INDEX
A
Abhinavagupta, 161, 234n14
Abu-Lughod, Lila, 27n1, 29n13, 127, 157
Acai, 38, 50-51
Acaris, 41
Accidie, 24, 26
Adakkam[*], 21, 42-44, 52
Adhin, 67
Adoption, 77
Adultery, 126-128, 138, 142
Aesthetics, 24;
and bhakti, 157;
and drama, 193;
and food, 158, 162;
and masti, 110;
and rasa, 17-19, 161;
and religion, 18, 160-161, 173, 192-195, 207n18;
and ritual, 185-187, 193, 195;
Sanskrit, 193
Africa: Giriama of, 10, 15, 94;
jokes in, 118;
Kabyle of, 256n22
Aging: cultural context of, 64-65, 83-85;
and gender, 86n4;
and life course, 70;
and social science, 64-65
Agra, 94
Agriculture, 41, 94, 121, 172, 253n2
Akbar, 96-97
Alaukika, 190, 192, 195
Alcohol, 100, 111n9
Aligarh district, 120
Allen, N.J., 58n1
Amma, 56
Amoss, Pamela, 86n1
Amritsar, 254n6
Ananda, 100-101, 110, 164, 183, 189, 194, 200
Andhra Pradesh, 159
Anger, 13, 242;
Aristotelian theory of, 8;
as primary emotion, 28nn3, 10;
and rasa theory, 18;
among Utku Eskimo, 7
Animals, expression of emotion in, 10
Anklesaria, Shahnaz, 257n27
Annadurai, C. N., 55
Anpu, 21, 25;
ambiguity of, 39-40;
as containment (adakkam[*]), 42-44;
as cruelty (kodumai[*]), 47-50, 59-60n6;
as desire (acai), 50-51;
as gradual habituation (parakkam), 44-47;
in lyric poetry, 59n4;
and marriage relations, 61n9;
opposed to purity, 50-51;
and religion, 59n4;
as research problem, 38-39;
as ruling principle, 40;
as servitude (adimai), 52-56, 61n12
Anthropology: of aging, 64;
dialogical, 24-25;
and discourse, 175n3;
of emotion, 3-4, 6-8, 27n1, 28n6, 92-94, 175, 184;
and fieldwork, 7, 25-27, 100, 183, 232n1, 240, 248, 263-264;
hermeneutic, 92;
of jokes, 116-117;
and objectivity, 58-59n3;
and psychology, 242;
and rationalism, 241;
structural, 92;
and surface metaphor, 37;
and visual metaphor, 175n3
Anthropomorphism, 10, 166, 284n27
Anxiety, 18;
and incest taboo, 130;
and old age, 65-66, 68-69, 78-79, 83-85;
and sexuality, 127
Appadurai, Arjun, 61n13, 216
Apte, Mahadev L., 117, 132-133, 147nn14, 18
Aram, 72
Archaeology, 94
Ardas, 240
Aristotle, 7-8, 24
Annon-Jones, Claire, 10, 12-14
Arukku, 21, 50-52
Asceticism, 23, 91, 92, 94, 174, 177n19, 182;
and Chaitanyaite sect, 159-160;
and eroticism, 102-103, 170;
and masti, 102-103, 109-110;
and old age, 70, 74.;
and physical exercise, 105-106
Asch, Solomon E., 112n16
Asrama, 86n3, 170
Asrit, 67
Assam, 171, 196
Astrology, 100
Atma, 189
Aurangzeb, 95, 97, 106, 159, 188
Austin, J.L., 213
Australia, Pintupi of, 15
Auvaiyar, 44
Avatara, 187, 265
Averill, James R., 12, 93
Avoidance behavior: among Chuhras, 118, 129;
and family relations, 140, 143;
and in-laws, 143, 147n18;
and intergenerational relations, 143;
among Tamils, 43-44, 60-61n9
Ayurveda, 18-19, 24, 111n10
B
Babb, Lawrence A., 60n7, 196
Bacpan, 69
Bahanoi, 130-135, 138, 140-142, 144
Bahawalpur, 135
Bahu, 131
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 58n1
Balabhadra, 214
Balaram, 100, 164, 274, 282n10
Balinese, 101
Baluchistan, 135
Banares, 95
Bangladesh, 255n11
Barbers, 76
Barnett, Steve, 29n19
Baroda, Maharaja of, 145n1
Barrier, N. Gerald, 256n16
Barz, Richard, 176n14, 189, 192, 205nn2,3, 206nn8, 14, 208n29
Basti, 120-121, 124-125, 136
Bateson, Gregory, 116
Beads of Truth (periodical), 252
Bedford, Errol, 9, 12-13, 29n12
Beech, Mary Higdon, 118
Behaviorism, 4-5
Bellah, Robert N., 16
Benedict, Ruth, 242
Bengal, 98, 145n3, 175n1, 234n19, 263-264
Benga patia, 22, 218
Bennett, Lynn, 118, 120, 145n3, 146nn6,8, 147n18, 148n19
Bennett, Peter, 10, 16, 20, 22-23, 157, 164, 167, 205nn2,4, 208n24
Berger, Peter L., 28n6
Berreman, Gerald D, 145n3
Bhajana, 100, 103, 105, 110, 170
Bhakti, 10, 18, 50, 53, 59n4, 110, 157, 160-162, 174, 277;
codification of, 166;
and dance, 225-226;
empirical range of, 264-265;
and Hare Krishna sect, 268-271;
and Pushti Marg sect, 182-183, 193, 197206nn13, 14;
rejuvenation of, 262-263;
and Vaishnavite sect, 234n19
Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C., 263, 268-274, 278-280, 282nn7,9,10
Bhamg[*], 100
Bhangis, 118
Bharata, 17, 161, 224, 234n14
Bhatt, R. Kaladhar, 203, 205n2, 206n11
Bhava, 18, 102, 161, 165, 176n14, 232, 265-266;
and dance, 221-224, 226-227;
and food, 103;
and masti, 110;
and Pushti Marg sect, 190-191, 193-194, 199-200, 202-204, 208nn23,27
Bhavaj, 124-125, 148n19
Bhavana, 27, 102-103, 176n9, 196, 207n18
Bhoga, 104, 164, 169, 176n10, 187, 193, 198-199, 208n27
Bhojana, 100
Bhopal, 148n20
Boas, Franz, 58nn1,2
Body: and bodily effluvia (eccil), 51-52, 147n15;
and bodily feeling, 4, 11-15, 28n5, 28-29n10, 93;
and mind-body relation, 4, 13-15, 19, 23, 92-94;
and physical exercise, 105-106;
and rasa theory, 18-19,
refined by dance, 220-223, 231
Bombay, 182, 263
Boon, James, 58n2
Bourdieu, Pierre, 241, 256n22
Brahmacari[*], 74
Brahman, 189
Brahmans, 91, 121, 165, 170, 172;
Chaubes as, 92, 95, 100, 104, 108;
and family relations, 145n4;
as food preparers, 167, 171, 197;
and food ritual, 214-215;
Gaurs as, 98;
and intoxication, 111n9;
and old age, 74, 80, 81;
as priests, 159-160, 163, 170, 197, 201, 206n12, 217, 223, 225-226;
and remarriage, 123;
Sanadhyas as, 98;
and svarupa, 202-203;
Tamils as, 41, 57;
and women, 105
Braj, 157, 161, 171, 177n22;
Chaitanyaite sect at, 159;
Chaubes at, 91, 95-99;
food ritual at, 163, 164, 166;
Vallabhite (Pushti Marg) sect at, 167-168, 176nn7,8, 183, 188, 191, 194, 199
Brant, Charles, 139, 146n12
Briggs, George W., 146n11
Briggs, Jean L., 7
Brindaban, 225, 226, 262;
Chaitanyaite sect at, 159-160, 170, 177n19, 265, 268;
Chaubes at, 95;
Hare Krishna sect at, 263-268, 273-281, 282n10, 282-283n12;
Pushti Marg sect at, 190, 192;
Radhavallabha sect at, 161
Britain: and colonialism, 95, 214, 254n3;
Sikhs in, 245
British Columbia, 246, 255n15
Brooks, Charles R., 10, 21, 24, 26, 157, 160, 264
Brown, Judith K., 86n1
Bruner, Edward M., 158
Bryant, Kenneth E., 157
Buchignani, Indra, 255n16
Buddhism, 60, 94, 186
Buitenan, J. A. B. van, 91
Burghart, Richard, 205n3
Burhappa, 69
Burkhart, Geoffrey, 127
C
Caca, 147n13
Cala, 121, 124, 128-129, 142-143
Calendar, Hindu, 164
California, 246, 256n20
Campbell, M. G., 256n21
Canada, Sikhs in, 26, 240, 245-246, 248-250, 254nn3,5, 255n15, 256nn21,23, 257n27
Cantlie, Audrey, 196
Carstairs, G. Morris, 7, 100, 111n9, 123
Carter, Anthony T., 128
Cartesian theory of emotion, 4-5, 7, 13, 24, 92
Caste system, 8-9, 41, 53, 57, 92, 119, 126;
and devadasi, 225;
and discourse, 142;
and division of labor, 121, 145n1;
and egalitarianism, 146n10;
and family relations, 129, 145n4;
and hypergamy, 120-121;
and laws against discrimination, 145n1;
and marriage, 128-129, 142-143, 145n4, 146-147n12;
and purdah, 123-124;
and religion, 159, 174, 225;
and remarriage, 123;
and ritual, 215-216;
and segregation, 121, 124;
and sexual anxiety, 127;
and Sikhs, 255n15
Catalyst, art as emotional, 17-18
Catharsis, 17, 24
Caturvedi, V. K., 95, 96
Celibacy, 74
Chadney, James G., 256n16
