INDEX

A

Abru (credit), 38 , 56 -58, 61 , 93 , 113 , 146 ;

in Gandhian politics, 225 , 243 -44

Adas, Michael, 83

Ahimsa: among Jains, 57 , 59 ;;

in Gandhian usage, 205 -6, 271

Ahmedabad, 35 , 40 , 43 , 44 ;;

demography of, 40 -41, 297 -99;

politics in, 183 , 251 , 273

Ali, Mohamed, 241 , 264 , 266 , 270

Ali, Shaukat, 241 , 264 , 266 , 270

Anavil Ashram, 209 , 210 , 234

Anavil Brahmans, 55 , 147 , 209 -10

Anderson, Benedict, 292

Anglo-Bania order, 89 -93

Anjuman-e-Islam, 125 , 136 , 140 , 264

Antia, Jamshedji, 189 , 243

Arnold, David, 253

Artisans, 35 , 38 -39, 41 , 43 , 44 , 46 -47, 68 , 70 , 73 ;

in civic politics, 172 , 194 , 242 , 243 .

See also Middle- and low-caste communities

Audich Brahmans, 55

Aurangzeb, 87

B

Bakshi family, 72 , 116 , 119 ;

Mir Sadruddin Khan of, 118

Bakza family, 110 , 263 ;

Moulvi AbdulKadar Bakza of, 118 , 134 ;

Sheikh Ali Bakza of, 263 , 278

Banker, Shankarlal, 193 , 241

Bari, Abdul, 266

Bayly, Chris, 56

Beck, Brenda, 221

Beg, Mirza Sultan Ali, 117

Bentham, Jeremy, 98 , 157

Bernier, Francois, 85

Besant, Annie, 193 , 194 , 195

Bhajans, 54 , 71 , 234 , 280

Bhangi, Jamushankar, 240

Bharatiya, Gangaram, 58

Bharuch, 35 , 87 , 234

Bhukan, Atmaram, 38 , 86 , 91

Bilingualism, in Surti politics, 15 , 83 , 121 , 143 , 146 , 169 -73, 236 -37, 252 , 260 , 293 , 294

Bohras, Daudi. See Daudi Bohras

Bohras, Sunni, 37 , 42 , 72 , 74 , 264 , 270

Bombay (city): businessmen and business of, 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 123 , 125 ;

demography of, 40 -41, 297 -99;

education of Surtis in, 148 ;

politics in, 148 , 162 , 193

Bombay Legislative Council, 105 , 251 , 252 -56, 273 -74;

boycott of, 215 , 242 -43

Borradaile, Harry, 68

Brahma-Kshatriyas, 55

Brahman-Vaniyas, 55 -68, 170 , 225 -26;

conflicts among 64 -66, 184 -86;

importance of caste among, 49 -50, 55 , 58 , 63 ;

participation in noncooperation of, 240 , 243 , 244 ;

residential patterns of, 55 .

See also Brahmans; Vaniyas

Brahmans, 55 , 147 , 185 , 209 -10;

occupations of, 37 , 43 , 49 , 56

Brown, Richard, 221

Butchers, 73 -74, 262

C

Cambay, 35

Cambridge historians, 10 , 50 , 150

Caste, 39 , 46 , 49 -50, 52 ;

Muslim parallels to, 74 .

See also Brahman-Vaniyas; Middle- and low-caste communities; Panches

Catanach, I. J., 153

Chakawala family, 59

Chandra, Bipan, 9

Chandra, Harish, 95

Chatterjee, Partha, 284

Children, in Gandhian politics, 231 , 242

Chinai, Chimanlal Chhabildas, 208

Chirol, Valentine, 102

Chokawala family, 172

Choksey, R. D., 44

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34), 241 , 242 , 259

Clarke, George, 123 , 154

Cohn, Bernard, 12 , 98 , 104

Colonial discourse, 19 -22, 101 -6

Committee of Management (1922-24), 218 , 244 , 246 , 247 , 250 , 253 , 254 , 258

Communal riots, in Surat, 92 , 261 , 262 , 277 -82

Communalism, 3 -4, 6 , 273 -82

Contradictory consciousness, 21 , 85

Cotton trade, of Surat, 42 -43, 45 , 177

Counterhegemony, 15 , 27 , 212 -36, 291 , 292 . See also Hegemony

Cow protection, 156 , 266 , 272

Curzon, Lord George Nathaniel (viceroy), 33

D

Da'i, of Daudi Bohras, 75 , 92 -93, 110 , 136

Darjis (tailors), 68 , 69

Daudi Bohras, 72 , 74 -76, 261 ;

commercial activities of, 42 , 43 , 44 , 68 , 72 , 74 ;

involvement in noncooperation of, 246 , 271 ;

involvement in public politics of, before 1920s, 116 , 120 , 160 , 165 , 190 ;

religion of, 74 -76;

