Index
A
Acajutla: impact of coffee on, 121 , 168 ;
pier, 76 , 183 ;
pirate attacks to, 11 ;
railroad, 170 -72;
and road network, 74 , 77 , 78 , 169 ;
telegraph, 168 ;
trade through, 14 , 29 , 44 , 45 , 154
Aculhuaca, 53
Agriculture: machinery, 96 ;
school of, 181 ;
subsistence, 27 , 148 ;
tools, 158 , 180 ;
traditional, 3 , 5 , 22 , 33 , 123 , 186
Aguilar, Eugenio, 185
Aguilar family, 185
Ahuachapán, 77 , 121 , 168 , 213 n.52, 215 n.29
Alvarez family, 183
Alvarez Hermanos, 162
American Civil War, 109 -10, 114 -15, 123 , 178
Aniline. See Artificial dyes
Apaneca, 84
Aquino, Anastasio, 132
Arab immigration, 183 -84
Araujo, Manuel Enrique, 153
Arce, Manuel José, 42 , 46 -47
Argentina, 123 , 142 , 160 , 187
Armenia, Sonsonate, 109 , 170
Army, 11 , 79 -80, 133 , 155
Artificial dyes, 115 , 119 , 140
Artisans, 19 , 48 , 86
Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, 46 , 67
Aspinwall, William, 74
Ataco, 101
Ateos, 171
Atiquizaya, 136
Australian Royal Mail Service, 173
Aycinena family, 58 , 91
Aycinena, Juan Fermin, 9 , 37 , 53
Ayuntamientos, 8
B
Balance of trade, 106 . See also Exports;
Imports;
Trade
Baldíos: claims, 207 n.50;
and ejidos, 130 ;
prices, 119 ;
sale of, 91 , 124 , 133 . See also Land;
Liberal reforms
Balsam, 148
Banco Agricola Comercial, 183
Banco Ahuachapaneco, 215 n.29
Banco Internacional, 160 , 161 , 162 , 185
Banco Occidental, 215 n.29
Banks, 159 , 160 -61, 165 -67, 187
Barclay, Herring, and Richardson, 47 , 79
Barrios, Gerardo: army modernization and, 64 , 65 ;
on indigo processing, 115 ;
land policies, 90 , 127 ;
ouster, 133 ;
political stability under, 114 ;
views, 82
Barrundia, Martín, 9
Belgium, 66
Belize: contraband through, 42 , 43 ;
merchants, 44 , 45 ;
route, 74 , 105 ;
specie exports to, 41 ;
trade through, 43 -45, 103 , 154
Bell, Andrew, 67
Bello, Andrés, 65
Belot, Gustave de, 94
Bengal, 30
Bennett, Marshall, 44 , 179
Billings, 168
Birmingham, 185
Blanco y Trigueros, 215 n.26
Blockades, 66 , 102 , 111
Bolívar, Simón, 67
Bolivia, 162
Bonds, 78 -79, 95 , 167
Bourbon reforms, 7 -9, 10 -19, 33
Brandy monopoly, 175 -76
Bresse, M. de, 78
Bridges, 78 , 169
Browning, David, 27 , 125 -30, 145 , 211 n.15
Bueron, Juan Luis, 169 , 170 , 171 , 181
Butterfield, General, 170 , 171
Butters Salvador Mines, Ltd., 180
C
Cable communications, 168
Cádiz, commercial houses, 13 , 15 , 16 , 32 ;
end of monopoly, 9 ;
exports to, 14 ;
and indigo prices, 41 ;
and indigo taxes, 30
Cajas de consolidación, 18
Calderón, Higinio, 148
California, exports to, 97 , 155 , 173 ;
and trade expansion, 74 , 104 , 122
Callao, 29
Caluco, 149
Camacho, Francisco, 170 , 218 n.77
Campo, Rafael, 111
Candles, 166 , 179
Cape Horn route: competitiveness of, 104 , 106 , 173 , 174 ;
and trade, 45 , 101 , 103 , 108
Capellanías, 18
Capital, 128 , 159 , 181 , 186 , 188 -89