Chaitanyaite sect, 103, 157, 175n1, 281n4, 283nn15, 16, 17;
and asceticism, 24, 159-160, 169-171;
and devotion to Krishna, 162, 169-172;
factions in, 159-160;
and food ritual, 170-171, 177n19;
and icons, 170, 176n6;
and Hare Krishna sect, 160, 263, 268, 282n10, 283n18
Chamars, 67, 74, 121, 126-128, 136, 138
Chaturvedi, Bal Mukund, 111n3
Chaubes, 21-22, 24, 26;
and asceticism, 102;
as beggars, 108;
and Big Chaube, 97;
as Brahmans, 92, 95, 100, 104, 108;
culture of, 97, 107;
demography of, 94, 111n6;
and economic relations, 98, 107-109;
educated, 108-109;
and food, 103-104;
and gardens, 105-106;
history of 95-96, 111n3;
and Holi festival, 101;
and insults, 107;
and Kans Mela festival, 96;
Karua[*], 106, 112n17;
and life-cycle ceremonies, 107-108;
and marijuana drinking, 100-103, 108;
and masti, 95-110;
men, 96;
Mitha[*], 106-107, 112n17;
and Moghuls, 96-97;
and morality, 100, 102;
persecuted by Muslims, 105-106, 112n17;
as pilgrimage priests, 95-98, 104, 107, 109, 112n17;
and Pushti Marg sect, 97;
and religion, 95-96, 98, 100-107, 112n17;
and sexuality, 101;
wealth of, 97, 107;
women, 96;
as wrestlers, 96, 98, 105-106
Chaubiya Para, 98
Chettiars, 41
Children: cruelty toward, 47-50, 59-60n6;
and masti, 99;
naming of, 44;
and play, 99, 117;
and ritual, 166
China, 16, 22, 66
Chowdhury, Neerja, 257n27
Christianity, and idolatry, 201
Chuhras, 8-9, 26;
and avoidance behavior, 118, 129;
and brother-sister bond, 123;
and family relations, 118-119;
and insults, 119, 125-126, 133-134, 136, 138-139, 142, 144;
and izzat, 138, 142;
and jokes, 119-120, 126, 131, 133-135, 141-143;
and kayda, 118-119;
and levirate, 123;
and marriage, 121-123, 124, 128-144, 147n12;
and purdah, 119, 123-124, 127;
and respect, 118-119, 135, 147n18;
and role reversal, 133-135, 142;
and segregation of sexes, 124;
and sexuality, 123-126, 131-139;
and teasing, 128;
as untouchables, 117-118, 121, 123-124
Cilippatikaram, 59n4
Clark, Margaret, 65
Classical tradition, 91, 110;
and aesthetics, 193
Clifford, James, 58n1
Clothing: as indicator of status, 53-54;
and old age, 75
Cognitive theory, 4, 7-8, 10, 1428n5, 212
Consciousness: as activity, 37;
Cartesian theory of, 92
Contraception, 216
Cooley, Charles H., 28n6
Cosmology, 171, 213, 231
Crapanzano, Vincent, 58n1
Cross-cultural perspective, 3, 7, 17, 27, 28n1, 94;
and aging, 84-85, 86n1;
and Hare Krishna sect in Brindaban, 275;
and Sikhs in Canada, 240-242, 253, 258n30;
and taste metaphor, 112n16
Cruelty, 21;
among Tamils, 47-50, 59-60n6
Culture: and asceticism, 103;
and attitudes toward aging, 64-66, 68-69, 84-85;
and attitudes toward death, 83;
Balinese, 102;
Braj, 157-159, 171;
Buddhist, 94;
Chaube, 97, 107;
and ideology, 157;
as interaction, 37-38;
and intergenerational relations, 75;
interpretation of, 20, 25;
Jain, 94;
and jokes, 116-117, 126-127, 140;
and motherhood, 167;
Nepali, 78-79;
and political economy, 107;
representation of, 58n2, 58-59n3, 60n6;
and revitalization movement, 283n21;
and self, 242, 253;
and social construction of emotion, 6-11, 13, 15-17, 22, 64, 93-94, 109, 157-158, 166, 174-175, 183-185, 204, 212, 242, 252-253;
and social identity, 161;
and subjectivity, 17, 26, 99;
as system of signs, 103;
Tamil, 39, 60n6, 61n12;
and textuality, 20-21;
of United States, 16, 65, 68, 84
D
Dadi, 137, 147
Dana, 96
Dance, 17-18, 22, 103, 193;
and bhakti, 225-226;
and bhava, 221-224, 226-227;
as bodily refinement, 220-223, 231;
as codification of emotion, 222;
and costume, 218-219;
as dialogue, 221-222, 234n13;
and eroticism, 219, 224, 227, 229;
esoteric, 217-218;
and female divine sovereignty, 216, 218, 220, 222, 225;
and film, 233n9;
gestures in, 220-223, 228-229, 231;
history of, 232n11, 233n11;
and mime, 228-229;
performative aspect of, 231;
and poetry, 225-229, 232n2;
and rasa, 224-225;
and religion, 266;
and rhythm, 220, 233n10;
and ritual, 212-214, 216-218, 225-231;
and sakti, 218, 224;
as stage art, 212, 232n2;
and subjectivity, 220, 222-223;
in temples, 212-214, 217, 225, 230-231, 232nn1,2;
and transformative experience, 214, 220, 224;
and urban relations, 212
Daniel, E. Valentine, 29n20, 61n10, 215
Darling, Malcolm, 254n8
Darsana, 176n9, 187, 192-196, 199-200, 202-203, 206nn11,13
Darwin, Charles, 10
Das, Veena, 118, 120, 122, 146n8, 167
Dasya bhava, 18, 161, 190
Dasya rasa, 266
Dauji, 100
David, Kenneth, 127
Davis-Friedmann, Deborah, 66
Death, attitudes toward, 83
de Bary, William, 29n15
Decentered subject, 26
Deconstructionism, 8, 10 14, 19-21, 24, 26, 92-94, 175n5
Dehra Dun District, 145n3
Delhi, 94, 97, 121, 145n3, 146n8, 158, 246
Democracy, 109
Demography: of Chaubes, 94, 111n6;
of Khalapur, 121
Denzin, Norman K., 28n6, 92, 110, 275
Depression, 28nn3, 10
Derrida, Jacques, 19-20, 29nn16, 17, 92-94, 161
Descartes, Reneé, 4-5, 7, 13, 24, 92
De, S. K., 161, 175n1, 194, 234n14, 262, 265-266, 283nn14,15,16
Devadasi, 214, 226;
and caste system, 225;
costume of, 218-219;
and devotion to Krishna, 227, 230-231;
and family relations, 215-216, 222-223, 227, 233n5;
as gopi, 226-229;
history of, 232n1;
as metonym, 217-219;
and sexuality, 215-216, 218-219, 222;
as temple servant, 215-216, 223
Devar, 140, 148n19
Dhan, 189
Dharma, 70, 110, 251, 257nn25,26, 285n30
Diacritics, ix
Dialogue, anthropological, 24-25
Différance, 19-20, 24, 94, 109, 161, 174
Dig, 160
Dimock, Edward C., 262-263, 268, 281n3, 283nn15,21
Discourse: and anthropology, 175n3;
and caste system, 142;
and deference, 128;
of familiarity, 241;
and sexuality, 124-128, 142, 146n9
Diwali festival, 122, 164
Doaba, 245, 254n6
Dorschner, Jon Peter, 122, 146n9
Douglas, Mary, 116, 128, 143-144
Drama, 17-18, 157, 186, 192-194, 224, 266
Dravidian language, 102
Dumont, Louis, 29n19, 120, 122, 145nn3,4, 146n6, 147n16
Dundes, Alan, 116
Durkheim, Emile, 6, 20, 28n4, 111n8
Dusenbery, Verne A., 25, 26, 255n14, 256nn16,17,18,19, 257n26, 258n30
E
Eccil, 51-52
Eck, Diana L., 60n7, 102
Economic relations: and Chaubes, 98, 107-l09;
and emotional experience, 94;
and family relations, 244;
and Hare Krishna sect, 278;
and intergenerational relations, 78-79;
and migration, 244;
and old age, 78-80;
opposed to personal relations, 39, 59n5;
and Tamils, 41, 53-54
Education: of Chaubes, 108-109;
of women, 47
Egnor, Margaret, 44, 60n7, 215
Einstein, Alert, 29n18
Emotion: and aesthetic, 161;
in animals, 10;
anthropology of, 6-8, 27n1, 28n6, 92-94, 175, 184;
as appraisal, 9-10, 11, 12, 13-17, 93, 109-110, 242, 253;
Aristotelian theory of, 8;
and asceticism, 102;
and bhakti, 157, 166, 174;
and bodily feeling, 11-14, 28-29nn5,10,93;
Cartesian theory of, 4-5, 7, 13, 92;
cognitive theory of, 4, 7-8, 13-14, 28n5, 212;
commonsense theory of, 4-6, 10-13, 15, 183;
and culture, 6-11, 13, 15-17, 22, 64, 93-94, 109157-158, 166, 175, 183-185, 204, 212, 241-242, 252-253;
deconstructionist theory of, 19-21, 24, 92-93;
