References

Primary Sources

Chao I . Kai-yü ts'ung-k'ao. c. 1775; reprint, Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1957.

CNIK Ch'ung-k'an chiao-nü i-kuei, comp. Ch'en Hung-mou . 1895 edition.

CPTC Chih-pu-tsu-chai ts'ung-shu, comp. Pao T'ing-po . 1823; reprint, Shanghai: Ku-shu liu-t'ung-ch'u, 1921.

HCCSWP Huang-ch'ao ching-shih wen-pien, comp. Wei Yuan . Preface dated 1826; reprint, Taipei: Kuo-feng ch'u-pan-she, 1963.

Ho Chu . 1973. "Yung-su sang-li so-chi" . In Ning-po hsi-su ts'ung-t'an, ed. Chang Hsing-chou . Taipei: Min-chu ch'u-pan-she.

IL I li. Ssu-pu pei-yao edition.

KSLK Kuei-ssu lei-kao, by Yü Cheng-hsieh . 1833; reprint, Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1957.

KSTK Kuei-ssu ts'un-kao, by Yü Cheng-hsieh . 1833; reprint, Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1957.

LC Li chi. Ssu-pu pei-yao edition.

NC Nü chieh, by Pan Chao . Reprinted in Nü ssu-shu. Shanghai, 1893-94 edition.

PHT Po-hu t'ung. Ts'ung-shu chi-ch'eng edition, vols. 238-39.

SCTYH Shuang-chieh-t'ang yung-hsun, by Wang Hui-tsu . Preface dated 1794; reprint, Taipei: Hua-wen shu-chü, 1970.

YSCH Yen-shih chia-hsun. n.d.; reprint, CPTC , vol. 11.

YSSF Yuan-shih shih-fan. Preface dated 1788; reprint, CPTC , vol. 14.

Secondary Sources

Arrom, Silvia Marina. 1985. The Women of Mexico City, 1790-1857. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Ayscough, Florence. 1937. Chinese Women: Yesterday and Today. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1976. "Marriage Strategies as Strategies of Social Reproduction." In Family and Society: Selections from the Annales, Economies, Sociétiés, Civilisations , ed. Robert Forster and Orest Ranum. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cahill, James. 1967. Fantastics and Eccentrics in Chinese Painting. New York: The Asia Society.

Ch'en Tung-yuan . 1928. Chung-kuo fu-nü sheng-huo shih (A. history of the lives of Chinese women). Shanghai: Commercial Press.

Chojnacki, Stanley. 1975. "Dowries and Kinsmen in Early Renaissance Venice." Journal o f Interdisciplinary History 5.4:571-600.

Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu. 1961. Law and Society in Traditional China. Paris: Mouton.

Chung, Priscilla Ching. 1981. Palace Women in the Northern Sung, 960-1126. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Ebrey, Patricia. 1981. "Women in the Kinship System of the Southern Song Upper

Class." In Women in China , ed. Richard Guisso and Stanley Johannesen. Youngstown, N.Y.: Philo Press.

———. 1984. Family and Property in Sung China: Yüan Ts'ai's Precepts for Social Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

———. 1986. "Concubines in Sung China." Journal of Family History 11.1:1-24.

Elman, Benjamin. 1984. From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Later Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Elvin, Mark. 1984. "Female Virtue and the State in China." Past and Present 104:111-52.

Handlin, Joanna F. 1975. "Lü K'un's New Audience: The Influence of Women's Literacy on Sixteenth-Century Thought." In Women in Chinese Society , ed. Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Harrell, Stevan, and Sara A. Dickey. 1985. "Dowry Systems in Complex Societies." Ethnology 24.2:105-20.

Ho Ping-ti. 1962. The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911. New York: Columbia University Press.

Hu Wen-k'ai 1956. Li-tai fu-nü chu-tso k'ao (A review of women's writings throughout history). Rev. ed., Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1985.