Captain-General, 11 . See also Gálvez, Matías de
Captaincy-General, 10 , 17 , 32
Carondelet, Barón de, 11 , 12 , 19
Carrera, Rafael, 58 , 81 , 131 , 133
Castro, Esteban, 87
Catholic Church, 131 , 133 , 134 , 212
Cattle raising, 27 , 43 , 96
Central American Mint Limited, 163
Central American Public Works Company, 171 , 172
Central American Steam Navigation Company, 75
Cerna, Vicente, 133
Chalatenango, 109
Chalchuapa, 64
Chatfield, Frederick, 66
Chiapas, 38
Chile, 44 , 45 , 58 , 123 , 162
China, 174
Cholera morbus, 114 , 133
Civil code, 65
Coatepeque, 148
Cochineal, 40 , 44 , 60
Cochrane, Lord, 183
Code of commerce, 65
Coelho, José Antonio, 67 , 68 , 116
Coffee, 116 -22;
cultivation and processing, 118 ;
exports, 103 , 112 , 188 ;
incentives to, 117 , 187 ;
prices, 112 , 138 , 165 , 167
Cojutepeque, 133 , 136
Colegio de la Asunción, 70
Colombia, 145 , 173 , 183
Colón, currency, 163
Colón, Panama, 75 , 154
Colonos, 158
Colindres, Eduardo, 182 , 183 , 184
Columbus , 75 , 76
Comayagua, 38
Commercial regulations, 13
Communal lands: defined, 27 ;
and ejidos, 132 ;
geographical location, 141 ;
importance, 88 -90;
labor in, 142 , 156 ;
as obstacle to coffee, 126 -27, 131 ;
production in, 22 , 100 , 101 , 145 ;
size of holdings, 148 . See also Land;
Liberal reforms
Conscriptions, 56
Conservatives, 37 , 131 , 136 , 153
Consolidación de deudas, 14 , 18
Consulado, 16 , 30
Contraband, 42 , 43 , 46 , 178
Convents, 18
Cortés y Larraz, Pedro, 11
Costa Rica: coffee cultivation in, 116 , 187 ;
credit and investment, 52 -53, 118 , 145 , 187 , 189 ;
education in, 69 -70, 189
Cotton, 108 -111, 141 , 178 , 209 n.43
Courtade, 181
Credit: and coffee, 121 ;
and indigo, 28 ;
institutions, 159 -162; 215 n.26;
market, 93 -95, 144 ;
reform, 146 ;
and wars, 186 . See also Habilitación;
Montepío de Cosecheros de Añil;
Mortgages
Cuartillo, 162
Cuba, 123
Curagao, 183
Currency, 7 , 162 , 166 , 216 n.36
Cuscatlán, 68 , 84 , 85 , 91
Custom duties. See Import duties
D
D'Arlach, H. de T., 50
De Sola, Herbert, 179 , 183
Debt, federal, 161 . See also Barclay, Herring, and Richardson
Debt peonage. See Labor, colonial
Dependency theory, 16
Divisadero, 180
Divisadero Gold and Silver Mining Company, 180
Dolores Izalco. See Izalco
Dueñas, Francisco, 54 , 65 , 90 , 133 , 212 n.24
Duke, Maurice, 159 , 170 , 171 , 183
Duke, Rodolfo, 183
Dunlop, Robert G., 50 , 52 , 56 , 59
Dunn, Henry, 59 , 67
E
Earthquakes, 89 , 169
Education: after independence, 66 -72;
before independence, 11 -12;
expenditure in, 80 , 202 n.35;
and inequality, 187 ;
and war, 186
Ejidos: and communal lands, 132 ;
defined, 27 ;
geographical location, 141 ;
importance, 88 -90;
labor in, 142 , 156 ;
and liberal reforms, 125 , 128 , 135 , 147 , 150 ;
as obstacle to coffee, 126 , 127 , 131 ;