epistemology of, 11;
excusatory function of, 5, 15, 19;
functional interpretation of, 9, 15;
functionality of, 9, 29n14;
and gender, 19;
hermeneutic theory of, 92;
and hidden self, 110;
hierarchy of, 5, 16, 18-19;
as historically embedded, 24, 93-94;
and ideology, 157;
internalization of, 6, 13, 16, 23;
and language, 10-13, 17, 19-21, 27, 102, 111n11, 241;
as metonymic expression, 8, 15;
naturalness of, 5, 7, 10, 19;
objectivization of, 22;
and passion, 10;
physicalist theory of, 4-5, 9-11, 14, 20, 28n3, 93, 183, 212;
primary, 4, 11, 18, 28-29n10, 28n3;
psychoanalytic theory of, 157-158;
and public sphere, 184;
rasa theory of, 17-19, 110, 111n11, 157, 161;
and reason, 10, 19, 23, 102, 252;
and religion, 18, 157, 161, 166, 174;
and ritual, 183, 185, 196, 204-205;
secondary, 11, 18, 29n10;
social construction of, 6-27, 28n3, 64, 93-94, 109, 157-158, 166, 173-175, 183-184, 204, 242, 252-253;
as social emergent, 26, 28n6;
sociological theory of, 110;
Western understanding of, 3-5, 7, 10-11, 16-17, 19, 23-24, 183
Empathy, 7, 11, 17, 184-185
Endogamy, 122, 143, 245, 255n14
Entwhistle, A. W., 158
Eroticism, 22-23, 26;
and asceticism, 102-103, 170;
and culture, 212;
and dance, 219, 224, 227, 229;
and evil eye, 60n7;
and food, 177n19;
and marriage, 227;
and religion, 161-162, 169-171, 219, 268-269. See also Love; Madhurya bhava; Madhurya rasa; Sexuality; Srngara[*] bhava; Srngara[*] rasa
Eskimo, Utku, 7
Ethnocentrism, 17, 184, 254n8, 274
Ethnography, 25, 93-94, 254n8;
and hypergamy, 120;
and jokes, 116-117, 133, 140, 142, 147n18;
and visual metaphor, 175n3
Ethnopsychology, 27, 242, 252
Evil eye, 42, 60n7 61n10, 206n15
Exercise, physical, 22, 100, l03, l05, l07, 110
Exogamy, 122, 143
Exorcism, 26
F
Fabian, Johannes, 175n3
Family relations: and adoption, 77;
and avoidance behavior, 140, 143;
and brother-sister bond, 122-123, 146n6;
and caste system, 129, 145n4;
and child rearing, 49;
and Chuhras, 118-119;
and devadasi, 215-216, 222-223, 227, 233n5;
and economic relations, 79, 244;
and hierarchy, 145n2;
intergenerational, 65-66, 68, 75, 78-79, 84-85, 118-119;
and life course, 69-70;
and maternal love, 20;
and motherhood, 24, 167;
and naming, 43-44, 60-61n9, 131, 176-177n15;
and old age, 66-85;
patrilineal, 124, 132;
and reciprocity, 66, 68, 84-85;
and ritual, 165-166;
and segregation of sexes, 124;
sentimentalization of, 12;
and Sikhs, 244-245, 250-251;
and subordination of women, 60n6;
and Tamils, 38, 40-41, 54-56, 60n6. See also In-laws; Marriage
Farce, 116-117, 142-143
Fear, 242, 258n30;
as primary emotion, 28nn3.10
Feeling, bodily: and emotion, 11-14, 28n5, 28-29n10, 93;
epistemology of, 11
Festivals, 24;
Annakuta, 199-200, 208n28;
Chappen Bhoga, 168;
Diwali, 122, 164;
and Hindu New Year, 106;
Holi, 101, 122, 139, 192;
Kans, Mela, 96;
Nava Lila, 191;
Tij, 122
Fieldwork, anthropological, 7, 25-27, 100, 183, 232n1, 240, 248, 263-264
Finlay-Jones, Robert, 24
Fisher, Michael M.J., 25
Flecuret, Anne K., 256n20
Flower arrangement, 167, 195
Folklore, 24, 91, 110, 162, 171-172, 176n6
Foner, Nancy, 86n1
Food, 174;
and aesthetics, 162;
and asceticism, 171;
categories of, 177nn16,21,
consumed by Chaubes, 103-104;
consumed by elderly, 75, 82;
and eroticism, 177n19;
and family relations, 55-56, 61n13;
and folklore, 172;
and heart disease, l04;
and idea of servitude (adimai[*]), 55-56;
and importance of sweets, 177-178n24;
and language, 175n4;
and love, 16, 22, 43, 45, 162, 164-165, 167-168;
and marriage relations, 55-56, 207-208n23;
and masti, 100, 103-104, 107, 110;
as metaphor, 45, 158, 162-163, 168, 174;
as metonym, 22, 160-164, 168-169, 174, 176n12;
and morality, 104;
and physical exercise, 106;
prepared by Brahmans, 167, 171, 197;
prepared by men, 104;
and purity, 167-168, 196-197, 199, 207nn20,22,23, 215;
and rasa, 162, 164, 168, 174;
and religion, 16, 22-23, 61n13, 103-104, 158-159, 162-165, 167-169, 171-173, 184, 187, 192-193, 195-200, 205, 207n20, 214-215;
and ritual, 22, 158, 162-166, 168-69, 171-173, 176n11, 177n19, 187, 193, 195-200, 205, 208n24, 214-215, 217, 219, 231;
and sattva, 103;
and sexuality, 217-220, 231;
and social identity, 104;
as synecdoche, 176n11;
Tantric, 217;
in temples, 168, 171-173, 197, 207n20, 214-215, 217;
and vegetarianism, 103, 217
Footwear, 53-54
Foucault, Michel, 116, 142
Freud, Sigmund, 5-6, 24, 157
Fruzzetti, Lina, 120, 145n3
Fry, Christine, 86n1
Fuller, C.J., 196, 207n22
Functionalism, 6, 8-9, 15, 29n14
G
Galanter, Marc, 145n1
Gandhi, Indira, 25, 239-241, 243, 251-252, 255n11
Gandhi, Rajiv, 251
Ganges river, 95, 189
Gardens, 105-106
Gauda country, 175n1
Gaur Brahmans, 98
Geertz, Clifford, 14, 58n1, 92, 99, 101-102, 116, 183, 185, 242
Gelberg, Steven J., 281n1
Gender: and aging, 86n4;
and emotional hierarchy, 19
Gennep, Arnold van, 144
Gerow, Edwin, 283n14
Giddens, Anthony, 92, 94
Gift giving: and izzat, 243;
and marriage, 122
Giriama, of Africa, 10, 15, 94
Gita Govinda, 255-229, 234n20
Gluckman, Max, 142
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 157
Gokul, 95, 281n4
Gokulnathji, 206n7
Goldstein, Melvyn, 78-79
Gonds, 148n19
Gopa, 161, 169, 171
Gopal Bhatt, 283n17
Gopi, 161, 169, 171, 190, 194;
and dance, 196, 226-229, 266;
and food ritual, 177n19;
and Hare Krishna sect, 269, 272-273, 276-279
Gorakhpur District, 145n4
Gordon, Steven L., 12, 28n10
Gosvami, 159, 177n19, 187, 265, 283n17
Goswami, Satsvarupa Dasa, 269-270, 282nn9,10
Goswami, Shrivatsa, 283n14
Govardhan, 16, 157-161, 163-166, 168, 170-171, 173-174, 199-201
Granthi, 240
Gravesend, England, 245
Greenberg, Joseph, 29n14
Griaule, Marcel, 58n1
Growse, Frederic S., 98, 206n8
Guilt, 141, 242;
and old age, 65, 68
Gujarat, 159, 160, 167-168, 182
Guna, 100
Gurdwara Gazette (periodical), 249
Gusfield, Joseph R., 5
H
Haberman, David, 161
Habermas, Jürgen, 117
Hardy, Friedhelm, 157, 262, 281n4
Hare Krishna sect. See International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKON)
Harijans, 46, 53, 145n1. See also Chamars; Chuhras; Paraiyars; Untouchable caste
Hariray, 163
Harirayji, Sri Mahanubhava, 208nn25,26
Harlan, William, 86n6
Harper, E. B., 196, 207nn22,23
Harré, Rom, 24, 28nn1,6, 93
Harrell, Steven, 86n1
Haryana, 121
Hatha Yoga, 106
Hawley, John, 111n4, 234n23, 284n24
Hayley, Audrey, 171, 196
Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO), 239, 247-250, 252, 256nn19,21
Heelas, Paul, 27n1
Hegel, G. W. F., 234n17
Hein, Norvin, 158, 284n24
Helwag, Arthur W., 245
Hermeneutics, 92
Hershman, Paul, 118, 120, 122, 130, 132, 145n3, 146n11, 147nn18,19, 148n20
Hess, Ron, 233n8
Hierarchy: and caste system, 126;
and clothing, 53-54;
emotional, 5, 10, 16, 18-19;
and family relations, 145n2;
and food ritual, 196-197;
and hypergamy, 145n3;
and ideology of love, 54;
intergenerational, 118-119;
and intergenerational relations, 127;
and jokes, 26, 116, 119, 126, 142-143;
and marriage, 207n23;