Hummel, Arthur W., ed. 1943-44. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Hyland, Alice R. M. 1987. Deities, Emperors, Ladies and Literati: Figure Painting of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Birmingham, Ala.: Birmingham Museum of Art.

Jones, Susan Mann, and Philip A. Kuhn. 1978. "Dynastic Decline and the Roots of Rebellion." In The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911 , ed. John K. Fairbank. Vol. 10, p. 1. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ko, Dorothy Yin-yee. 1989. "Toward a Social History of Women in Seventeenth-Century China." Ph.D. diss., Stanford University.

Kulp, Daniel Harrison. 1925. Country Life in South China: The Sociology of Familism. New York: Columbia University Teacher's College.

Legge, James, trans. 1967. Li Chi: Book of Rites. 2 vols. New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books.

Liang Ch'i-ch'ao . 1955. Chung-kuo chin-san-pai-nien hsueh-shu-shih (Intellectual history of China during the last 300 years). Taipei: Chung-hua shu-chü.

Liu Chi-hua . 1934. "Chung-kuo chen-chieh kuan-nien ti li-shih yen-pien" (The historical transformation of the concept of chastity in China). She-hui hsueh-chieh 8:19-35.

Liu, Hui-chen Wang. 1959a. "An Analysis of Chinese Clan Rules: Confucian Theories in Action." In Confucianism in Action , ed. David S. Nivison and Arthur F. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

———. 1959b. The Traditional Chinese Clan Rules. Locust Valley, N.Y: J. J. Augustin. Mann, Susan (see also Jones, Susan Mann). 1985. "Historical Change in Female Biography from Song to Qing Times." Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan 30:65-77.

———. 1986. "Shapers of a Common Culture: Moral Education under Qing Rule." Paper presented at the University of California, San Diego. October.

———. 1987. "Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty China." Journal of Asian Studies 46.1:37-56.

Morohashi Tetsuji . 1957-60. Daikanwa jiten (Great Chinese-Japanese dictionary). 12 vols. Tokyo: Taishukan shoten.

Naquin, Susan, and Evelyn S. Rawski. 1987. Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Nivison, David S. 1966. The Life and Thought of Chang Hsüeh-ch'eng (1738-1801). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Parish, William L, and Martin King Whyte. 1978. Village and Family in Contemporary China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rankin, Mary Backus. 1975. "The Emergence of Women at the End of the Ch'ing: The Case of Ch'iu Chin." In Women in Chinese Society , ed. Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Ropp, Paul. 1981. Dissent in Early Modern China: Ju-lin Wai-shih and Ch'ing Social Criticism. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Schneider, Jane. 1971. "Of Vigilance and Virgins: Honor, Shame and Access to Resources in Mediterranean Society." Ethnology 10:1-23.

Schwartz, Benjamin. 1959. "Some Polarities in Confucian Thought." In Confucianism in Action , ed. David S. Nivison and Arthur F. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Steele, John, trans. 1917; reprint, 1966. The I-li, or Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial. Taipei: Ch'eng-wen.

Stolcke, Verena. 1981. "Women's Labours: The Naturalisation of Social Inequality and Women's Subordination." In Of Marriage and the Market , ed. Kate Young, Carol Wolkowitz, and Roslyn McCullagh. London: CSE Books.

Swann, Nancy Lee. 1932. Pan Chao: Foremost Woman Scholar of China. New York: Century.

Terada Takanobu . 1959. "Yoseitei no semmin kaihorei ni tsuite" (The emancipation of the debased people during the Yung-cheng reign period). Toyoshikenkyu 18.3:124-41.

Tjan, Tjoe Som. 1949, 1952; reprint, 1973. Po Hu T'ung: The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall. 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press.

Wang Shu-nu . 1933; reprint, 1988. Chung-kuo ch'ang-chi shih (A history of prostitution in China). Shanghai: Shang-hai san-lien shu-tien.

Wolf, Margery. 1972. Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Yü Ying-shih. 1975. "Some Preliminary Observations on the Rise of Confucian Intellectualism." Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 11:105-46.