production in, 22 , 100 , 101 , 145 ;
size of holdings, 129 , 130 , 148 ;
and surveyors, 181 . See also Land;
Liberal reforms
El Triunfo, 173
Electricity, 184
Encuentros, 180
Engineering, 148 , 181
England. See Great Britain
Entrepreneurship, 4 , 122
Escuela Politécnica, 65 , 70
Escuela de la República, 12
Espinosa, Tomás, 132
Exports: coffee and indigo, 60 , 152 , 154 , 155 ;
per capita, 102 , 123 ;
total, 41 , 60 , 113 , 167 . See also Coffee;
Indigo
Exposition Universel, 152
Ezeta, Carlos: and gold standard, 153 , 163 -166, 177 , 216 n.52;
ouster, 164 , 168
F
Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, 181
Fairs, 15 , 29 , 43 , 99 , 107 . See also Guatemala;
San Miguel;
San Vicente
Federation, 47 , 196 n.2
Fertilizers, 158
Filisola, Vicente, 37 , 38
Financial intermediaries, 106
Fincas, 156 . See also Coffee;
Land
Flores, Natividad, 148
Food, 21 , 24 , 87 , 119
Foote, Henry Grant, 118 , 181
Foote, Mrs. Henry, Grant, 101
Forced loans, 52
Foreign Office, 147 , 162
France, 66 , 162 , 169
Freights. See Transportation costs
Froebel, Julius, 56
Fuero militar, 11
G
Gaínza, Gabino, 37
Gallardo, Manuel, 68 , 94 -95, 136
Gálvez, Mariano, 44
Gálvez, Matías de, 15 , 20 , 28
George B. Kerferd and Company, 161 , 215 n.30. See also Kerferd Sinclair and Company
Germany, 162
Glower, 181
Gold Rush: impact on revenue, 79 ;
and trade, 1 , 74 , 83 , 123 ;
and trade routes, 187
Gold standard, 163 -165, 167 , 177
Golfo Dulce, Bodegas, 29 , 30
González, Santiago, 69 , 169
Goodyear, W., 219 n.109
Granada, Nicaragua, 38
Grant, Ulises, 170
Great Britain: currency, 162 ;
exports to, 44 ;
imports from, 41 , 43 , 155 ;
and Nicaragua, 66 ;
obstructions to trade, 14 , 29 , 30 , 60 , 102 , 111 ;
tariffs, 30 ;
trade with, 45 , 154 ;
treaty with, 66
Gresham's Law, 162 , 163
Guadalquivir Canal, 30
Guardia Nacional, 64
Guatemala: audiencia of, 11 ;
conservatives and, 136 ;
currency, 162 ;
exports via, 103 ;
fairs, 14 , 16 ;
and indigo, 9 , 13 ;
invasion of, 54 ;
Kingdom of, 8 , 36 ;
railroad to, 170 , 218 n.86;
shipping to, 75 ;
telegraph service with, 168 ;
trade with, 58 ;
wars with, 51 , 53 , 62 , 114 , 115 , 133 , 169
Guatemala , 75
Guayaquil, 29
Guayabal, 90
Guaymango, 10
Guillermo A. Knoepfel, 106
Guirola family, 183
Gulf of Honduras, 13 , 14 , 29
Gunpowder monopoly, 175 . See also Taxes
Gutiérrez, Rafael: and gold standard, 166 ;
and railroad contracts, 172 ;
tax policies, 153 , 165 , 177 ;
ouster, 167 , 168
Gutiérrez y Ulloa, Antonio: on education, 12 ;
on food production, 87 ;
on haciendas, 130 ;
on labor, 19 , 20 ;
report, 7
H
Habilitación, 93 , 161 . See also Credit
Haciendas: description, 88 -89;
expansion, 142 ;
importance, 27 ;
number of, 195 n.79;
size, 25 , 130 , 195 n.82, 211 n.15
Haefkens, Jacobo, 41
Hall, Edward, 78
Hamburg, 173 , 185
Hamburg-Pacific, 174