and purdah system, 127;
and religion, 123, 196-197, 225;
and ritual, 225;
and women, 125
Hinduism. See Religion, Hindu
History: of Chaubes, 95-97, 111n3;
of dance, 232n1, 233n11;
emotion embedded in, 23-24, 93-94;
of Govardhan, 158-159;
of Mathura, 94-95;
of Pushti Marg sect, 187-188
Hitchcock, John T., 118, 120, 122, 135, 145n4, 146n6, 148n20
Hivale, Shamrao, 148n19
Hochschild, Arlie R., 26
Holi festival, 101, 122, 139, 192
Hooghly river, 214
Hopkinson, W. C., 240-241, 243, 254n3
Hospitals, 82-83
Huizinga, J., 186
Humanism, 26
Hume, David, 4
Humor. See Jokes
Hyde, Lewis, 164
Hydraulic metaphor, in psychology, 5, 27
Hymns, 22-23, 105
Hypergamy, 120-121, 145n3
I
Ibbetson, Denzil, 120
Icons, 159-160, 162-163, 167-172, 176n6, 177n18, 184, 188, 200-205, 206-207nn15,16,17, 225
Ideology: as conscious formulation of intention, 38;
and culture, 157;
and emotion, 157;
empathy as, 11;
as expression of class interest, 59n3;
and Muslim views of sexuality, 123;
and ritual, 213;
and sexuality, 143;
Sikh, 251
Idolatry, 191-193, 201-204. See also Icons
Ifaluk, of Micronesia, 10, 15, 27, 94
Illness, 26, 48;
and old age, 78, 82-83
Ilongots, 242, 253
Immigration, 240, 244-246, 255-256n16
Imperialism, 17
Impotence, 126-127, 129
Incest, 126, 128-130, 134-135, 142, 148n19
Inden, Ronald, 29n19, 120
Individualism, 16, 27, 174
Indo-Canadian Times, 257n27
Indra, 188, 199
Industrialization, 79
Infants: and female infanticide, 135;
and transmigration of souls, 46
Inflation, 79
In-laws: and avoidance behavior, 143, 147n18;
as caretakers of elderly, 73, 75-77, 81;
hostility of, 123, 125, 129-130, 141, 143;
and jokes, 128-144, 145n12, 147nn14,16,18, 147-148n19;
and marriage, 122-123, 125, 129, 135-140;
and respect, 130-132, 135, 147n18, 148n20;
and social inferiority of bridegivers, 130-139, 141-142, 148n20
Inpam, 43
Instinct, 5-6, 183
Insults: among Chaubes, 107;
among Chuhras, 119, 125-126, 133-134, 136, 138-139, 142, 144;
as jokes, 125-127, 133, 136, 142, 144;
and metaphor, 126;
and sexuality, 125-127, 134, 136, 138-139, 146n11;
among Tamils, 44
Intentionality: ideology as, 38;
proof of, 39
Intergenerational relations, 65-66, 68, 78-79, 84-85, 118-119;
and avoidance behavior, 143;
and hierarchy, 127;
and incest, 126;
and marriage, 123, 129;
and respect, 129
Internalization, of emotion, 6, 13, 16, 22
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKON), 10, 21, 26, 160, 177n21;
and bhakti, 268-271, 277, 280;
in Brindaban, 263-264, 267-268, 273-281, 282n11;
bureaucratization of, 264, 269-271;
and Chaitanyaite sect, 263, 265, 282n10;
founding of, 263;
and madhurya rasa, 264, 268, 271-274, 276;
temples of, 263-264, 270, 272, 274, 282n10;
and Vaishnavite sect, 263-265, 274
Interpretation: and dialogical anthropology, 24-25;
textual, 20-21, 25-26
Intertextuality, 20-21, 23-24, 93-94
Intoxication, 22, 91, 100-103, 110. See also Masti
Introspection, 6, 13, 16, 23, 100
Irrationalism, 5, 10
Izzat, 25-26, 72, 108, 138, 142, 144;
and Sikhs, 241-245, 248-251, 254nn2,6,8, 255n10, 256n21, 257nn26,29
J
Jackson, Stanley W., 24
Jacobson, Doranne, 118, 146n11, 147n19, 148n20
Jagannatha, 213-217, 226, 231
Jain culture, 94
James, William, 4
Jamuna river, 94-96, 98, 191-192, 262, 276
Jandiali, 245
Jati, 122
Jatipura, 159-160, 165, 168, 172
Javani, 69
Jayadeva, 226
Jeffery, Patricia, 118, 123, 146n8
Jeth[*], 140
Jija, 139
Jindel, Rajendra, 205n2
Jiva Goswami, 283n17
Johnson, Mark, 162
Jokes, 8-9, 25-26;
anthropology of, 116-117;
and Chaubes, 107;
among Chuhras, 119-120, 126, 131, 133-135, 141-143;
content of, 117;
and culture, 116-117, 126-127, 140;
and ethnography, 116-117, 133, 140, 142, 147n18;
and family relations, 117;
between fathers-in-law, 135-139;
and hierarchy, 26, 116, 119, 126, 142-143;
and in-laws, 128-144, 146n12, 147nn14,16,18, 147-148n19;
as insults, 125-127, 133, 136, 142, 144;
and izzat, 138, 142, 144;
and language of intimacy, 128, 144;
and marriage, 128-144, 146nn11,12;
and metaphor, 126;
psychology of, 117;
and purdah system, 144;
and rasa theory, 18;
and reciprocity, 127, 137;
as rite of passage, 144;
and ritual, 117, 119-120, 144;
and role reversal, 133-139, 142;
and sexuality, 125-127, 129, 131, 140-144, 146n8;
as social critique, 116-117, 128, 142-144;
in United States, 116
Joshi, Esha Basanti, 94
Jullundur District, 130
K
Kabyle, 256n22
Kakar, Sudhir, 19, 48, 70, 111n10, 169
Kalattal, 56-58
Kalish, Robert A., 65
Kallars, 41
Kamparamayanam, 59n4
Kane, Pandurang Vaman, 70, 283n14
Kangal[*], 99, 104
Kans Mela festival, 96
Kapferer, Brace, 26, 28n4, 61n11, 183
Kapoor, O. B. L., 163, 262, 283n14
Kappu, 52, 61 n9
Karma, 46, 81-82, 85, 278
Karve, Irawati, 147n16
Kashmir, 132, 1455n3, 234n14
Kasrat, 100
Kaur, S. P., 248
Kaveri, 214
Kavundars, 41
Kayda, 118-119, 145n2
Kemper, Theodore, 5, 28-29n10, 28n3, 92
Kerns, Virginia, 86n1
Khalapur, 118, 120-124, 127, 135, 140, 145n4, 145-146n5, 147n12
Khalsa, G. S., 247
Khalsa, H. S., 252, 257n28
Khalsa, S. P. K., 247257n28
Khandan, 120
Khare, R. S., 120, 145n3
Kinship. See Family relations
Kinsley, David R., 193, 262
Kirkpatrick, John, 27n1
Kishan Garhi, 120
Kodumai[*], 21
Kolenda, Pauline, 8-9, 25-26, 123, 142, 145nn3,4, 146n10, 147nn12,16
Kovecses, Zoltan, 5, 8
Krishna, 94-97, 176nn7,10,11, 177nn18,19,22,23, 205n4;
as child, 98-99, 158, 163, 167-168, 183-184, 188, 191, 193-194, 203, 207n21, 275;
and dance ritual, 225-230;
devotion to, 157, 161-162, 164, 168-169, 172, 184-190, 192-205, 227, 230-231, 262-269;
and eroticism, 160, 174;
and food ritual, 22, 158, 163-166, 168-169, 172, 187, 196-200;
at Govardhan, 157-159, 164, 166, 172, 188, 199-200, 208n28;
and physical exercise, 110;
as svarupa, 200-204
Kristeva, Julia, 58n1
Kuhn, Thomas, 29n18
Kulin, 108
Kundalini, 246-247
L
Labor, division of, 86n3;
and caste system, 121, 145n1;
and women, 125
La Brack, Bruce, 256nn16,20
Lahore, 254n6
Lakoff, George, 5, 8, 162
Lakshmi, 164
Land ownership, 41, 78-80, 98, 121, 242-244
Language: ambiguity in, 40;
deconstructionist theory of, 19-21, 92;
Dravidian, 102;
and emotion, 10-13, 17, 19-20, 93, 102, 111n11, 241;
and fieldwork, 27;
and food, 175n4;
Hindi, ix, 28n9;
and jokes, 128;
and metaphor, 162, 175n2;
and metonym, 175n2;
and otherness, 175n3;
and problem of feeling, 11;
Punjabi, 254nn6,7;
social nature of, 13;
Wittgensteinian theory of, 28n6
Lannoy, Richard, 111n8
Laukika, 192, 195, 198
Law: and adoption, 77;
and discrimination against untouchables, 145n1;
and life course, 70
Leach, Edmund, 201
Leavitt, John, 28n5, 92-93
Leitch, Vincent B., 20, 29n16
LeVine, Robert A., 28n6, 93
Levirate, 123, 126-127, 140
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 7, 92, 120, 145n3, 148n20
Levy, Robert I., 93, 111n1
Life course: and family relations, 69-70;
and religion, 70;
and role reciprocity, 66, 68-69;
stages of, 69-71, 74, 86n3
Lila, 19, 95, 165, 189, 199;
