Katagami Tengen, 112 n

Katai. See Tayama Katai

Katei shosetsu (domestic fiction), 87

Kato Shuichi, 16 n

Katsuyama Isao, 44 n, 46 n-47n, 49 n

Kawakami Tetsutaro, 130

Kawasaki Chotaro, 292

Keene, Dennis, 52 n, 109 n

Keene, Donald, 246 n

Kellman, Stephen G., 10 n, 220 n

Kenchoji temple (Kamakura), as setting in Kasai Zenzo's fiction, 261 , 262 , 264 , 266

Ken'yusha school, 24 , 87 ;

decline of, 105 ;

gesaku writers and, 89 ;

Kunikida Doppo on, 89 , 91 ;

lack of emotion in, 89 ;

Ozaki Koyo and, 87 , 105

Kermode, Frank, 19 , 43

Kibyoshi (yellow-covered books), 23

Kikobun (travel sketches), 16

Kikuchi Kan, xvi , 48 , 144 , 271

Kimi (pronominal), 204 ;

use of, 175

Kimura Ki, 109

Kimura Kumaji, 110

Kindai jiga (modern self), 14 , 75 , 76 , 122 . See also Self

Kinda'ichi Haruhiko, 245 n

Kinmouth, Earl, 95 n

Kinokuniya (bookstore), 132

Kinosaki, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 208 , 222 -23

Kiseki (magazine), 131 , 254 ;

the coterie, 131 -32, 143

Kitamura Tokoku, 74 -75, 76 , 77 -86, 87 , 90 , 91 , 103 ;

on Basho, 82 ;

Buddhism and, 81 -84;

Christianity and,

― 323 ―

80 , 83 ;

on Edo literature, 23 , 79 ;

Emerson and, 82 ;

Ito Sei on, 77 -78;

narrator in writings of, 84 ;

shinkyo shosetsu and, 85 ;

withdrawal from politics, 79 -81

Texts:

"Issekikan," 84 -85;

"Jinsei ni aiwataru to wa nan no ii zo," 79 n;

"Matsushima nite Bashoo o yomu," 82 n;

"Naibu seimei ron," 79 n, 82

Kobayashi Hideo, 59 , 295 ;

on An'ya koro , 190 n, 224 , 240 ;

on Flaubert, 53 , 54 -55;

influence of western literature on, 56 ;

on Mori Ogai, 57 ;

on Natsume Soseki, 57 ;

on naturalism, 54 , 56 ;

on Shiga Naoya, 54 -55;

on shishosetsu , 53 -55, 57 -58, 298 ;

on self and society, 54 -55;

"Watakushi shosetsu ron," 53

Kobayashi Issa, poetry of, xxv ;

Ora ga haru , 29

Koda Rohan, xvi

Kodan (historical narration), 135

Koki Tetsutaro, 272 n, 277 n

Kokkeibon (humorous books), 23

Kokumin (newspaper), 135 t

Kokumin no tomo (magazine), 153

Kono Kensuke, 175 n

Kono Toshiro, 132 n, 201 t, 207 n, 236

Kosugi Tengai, 88 , 96 n, 105

Kotoku Shusui, 96 , 97 , 98

Kumakura Chiyuki, 36 n

Kume Masao, 134 , 144 , 184 ;

Kasai Zenzo and, 142 -43, 262 ;

on shishosetsu , 45 -48, 55 ;

on western novel, 54 , 245 n

Kunikida Doppo, 73 , 74 -75, 86 , 88 -93, 103 , 110 ;

on fictionalization, 92 n, 110 n;

on Ken'yusha, 89 , 91 ;

Masamune Hakucho on, 91 -92;

naturalism and, 89 n;

on reality, 92 n;

on style, 73 ;

subjective voice of, 86 -92;

Tayama Katai on, 93

Texts:

Byosho roku , 73 , 89 n, 90 ;

Doppo shu , 92 n;

"Gyuniku to Jagaimo," 90 n;

"Ware wa ika ni shite shosetsuka to narishi ka," 89 n

Kunimatsu Akira, 201 t

Kurahashi Yumiko, 291

Kuribayashi Hideo, 153 n, 207 n, 236 n

Kuroda, S.-Y., 30 -31, 34 , 35 , 39 . See also Reportive style

Kyoto, 210 ;

as setting in Chikamatsu Shuko's fiction, 174 -76, 178 ;

as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 199 -200

L

LaFleur, William, 82 n, 84 n

Lawrence, D. H., 32

Levin, Harry, 106 n

Literalism, xxiv

Literary magazines, 93 , advance payments by, 139 , 142 ;

bundan and, 129 , 132 -33;

circulations of, 133 , 138 ;

dictated stories in, 250 , 272 ;

importance of in Taisho literature, 131 , 138 -39;

junbungaku and, 137 . See also specific magazines

Literature:

didacticism in, 21 -22, 86 -87, 93 , 191 ;

as moral project, 79 -80, 192 ;

personalization of, 86 -93;

place of fiction in, 16 -27;

privatization of, 77 -86, 97 . See also Fiction, Japanese literature; Narrative; Shosetsu ; Western literature

Liu Wu-chi, 21 n, 22 n

Love affairs, 110 , 117 -18;

of Chikamatsu Shuko, 155 , 156 -82;

feminine ideal in, 117 , 120 ;

Futon and, 117 , 120 ;

jealousy in, 163 , 174 ;

narrative distancing of, 200 -201;

sexual innuendos in depiction of, 159 , 173 ;