Hinds, 181
Hispano-Centroamericana, 173
Hoil, William, 108
Honduras: cattle breeding in, 14 , 27 ;
currency, 162 ;
indigo production in, 13 ;
mining, 15 ;
and Pact of Amapala, 167 ;
trade with, 101 , 103 ;
wars with, 62
Hospitals, 18
I
Ilobasco, 85
Ilopango, 135
Immigration, 181 -184, 187
Import duties, 176 , 178 . See also Revenue;
Taxes
Imports: and gold standard, 164 ;
impact on importables, 208 n.28;
machinery, 155 ;
and revenues, 79 ;
textile, 107 , 155 ;
total, 41 , 42 , 113 , 106
Income per capita, 194 n.52
Independence, 35
India, 30
Indian(s): conscription of, 56 ;
and debt consolidation decree, 18 ;
education, 12 , 71 -72;
land, 18 , 126 , 129 , 148 , 187 ;
legal system and, 148 ;
liberal reforms and, 130 , 131 , 147 ;
market participation, 27 , 99 ;
as obstacle to growth, 145 ;
population, 72 ;
revolts, 111 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 136 , 167 , 213 n.37
Indigo, 111 -16;
cultivation method, 21 ;
exports, 40 , 44 , 110 , 112 ;
financing, 28 ;
foreign competition, 30 ;
geographic distribution, 26 ;
in Honduras, 13 ;
importance, 9 -10;
labor, 21 ;
marketing, 13 -16, 29 ;
prices, 15 -16, 28 , 41 , 60 , 108 , 138 ;
processing, 22 , 115 , 194 n.71;
production, 8 , 10 , 31 , 41 , 111 -16, 186 ;
taxes, 15 , 29 ;
tithes, 25 , 29 ;
yield, 111 . See also Montepío de Cosecheros de Añil
Indigo Grower's Society. See Montepío de Cosecheros de Añil
Industrial revolution, 9 , 82
Industry, 43 , 178 -79, 189
Inequality, 186
Intendentes, 8 . See also Carondelet, Barón de
Interest rates: before banks, 28 , 161 ;
and coffee, 118 ;
and 1898 crisis, 166 ;
and habilitaciones, 94 , 160 ;
and transportation, 104
International Railways of Central America, 172 , 218 n.86
Investment, 51 , 186
Iron. See Mining
Irrigation, 158
Iturbide, Agustín de, 35 , 36 , 37 , 38
Izabal, 44 , 74 , 103 , 106 , 120
Izalco, 12 , 134 , 136
Iztapa, 45
J
Jamaica, 42
Jeffreys, Wilson, 108
Jiquilisco Bay, 73
Jiquilite. See Indigo
Juarros, Domingo, 10
Juarros, Gaspar, 9
Judges, 65 -66
Junta de Consolidación, 18
Junta Consultiva Provisional, 37
Juntas de Comercio, 16
Jutiapa, 89
Juzgado de Hacienda, 162
K
Keilahuer, René, 172 , 181
Kelly, William, 160
Kerferd Sinclair and Company, 106 . See also George B. Kerferd and Company
Knoepfel. See Guillermo A. Knoepfel
Kosmos, 173
L
La Ceiba, 170 , 171
La Favorita, 179
La Libertad: pier, 76 , 78 , 183 ;
railroad, 169 , 170 ;
road, 73 , 77 , 169 ;
telegraph, 168 ;
trade through, 121 , 168 ;
transportation network and, 74
La Paz, 90 , 101 , 109
La Unión: pier, 76 ;
railroad, 164 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 218 n.86;
roads, 77 , 78 , 169 ;
San Miguel fair and, 101 ;
trade through, 45 , 121 , 168 ;
transportation network and, 74
Labor: after 1850, 156 -159;
in the colonial period, 19 , 23 , 142 , 200 n.88;