Braj, 163, 169, 171, 188, 194, 281n4;
and circle dance, 276, 277, 281n4;
representation of, 186-187, 191, 192, 194
Lindholm, Charles, 26, 27n1, 254-255n9
Lingayat sect, 103
Literature: and bhakti, 157;
Braj, 157;
folk, 91;
legal, 70;
and modem novels, 102-103;
Sanskrit, 161, 205n5;
Shaiva, 40, 50;
of Tamils, 40, 59n4
Logocentrism, 25
Longowal, S. H. S., 251
Los Angeles, 246, 256n20, 270, 272
Love: as anpu, 38-39;
anpu as, 59n4;
as confusion (mayakkam), 56-57;
as containment (adakkam), 42-44;
as cruelty (kodumai), 47-50;
as desire (acai), 50-51;
erotic, 18, 22, 24, 43, 161, 169-171, 173, 206n13, 222, 224., 227, 229, 232, 276;
and food, 16, 22,
Love (continued)
43, 45, 162, 164-165, 167-168;
as gradual habituation (parakkam), 46;
as interaction, 48;
and lyric poetry, 59n4;
maternal, 18, 20-22, 24, 42-43, 56, 59n4, 161, 167-168, 173-174, 183-184;
as metonym, 22;
as mixture (kalattal), 56-58;
as money, 79;
opposed to purity, 50-51;
and rasa, 18, 161;
and reciprocity, 174;
and religion, 59n4, 161-162, 164-165, 184, 197, 266-267, 271-272;
romantic, 59n4;
as secondary emotion, 29n10;
semiotic analysis of, 20-21;
as sentimentalization, 12;
as servitude (adimai), 52-56;
Vaishnavite forms of, 24. See also Eroticism; Madhurya bhava; Madhurya rasa; Sexuality; Srngara[*] bhava; Srngara[*] rase
Luckmann, Thomas, 28n6
Luschinsky, Mildred Stroop, 118
Lutz, Catherine, 4, 7, 10-11, 15-16, 26, 27, 27n1, 28n8, 29nn10,13, 92-94, 157-158, 173, 183, 252, 258n31
Lynch, Owen M., 10, 16, 21-24, 26, 95, 98, 111n2, 146n11, 157, 170, 173, 176n9, 184, 233n8
Lyons, William, 8, 12, 14, 28n5, 28nn2,6, 29n12, 93
M
Ma, 131
McGregor, R. S., ix
Mackichan, D., 183
McLeod, W. H., 255n10
Madan, T. N., 103, 109, 118, 120, 132, 145n3, 172
Madan Mohan, 170
Madhurya bhava, 18, 161, 169, 190, 194
Madhurya rasa, 264, 266-267, 274, 276-277
Madhva, 175n1
Madhya Pradesh, 148n19
Madras, 40, 41, 46
Madurai, 41
Maharajas, 187-188, 195, 198, 201
Mahari, 215
Mahmud of Ghazni, 94
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 58n1
Maloney, Clarence, 60n7
Malwa, 182, 254n6
Man, 102, 110, 111n10, 189
Manas, 19
Mandelbaum, David, 255n11
Mantra, 187, 189, 201
Manu, 70
Manusmrti, 70
Marcus, George E., 25
Marfatia, Mrdula I., 205n2
Marg (periodical), 233n12
Marga, 110
Marglin, Frédérique Apffel, 10, 16, 22-24, 103, 157, 170, 216-217, 223, 227, 232nn1,4, 234nn16,18,21
Marijuana, 22, 100, 108, 110, 111n12
Marriage: and anpu, 61n9;
and cala, 121, 128-129, 142-143;
and care of elderly, 76-77;
and caste system, 128-129, 142-143. 145n4, 146-147n12;
among Chuhras, 121-123, 124, 128-144, 147n12;
compared to brother-sister bond, 122-123;
and demeaning of male in-laws, 131-135;
and en-dogamy, 122, 143, 245;
and eroticism, 227;
exchange, 122, 142, 147n16, 148n19;
and exogamy, 122, 143;
and female solidarity, 129-130;
and festivals, 122;
and food preparation, 55-56, 207-208n23;
and gift giving, 122;
and hierarchy, 207n23;
and hostility of in-laws, 123, 125, 129-30, 141, 143;
hypergamous, 120-121, 145n3;
and in-laws, 122, 129, 135-140;
and in-tergenerational relations, 123, 129;
and jokes, 128-144, 146nn11,12;
and levirate, 123, 126-127, 140;
and metaphor, 26;
and obscene songs, 129, 141, 146n11;
patrilineal, 121, 143;
and polygyny, 130, 134;
and religion, 141;
and remarriage, 123, 145n4, 147n12;
as rite of passage, 69;
and sadi, 121-122, 128-129, 141-143;
and segregation of sexes, 124;
sentimentalization of, 12;
and sexual love, 43;
among Sikhs, 245, 250-251, 255n14;
and social inferiority of bridegivers, 120-121, 130-139, 141-142, 145n3;
sororate, 130, 140;
among Tamils, 43-44, 60-61n9;
and teasing, 128-129
Marriott, McKim, 29n19, 101, 111n8, 145n3, 255n10
Marulasiddaiah, H. M., 86n6
Marxism, 59n3, 254n5
Maryada, 160
Masson, James L., 161, 234n14
Masti, 21-22, 24, 26, 91, 95-100;
and aesthetics, 110;
and asceticism, 102-103, 109-110;
and food, 103-104, 107, 110;
and marijuana drinking, 100-103, 107, 110;
and physical exercise, 105-107, 100;
and religion, 100, 103-105, 107, 110;
and social identity, 110;
thick description of, 92
Mastram, 91, 97-100, 103, 106, 109
Mathura, 92, 94-96, 98-99, 104-107, 157, 160, 170, 205n1, 281n4
Mauss, Marcel, 58n1
Mayakkam, 56-57
Mayapur, 263
Mayer, Adrian C., 206n9, 255n15
Mead, G. H., 28n6
Medicine 24;
and diet, 104;
marijuana as, 100, 111n12;
and rasa theory, 18-19
Medick, Hans, 12
Mediterranean culture, 257n29
Mehta, Rama, 118, 148n19
Men: as food preparers, 104;
identified with reason, 19;
and life course, 70, 74, 86n3;
and respect etiquette, 118-119;
and sexual anxiety, 130;
sexual obligation of, 126;
and socialization, 105;
as temple servants, 215-216
Menstrual blood, 215, 218, 228, 233n8
Metaphor, 94, 112n16;
food as, 45, 158, 162-163, 168, 174;
hydraulic, 5, 27;
and insults, 126;
inverted by metonym, 175n2;
and jokes, 126;
and Krishna, 163;
and language, 162, 175n2;
and marriage, 26;
and sense perception, 23-24;
in Tamil culture, 21
Metonym, 8, 15;
anpu as, 21;
devadasi as, 217-219;
food as, 22, 162-164, 168-169, 174, 176n12;
as inverse of metaphor, 175n2;
and language, 175n2;
love as, 22;
and sense perception, 23;
and synecdoche, 176n11
Micronesia, Ifaluk of, 10, 15, 27, 94
Middle class, 82;
Tamil, 41
Milk, 43, 163, 176nn6,8, 199-200, 208n28
Miller, Barbara Stoller, 234n20
Mimesis, 17
Minault, Gail, 118
Mind-body relation, 4, 13-15, 19, 23, 92-94
Mines, Mattison, 70, 86n1
Minturn, Leigh, 118, 120, 122, 135, 146n6, 148n20
Mitter, Partha, 234n17
Moghuls, 95-97, 106, 188
Money: exchange of', 39, 59n5;
as love, 79;
and religion, 169
Monier-William, Monier, 202
Morality: and Chaubes, 100, 102;
and emotional appraisal, 9, 14-15, 19, 93, 110, 242, 253;
and food, 104;
and Hinduism, 100;
and individualism, 16;
and izzat, 241-242, 244, 251-253;
and marijuana drinking, 102;
and rasa theory, 18;
and sattva, 109;
and Sikhs, 240-241;
and socialization, 253;
and textual interpretation, 26
Motherhood: as amma, 56;
and child rearing, 49;
and culture, 167;
dangerous power of, 42, 60n7;
and family relations, 24, 167;
and maternal love, 18, 20, 22, 24, 42-43, 167-168, 174;
and universalism, 183-184;
and Vallabhite sect, 167
Mukherjee, Prabhat, 234n19
Mulji, Karshandas, 206n8
Murdock, George Peter, 130, 134-135, 148n19
Music, 14, 163, 167;
and hymns, 22-23, 105;
and rasa, 224;
and religious song, 101, 103;
and singing, 22;
and sithani[*], 129, 141
Muslims, 41, 94-95, 97, 112n17, 121-123, 135, 146nn7,8, 214, 242;
and rationalism, 158
Myerhoff, Barbara, 86n1
Myers, Fred, 15-17, 27n1, 29n13, 93, 111n1
Mysticism, 158, 185, 194, 264-266, 274-277, 279-280, 283n14
Mythology, 24, 94, 160, 162, 177n22;
Buddhist, 60n7;
Hindu, 95;
Shaiva, 60n7, 61n12
N
Naik, T. B., 132, 148n19
Naming: and family relations, 43-44, 60-61n9, 131, 176-177n15;
and sexuality, 131;
among Tamils, 43-44, 60-61n9
Nanak, 253n2
Nanand, 148n19