Shiga Naoya and, 199 -202, 204

Lukàcs, Georg, 52 n

Lyrical novel, xxvi -xxvii

M

McClellan, Edwin, xi , 124 , 227 n, 239 n, 242 n, 243 n;

on An'ya koro , 224

Maeda Ai, 133 n

Magazines. See Literary magazines; specific magazines

Mailer, Norman, xx

Mainichi shinpo (newspaper), 143

Makino Shin'ichi, 49 n, 292

Mann, Thomas, 98 n

Martin, Samuel E., 37 n, 256

Maruyama Masao, 15 , 26 , 28 ;

on mediated reality, 11 -12, 73 ;

on social organization, 59

Masamune Hakucho, 55 , 62 , 98 , 210 n;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 149 , 153 , 157 , 185 ;

on Giwaku , 151 , 166 ;

on Kunikida Doppo, 91 -92;

on magazine publication, 141 n;

on Natsume Soseki, 130 ;

on Shimamura Hogetsu, 101 , 151 ;

on shishosetsu , 291 ;

on Wakai , 210 , 217

Texts:

Chikamatsu Shuko , 149 , 153 n, 185 n;

Ni kazoku , 98 ;

"Shiga Naoya to Kasai Zenzo," 210 , 217 ;

Shizen shugi seisui ki , 151 ;

"Watakushi shosetsu no miryoku," 141 , 291

Mathy, Francis, 35 n, 80 n

Matsubara Shin'ichi, 281 n, 292 n

― 324 ―

Matsubara Toshio, 293 -94, 296 n

Matsue, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 213 , 215 , 222

Matsumoto Seicho, 49 n

Matsuo Basho, 22 , 63 , 81 ;

depersonalized emotions of, 85 -86;

haiku by, 86 ;

Kitamura Tokoku on, 82 ;

Oku no hosomichi , 29 , 82 , 84 ;

selflessness and, 84 ;

travel sketches of, 82 , 84

Matsuoka Yuzuru, 140

Maupassant, Guy de, 88 , 104 -5;

Pierre et Jean , 106 -7

Mayama Seika, Minami Koizumi Mura , 98

Mediation:

critical bias against, 92 ;

epistemology and, 101 -3;

of experience, 47 , 106 ;

Iwano Homei and, 73 -74;

Maruyama Masao on, 11 -12;

in oral telling, 275 ;

in shishosetsu , 27 , 40 ;

social organization and, 11 ;

transcription and, 65 ;

writing and, 6 , 275

Meiji period, xxii , 36 , 83 , 97 , 109 , 130 ;

statist goals of, 80 , 94 , 101 ;

values of, 84 , 94 -95;

west and, 13

Mental illness. See Kasai Zenzo, insanity in fiction of

Metafiction, xi , 266 ;

shishosetsu and, 41

Milieu, presentation of, 150

Miller, Henry, xx , 9

Miller, Roy Andrew, 245 n

Mimesis, xxiii n

Mishima Yukio, 124 n

Mita bungaku (magazine), 132

Mita school, 139

Mitsumochi Kiyoshi, 252 n

Miura Tetsuro, 297

Miyamoto Yuriko, xxix

Miyazaka Eiichi, 132 n

Miyoshi, Masao, 40 n, 75 n, 191 ;

on professionalism, 191 ;

on shosetsu , 64

Miyoshi Yukio, on An'ya koro , 224 , 226 , 230 , 232 n, 233 , 241

Modernity, Japanese, 16 , 60 , 75 -77

Monogatari (traditional Japanese narrative), xxi , 19 , 20 n, 52 -53;

narrator in, 29 . See also Japanese literature; Kana nikki ; Narrative; Tale of Genji, The

Montaigne, Michel de, 13

Morality:

art and, 48 ;

censorship and, 95 -96;

as by-product of writing, 193 ;

confessional style and, 194 ;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 80 ;

scholar-sage and, 191 ;

in Shiga Naoya, 189 , 190 -95;

social obligations and, 122

Mori Arinori, 244

Mori Atsushi, xxi

Mori Masamichi, 135 t

Mori Ogai, 130 , 149 , 190 ;

censorship of, 95 -96;

in Germany, 109 ;

Kobayashi Hideo on, 57 ;

on self and Society, 57 ;

translations by, 180 n

Texts: "Maihime," 109 ;

Vita sexualis , 95 -96

Morris, Mark, 17 n

Mushanokoji Saneatsu, 132 , 142 n

Multi-consciousness narration, 30 , 38 . See also First-person narration; Omniscience; Single-consciousness narration; Third-person narration

Muramatsu Shofu, Akutagawa Ryunosuke on, 137

N

Nagai Kafu, 97 , 191

Nagai Tatsuo, 293

Nagata Mikihiko, 8 n, 140 , 149 ,

Nagayo Michiyo. See Okada Michiyo

Nagayo Shizuo, 114 , 115 n, 117 n

Najita, Tetsuo, 77

Nakajima Kunihiko, 151 n, 155 , 157 n, 159 n, 171 n, 180 n, 182

Nakamura Mitsuo, 63 , 69 , 139 n, 141 n, 201 t, 245 n;

on An'ya koro , 224 , 225 , 230 , 232 n, 241 ;

on contentless self, 241 ;

on Futon , 59 -61, 113 -14, 121 n;

Fuzoku shosetsu ron , xxii n, 59 -60, 104 , 113 , 114 n;

on Hakai (Shimazaki Toson), 59 -60, 114 ;

influence of western literature on, 59 -60;

on junbungaku , 59 ;

on naturalism, 59 ;

on Shiga Naoya, 189 -90, 210 , 211 n, 245 ;

on shishosetsu , 59 -61;

on writer and society, 59

Nakamura Murao, 138 , 139 n, 270 ;

on shishosetsu , 44 , 46 , 49 ;

bundan and, 133 -34

Nakane Chie, 12

Nakano Shigeharu, on An'ya koro , 227 -28, 229 -30, 238 , 241

Nakano Yoshio, 109 n

Names, of Japanese authors, xviin

Nara, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 200

Narcissism, 41 n, 52 , 117 , 151

Narrated subject, x , 28 , 172 , 184 , 228 , 254 , 297

Narrating subject, x , xxi , 28 , 172 , 184 ,228, 238 , 254 , 297

Narrative, 21 , 55 ;

autobiography and, xx , xxii ;

biography and, xx , xxi ;

chance and, 52 n;

colloquial, 41 ;

definition of, xx , 19 ;

depersonalized, 38 ;