division of, 86 ;
and liberal reforms, 142 -43;
relative to land, 141 ;
scarcity of, 83 , 85 ;
and wars, 54 -58
Lancaster, Joseph, 67
Lancasterian teaching method, 67 , 116 , 202 n.24
Land: distribution, 149 , 150 ;
leases, 158 ;
market, 141 ;
prices, 89 , 91 , 119 ;
private, 150 ;
registry, 213 n.52, 214 n.58;
scarcity, 141 -43;
tenure changes, 142 ;
titles, 147 . See also Baldíos;
Communal lands;
Ejidos;
Liberal reforms
Lazard, Frères & Co., 152
Le Havre, 166
Leather industry, 179
Leff, Nathaniel, 4
Legal system, 65 -66
Lempa river, 78
León, Nicaragua, 38
Lesseps, Fernand de, 183
Levy, Moses, 147
Ley de Titulación de Predios Rústicos, 149
Liberal reforms, 5 , 6 , 140 , 147 -48, 188
Liberals, 37 , 131 , 132 , 153
Lindo, Juan, 70
Liverpool, 75 , 103 , 104
Locusts, 30 , 108 , 111 , 139
London, 161 , 170
Looms. See Textile industry
López, Lorenzo, 121
Luna, David Alejandro, 125
M
Macay, Miguel, 180
Manchester, 108
Marqués de Campos, 173
Marure, Alejandro, 50 , 56
Matanza, 5 , 6 , 213 n.39
Mathe, 181
Mayorga, Juan de Dios, 38 , 39
Medina, José Francisco, 161
Mejicanos, 135
Melo, José María, 64
Menéndez, Francisco, 169
Menéndez, Isidro, 64 , 65
Menjívar, Rafael, 128 , 129 , 130 , 144
Merchants: Belize, 44 , 45 ;
British, 45 , 101 , 162 ;
French, 101 ;
German, 101 ;
Guatemalan, after independence, 28 , 29 , 43 , 48 , 107 ;
Guatemalan, credit, 45 , 144 ;
Guatemalan, rise, 9 , 14 ;
Guatemalan, and trade, 10 , 13 , 16
Metapán, 20 , 91 , 180 , 194 n.66
Mexico: colonial taxes, 18 ;
food consumption in, 24 ;
immigration to, 187 ;
invasion, 35 -38;
Lancaster schools in, 67 ;
luxury imports in, 107 ;
railroad, 142 ;
trade, 18 , 173 ;
treaty with, 66
Migration, 156
Military school, 65 , 184 . See also Escuela Politécnica
Mining, 20 , 179 -180
Mint, 163
Monasteries, 18
Montepío de Cosecheros de Añil: creation of, 15 ;
and credit market, 33 , 45 , 118 , 144 ;
and politics, 8 , 47 ;
problems, 28 . See also Credit;
Indigo
Montúfar, Lorenzo, 58
Montúfar, Manuel, 36 , 43
Morazán, Francisco, 52 , 132 , 196 n.2
Mortgages, 95 , 145 , 160 , 161 . See also Credit
N
Napoleonic Wars, 30 , 33 , 40
National Palace, 177 , 184
Nejapa, 53
New Spain, 17 , 36 , 194 n.52
New York, 166
Nicaragua: and Mexican invasion, 38 ;
and Pact of Amapala, 167 ;
products, 13 , 15 , 109 ;
trade route, 74 ;
wars with, 62 , 111 , 114
Nueva San Salvador. See Santa Tecla
O
Obrajes, 24
Omoa, 14 , 29 , 42
Ottoman empire, 184
P
Pacific Bridge Company, 169
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 75 , 104 , 172 -174, 218 n.94
Pact of Amapala, 167
Palacios, Juan Manuel, 134
Panama: and colonial taxes, 18 ;
and De Sola's business, 183 ;
route, transportation costs, 105 , 120 ;
route, trade, 74 , 75 , 173
Panama Canal, 106
Panama railroad: freights, 105 ;