Nanda, 183, 191
Nandoi131
Narada, 226-227
Narayan, R. K., 61n10
Nathdwara, 159, 183, 188, 202
Nayakars, 41
Nayar, Kuldip, 257n27
Nectar of Devotion (Bhaktivedanta), 271
Nepal, 78-79, 145n3, 146n8
Neugarten, Berenice, 84
New Delhi, 246
Nicholas, Ralph W., 120, 130, 132
Nidhi, 202, 204
Nirbhar, 68
Niti, 99, 109
Nityananda, 170, 282n10
Nizamuddin, 146n8
Novels, 102-103
O
Obeyesekere, Gananath, 60n7
Objectivity, and anthill, 58-59n2
Objectivization, of emotion, 22
Oceania, jokes in, 118
Ochs, Elinor, 27
O'Connell, Joseph T., 158
O'Flaherty, Wendy, 60n7, 102
Old age, 21, 25;
and anxiety, 65-66, 68-69, 78-79, 83-85;
and caretaking by adopted children, 77, 80-81;
and caretaking by daughers, 75-77;
and caretaking by in-laws, 73, 75-77, 81;
and caretaking by sons, 75-76, 81;
and clothing, 75;
cultural context of, 64-65, 69, 84-85;
and family relations, 66-85;
and fear of dependency, 65-69, 84-85;
and food consumption, 75, 82;
and guilt, 65, 68;
and hospitalization, 82-83;
and illness, 78, 82-83;
and karma, 81-82, 85;
and property relations, 78-80;
and renunciation of worldly ties, 70-71, 73-75;
and role reciprocity, 65-66;
and seva71-73, 76-77, 79-80, 83;
and sexuality, 74-75;
and shame, 68;
and social science, 64-65, 78;
in United States, 65, 68, 84;
and women, 71, 75
Orissa, 213-215, 217
Ostör, Akos, 120, 145n3
Otherness, 4, 6, 11, 13, 15-17, 26, 175n3, 184
Outline of Hindi Grammar (McGregor), ix
P
Pacam, 38, 45, 47, 50, 52
Painting, 163, 167
Pakistan, 123, 135, 146n7, 255nn9,11
Panda[*], 95, 108, 173
Pandey, Raj Bali, 70
Pandits, 132
Panth, 241, 246, 251-252, 253n2, 255nn10,12
Papanek, Hanna, 118
Paraiyars, 41, 44
Parakiya, 162
Parakkam[*], 44-47
Pardhans, 148n19
Parekh, Bhai, 205n2
Paresan, 72
Parkin, David, 10, 15, 94
Parry, Jonathan, 127
Pathwardhan, M. V., 161
Patnaik, D., 233n12
Patrilineality, 121, 124, 132, 143, 187
Pattu[*], 38
Patwardan, M. V., 234n14
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 213
Peristiany, J. G., 257n29
Perkins, Moreland, 14
Pettigrew, Joyce, 243-244, 254n8
Phenomenology, 13, 28n6
Physicalist theory, 4-5, 9-11, 14, 20, 28n3, 93, 183, 212
Physiology: and bodily feeling, 12, 28-29n10, 93, 109;
and physicalist theory, 4-6, 28n3;
and rasa theory, 18-19
Piers, Gerhart, 242
Pilgrimage, 95-97, 157-160, 165, 172-173, 176nn6,8,9, 183, 188, 205n1, 213, 262, 265, 273, 275, 283n12
Pintupi, of Australia, 15
Platts, John T., 67-68
Pocock, David F., 120, 122, 146n6
Poetry, 17;
Braj, 157, 163, 167, 177n19;
and dance, 225-229, 232n2;
and Gita Govinda, 225-229, 234n20;
lyric, 59n4, 91;
and Oriya poets, 226;
and rasa, 161, 266;
and ritual, 225-299;
and speech rhythm, 221
Political economy, 94, 107-109
Pollution, 26, 142, 147n15, 197-199, 207nn22,23, 218, 233n8
Polygyny, 130, 134
Ponnar Cankar Katai, 59n4
Population: of Chaubiya Para, 98;
of Khalapur, 121
Porumai[*], 53
Positivism, 8, 10
Potter, Sulamith Heins, 16, 157
Poverty, 22, 41, 49, 54, 78, 107, 146n11
Prabhu, Sri Gokulesh, 207n18
Prasad, B. G., 86n6
Prasada, 103, 110, 164, 169, 171, 176nn10,11, 196, 199, 208n29
Prema, 103, 160, 183
Premabhava, 190
Primogeniture, 188
Private sphere, 6, 16, 127, 258n29;
and language, 13;
and religion, 170;
and ritual, 164-166
Prosody, 220
Prostitution, 126-129, 198, 218
Psychoanalysis, 5-7, 24, 93, 145n2, 157-158
Psychology: and anthropology, 242;
behaviorist, 4-5;
and epistemology, 11;
as ethnopsychology, 27;
of fear, 258n30;
of jokes, 117;
of old age, 64-65, 78;
physiological, 4-5, 11-12;
and universalism, 173
Public sphere, 94, 127, 184;
and izzat, 257-258n29;
and language, 13;
and religion, 171;
and ritual, 164-166
Puja190
Punjab, 120-121, 130, 135, 145n3, 242-243, 246-247, 255n2, 254nn2,6,8
Punjah Peasant in Prosperity and Debt (Darling), 254n8
Purdah, 118, 123-124, 127-128, 144, 255n11;
among Chuhras, 119
Puri, 213-214, 228, 231
Puri, Harbhajan Singh, 239, 246-247, 249, 255-254n2, 256n18
Puri, H. K., 254n3
Purity, 26, 50-51, 142;
and asceticism, 170-171;
and food, 167-168, 196-197, 199, 207nn20,22,23, 215;
and religion, 197-198, 207nn19,22;
sexual, 77;
and sexuality, 216, 233n8, 255n14, 272
Purusottama, 202
Pushti Marg sect, 16, 22, 24, 97, 168, 175n1;
and aesthetics, 194;
and bhakti, 182-183, 193, 197;
and devotion to Krishna, 182-205;
history of, 187-188;
and icons, 191-193, 201-204;
and maternal love, 182, 184;
and patrilineality, 187-188;
and ritual, 185-186, 192-201, 206nn7,8;
and sensualism, 182-183, 194, 208n29;
and seva, 188-190, 194, 198-199;
temples of, 182, 186-188, 191-192, 194-195, 201, 207nn19,20;
and urban relations, 182;
wealth of, 208n29. See also Vallabhite sect
Pusti[*], 189, 200-201, 205, 208n29
R
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 6, 118, 140-141
Radha, 160, 162, 169-170, 172, 174, 177n18, 225, 229, 234n23, 266-267, 274, 276-277, 279, 282n10, 283n15, 284n27
Radhakund, 159-160, 169-171, 177n19
Radhavallabha sect, 161, 279, 284n27
Raga, 194, 228
Raganugabhakti, 161, 268-271, 273-274, 280
Raghavan, V., 157, 161, 194
Raghunath Bhatt, 283n17
Raghunath Das, 283n17
Raja, 225, 228, 233n8
Rajaguru, 216, 218-219, 233n7
Rajas, 100
Rajasthan, 100, 106, 145n3, 159, 182-183, 188
Raj, B., 86n6
Rajputs, 74, 111n9, 120-122, 135, 146n9;
and family relations, 145n4;
psychoanalytical study of, 7
Ramanandi sect, 103, 161
Ramanujan, A. K., 160, 176n12
Rame, 91
Rasa, 17-19, 24, 27, 29n15, 111n11, 176n9, 281;
and bhakti, 157, 193;
and dance, 224-225;
and devotion to Krishna, 161-162, 164, 193-195, 203, 265-266;
and food ritual, 162, 164, 174, 199;
and mastram, 110;
and maternal love, 184;
and Vallabhite (Pushti Marg) sect, 168, 193-195
Rationality, 5-6, 10, 241, 252;
and Dravidian language, 102;
and Muslims, 158
Reason: and emotion, 10, 19, 23, 102, 252;
and gender, 19;
privileging of, 92
Reciprocity: and bhakti, 157;
as burden, 107;
intergenerational, 65-66, 68, 84-85;
and izzat, 243;
and jokes, 127, 137;
and love, 174;
and ritual, 172
Redington, James, 161, 176n14
Régnaud, Paul, 221
Religion, Hindu: and aesthetics, 18, 160-161, 173, 185-187, 192-195, 207n18;
and asceticism, 170, 174, 182;
and bhakti, 157, 160-161, 166, 182-183;
and Brahmans, 104;
and caste system, 159, 174, 225;
and Chaubes, 95-96, 98, l00-107, 112n17;
and dance, 266;
and drama, 192-194;
and dualism, 201;
and emotion, 18, 157, 161, 166, 174;
and eroticism, 22, 161-162, 169-171, 219, 268-269;
and food, 16, 22-23, 103-104, 158-159, 162-165, 167-169, 171-173, 184, 187, 192-193, 195-200, 205, 207n20, 214-215;
and hierarchy, 123, 196-197, 225;
and icons, 159-160, 162-163, 167-172, 176n6, 177n18, 184, 188, 200-205, 206-207nn15,16,17, 225;
and life course, 70;
and love, 59n4, 161-162, 164-165, 184, 197, 266-267, 271-272;
and marijuana drinking, 100-101;
and marriage, 141;
and masti, 100, 103-105, 107, 110;
and money, 169;
and monotheism, 20l;
nonsectarian, 160;