residential patterns of, 55 ;

role in colonial system of, 109 , 110 , 120

Dave, Durgaram Manchharam, 116

Deference, in politics, 82 , 108 -9, 142 , 183 -84

Dehlavi, Sir Ali Mohammed Khan, 273 , 276

Denning, H., 180 -81

Desai, Dahyabhai, 166 , 170 , 187 -88, 189 , 192 -94, 212 , 214 , 215

Desai, Dahyabhai Sundarji, 182 , 208

Desai, Dayalji: attitude toward Swarajya party, 250 ;

peacekeeping role, after riots, 278 ;

political marginalization of, 254 , 278 , 283 ;

role in noncooperation of, 209 -11, 212 , 222 , 228 , 229 , 231 , 232 , 234 -35, 245 -46

Desai, Kanaiyalal, 190 , 217 , 252 , 276 , 278 , 283

Desai, Kasanji Kunvarji, 172

Desai, Khandubhai, 154 , 160

Desai, Morarji, 5

Desai, Pragji Khandubhai, 230

Desai, Prasannavadan, 187 -88, 189 , 192 -93, 255

Desai, Ratilal, 212

Devolution, 17 , 18 , 19 , 104 -6, 155 , 168 -69, 191 , 253 , 256

Dhanjishah, Ardasir, 116

Dharma: in Gandhian usage, 205 , 206 , 273 -75;

among high-caste residents, 57 , 59 , 68 , 124 , 146 ;

among middle- and low-caste residents, 70 -71

Dixit, M. K., 209 , 217 , 218 , 226 , 227 , 232 , 248 ;

and communalism, 274 -75, 278 , 281 ;

deradicalization of, 259 , 289 -92;

as municipal president, 217 -18, 255 , 257 , 258 ;

in Swarajya party, 250 -53

Dufferin, Lord (viceroy), 102

Durbars: under British, 123 , 132 -33;

under Mughals, 85 -89, 127

Dutch, in Surat, 88 -89

E

East India Company (British), 60 , 87 ;

and gift giving, 86 , 91 ;

political roles of, 77 , 81 , 89 -93, 109 ;

trading roles of, 35 , 38 , 76

Edrus family, 73 , 116 , 120 , 125 -26, 139 , 164 , 263 ;

Sayyid Ahmed Edrus of, 234 , 246 , 267 , 268 , 274 ;

Sayyid Ali Edrus (mid-nineteenth century) of, 110 ;

Sayyid Ali Edrus (early twentieth century) of, 264 , 276 ;

Sayyid Hussein Edrus of, 117 ;

Sayyid Zain el-Edrus of, 164

Education, 287 ;

English-language, 7 , 49 -50, 148 -49;

primary school, 45 , 198 , 216 , 218 , 219 -20, 243 , 247 -48, 265

Ethnohistory, vii -viii, 5 -6, 12

Everyday forms of resistance. See Resistance

Extremists, in Surti politics, 166 -69, 187

F

False consciousness, 13 -14, 142 , 286

Fil-American Empire, 290

Frasier, Barjorji Maherwanji, 126

G

Ganapati festival, 279 -82

Gandhi, Chunilal, 166 , 183 , 250 , 251 , 252

Gandhi, Mahatma, 3 , 196 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 234 ;

charismatic image of, 207 -8, 222 , 230 -35;

political views of, 205 -6, 211 , 213 -14, 227 , 265 -66, 269 , 283 -84, 285 ;

in South Africa, 204 -7;

in Surat, 207 -8, 211 , 218 , 219 , 231 , 241 .

See also Gandhians; Hind Swaraj

Gandhians, 198 -99, 203 -4, 208 -37, 238 -50, 254 -55;

and Hindu-Muslim relations, 266 -67, 268 -69, 278 ;

political idiom of, 212 -37, 241 , 242 , 243 , 251 , 253 , 259 , 268 , 271 , 285 ;

role in creating ashrams, 209 -12;

self-conception of, 233 -36

Geddes, Patrick, 179

General ward (of municipality), 49 , 50 , 167

Ghafur, Abdul, 37 , 88 , 89

Ghanchi-Golas. See Artisans; Middle- and low-caste communities; Traders, petty; names of specific castes

Ghanchis, 49 , 68 , 70 , 172

Ghia, Champaklal, 209 , 234 , 256 , 278

Ghia, Gunavantbehn, 209 , 228

Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 153 , 207

Gordon, A. D. D., 46 , 178

Golas (Ranas), 49 , 68 -70, 118 , 186

Grain trade, 43 , 177

Gramsci, Antonio, 13 , 15 , 16

Green, T. H., 98

Gujarat Sultanate, 81

H

Hamdani, Miasaheb Fejullabhai, 267 , 268 , 271

Hamdani, Sheikh Ali, 264

Haridas, Hardevram, 150 , 157 , 158

Hegemony, 13 -16, 22 -23, 26 -29, 142 , 146 , 237 , 285 -86, 295 -96;

limited nature of, 15 , 287 ;

negotiated version of, ix , 14 , 142 -43.