― 325 ―

dictation and, 173 , 250 , 272 -74;

distancing in, 121 n, 155 , 181 , 201 , 207 ;

emplotment and, xx , xxviii , 73 , 87 ;

fiction and, xx , xxi ;

fourth-person, 53 ;

fragmentation of, 260 -63, 284 ;

framing of, 263 -65, 272 , 275 , 284 ;

grammar of, 38 ;

history and, xx ;

Jamesian, 127 ;

Japanese styles of, xxi , 30 ;

mediation in, 6 -12;

in Old Testament, 19 ;

omniscient, xi , xxvi , 30 , 35 , 39 , 181 , 183 , 198 n, 238 , 242 -43, 245 ;

oral vs. written, 274 ;

personalization of, 86 -93;

point of view and, 53 , 123 -27;

reader and, 6 , 67 ;

self-conscious, 167 , 209 ;

shishosetsu and, xx ;

sincerity in, 181 , 269 , 280 ;

teleology in, xx ;

traditional Japanese, xxi , xxiii ;

traditional western, xi , xx -xxi, xxiii ;

unmediated, 275 ;

utterance and, 38 .

See also Emplotment; Epistemology; First-person narration; Japanese literature; Monogatari ; Narrator; Naturalism; Nonreportive style; Omniscience; Point of view; Pronominals; Reportive style; Representation; Represented speech and thought; Third-person narration; Western literature; specific forms and styles

Narrator:

confused with hero, xi , 7 -8, 39 , 172 , 183 , 237 ;

depersonalized, 32 ;

divided, 196 ;

narratee and, 6 , 8 n;

as recorder, 194 , 209 ;

written reportive style and, 39 .

See also Author; Hero; Narrating subject; Narrative

Nationalism, 94

Natsume Soseki, xvi , xvii n, xxix , 4 , 35 , 127 , 130 , 190 , 206 , 221 n;

Chikamatsu Shuko on, 140 ;

fiction published by Asahi , 134 ;

on heimen byosha , 124 ;

Honda Shugo on, 205 -6;

income as writer, 139 -40;

individualism and, 76 ;

Kobayashi Hideo on, 57 ;

Masamune Hakucho on, 130 ;

popularity of, 139 -40;

Shiga Naoya and, 231 ;

trilogy of, 35

Texts:

Botchan , 4 , 140 ;

Gubijinso , 140 ;

Kokoro , 231 ;

Kusamakura , 140 ;

Meian , 226 ;

Mon , 35 , 37 , 71 , 171 , 245 n;

Michikusa , xvin;

Sore kara , 205 -6;

Uzurakago , 140 ;

Wagahai wa neko de aru , 4 , 140

Naturalism, xxvii , xxviii , 17 , 53 -54, 56 , 58 , 87 -89, 90 , 93 ;

confession and, 99 ;

European, 104 -5;

Futon and, 114 -17;

Hakai (Shimazaki Toson) and, 117 ;

Japanese interest in, 17 ;

Japanese vs. French, 105 -8;

junbungaku and, 56 ;

Kobayashi Hideo on, 54 , 56 ;

Kunikida Doppo and, 89 n;

Maupassant and, 88 ;

milieu in, 150 ;

mediation and, 11 , 102 ;

Nakamura Mitsuo on, 59 ;

personalism and, 90 ;

politics and, 99 ;

privatization of literature and, 99 ;

romanticism and, 86 ;

rural roots of in Japan, 130 ;

Russo-Japanese War and, 90 , 101 ;

Shimamura Hogetsu on, 93 , 99 ;

Shimazaki Toson and, 86 , 88 ;

Shirakaba school and, 109 ;

subjectivity in, 88 ;

Tayama Katai and, 86 , 88 , 89 n, 93 , 104 -5, 107 -8, 116 ;

texts of, 98 ;

truth in, 107 ;

Waseda bungaku and, 93 , 153 ;

Zola and, 88 , 105 -7.

See also Realism; Truth; Western literature; specific texts and writers

Naturalization:

of hero, 13 ;

opposed to socialization, 13

Nature:

animals in, 222 ;

ego-denying forces of, 223 ;

experience and, 108 ;

individualism and, 81 ;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 85 ;

mystical experience in, 242 ;

self and, 15 , 222 ;

Shiga Naoya and, 14 , 221 -24, 242 ;

truth and, 108

Negishi Masazumi, 257 n

Neo-Confucianism, 22 , 23 , 130 . See also Confucianism

Neo-perceptionists. See Shinkankaku-ha

New journalism, xxviii

Newspapers, 134 -38;

circulations of, 135 t, 137 ;

contents of in Taisho period, 135 -36;

readership of, 134 -35;

serial publication in, 134 .

O

Oarai, Kasai Zenzo and, 253 , 257

Odyssey (Homer), 34 n

Oe Kenzaburo, 291 , 294 -96;

on shishosetsu , 217 n, 295 ;

“Rein tsurii" o kiku onnatachi , 295

Ogai. See Mori Ogai

Ogasawara Masaru, 49 n, 53 n

Ogata Akiko, 119 n-120n

Ogyu Sorai, 191

Oi Zetsu. See Ogasawara Masaru

Oka Yoshitake, 95 n

Okada Michiyo, Tayama Katai and, 114 , 115 -17, 119

Okada, Richard Hideki, 20 n, 30 n

Okamoto Kanoko, use of kanojo in Boshi jojo , 36 n

Okayama, 152 ;

as setting in Chikamatsu Shuko's fiction, 158 , 169 , 179

OkuboFusao, 130 n-131n

Old Testament, 19

Omae (pronominal), 4 ;

audience and, 167 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko's use of, 160 , 166 -67, 175

Omniscience:

absence of in Japanese literature, 29 -30;

epistemology and, 181 , 183 , 238 ;

in narrative, xi , xxvi , 30 , 35 , 39 , 181 , 183 , 198 n, 238 , 242 -43, 245 ;

western literature and, 29 , 198 n

Omori Sumio, 142 n, 143 n;

on Kasai Zenzo, 252 n, 254 n, 256 n, 258 , 259 n, 267 n

One Lonely Night (Spillane), 31 n

Ong, Walter J., 67 , 274 n, 286 n

Onomichi, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 232 , 235 , 236

Onore (pronominal), use of, 6

Onuki Masu, Chikamatsu Shuko and, 153 , 154

Oral literature, 273 -76, 285 -86. See also Dictation

Ore (pronominal), 298 ;

use of, 5 , 6 , 284

Originality, in Japanese literature, xxvi ;

in shishosetsu , 26 ;

in western literature, xxvi

Osaka, as setting in Chikamatsu Shuko's fiction, 170 , 173

Osanai Tokio, 254 n, 259 n

Ozaki Kazuo, 191 , 292 , 297 ;

on Shiga Naoya, 205

Ozaki Koyo, 17 , Chikamatsu Shiga and, 113 , 153 , 185 ;

Ken'yusha school and, 87 , 105 ;

Tayama Katai on, 107 ;

Konjiki yasha , 109 , 139 n

P

Paradigmatic reading, 177

Parody, in shishosetsu , 70 , 116 , 121 -22

Passive voice, 256 -57

Pennames, of Japanese writers, xviin

Persona. See Author, as fictive persona

Perspective. See Point of view

Peyre, Henri, 63 n-64n, 66 n, 69 n

Plato, on representation, xxiii n

Plot. See Emplotment

Poe, Edgar Allan, 61 n, 276 n

Point of view, 36 ;

in An'ya koro , 242 -43;

compared with voice, 9 n;

hero's monopoly of, 16 ;

merging with voice, 39 , 172 ;

in narrative, 53 , 123 -27;

Tayama Katai and, 123 ;

in written reportive style, 38 .

See also Heimen byosha , Ichigen byosha ; Narrative; Omniscience; Pronominals; Reportive style; Voice

Politics:

apolitical stance of writers, 98 ;

censorship, 95 -96, 136 ;

and Edo literature, 22 ;

government suppression, 78 , 96 ;

individualism and, 78 n, 96 , 99 n;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 78 ;

Kunikida Doppo and, 89 ;

naturalism and, 98 -99;

renounced, 78 n, 80 , 97 .

See also Russo-Japanese War

Polysemy, in Japanese literature, xxi , xxv , 20

Popular literature, xix . See also Taishu bungaku

Postmodernist fiction, 41

Poverty, of bundan writers, 62

Presentational mode: contrasted with representation, xxiv -xxvi;

in Japanese literature, 20 . See also Representation

Preterite, use of, 64 . See also Tense

Private life, 94 -95;

and art, 54 -55, 68 ;

Shiga Naoya and, 189

Privatization, of literature, 77 -86, 94 , 97 , 99 , 103 . See also Hero; Politics; Society

Process, in Japanese literature, xxi ;

in western literature, xx -xxi

Professionalism, spirit of in Japan, 191 -92

Proletarian literature, xxix , 15 , 51 , 291

Pronominals, 5 -6, 238 , 284 ;

authorial

― 327 ―

distance and, 201 ;

in classical Japanese, 28 -29;

function of in narrative, 171 -72;

use of by Chikamatsu Shuko, 5 , 41 , 171 -72, 184 ;

use of by Kasai Zenzo, 5 , 254 , 284 ;

use of by Shiga Naoya, 5 , 200 -201, 242 .

R

Rakugo (comic monologue), 26

Reader:

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 160 -62, 167 ;

dictation and, 272 -74;

omae and, 167 ;

recorder-witness paradigm, 39 ;

reportive style and, 38 , 275 ;

role of, 67 ;

of shishosetsu , xxv , 67 , types of, 210

Reading, audience and, xvii -xviii;

interpretation and, xv ;

of shishosetsu , xxviii

Realism, 106 -7, 291 , 295 -96;

authority and, xxiii ;

definition of western, xxiii ;

Japanese, 291 , 296 ;

literalism and, xxiv ;

nineteenth-century, xxiii , 10 , 87 ;

personal experience and, xxiv ;

sincerity and, 188 ;

in Taisho period, 51 ;

Tsubouchi Shoyo's call for, 87 ;

western, xxi , xxii , xxv ;

Yokomitsu Riichi's challenge of, 52 . See also Experience; Naturalism; Reality; Representation; Truth

Reality:

fiction and, 7 , 11 , 18 ;

immediate contrasted with unmediated, 11 ;

Japanese concept of, 10 -11;

Maruyama Masao on, 11 -12, 73 ;

mediated, xxvii , 10 -12, 28 , 73 , 101 ;

single-consciousness narration and, 39 . See also Experience; Mediation; Realism

Recorder-witness paradigm, 39 -40, 193 , 217 . See also Reportive style; Speaker-hearer paradigm; Written reportive style

Referentiality, xviii -xix, 25 , 41 , 42 , 111 , 144 , 271 , 293 , 296 ;

bundan and, 129 ;

Futon and, 113 -23;

Shinsei (Shimazaki Toson) and, 111 . See also Truth

Refined literature: opposed to "vulgar" literature, 22 -23, 25 , 79 , 86

Religion, ix , 100 , 101 n, 118 ;

art and, 94 ;

authority and, xxiii . See also Buddhism; Christianity

Renaissance, 75

Renga (linked verse), 271

Reportive style, 30 -32, 38 ;

interjectionals in, 274 . See also Epistemology; Nonreportive style; Single-consciousness narration; Speaker-hearer paradigm; Written reportive style

Representation, xvi , xxi , xxiii ;

contrasted with presentation, xxiv -xxvi;

linguistic basis for, 30 -42. See also Epistemology; Narrative; Realism

Represented speech and thought, 32 -33, 36 -38. See also Reportive style; Nonreportive style; Omniscience

Republic, The (Plato), xxiii

Rhetoric:

confessional, 204 ;

shosetsu and, 294 ;

sincerity and, x , 68 , 294 ;

style as, 66 . See also Authenticity; Confession; Sincerity

Rikkokushi (Six national histories), 20

Roman personnel , 5 n

Romanticism, xxvii , 86 ;

Tayama Katai and, 86 , 88 , 117 . See also Naturalism

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 13 , 54 ;

Confessions , 53

Royalties, 139 -41, 272

Rubin, Jay, 91 n, 96 n

Russian literature, 252

Russo-Japanese War, 87 , 90 , 101 , 116 ;

malaise after, 94 -95;

naturalism and, 90 , 101 ;

skepticism and, 151

S

Saeki Shoichi, 221 n, 241 n

Said, Edward W., xxi n, 10 n

Saigyo, 56 -57, 63 , 81 , 82

Saikaku. See Ihara Saikaku

Sakka (artist), contrasted with shosetsuka , 24

Samurai class, 23 , 79

Sansom, George B., xxii n

Sarashina nikki (Takasue no musume), 29

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 220 n;

Nausea , 220

Sasaki Yasuaki, 136 n

Sata Ineko, xxix

Sato Haruo, 8 n, 271

Sato Koichi, 4 n-5n

Satomi Ton, 108 -9, 114 n, 133 , 203 -4, 216 ;

Kimi to watakushi to , 203 -4

― 328 ―

Sawa Toyohiko, 183 n

Schnitzler, Arthur, 180 n

Seidensticker, Edward G., xxix n, 97

Sei Shonagon, 17 ;

The Pillow Book (Makura no soshi), 17

Seiji shosetsu (political fiction), 87

Sekai komoku (catalog of worlds), 16 n

Self, 53 , 194 ;

alienation of, 13 n;

autonomy of, 6 ;

Buddhism and, 14 , 82 ;

celebration of, 13 , 222 ;

Christianity and, 81 ;

contentless, 241 ;

definition of, 76 -77;

family and, 224 ;

Futon and, 122 ;

improvement of by writing, 192 -93;

Japanese writers' isolation of, xxiv ;

kindai jiga , 14 n, 76 , 122 ;

Kobayashi Hideo on, 54 -55;

loss of, 242 , 285 ;

modernity and, 75 , 77 ;

morality and, 118 ;

nature and, 15 , 222 ;

negative view of in Japan, 13 , 28 , 82 , 257 ;

"no-self," 14 n;

the other and, 13 , 15 , 28 ;

protean notion of, 5 ;

repression of, 118 , 122 ;

sacrifice of to art, 258 ;

search for, 13 ;

self-analysis, xx , 14 ;

self-contemplation, 15 ;

self-determination, 13 n, 285 ;

self-dissolution, 223 ;

selflessness of Basho, 82 ;

self-parody, 121 ;

self-preservation, 223 ;

shishosetsu and, 14 ;

society and, 13 , 54 , 57 ;

watakushi and, 15 ;

in western literature, 13 .

See also Author; Confession; Individualism; Morality; Shishosetsu ;Society

Self-begetting novel, 220

Senuma Shigeki, 139 n, 141 n

Serialized fiction, 134 , 135 , 138 , 231

Setouchi Harumi, 297

Sexual themes:

censorship of, 95 -96;

in Chikamatsu Shuko's fiction, 159 , 173 ;

Kasai Zenzo on, 280 n;

prostitutes and, 175 ;

in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 241 n, 243 n.

See also Love affairs

Shakespeare, William, 16 n, 46

Sharebon (sophisticated books), 23

Shi . See Watakushi

Shiga Naoya, xvii , xix , xx , 5 , 13 n, 14 , 41 , 43 , 45 -46, 51 , 144 , 150 , 187 -247, 248 , 251 , 253 , 266 , 293 -94, 296 , 297 ;

ambivalence toward narrative, 190 , 196 -98, 202 -3;

attack on Japanese language, 244 ;

as author-sage, 46 , 192 -94, 195 -204, 211 , 246 , 281 ;

autotherapy and, 198 , 246 ;

catharsis and, 198 , 247 ;

characterizations in fiction of, 203 , 211 , 217 -18, 221 -22, 233 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 44 , 184 , 185 ;

compared with Flaubert, 54 -55, 228 , 238 ;

contentless hero and, 241 ;

criticism on, 149 ;

as crucial figure in Japanese letters, 187 , 190 ;

dojin zasshi and, 131 -32;

use of euphemisms by, 241 n;

father in fiction of, 190 -91, 200 , 204 -8, 211 , 213 -14, 217 , 225 , 230 , 231 -32, 235 ;

as fiction writer, 195 ;

on grammar, 194 ;

imaginative stories of, 195 ;

individualism and, 76 -77;

Kasai Zenzo and, 44 -45, 184 , 185 ;

morality and, 189 , 190 -95;

nature and, 14 , 221 -24; 242 ;

nickname, 65 , 188 ;

noninvolvement in politics, 97 ;

private self and, 189 , 194 -95, 202 -3;

pronominals used by, 5 ;

propriety in fiction of, 203 ;

reader and, 207 ;

relationship to writing, 190 ;

reputation as realist, 188 , 212 ;

self-begetting novel and, 220 ;

self-righteous tone, 199 , 203 -4, 211 , 224 ;

shinkyo shosetsu and, 222 -24;

as short-story writer, 141 , 225 -26, 229 ;

sincerity of, 188 , 205 , 212 ;

stories as apologies, 199 ;

story time's relationship to narrative present in fiction of, 206 ;

story time's relationship to writing time in fiction of, 199 , 201 -2, 229 ;

as stylist, 41 , 188 , 247 ;

truth in fiction of, 65 ;

urge toward anonymity, 190 ;

will to silence, 194 -95, 198 , 203 -4, 231 , 246 -47, 249

Criticism: Akutagawa Ryunosuke on, 187 -88, 196 ;

Dazai Osamu on, 187 -88, 247 ;

Hirano Ken on, 45 -46;

Hiraoka Tokuyoshi on, 240 , 246 ;

Honda Shugo on, 65 -66, 205 -6;

Kobayashi Hideo on, 54 -55;

Matsubara Toshio on, 293 -94;

Nakamura Mitsuo on, 189 -90, 210 , 211 , 245 n;

Ozaki Kazuo on, 205 ;

Takeda Rintaro on, 190

Texts: An'ya koro : See separate entry ; "Aru asa," 193 ;

Aru otoko, sono ane no shi , 191 , 204 , 205 , 206 -9, 221 , 231 ;

"Banshu," 199 , 200 , 201 t, 202 ;

"Chijo," 199 , 200 , 201 t;

"Han no hanzai," 195 n, 223 ;

"Horibata no sumai," 199 , 222 , 223 ;

"Kamisori," 195 n, 293 ;

"Kinosaki nite," 14 , 199 , 207 , 222 -23, 231 ;

"Kozo no kamisama," 195 -98, 209 , 293 ;

"Kuchibiru ga samui," 216 ;

"Moderu no fufuku," 203 ;

"Nakamura Shin'ichiro-kun no gimon ni tsuite," 243 ;

Otsu Junkichi , 132 , 204 , 205 -6, 209 ;

"Saji," 199 , 200 , 201 t, 202 ;

"Satoko

― 329 ―

no shi," 218 ;

"Seibei to hyotan," 195 n;

"Seishucho," 194 ;

"Sosaku yodan," 207 n;

Tokito Kensaku , 223 , 230 -31, 232 , 237 ;

Wakai : See separate entry ;

Wakai sanbusaku (Wakai trilogy), 204 -21;

“Yamashina" cycle, 199 -203. 229 , 238 , 254 ;

"Yamashina no kioku," 199 -200, 201 t;

"Zoku sosaku yodan," 201 , 235

Shimada Akio, 160 n

Shimamura Hogetsu, 73 , 74 -75, 93 , 99 -102, 103 , 136 ;

on beauty and truth, 93 , 99 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 151 , 153 ;

on censorship, 96 n;

on confession, 100 ;

on Futon , 99 ;

introspection and, 93 , 99 -102;

Masamune Hakucho on, 101 , 151 ;

naturalism and, 99 , 125 ;

skepticism of, 100 , 151 ;

Tayama Katai on, 101 n

Shimao Toshio, 292

Shimazaki Toson, 55 , 77 , 86 , 88 , 89 n, 103 , 111 , 138 , 139 , 144 , 149 , 150 ;

Akutagawa Ryunosuke on, 111 ;

criticism of, 109 -10;

on Gerhart Hauptmann, 119 n,

heimen byosha and, 124 ;

individualism and, 76 ;

Kunikida Doppo on, 110 n;

naturalism and, 86 , 88 ;

on politics, 98 ;

Tayama Katai on, 124 ;

writing time's relationship to story time in fiction of, 110 -11

Texts: Hakai , 59 , 76 , 114 , 117 , 139 ;

Haru , 112 , 124 , 134 ;

le , 98 , 110 , 134 ;

"Namiki," 110 ;

Shinsei , 110 -11, 134 , 229 ;

Suisai gaka , 110 ;

Yoake mae , 226

Shin hanatsumi (Yosa Buson), 29

Shincho (magazine), 132 , 133 , 136 , 138 , 142 , 264 n, 272 n

Shinchosha (publisher), 136 , 141

Shindo Junko, 197 n, 233 n

Shinkankaku-ha (Neo-perceptionists), 51 , 291

Shinkyo shosetsu (mental-state shosetsu ); definition of, 44 -48, 68 ;

distinguished from watakushi shosetsu , 45 -46, 47 ;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 85 ;

milieu and, 150 ;

mental preparation for writing, 47 ;

opposed to honkaku shosetsu , 44 ;

Shiga Naoya and, 222 -24.