and physical exercise, 105;
and pilgrimage, 95-97, 98, l04,
Religion, Hindu (continued)
157-160, 165, 172-173, 176nn6,8,9, 183, 188, 205n1, 213, 262, 265, 273, 275, 283n12;
and private sphere, 170;
and public sphere, 171;
and purity, 197-198, 207nn19,22;
and rasa, 18, 162, 184, 194-195, 203;
and seva, 203;
and sexuality, 123, 268-269, 272, 274;
Shaiva, 59n4;
and slave mentality, 55;
and social identity, 161;
and social structure, 159-160;
and song, 101, 103;
and transmigration of souls, 46;
Vedic, 160, 177n22, 269, 282n9;
and women, 105, 216. See also Mysticism; Mythology; names of deities; Ritual; Sects, religious; Temples
Representation: actualization by, 186;
crisis of 25;
of culture, 58n2, 58-59n3, 60n6
Respect: among Chuhras 118-119, 135, 147n18;
and food preparation, 207n23;
and in-laws, 130-132, 135, 147n18, 148n20;
and intergenerational relations, 118-119, 129;
and izzat, 242
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 7
Ritual, 61n10;
and aesthetics, 185-187, 193, 195;
aura of factuality in, 14;
and caste system, 215-216;
and children, 166;
and dance, 212-214, 216-218, 225-231;
Durkheimian theory of 6, 28n4;
and emotion, 183, 185, 196, 204-205;
esoteric, 217-218;
and family relations, 165-166;
and folklore, 172;
and food, 22, 158, 162-166, 168-169, 171-173, 176n11, 177n19, 187, 193, 195-200, 205, 208n24, 214-215, 217, 219, 231;
and hierarchy, 225;
and icons, 200-202, 206-207nn15,16,17;
and ideology, 213;
and jokes, 117, 119-120, 144;
marriage, 121-122;
and metonymy, 22;
and ornamentation, 195-196;
performative aspect of, 166, 185-186;
and poetry, 225-229;
and private sphere, 164-166;
and public sphere, 164-166;
and purity, 197-198;
and Pushti Marg sect, 185-186, 192-20l, 206nn7,8;
and reciprocity, 172;
as symbolic communication, 213, 231;
and synecdoche 176n11;
Tantric, 217, 219, 225, 233n6;
in temples, 165, 185-187, 191-192, 20l, 204-205, 212-215, 230-231;
and transformative experience, 185-187, 213, 220;
Vaishnavite, 20;
Vedic, 160
Robber Noblemen (Pettigrew), 244
Robertson Smith, W., 14, 111n8
Robinson, Vaughn, 255n14
Roland, Alan, 145n2
Roles, social and reciprocity, 65-66
Rosaldo, Michelle Z, 7, 11, 14, 27n1, 29n13, 93, 99, 111n1, 157-158, 183, 212, 241-242, 253
Rosaldo, Renato, 27n1
Rösel, Jacob, 214-215
Rupa Goswami, 161, 265-266, 268-269, 271-272, 283nn16,17
Rushdie, Salman, 146n7
Rusticus Loquitur (Darling), 254n8
Ryan, Michael, 26, 29n16
Ryder, Arthur W., 99
S
Sabbah, Fatna A., 123
Sabean, David Warren, 12
Sadhana, 189, 268
Sadhu, 170, 275-277, 281n2
Sadi, 12l-122, 128-129, 141, 143
Sahajiya, 268-269, 272-274, 279
Sahlins, Marshall, 275
Sakhya bhava, 18, 161, 190
Sakti, 218-219, 224, 228, 233n6, 266
Sakya rasa, 266, 276
Sala, 130-135, 141-143
Sali, 130, 140
Samdhan, 137-139, 141, 147n18
Samdhi, 133, 135-142, 146n11, 147n18
Sampradaya, 187-188, 202, 204, 205n3, 206n7, 208n29
Samskara[*], 215, 231
Samyoga[*], 184, 191
Sanadhya Brahmans, 98
Sanstana Goswami, 170, 283n17
Sannyasa, 74., 275
Sannyasi109, 263, 270
Sanskrit, 74, 111n10, 161, 189, 193, 201, 205n5, 207n19, 208n29, 220, 224-225, 229, 257n25, 265-266, 269
Santa bhava, 18, 161
Santa rasa, 266
Santi, 72
Sapir, J. David, 175n2
Saram, 128
Sarjuparis, 145n4
Sasu, 131
Satire, 116, 146n11
Sattva, 22, 100, 103, 109-110
Satya Yuga, 95
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 92
Scanlon, Joseph, 256n21
Schacter, Stanley, 11-12, 28-29n10
Scheff Thomas, 183
Schieffelin, Bambi, 27
Schieffelin, Edward L., 27n1, 157
Schneider, David, 29n19
Scholarship, Western, applied to India, 24, 27
Sculpture, 94, 163
Sects, religious: Chaitanyaite, 24, 103, 157, 159-160, 162, 169-172, 175n1, 176n6, 177n19, 268, 281n4, 282n10, 283nn15,16,17,18;
Hare Krishna, 10, 21, 26, 160, 263-265, 267-281;
Lingayat, 103;
Radhavallabha, 161, 279, 284n27;
Ramanandi, 103, 161;
Shaivite, 234n18;
Shri-vaishnava, 161;
Swaminarayan, 160;
Vaishnavite, 18, 20, 24, 160-162, 164-165, 171, 175n1, 187, 215, 234nn18,19,23, 263-265, 274, 282n6, 283n14;
Vallabhite (Pushti Marg), 16, 22, 24, 97, 157, 159-160, 163, 167-169, 172, 175n1, 176n6, 182-205. See also Pushti Marg sect
Segregation, 121, 124
Self: abnegation of, 91;
and bodily feeling, 14-15;
and classical tradition, 91-92;
and culture, 242, 253;
and devotion to Krishna, 189;
and emotional appraisal, 93;
hidden, 110;
and rasa, 18
Sensation, bodily, 4-5, 10-14, 28-29n10, 93
Sense perception, 23-24
Servitude, 52-56
Seva, 9, 71-73, 76-77, 79-80, 83, 188-190, 194, 198-199, 203, 206nn9,12, 207n21, 208n24
Sevaka, 215
Sevika, 215
Sexuality, 26, 74-75;
and anxiety, 127;
and Chaubes, 101;
among Chuhras, 123-126, 131-139;
and contraception, 216;
and costume, 218-219;
and demeaning of male in-laws, 131-135;
and devadasi, 215-216, 218-219, 222;
and diet, 106;
and discourse, 116, 124-128, 142, 146n9;
and female obligation, 124-127;
and female sexual fluid, 228, 233n8;
and food, 217-220, 231;
and Hinduism, 123;
and Holi festival, 101;
and ideology, 143;
and impotence, 126-127, 129;
and incest, 126, 129-130, 134-135, 142, 148n19;
and insults, 125-127, 134, 136, 138-139, 146n11;
and izzat, 138;
and jokes, 125-127, 129, 131, 140-144, 146n8;
and male obligation, 126;
and marijuana drinking, 101;
and Muslim culture, 123;
and naming, 131;
and physical exercise, 106;
and purity 77, 216, 233n8, 255n14, 272;
and religion, 123, 268-269, 272, 274;
and shame, 146n7;
and virginity, 123, 138. See also Eroticism; Love
Shah, Jethalal G., 202, 205n2
Shaiva: literature, 40, 50;
mythology, 60n7, 61n12
Shame, 11, 13, 22, 68, 144, 146n7, 242, 253, 257n29
Shame (Rushdie), 146n7
Shana, Rama Nath, 282n5
Sharma, Ursula, 118
Shibutani, Tamotsu, 274
Shiva, 40, 58, 100-102, 234n18, 277
Shrivaishnava sect, 161
Shurasena empire, 94
Shweder, Richard A., 28n6, 93
Siegel, Lee, 234n20
Signs: deconstructionist theory of, 10, 19-21, 24, 92;
dialogue as exchange of, 24-25
Sikhs, 25;
and assassination of Indira Gandhi, 239-241, 251-253, 255n12;
in Britain, 245;
in Canada, 240, 245-246, 248-250, 254nn3,5, 255n15, 256nn21,23, 257n27;
and factional politics, 239-241, 245, 248-249, 251-252, 256n21;
and family relations, 244-245, 250-251;
and Ghadarite revolutionaries, 240, 246, 254nn3,5;
Gora, 26, 239-241, 245-253, 256nn20,21,23 256n21,23, 257n26, 258n30;
and Guru Granth Sahib, 240;
and Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO), 239, 247-250, 256nn19,21;
and izzat, 241-245, 248-253, 254nn2,6,8, 255n10, 256n21, 257nn26,29;
Jat, 26, 241-246, 248-251, 255nn10,13,14,15, 257n26;
Khalsa, 255n10, 256n18;
Khatri, 253-254n2, 255n10;
and land ownership, 242-244;
and marriage, 245, 250-251, 255n14;
and martyrdom, 240-241, 252, 254n5, 255n12;
migration of, 244-246, 255n13, 256n16;
and morality, 240-241;
Nanakpanthi, 255n10;
Punjabi, 239-241, 244-246, 248-251, 253, 254n3, 256n22,
Sikhs (continued)
257nn26,27, 258n30;
temples of, 240, 247;
in United States, 245-246, 256n20
Simic, André, 86n1
Simmons, Leo W., 86n1
Sind, 135
Singer, Eliot, 177n21
Singer, Jerome, 11-12, 28-29n10
Singer, Milton B., 242
Singh, Beant, 255n12
Singh, Bhag, 257n27
Singh, Dave, 256n21
Singh, G. R., 256n21
Singh, Khushwant, 240, 257n27
Singh, Mewa, 240, 254n5
Singh, W., 257n27
Sirkandas, 145n3
Sita, 91
Sithani[*], 129, 141
Social constructionism, 4, 183-184;
basic propositions of, 8-11;
and bodily feeling, 11-14;
and Cartesian theory, 13;
and cognitive theory, 7-8, 10, 13-14;
and commonsense theory, 10-13, 15;
and deconstructionism, 8, 19-21, 244, 26;
and dialogical anthropology, 24-25;
and emotional appraisal, 9-17;
and functional interpretation, 9, 15;
and humanism, 26;
and phenomenology, 13, 28n6;
and physicalist theory, 6-7, 9-11, 14, 28n3;
and rationalism, 10
Social identity: and culture, 161;
and food, 104;
and masti, 110;
and religion, 161
Socialization, 28nn3,6, 253;
male, 105;
in United States, 65
Social structure: and age hierarchy, 119;
and caste system, 8-9, 41, 53, 57, 92, 119-121, 124;
and division of labor, 121;
and jokes, 116, 128, 143;
and land ownership, 41, 98;
and religion, 159-160;
and segregation, 121, 124. See also Economic relations; Family relations
Social Structure (Murdock), 130
Sokolovsky, Jay, 86n1
Solomon, Robert C., 4-6, 10, 12-14, 28n6, 29nn11,12, 93, 166, 183-184
Song: and dance ritual, 225-229;
devotional, 187, 192, 194, 206n14;
and folksong, 166, 172;
obscene, 129, 141, 146n11;
religious, 103;
and singing, 22, 187
Soodan, K. S., 78, 86n6
Southwold, Martin, 186
Spinoza, Baruch, 28n5
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 29n16
Sri Lanka, 26
Srinivasan, Amrit, 233n5
Srivastava, Ram, 256n16
Srngara[*] bhava, 18, 161
Srngara[*] rasa, 22, 206n13, 212, 218-219, 244-225, 229-231
Sthayi bhava, 18, 193
Stocking, George, 58n1
Structuralism, 92
Subhadra, 214
Subjectivity, 4, 6, 17;
and culture, 99;
and dance, 220, 222-223;
and decentered subject, 26;
and mysticism, 158
Surdas, 206n14
Susti, 22
Sutlej river, 254n6
Svakiya, 162
Svarupa, 187, 200-204, 206n10
Swaminarayan sect, 160
Swat Pukhtun, 255n9
Sweepers, Untouchable, 117-118
Synaesthesia, 23
Synecdoche, 176n11
T
Tailangs, 159
Tamas, 100
Tambiah, Stanley, 185, 213, 231
Tamils, 21, 25;
anpu displayed by, 38-39, 442, 60n6, 61nn9,12;
cruelty among, 47-50, 59-60n6;
culture of, 39;
and economic relations, 41, 53-54;
and family relations, 38, 40-41, 54-56, 60n6;
and food as signifier, 43, 45, 55-56, 61n13;
hiding of love by, 42-44, 61n10;
and idea of dirtiness (arukku[*]), 50-52;
and idea of habit (parakkam[*]), 44-47;
and idea of motherhood (amma), 56;
and idea of servitude (adimai), 52-56;
and insults, 44;
literature of, 40, 59n4;
and marriage relations, 43-44, 60-61n9;
and maternal love, 42-43;
and middle class, 41;
and name avoidance, 43-44, 60-61n9;
and sexual love, 43
Tandon, Prakash, 135
Tantrism, 217, 219, 225, 233n6, 246
Teachings of Lord Chaitanya (Bhaktivedanta), 268
Teasing, 107, 128-130, 139, 147n19
Temples, 94, 105;
of Chaitanyaite sect, 170;
dance in, 212-214, 217, 225, 230-231, 232nn1,2;
food in, 168, 171-173, 197, 207n20, 214-215, 217;
of Hare Krishna sect, 160, 253-264, 270, 272, 274, 282n10;
icons in, 159-161, 172-173, 191-192, 201, 225;
inner sanctum of, 197, 207n19, 217, 225, 230;
of Pushti Marg sect, 182, 186-188, 191-192, 194-195, 201, 207nn19,20;
of Radhavallabha sect, 279, 284n7;
ritual in, 165, 185-187, 191-192, 201, 204-205, 212-215, 230-231;
servants in, 215-216, 223;
of Sikhs, 240, 247;
of Vaishnavite sect, 263
Teresa of Avila, 23
Textuality, deconstructionist theory of, 20-21, 24
Tij festival, 122
Tillich, Paul, 201
Tirukkural[*], 59n4
Tolkappiyam, 59n4
Toomey, Paul, 10, 16, 20, 22-24, 103, 167, 231
Toothi, N. A., 205n2
Toronto, 246
Transmigration of souls, 46
Trawick, Margaret, 16, 21-22, 24-25, 165
Treatise on Dramaturgy (Bharata), 17
Tribhangi, 22
Turner, Victor, 183, 275
Tyagis, 128
Tyler, Stephen, 102, 175n4
U
Ujjain, 183, 188, 191, 195, 202-203, 208n29
Unclean castes, 121, 145n1
Unconscious, 37, 174
Unemployment, 79
United States: attitudes toward death in, 83;
culture of, 84;
individualism in, 16;
jokes in, 116;
old age in, 65, 68, 84;
Sikhs in, 245-246, 256n20;
socialization in, 65
Universalism, 5-7, 8, 17, 64, 93, 173-174, 183-184, 253
Untouchable caste, 117-118, 121, 123-124, 126, 128, 138, 145n1. See also Harijans
Urban relations, 54, 78-79;
and dance, 212;
and political economy, 107-108;
and Pushti Marg sect, 182
Utku Eskimo, 7
Uttar Pradesh, 92, 94, 111n6, 118, 120-121, 132, 145nn3,4, 157, 182-183, 262
V
Vaidhi bhakti, 21, 268-271, 274, 280, 283n20
Vail, Charlotte, 103
Vaishnavite sect, 18, 20, 24, 159-162, 164-165, 171,175n1, 187, 215, 234n18,19,23, 262, 264-265, 274, 282n6, 283n14
Vallabha, 159, 167, 182, 187-188, 194, 199, 202, 204
Vallabhacharya, 97
Vallabhite sect, 157, 159-160, 163, 167-169, 172, 175n1, 176n6. See also Pushti Marg Sect
Vancouver, Canada, 240, 248-249, 254n5
Vatsalya bhava, 18, 161, 190
Vatsalya rasa, 266, 276
Vatsyayana, Kapila, 233n11
Vatuk, Sylvia, 9, 21, 25, 70, l03, 118, 120, 122, 145n3, 146n12, 147nn16,18, 165, 167, 176n15, 177n24
Vatuk, Ved, 177n24
Vaudeville, Charlotte, 175n5
Veda, 95, 160, 177n22, 269, 282n9
Veen, Klaas W. van der, 118, 120
Veer, Peter van der, 103
Vegetarianism, 103, 217
Vellalars, 41
Vesya, 215, 218-219
Videsi, 277
Vidyarthi, L. P., 282n12
Violence 46, 96, 133-134, 239-241, 243, 248-250, 256n21
Viraha, 169, 184, 191
Virginity, 123, 138
Vishnu, 18, 95, 214, 217
Vishram Ghat, 95-97, l04, l08
Vitthalnatha, 187-188, 194, 198, 202-204, 206nn7,14
Vreede-de Stuers, Cora, 118
W
Wach, Joachim, 205n3
Wages, 79
Wallace, Anthony, 283n21
Wealth, 97, 107, 208n29
Weber, Max, 6, 175n1
White, Geoffrey, 27n1
Williams, Raymond B., 160
Wilson, Bryan R., 282n8
Wilson, J. R. S., 93, 111nn1,11
Winch, Peter, 28n6
Wisdom, and Waste in the Punjab Village (Darling), 254n8
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 13, 15, 19, 28n6, 93
Women: as Brahmans, 105;
Chaube, 96;
child-bearing purpose of, 126;
and division of labor, 86n3, 125;
education of, 47;
and female infanticide, 135;
and gossip, 125;
and hierarchy, 125;
identified with emotion, 19;
and Islamic ideology, 123;
and life course, 86n3;
and old age, 71, 75;
and purdah, 118, 123-124, 127-128, 144, 255n11;
and purity, 77;
and religion, 105, 216;
and respect etiquette, 118-119;
sexual fluid of, 216-219;
sexual obligation of, 124-127;
solidarity among, 129;
subordination of, 60n6;
as temple servants, 215-216;
travel restricted for, 122, 124
Women's Seclusion and Men's Honor (Mandelbaum), 255n11
Working class, 26, 82
Wrestling, 96, 98, 105-106, 110
Wulff, Donna, 18, 234n23
Y
Yadavas, 94
Yalman, Nut, 142
Yashoda, 167, 183-184, 190, 193-194, 196, 207n15
Yoga, 101-102, 105-106, 246-247
Z
Zimmermann, Francis, 214