impact on trade, 1 , 104 , 107 , 122 -23, 154 ;
and introduction of coffee, 120 ;
service, 76 ;
and shipping routes, 174
Panama Railroad Company: routes, 75 , 172 ;
subsidy, 105 , 123 ;
and trade, 101 , 104 -06
Parker, Robert, 183
Partidos, 8
Peddlers, 19 , 102
Penal code, 65
Peñalver y Cárdenas, Luis de, 12
Peru, 44 , 45 , 123 , 162 , 187
Peso. See Currency
Piers, 169
Piñol, José, 9
Pioneer , 173
Plan de Iguala, 36
Police, 63 -64, 83
Population, 8 , 19 , 84 , 186 , 194 n.66
Ports. See Acajutla;
El Triunfo;
La Libertad;
La Unión
Positivism, 82
Prices: bonds, 79 ;
food, 100 ;
and introduction of coffee, 120 ;
silver, 165 . See also specific product
Prince Albert , 173
Professionals, 19
Protectionism, 1 , 42 , 178
Prussia, 66
Public works, 80 , 155 . See also specific activity
Puntero, 22
R
Railroads, 168 -172, 175 . See also Panama Railroad;
specific destination
Rainschail, 185
Rebozos, 101 , 103 , 178
Regalado, Tomás, 5 , 6 , 153 , 162 , 167
Registro de la propiedad raíz de la sección de occidente, 148
Regression analysis, 138
Relative prices, 137 , 141
Repartimiento, 20 , 23 , 142 . See also Labor
Revenue: after 1850, 175 -177;
in colonial period, 32 , 194 n.52, 196 n.3;
and gold standard crisis, 164 , 167 . See also Taxes
Roads, 77 -78, 168 , 169 , 175 , 187 . See also specific destination
Rodríguez, Juan Manuel, 132 , 133
Rosario de La Pax. See La Paz
Royal Tobacco Administration, 15
S
Salvador
Salvador Coffee Estates Company, Limited, 161 , 162
Salvador Railway Construction Company, 170 , 218 n.77
Salvador Railways Company, 172
San Francisco, California, 173
San Ignacio, 148
San Miguel: agriculture, 108 , 110 , 121 ;
education in, 12 ;
fair, 45 , 101 , 102 , 122 , 168 ;
haciendas, 54 ;
mortgages in, 95 ;
railroad, 171 , 172 ;
roads, 77 , 169
San Pedro Nonualco, 90
San Pedro Puxtla, 101
San Salvador: city, cost of living, 19 ;
city, communications, 77 , 168 , 169 , 170 -171;
city, education, 12 ;
city, population, 86 , 184 ;
intendancy, administration, 8 , 10 ;
intendancy, and debt consolidation decree, 18 ;
intendancy, fair, 16 ;
intendancy, independence, 35 ;
intendancy, production, 17 , 31 ;
province (after independence), 68 , 95 , 108 , 109
San Vicente: agriculture, 87 , 109 , 117 , 121 ;
credit, 94 ;
education, 12 ;
and ejidos, 89 , 135 ;
fair, 16 , 45 , 102 , 115 , 168 ;
haciendas, 54 ;
labor in, 85 ;
land prices in, 91 ;
tithes, 25
Sánchez Espino, Domingo, 20
Santa Ana: city, population, 86 , 87 ;
city, railroad, 170 , 171 ;
city, roads, 77 , 78 , 168 , 169 ;
city, telegraph, 168 ;
province, agriculture, 109 , 121 ;
province, education, 68 ;
province, Indian revolt, 136 ;
province, labor force, 85 , 86 ;
province, land registry, 213 n.52;
province, sugar mills, 96 , 97
Santa Ana Central Coffee Company, 162
Santa Isabel Ishuantán, 149