T

Taisho period, xxv , 15 , 36 , 43 , 49 , 51 ,

― 331 ―

59 , 127 , 130 , 183 , 190 ;

bundan and, 128 -29; 258 , 264 n, 290 ;

introspection

during, 75 ;

journalism in, 273 ;

literary magazines and, 131 , 138 ;

realism in, 51 ;

shishosetsu and, xv , 127 , 128 , 296 ;

writers in, 127 , 142 -43

Taishu bungaku (popular literature), 129 . See also Junbungaku

Taiwan, 110 , 170

Taiyo (magazine), 96 n

Takada Mizuho, 193 n

Takahashi Hideo, 14 , 211 n, 235 n

Takahashi Hiromitsu, 162 n, 164 n

Takami Jun, 94 n

Takano Etsuko, xxi n

Takayama Chogyu, 23 n, 96

Takeda Rintaro, 190

Takemori Ten'yu, 151 n, 156 n, 164 n, 168 n

Takeuchi Yoshimi, 94 n

Takeyama Michio, xxii n

Takii Kosaku, 293

Takizawa Bakin, 191

Tale of Genji, The (Genji monogatari ; Murasaki Shikibu), 20 n, 29 , 62 , 83 n

Tanizaki Jun'ichiro, xvi , 8 n, 50 , 149 , 257 ;

Sasameyuki , 226 ;

Shunkinsho , 50 n;

Yume no ukihashi , 273

Tanizaki Seiji, 143 , 290 n;

on Kasai Zenzo, 257 , 259 -60, 263 , 264 n, 274 , 281 , 288

Tayama Katai, xvi , 103 , 110 n, 107 -8, 113 -24, 127 , 128 , 150 , 251 n;

on art, 107 -8;

character models, 114 -17;

decline of, 138 ;

feminine ideal of, 117 , 120 -21;

on heimen byosha , 123 ;

as home owner, 139 ;

humor in, 121 ;

individualism and, 76 ;

Iwano Homei on, 124 -25;

on Iwano Homei, 127 ;

Kasai Zenzo on, 280 n;

on Kasai Zenzo, 251 n;

on Kunikida Doppo, 93 ;

on Maupassant, 104 -5;

naturalism and, 86 , 88 , 89 n, 93 , 104 -5, 107 -8, 116 ;

on Ozaki Koyo, 107 ;

point of view in fiction of, 123 ;

romanticism of, 86 , 88 , 117 ;

self-parody of, 121 ;

on Shimamura Hogetsu, 101 n;

on Shimazaki Toson, 124

Texts: En , 107 , 112 , 134 ;

Futon : See separate entry; Inaka Kyoshi , 123 ;

Juemon no saigo , 105 ;

Katai shu , 139 ;

Kindai no shosetsu , 127 ;

Onna Kyoshi , 119 -21;

"Rokotsu naru byosha," 105 ;

Sei , 98 , 107 , 112 , 123 , 124 , 134 ;

“Sei ni okeru kokoromi," 123 ;

"Shojo byo," 121 ;

Tokyo no sanju nen , 112 , 114 , 115 , 118 ;

Tsuma , 98 , 107 , 112 , 134

Tazawa Motohisa, 166 n

Teleology: in narrative, xx , xxi , xxiii , 107 , 229 ;

Christianity and, 83 ;

secular, xx . See also Emplotment

Tendai school, 242

Tenko (conversion), 15

Tense, in narrative, 36 -38, 64 , 206 n

Terada Toru, xvi

Textuality, shishosetsu and, 41 , 144 , 279 . See also Referentiality

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 196 n

Theogony (Hesiod), 286 n

Third-person narration, x , xi , 28 , 35 -37, 39 , 64 , 107 , 184 , 282 , 296 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 171 -72;

merging with first-person narration, 53 , 171 -72;

Shiga Naoya and, 200 -201, 236 -38, 241 .

See also First-person narration; Kare ; Narrative; Omniscience; Reportive style

Thoreau, Henry David, 28

Thornbury, Barbara E., 16 n

Time. See Story time

Tin Drum, The (Grass), 4

Todorov, Tzvetan, xv , 33

Togawa Shukotsu, 110

Tokuda Koji (Shuko). See Chikamatsu Shuko

Tokuda Shusei, xvii , 124 , 127 , 149 , 150 , 184 , 253 ;

as naturalist, 98 , 103 ;

as short-story writer, 141

Texts:

Arajotai , 98 ;

Arakure , 134 ;

Kabi , 112 , 134

Tokugawa period. See Edo period

Tokutomi Roka, Omoide no ki , xix n;

Hototogisu , 109 , 139 n

Tokutomi Soho, 94 , 95 n

Tokyo, as literary center, 129 , 132 -33, 252

Tokyo nichi nichi (newspaper), 134 , 135 t

Tokyo Imperial University, 129 , 130

Tolstoy, Leo, xx , 45 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 153 , 245 n,

Lukàcs on, 52 n;

Anna Karenina ,44;

Childhood, Boyhood, Youth , 153 ;

War and Peace , 47

Tosa nikki (Ki no Tsurayuki), 29

Tosa Toru, 118

Toson. See Shimazaki Toson

Towazugatari (Lady Nijo), 29

Translation:

losses in, x , 4 ;

of An'ya koro , 227 n, 239 , 242 n, 243 n;

and epistemology, 245 n;

into Japanese, 245 ;

of shishosetsu , ix , xv , 4 -6. See also Japanese language

Transparency: of hero, 241 ;

of text, 27 , 65 -69, 205 -6

― 332 ―

Travel sketches. See Kikobun

True novel. See Honkaku shosetsu

Truth, 66 , 68 , 105 ;

art and, 25 , 50 , 93 ;

beauty and, 93 ;

experience and, 144 -45;

fantasy and, 296 ;

fiction and, 18 , 25 ;

history and, 18 ;

Maupassant on, 107 ;

in novel, 44 ;

referential, 25 ;

in shishosetsu , 3 , 26 , 51 , 294 ;

shosetsu and, 25 , 74 , 205 , 294 ;

sincerity and, 68 , 296 n;

Zola and, 105 .

See also Epistemology; Referentiality; Reportive style; Sincerity

Tsubouchi Shoyo, 24 , 79 , 88 , 95 ;

Shosetsu shinzui , xxii , 24 , 86 -87

Tsuchida Kyoson, 126 , 127

Tsugaru, 252 , 253

Tsugawa Take'ichi, 280 , 281

Tsukagoshi Kazuo, 268 n

Tsukuri monogatari (fictional tale), 20

Tsurezuregusa (Yoshida Kenko), 29 , 62 , 81

Tsushima Yuko, 297

Tsuzoku shosetsu (popular fiction), 47 , 52

Turgenev, Ivan, 89 , 91 ;

Rudin , 13

U

Ukiyo zoshi (stories of the "floating world"), xxi , xxv , 20

Uno Koji, 7 -8, 48 , 138 , 144 , 254 n;

on Kasai Zenzo, 250 n, 251 , 281

Texts:

Amaki yo no hanashi , 7 , 129 ;

"Kura no naka," 138 ;

"'Watakushi shosetsu' shiken," 48 n

Uta monogatari (poem tale), 20 , 219

Utilitarianism, 79 , 84 , 130

V

Vico, Giambattista, 10 n

Voice, 62 , 241 , 296 , 297 ;

compared with point of view, 9 n;

merging with point of view, 39 , 172 .

See also Point of view

Voyeurism, in shishosetsu , 26

Vulgar literature: opposed to "refined" literature, 22 -223, 25 , 79 , 86

W

Wada Kingo, 108 n, 125 n, 153 n, 161 n

Wagahai (pronominal), use of, 284

Waka (Japanese poem), xxi , xxv , 20 , 22 , 29 , 84 , 291

Wakai (Shiga Naoya), 204 , 209 -21, 240 , 266 ;

authorial presence in, 210 , 212 ;

criticism of, 215 -17;

depiction of rage and sympathy in, 219 -20;

guarded treatment of father in, 211 -17;

as literal truth, 207 n;

as self-begetting novel, 220 ;

shortcomings of, 210 -11;

summary of, 209 -10;

temporal structure of, 218 -19;

treatment of death in, 217 -18;

unity of action and writing in, 214 -15

Criticism:

Masamune Hakucho on, 210 , 217 ;

Nakamura Mitsuo on, 200

Walker, Janet A., 75 -77, 111 n

Wandering poets, in classical Japanese literature, 81

Waseda bungaku (magazine), 93 , 132 , 136 n, 153 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 162 ;

Kasai Zenzo and, 259 ;

naturalism and, 153 ;

Shimamura Hogetsu and, 93

Waseda University, 93 , 109 , 129 , 131

Washi (pronominal), use of, 284

Watakushi (pronominal), 3 , 14 , 172 , 203 , 204 , 236 , 241 , 298 ;

use of, 5 ;

kare and, 172 , 207 , 238 -41;

meaning of, 5

Watakushi shosetsu , 15 , 172 , 238 ;

Chinese characters for, xv ;

Shinkyo shosetsu and, 44 -48, 68 , 85 , 150 , 222 ;

translation of, 4 -5. See also Shishosetsu

Watashi (pronominal), 35 -36;

use of, 5 , 6

Watson, Burton, 22 n

Watt, Ian, 12 , 80 n

Waugh, Patricia, 41 n

We-novel, 6

Western literature, 32 , 62 , 68 , 75 , 291 ;

alienation in, 13 n;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 153 ;

Christianity and, 80 ;

fiction and, 11 , 18 ;

impact on Japanese literature, xxii -xxiii, 60 ;

individuated self and, 12 -13, 15 ;

Ito Sei on, 61 -62;

Japanese reading of, 56 , 61 -62;

Kitamura Tokoku and, 79 ;

Kobayashi Hideo and, 56 ;

Kunikida Doppo and, 89 ;

Meiji period and, xxii ;

modernity in, 75 ;

monogatari and, 53 ;

Nakamura Mitsuo and, 59 -60;

narrator in, xi , 89 , 196 n;

naturalism in, xvii ;

omniscience in, 29 , 198 n;

originality in, xxvi ;

personal literature in, 189 ;

process and, xx ;

pure literature in, xviii ;

self-begetting novel in, 220 ;

Tayama Katai and, 118 ;

teleology in, xx ;

translation of, 245 n.

Y

Yamada Akio, 48 n

Yamaji Aizan, 110 ;

on literature, 79

Yamamoto Fumio, 135 t

Yamamoto Kenkichi, 131 n, 249 , 294 n

Yamamoto Taketoshi, 135 t

Yamamuro Shizuka, 193 n

Yamashiro, as setting in Chikamatsu Shuko's fiction, 175 , 176 , 179 , 180

Yamazaki Masakazu, 101

Yanabu Akira, 36 n

Yasaki Dan, 14 n

Yasuoka Shotaro, 103 , 292 , 297 ;

on shishosetsu , 3 , 25 -26

Yokomitsu Riichi:

influence of western literature on, 56 ;

on junbungaku , 52 ;

on junsui shosetsu , 52 ;

on shishosetsu , 52 -53, 55 , 59

Yokoyama Haruichi, 133 n

Yokozeki Aizo, 133 n, 138 , 142

Yomihon (reading books), 23 , 191

Yorozu choho (newspaper), 135 t

Yosano Akiko, xxix

Yoshida Seiichi, 53 n, 117 n, 125 n

Yugawara, as setting in Shiga Naoya's fiction, 207

Z

Zola, Emile:

L'assommoir , 106 ;

Chikamatsu Shuko and, 182 n;

"Experimental novel" and, 106 ;

Germinal , 106 ;

Lukàcs on, 52 n;

Nagai Kafu on, 97 ;

naturalism and, 88 , 105 -7;

Tayama Katai and, 118 , 124 n;

La terre , 106 ;

Thérèse Raquin , 118 ;

truth and, 105

Zuihitsu (discursive essay), xxi , 16 , 17 , 20 , 29 , 84 , 85