See also Counterhegemony

Hidayatullah, Ghulam Hussein, 253 , 273 , 274

Hind Swaraj,205 -6, 208 , 214 -15, 220 , 248 , 281

Hindu Mahajan. See Samast Vanik Mahajan

Hindu Mahasabha, 276 -79, 281 , 289

Ho Chi Minh, 291

Hobhouse, L. T., 98 , 99 , 101

Home Rule League, 176 , 187 , 193 -99, 210 -11, 212 , 221 , 264 , 276 , 283 , 288 ;

and leaders' response to noncooperation, 213 -17

Hope, Theodore, 113 , 117 , 118

Hopkins, E. Washburn, 62 , 63 , 64 -65

House-tax struggle, 150 , 153 , 157 -58

Hume, Alexander Octavian, 161 , 162 , 164

Hundis, 37 , 38 , 48

Hyden, Goren, 39

I

Imperialism, liberal, 104 -6

Income tax, 178 , 183 -84, 196

Indian Civil Service, 25 , 180

Indian National Congress, 3 , 10 , 138 , 160 , 163 -64, 211 , 214 ;

meetings in Calcutta (1921), 215 , 216 , 224 , 250 , 267 -68;

meetings in Surat (1907), 5 , 162 , 165 -66, 210 .

See also Surat District Congress Committee

Indian Ocean, commerce of, 35 -37, 42 , 72 , 74

Irish Presbyterians, 34 , 148 , 192

J

Jain Sangh, 64 , 186

Jainism, 57 , 59

Jains: internal conflicts among, 185 -86;

as traders, 37 , 42 , 48 , 49 .

See also Brahman-Vaniyas

Jamadar, H. N., 274 -75

Jama'ts, 74

Jari,41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 70 , 177

Jayakar, M. R., 249

Jhaveri, Hirachand Motichand, 58 , 110 , 118 , 123 , 124 , 132

Jhaveri, Manekchand, 59 -60

Jhaveri, Naginchand Jhaverchand, 42 , 58 , 110 , 118 , 122 -24, 138 , 172 , 177 , 182

Jhaveri Mahajan, 123

Jinnah, M. A., 193

K

Kanbis (Patidars): of urban origins, 43 , 68 -69, 186 , 190 ;

of rural origins, 209 -10.

See also Middle-and low-caste communities

Kayasthas, 55

Kelapith mosque dispute, 263 , 265 , 274

Kelkar, N. C., 192

Khadi, 224 -25, 226 -27, 231 , 241 , 247

Khan, Gulam Baba, 17 , 117 , 119 . See also Nawab of Surat family

Khan, Masud Alam, 262 -63, 270 , 274 , 276 . See also Nawab of Bela family

Khan, Mir Hafizuddin Khan, 257 , 263 , 270 , 274 , 276 , 278 . See also Nawab of Surat family

Khan, Najabat, 88 -89

Khan, Nasrullah, 263

Khandwala, Vithaldas, 58 , 64

Khasukhan, Shavakshah, 194

Khatris, 49 -50, 68 , 69 , 71 , 186 . See also Middle-and low-caste communities

Khilafat movement, 213 , 214 , 223 , 248 , 266 ;

in Surat, 263 , 266 -73, 281 , 282 , 289

Khoja Muslims, 184

Kumbhars, 70

L

Lely, Frederick, 117 , 118 , 138 , 158

Lelyveld, David, 98

Leonard, Karen, 87

Liberal imperialism, 104 -6

Liberalism, in Britain, 97 , 98 -101

Liberal party, 250 , 251 , 252

License tax movement (1878) 69 , 137

Liquor: campaigns against, 69 , 71 , 156 ;

campaigns against, led by Gandhians, 210 , 229 , 246

Lucknow Pact (1916), 264

Lytton, Lord (viceroy), 103

M

McDonald, J. Ramsay, 102 , 103

Machhis, 242

Maganlal Thakordas Balmukandas College, 153

Mahabharata, 57 , 229 , 230

Mahajan Sheth, 58 , 64 , 110 , 183 -85;

and public politics, 137 , 139 , 170

Mahajans, 37 -38, 45 -46, 47 -49, 52 , 55 , 60 -68, 109 ;

gift-giving activities of, 37 , 45 , 48 , 63 ;

support for Congress of, 244

Mahavira, 57

Manav Dharma Sabha, 116

Marathas, 40 , 81 , 90 , 91 , 194

Marxian approaches to Indian history, 8 -9, 34

Maskati, Tayyebbhai, 190

Mehta, Durgaram, 116 , 160

Mehta, Kalyanji, 209 -12, 224 , 230 , 231 , 234 -35

Mehta, