The Question of "Eclecticism" "d0e14843"

General index

This Index does not record all proper names found in the book. Modem scholars are included here only if their views are discussed in the main text or footnotes, or if they are cited for work central to the theme of each chapter. Many of the concepts discussed in the book may be identified by means of the Index of Greek and Latin terms.

A

Academy, closing of, 34 -35, 36 , 47 , 103 , 119 . See also New Academy

action, psychology of': Aristotle's, 238 -45;

Stoic, 238 , 245 -47

Aenesidemus, 3 , 5 -6, 90 , 93

Albinus: eclectic Platonism of, 1 , 8 , 28 , 30 , 107 , 114 , 130 , 223 n21;

on criterion, 187 -89

Alexander of Aphrodisias, 1 , 25 , 28 , 77

Alexander Polyhistor, 121 , 123

Ammonius Saccas, 21 , 113

Antiochus of Ascalon, 103 , 120 ;

integrates Academic, Peripatetic, and Stoic positions, 1 , 4 , 5 , 32 , 35 , 63 , 64 , 75 , 85 , 97 , 104 -6, 114 , 147 n2, 182 , 198 , 201 -2, 220 ;

renounces New Academy, 37 , 54 , 56 -57;

Platonic "orthodoxy" of, 8 , 105 -6;

Stoicism of, 35 , 77 , 105 -6, 220 ;

and Cicero, 6 , 45 -50, 52 , 53 , 54 , 60 -61, 64 ;

source of Sextus M 7, 198 n55, 210 ;

on phantasia and art, 219 , 228 , 231 , 233

Apollonius of Tyana. See Philostratus

Apuleius, 28 , 223 n117, 223 n21

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 12 -13;

has theological concept of will, 125 , 245 , 258 -59;

and Aristotle's psychology of action, 238 -45;

on freedom of will, 242 ;

on willing as incorporeal activity, 243 , 248 , 246 ;

on willing and bodily movement, 243 -44;

on weakness of will, 244 -45;

and Stoic assent, 244 , 246 -47

Aratus, 72

Arcesilaus, 5 , 105 ;

and Cicero, 48 , 60 , 61 , 65 ;

and Crantor, 37 , 68

Aristocles, 28 , 114

Aristotelianism, 25 -26, 28 , 30 , 35 , 52 , 64 , 72 , 120 ;

in Philo, 7 , 78 , 79 ;

in Albinus, 8 , 30 , 114 ;

in Atticus, 114 -

― 266 ―

19 ;

in Ptolemy, 194 -96, 205 ;

as in essential agreement with Platonism, 46 , 63 , 114 -17, 144 , 220and see Antiochus. See also Aquinas; Aristotle; Plutarch

Aristotle, 1 , 3 , 15 , 74 , 79 , 85 , 92 , 114 , 132 , 184 , 224 ;

psychology of, 12 , 236 , 238 -45;

on intellect, 186 , 253 -54. See also Aristotelianism

Aristoxenus, 120 , 204

Aristus, Antiochus's brother, 50 -52

Arius Didymus, 31 , 76 , 81

Armstrong, A.H., 32 n36

Arnim, H. von, 138 n21, 144 n30 art, 11 -12;

imaginative vs. mimetic, 209 -11;

superiority of verbal over plastic, 211 , 217 -19, 224 -27, 228 ;

and artist as craftsman similar to god contemplating Forms, 211 -12, 222 , 224 , 229 ;

Plato on, 212 -14, 226 , 228 -30;

Stoics on, 229 -30. See also Phantasia ; Phidias

Atticus, Cicero's friend, 37 , 51 , 68 , 69

Atticus: eclectic or orthodox Platonism of, 8 , 28 -29, 117 -18;

disagrees with Plutarch, 114 -17;

attacks Aristotle, 114 -15, 117 -18;

Stoicism of, 118 -19

Augustine: on will, 12 -13, 235 , 237 -38, 246 , 255 -59;

on free will, 249 -50;

on a fragment of Cicero's Academica , 52 -53

authority of ancient tradition, 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 68 -69, 78 -79, 200

B

Babut, D., 111 n14, 111 n15, 129 n8, 140 n24

Barnes, J., 166 , 170 183n12

Basil, St., 227 -28

Baudry, J., 1 , 17 -18

Birmelin, E., 209 n4, 219 -20

Boethus, 25 , 72

Boll, E, 176 n1, 194 -95

Borgen, P., 84 n23, 86 n27

Boyancé, P., 59 , 76 n10

Bréhier, E., 32 n35, 225 n24

Brenk, F. E., 132 n15, 134 n17

Brucker, J., 4 -5, 18 -23, 27

Brunschwig, J., 9 -10

Brutus, 51 , 59

Büchner, K., 38 n18, 59

Bullialdus, I., 178 -79, 196 , 207

Burkert, W., 38 n18, 60 , 119 n30, 121 n34

Burnyeat, M., 192 n33

C

Calcidius, 122 -23, 228 -29

Capasso, G., 20 n11

Carneades, 5 , 106 ;

and Cicero, 48 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 60 , 61 , 64 -65, 67 , 69 ;

and eclecticism, 24 -25

Cato, 46 , 48 , 63 , 66

Celsus, 237

Chaeremon, 77

Chaldaea, 124

Cherniss, H., 118 n28, 127 n3, 139 n22, 140 n25, 143 n28

Chrysippus, 92 , 101 , 105 , 115 , 118 , 245 , 258

Cicero, 34 -69;

alleged eclecticism of, 1 , 2 , 8 , 63 -66;

as viewed by modern scholars, 37 -40, 80 ;

converts to Antiochean Platonism, 6 -7, 38 -39, 45 -50, 53 , 60 -61, 64 , 66 , 106 ;

"Platonism" of, 58 -60;

(re-)converts to Skepticism, 7 , 40 -45, 50 -53, 66 -67;

"dogmatic" works of, 58 -61;

"skeptical" works of, 58 , 60 , 61 -67;

avoids skepticism in late works on religious or private matters, 67 -69;

Plutarch's Life of , 53 -57;

on imagination, 11 , 211 -12, 215 ;

translates Greek terms into Latin, 241 , 248 , 249

Clement of Alexandria, 16 , 17 , 20 , 31 , 33

Clitomachus, 5 , 54 , 65 -66

Corsini, E., 20 n13

Cousin, V., 22 n20

Crantor, 37 , 68 , 108

criterion, 9 -10;

concept of, 152 -53, 160 -61, 170 , 173 -75, 180 -92, 197 ;

prodelic, as providing immediate knowledge, 153 -58;

adelic vs. prodelic, 160 , 166 -75;

as agent, instrument, or mode of application, 160 -62, 185 -92, 197 ;

technikon , 163 -67;

in Philo, 91 , 99 . See also Albinus; Epicureanism; Galen; Potarno;

― 267 ―

Ptolemy; Sextus Empiricus; Stoicism

D

Daube, D., 99 -100

De facie , 8 -9;

on relation of myth to science, 126 -27, 132 -43;

on moon's material cause, 129 , 130 , 134 -36, 141 -42;

on moon's final cause, 127 , 135 , 141 -42;

Platonism in, 127 -35, 142 -44;

adapts Aristotelian division of sciences to Platonic theology, 130 -33, 139 , 143 -44;

Stoicism in, 127 -29, 131 , 140 -41, 140 n25, 141 n26, 143 -44;

on corporeality of immortal souls, 129 , 140 -43;

eschatology in, 127 -29, 137 . See also Middle Platonism; Plutarch

DeGraff, T. B., 60

Demiurge, 93 , 123 , 125 , 221 -23, 226 -27

Democritus, 78 -79, 90 , 184

Descartes, R.: as eclectic, 5 , 19 ;

contrasted with Ptolemy, 178 -79;

on will, 12 , 235 ;

dualism of, anticipated by Aquinas, 243 , 245 , 246

Deuse, W., 109 n11, 115 -16

De Vogel, C. J., 134 n17

Diderot, D., 5 , 19 -22, 27

Diels, H., 17 n6

Dihle, A., 12 , 236 -37, 245 , 248 , 252 n25, 258 -59

Dillon, J., 8 , 76 n10, 78 n16

Dio Chrysostom, 11 , 215 , 218 -21, 226 -27

Diogenes Laertius, 16

disagreement (diaphonia): exploited by Philo, 7 -8, 71 , 89 -102;

arbitrated by God (through Moses), 96 -100;

seen as superficial by "eclectics", as real by Skeptics, 6 , 11 , 145 -47, 159 -60, 197 -98;

terminological and doctrinal, 9 , 147 -52, 162 , 175 . See also Skepticism

Donini, P., 4 -5, 8 -9, 76 n10

Dörrie, H., 29 n29, 107 , 134 n17

Douglas, A. E., 44 n31

doxographic presentation: Philo's, 77 -81;

Cicero's, 80 ;

Plutarch's, 129 ;

Sextus's, 158 -63, 180 -85. See also criterion

E

eclecticism, 1 -13, 70 , 73 , 144 , 205 -7, 208 , 259 ;

ancient use of the term, 15 -18, 35 -36;

in modern usage, 4 -5, 18 -33;

origin of, 23 -26. See Antiochus; Cicero; Galen; medicine; Numenius; orthodoxy; Panaetius; Philo; Plutarch; Potamo; Ptolemy; Skepticism; syncretism

empiricism, 4 , 10 -11, 178 -79;

and rationalism, 202 -6

Epictetus, 28 ;

on will and selfhood, 13 , 250 , 251 -55, 258 -59

Epicureanism, 1 , 36 -37;

not appropriated by eclectics, 3 , 24 -26, 119 ;

arid Cicero, 37 , 69 , 80 ;

and Philo, 78 -79, 90 , 91 ;

and Ptolemy, 95 , 197 ;

on criterion, 9 -10, 170 , 173 -75, 181 -84;

on "adventitious motion", 101 ;

on ontological implications of preconceptions, 148 -50;

on god, 221 . See also Epicurus

Epicurus: on eclecticism, 17 , 27 ;

on criterion, 160 ;

on free will, 236 , 248 -49, 251 . See also Epicureanism

Erasmus, 236

Eudorus, 75 , 76 , 81 , 108 , 121 -22

Eusebius, 92 , 100 , 114 , 124

Evident, (self'-). See criterion, prodelic

F

Frede, M., 30 n33, 171 n42, 182 n10, 192 n34

G

Gaius, 113 , 117 n26

Galen, 1 ;

eclectic methodology of, 10 -11, 30 , 31 , 33 , 98 n48, 205 ;

eclectic epistemology of, 4 , 198 -202;

Platonism of, 128 ;

on "natural criterion", 199 -201;

on the Timaeus , 116 , 223 n19;

on contrast between Hellenic and biblical thought, 237

Gauthier, R.A., 238 , 248

Gigon, O., 32 n35

Glidden, D., 152 n9

Glucker, J., 6 -7, 103 , 119 n29

God: as providential creator, 73 , 79 , 90 , 93 , 117 , 123 ;

resolves doubt, 94 , 98 -100, 102 ;

as paradigmatic artist, 12 , 222 -24, 228 ;

imagined and represented in art, 210 , 218 -22, 226 ,

― 268 ―

228 , 230 . See also Phidias; Philo; will, theological concept of

Görgemanns, G., 127 n4, 130 n10

Göler, W., 80

Grilli, A., 52

Gronau, K., 228

Gudeman, A., 55

H

Hamilton, W., 142

happiness, 239 ;

virtue sufficient for, 64 , 69 , 115 , 118 ;

and external and bodily goods, 4 , 52 , 64 , 69 , 105 , 115

Heeren, A. H.L., 55

Hegel, G., 7 ., 237

Heintz, W., 163 -70

Heraclitus, 15 , 72 , 140

Hesiod, 72 , 78 -79, 124

Himerius, 228

Hirzel, R., 45 , 49 , 53 n60, 128 n5

Homer, 72 , 124 ;

allegorical reading of, 74 , 124 ;

Phidias's dependence on, 218 , 227

Hume, D., 235 , 239

I

imagination. See phantasia

impression, cognitive. See phantasia , kataleptic

Inwood, B., 246 n9

J

James, W., 125

Janáek, K., 90 n38, 94 , 146 n1, 152 n9

K

Kahn, C., 12 -13

Kant, I., and eclecticism, 22 ;

on will as self-legislation, 236

Kenny, A.J.P., 234

Kierkegaard, S., 255 -56

knowledge, 24 , 154 -58, 179 . See also criterion; phantasia , kataleptic

L

Lammert, F., 176 n1, 177 n3, 182 n9, 194

Latin translations of Greek terms, 13 , 241 -42, 248 -51, 259

Long, A. A., 10 -11, 38 n18, 152 n9

"Longinus", 11 , 2 , 13 , 215 -17, 219 , 226

Lucretius, 248 -50, 258

Luther, M., 236

Lynch, J. P., 47 n45, 103

M

Mansfeld, J., 7 -8

Manuli, R, 177 n2, 177 n3, 194 , 198 -99

Marcus Aurelius, 28 , 36 , 114

Maximus of Tyre, 221 -22, 227

medicine, eclectic school of, 16 , 30 ;

methodology of, 202

Merlan, P., 28 n27, 131 n12, 117

Metopos, 112

Middle Platonism, 31 , 223 n21;

orthodox vs. eclectic, 28 -29, 29 n31, 103 -25;

in Philo, 8 , 71 , 74 -77, 84 -85, 89 ;

on Homer, 74 ;

in De facie , 127 n4, 132 , 133 , 135 , 143 ;

in Ptolemy, 194 . See also Platonism

Middleton, C., 42

Moderatus, 119 , 120 , 123

Moraux, P., 15 , 29 n30, 30

Moreschini, G., 29 n30, 29 n31, 117 n26

Moses, in Philo, 7 -8, 71 , 72 , 78 -79, 81 , 84 -85, 94 -100, 102

Mras, K., 117 -18

myth. See Plutarch

N

Neoplatonism, 1 , 59 ;

eclecticism of, 21 , 23 ;

influences Augustine and Aquinas, 13 , 243 , 246 , 255 , 259

Neopythagoreanism. See Pythagoreanism

New Academy, 1 , 5 , 91 , 145 , 195 ;

begot eclecticism? 24 -26;

methodology of, 64 -66;

orthodox Platonism of, 106 , 120 , 201 ;

on cognitive and convincing impressions, 181 , 190 , 191 . See also Antiochus; Cicero; Skepticism

Nicomachus, 119 , 121 , 123

Nicostratus, 113

Nietzsche, F., 236

Nikiprowetzky, V., 89 n36, 93 non-evident. See criterion, adelic vs. prodelic

Numenius, 223 ;

orthodox or eclectic? 106 , 17 n26, 119 , 120 -21, 122 -25. See also Timaeus

O

Orpheus, 72 , 124

orthodoxy: contrasted with eclecticism, 8 , 28 -31, 103 -25;

de facto vs. intentional, 30 . See also Atticus; Pythagoreanism

― 269 ―

P

Panaetius, 27 , 62 , 68 , 72 ;

as eclectic Stoic, 1 , 25 , 35 , 104

Parmenides, 15

Paul, St., 255

Pease, A.S., 45 n33, 226 n25

Peter, H., 55

phantasia : kataleptic, 94 , 105 , 106 , 173 , 181 , 185 , 186 -87, 190 ;

as criterion of mode of application, 161 , 189 -91, 192 , 200 ;

as creative imagination, 11 -12, 208 -33;

in Philostratus, 208 -11, 216 , 217 -19, 227 ;

in Plato, 208 , 212 , 214 , 228 -29, 231 ;

in Stoicism, 208 , 214 -16, 227 , 229 -30;

in Aristotle, 208 , 219 ;

in Longinus, 215 -17, 226 ;

in Quintilian, 215 -17, 226 ;

in Maximus of Tyre, 227

Phidias: Zeus imagined by, 210 , 211 -12, 228 , 231 ;

compared to Homer, 217 -19, 227

Philo of Alexandria, 7 -8, 9 ;

exegetical strategies of, 70 , 73 -76, 80 -81, 84 , 86 , 89 , 93 , 102 ;

on literal vs. allegorical exegesis of scripture, 71 , 75 -76, 82 -84;

and Jewish exegetical tradition, 71 -75, 82 , 84 -85, 86 , 88 -89, 100 -101;

uses Skeptical mode of "disagreement", 71 , 78 , 89 -94, 100 -102;

on God's resolution of disagreement via Moses, 94 -100, 102 ;

on man, intelligible and sensible, 71 -72, 81 , 87 -89;

on demiurge's use of intelligible model, 221 -23, 226 -87;

and Middle Platonism, 74 -77, 89 ;

Platonism in, 71 -72, 76 , 79 , 83 -84, 85 , 95 ;

Stoicism in, 72 , 77 -79, 81 -84, 94 , 101 . See also doxographic presentation; Timaeus

Philo of Larissa, 5 ;

and Antiochus, 105 -6;

and Cicero, 6 , 37 -39, 53 , 54 , 65

Philostratus: on imagination, 11 , 208 -11, 232 -33;

Platonic-Stoic sources of, 11 -12, 211 , 215 , 219 -33;

on Life of, Apollonius , 208 -11

Plasberg, O., 52

Plato, 1 , 3 , 15 , 85 , 114 , 118 , 130 , 124 , 230 ;

on phantasia,208 , 212 -15, 229 ;

psychology of, 239 , 257 ;

on intellect, 186 , 253 -54;

as target of Neopythagoreans, 120 . See also Platonism

Platonism, 15 , 36 ;

and eclecticism, 85 -26;

eclectic vs. orthodox, 28 -29, 85 , 104 -5, 114 , 117 -19, 201 ;

"Athenian", 113 -14, 125 ;

"Alexandrian", 5 , 21 , 81 , 85 ;

in Neopythagoreanism, 120 -25;

in Philo, 72 , 78 -79, 83 -84, 93 , 94 ;

theory of Forms applied to art, 12 , 212 -14, 224 -33. See also Plato; Academy; Middle Platonism; New Academy; Timaeus; and under Antiochus; Atticus; Cicero; Panaetius; Philostratus; Plutarch

Plotinus: marks end of an era, 18 , 23 , 27 , 77 , 103 ;

as eclectic, 21 ;

on will, 250 -51

Plutarch, 1 , 31 , 51 ;

not well called eclectic, 1 , 111 -12, 144 ;

Life of Cicero , 53 -57;

contrasted with Atticus, 114 -17;

on non-rational soul distinct from intellect, 109 -13, 115 -16, 142 -43;

De Facie , 8 -9, 126 -44;

and Academic Skepticism, 106 , 106 n9;

and Platonism, 106 , 107 -13, 123 , 127 -35, 142 -44;

and Stoicism, 4 , 104 -6, 109 , 115 , 127 -29, 131 , 140 -41, 140 n25, 141 n26, 143 -44;

and Aristotle, 108 , 110 -12, 114 , 187 , 130 -33, 139 -40, 142 -44. See also Timaeus

Pohlenz, M., 49 , 248

Polemo, 105 , 106

Posidonius: eclecticism of, 1 , 75 , 104 ;

as source, 111 -12, 131 n131, 141 n 161, 233

Potarno: eclecticism of, 16 , 17 n6, 81 , 31 , 33 , 36 , 63 ;

on criterion, 161 , 186 -89, 191

Praechter, K., 28 -29, 31 , 144 n30

proof, 154 -58

Protagoras, 91 , 184

Ptolemy, 1 , 10 -11;

practices methodology of optimum agreement, 178 , 195 -98, 200 , 205 -7;

silent on Skepticism, 179 -80, 195 , 197 -98, 202 ;

on criterion, 176 -77, 185 -86, 188 -92, 197 ;

epistemology of, 4 ,

― 270 ―

176 -80, 193 -98;

and Galen, 198 -202, 205 ;

psychology of, 176 -78 204 -7;

on music, 202 -4;

sources of, 177 , 194 -95

Purser, L. C., 50 -51

Pyrrhonism, 34 , 91 . See also Skepticism

Pythagoreanism, 15 , 34 , 72 , 78 -79, 203 ;

and eclecticism, 25 -26, 107 ;

in Plutarch, 110 , 111 -12;

"orthodoxy" of, 8 , 119 -25

Q

Quintilian: on imagination, 11 , 215 -17, 226 ;

on Cicero's Platonism, 59

R

Reid, J. S, 40 n22, 42 -45, 231 n31

Rist, J.M., 252 n25

Rolke, K.-H., 101

Rome: blamed for rise of eclecticism, 2 , 25 -26;

invents the will? 248. See also Latin translations of Greek terms

Runia, D.T., 72 n3, 78 n15, 97 n46

Ryle, G., 236

S

Sambursky, S., 126 n1, 127 n2

Sandbach, F. H., 131 n12

scales, metaphor of, 94 , 98 , 101 -2, 161 , 186 , 189 , 191

Schmidt, P. L., 49 , 73 , 58 , 66

school affiliations, 34 -37, 182 ;

and "sects", 36 -37, 96 -97

Schopenhauer, A., 236

Schweitzer, B., 211 n6, 220 , 230 , 232 n31

science, methodology of, 23 ;

Plutarch's in De Facie , 8 -9, 126 -44;

Ptolemy's and Galen's, 10 -11, 30 , 198 -207

sects. See school affiliations

Seneca, the Elder, 226

Seneca, the Younger, 1 , 26 ;

eclecticism of, 4 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 93 -94;

on will and selfhood, 13 , 251 -55, 258 -59;

on Platonic Forms as artist's patterns, 226

Sextus Empiricus, 3 -4;

conflicting strategies of, 9 -10, 147 -52, 162 , 175 ;

M and PH , compared, 151 -52, 152 n9, 156 -58, 163 -66;

on criterion, 145 -75, 180 -86, 189 -92, 201 ;

and Ptolemy, 179 -80

Shackleton Bailey, D.R., 51

signs, 154 -58

Simplicius, 118

Skeptical Academy. See New Academy

Skepticism, 1 , 181 ;