Santa María Ostuma, 90
Santa Tecla, 91 , 117 , 169 , 171
Savage, Charles, 42
Scherzer, Carl von, 68 , 81 , 117 , 181
Schools, 18 , 67 -70, 155 . See also Education
Schultz, Theodore, 3 , 22
Seroon. See Zurrón
Shipping, 103 , 154 , 172 -174
Silver, 20 , 60 , 103 , 164 . See also Mining
Sitio del Niño, 171
Situados, 17 , 36 , 196 n.3
Smith, Adam, 131
Soap manufacturing, 179
Société du Crédit Mobilier, 180
Société Francaise des Mines de San Salvador, 180
Sonsonate: Alcaldía Mayor, 191 n.2;
province, agriculture, 108 , 109 , 121 ;
town, description, 86 ;
town, education, 12 ;
town, land registry, 213 n.52;
town, rail-road, 171 , 172 ;
town, roads, 77 , 78 , 169 ;
town, telegraph, 168
South American Steamship Company, 174
Soyapango, 135
Spain, 14 , 17 -18, 29 , 30 , 66
Spearman's rank-order correlation, 142 -43
Squier, Ephraim George, 108 , 109 , 111
Statistics bureau, 167
Suárez, Francisco de Paula, 160
Subdelegaciones, 8
Suchitoto, 25 , 68 , 85 , 87 , 102
Sugar, 96 , 97 , 103 , 207 n.60
Syndicat Général de Monnaie, 163
T
Tabanco, 44 , 179 , 180
Tanneries. See Leather industry
Tarifa de aforos, 136 , 176 , 205 n.11
Taxes: and coffee, 117 , 153 , 177 , 187 , 219 n.101;
colonial, 15 -18, 78 ;
custom, 42 , 167 , 174 , 176 , 177 ;
during federation, 46 ;
and gold standard crisis, 164 -165
Tecoluca, 135
Tejutla, 25
Telegraph, 133 , 168 , 175
Telephone, 169
Tempsky, G. F. von, 77
Tenancingo, 101
Terrenos baldíos. See Baldíos
Texistepeque, 68
Textile industry, 43 , 178
Thompson, George A., 38 , 43 , 197 n.17
Torres Rivas, Edelberto, 125
Trade, 16 -17, 58 -60, 75 , 205 n.11. See also Exports;
Imports
Traditional agriculture. See Agriculture
Transportation costs, 104 -105, 119 , 120 , 208 n.22
Transvaal, 183
Treaties, 66
Tributos. See Taxes, colonial
Trujillo, 14 , 29
U
United Fruit Company, 172
United States of America: economic example of, 134 ;
and exports, 123 , 154 ;
and monetary system, 162 ;
railroad contractors, 170 ;
strategic interests, 66
Universidad de El Salvador, 70 , 148 , 181
Universidad de San Carlos, 11
Urruela, Gregorio, 9
Urrutia, Carlos, 43
Uruguay, 123
Usulután, 108
V
Vagrancy laws, 83 , 88
Valle, Andrés, 134
Valle, José Cecilio del: on economic conditions, 40 , 41 , 43 ;
on trade, 30 , 46 ;
on politics, 37
Valparaíso, 29 , 173
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 170
Vasconcelos, Doroteo, 115
Venezuela, 30
Veracruz, 14 , 29 , 30 , 44
Villa Verapaz, 135
W
Wages, 57 , 85 , 87 , 157
Walker, William, 63 , 66 , 111
Wars, 49 -61, 80. See also specific country
Washington Treaties, 154
White, Alastair, 55
Woodward, Ralph Lee Jr., 49
Wortman, Miles, 32
Z
Zacatecoluca, 12 , 54 , 59
Zaldívar, Rafael, 169 , 170 , 217 n.77, 219 n.109
Zebadua, Marcial, 32
Zurrón, 15
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