Neo-Pyrrhonist, 3 , 5 -6;

contrasted with eclecticism, 6 , 9 , 145 -47, 159 -60;

on criterion of truth, 145 -78;

exploits both terminological and dogmatic disagreement, 9 , 147 -52;

in Philo, 89 -102; See also New Academy; disagreement; Plutarch; Ptolemy

Socrates, 35 , 41 , 72 , 92 , 255 -56;

as eclectic, 17 ;

influences Plato, 15 , 106 , 121

Solmsen, F., 208 n1, 230 -31

soul: migration of, in Philo, 73 -74;

dualism of, in Plutarch, 109 -13, 118 ;

of world, 115 -16;

in Numenius, 125 ;

eschatology of, in De Facie , 127 -29, 137 , 240 -43;

as analyzed by Ptolemy, 176 -77, 204 -6;

parts of, 239 , 257 ;

and mind-body problem, 243 -46

Speusippus, 118 , 120

Stoicism, 1 , 24 -26, 28 , 30 , 35 -36, 105 , 107 , 113 , 202 ;

on cognitive impression as criterion, 9 , 94 , 105 , 106 , 170 , 173 -75, 181 -87, 190 -92, 197 ;

on phantasia , 11 , 208 , 214 -16, 227 ;

on incorporeal logos and theory of art, 1 -12, 224 -26, 230 ;

on god, 222 , 224 , 258 ;

on psychology of action, 238 , 245 -47, 258 -59;

Cicero on, 46 , 52 , 62 , 64 , 80 ;

and Antiochus, 4 , 5 , 32 , 105 , 202 , 220 ;

in Atticus, 8 , 118 -19;

in Philo, 78 -79, 81 , 83 -84, 101 ;

in Ptolemy, 194 , 205 -6;

and Neopythagoreans, 120 , 122 . See also Antiochus; Chrysippus; Panaetius; Philostratus; Plutarch; Posidonius; Taurus

Strato of Lampsacus, 26 n24

Striker, G., 89 n37, 91 n40, 153 n11, 166 , 170 -73, 185

Suetonius, 55

suspension of judgment, 5 , 8 , 100 , 148 -49

― 271 ―

syncretism, 102 , 117 , 230 ;

distinguished from eclecticism, 5 , 21 -22, 23 , 27 -28, 30

T

Tarrant, H., 183 n11, 192 n33, 198 n55, 199 n58

Taurus: as orthodox Platonist, 28 , 107 , 113 , 117 ;

attacked by Atticus, 114 , 115 , 117 ;

attacks Stoics, 113

Tertullian, 250 -51

Theiler, W., 76 n10, 141 n26, 220 n10,

224 n22, 228

Theophrastus, 17 , 35 , 37 , 79 , 105 , 184 , 186 n117, 224 n22

Thesleff, H., 119

Thévenaz, P., 27 -28, 104 n4

Timaeus : as intepreted by Philo, 71 ,

72 , 76 , 78 -79, 222 -23;

by Plutarch, 108 -9, 128 , 142 -43;

by other Middle Platonists, 113 , 115 -17;

by Numenius, 122 -23, 125 ;

by Ptolemy, 205 ;

represents demiurge as paradigmatic artist, 12 , 221 -24, 228 -29, 231 -33

Tobin, H., 74 n7, 76 n9, 88 n34

truth: in Philo, 93 -94, 97 -98;

in Sextus Empiricus, 153

Tyrrell, R. Y., 50 -51

V

Varro, 40 , 42 -44, 59

virtue, 109 , 111 -12;

sufficient for happiness, 64 , 69 , 115 , 118

Voelke, A.J., 234

W

Watson, G., 11 -12

Wehrli, F, 26 n24

Weische, A., 53

will, 12 , 234 -59;

theological concept of, 235 -37, 243 , 245 , 255 -59;

Cartesian concept of, 235 -36, 243 , 246 ;

Kantian concept of, 236 ;

freedom of, 236 , 242 , 248 -51. See also action, psychology of; Aquinas; Aristotle; Stoicism

Winden, J. C.M., 223 n21

Wyttenbach, D., 56 n67

X

Xenocrates, 35 , 108 , 118 , 120 , 128

Xenophanes, 169 , 221

Xenophon, 17

Z

Zeller, E., 2 , 5 , 22 -27, 31 , 38 n18, 144 n30

Zeno of Citium, 72 , 85 , 105 , 181

Zoll, G., 58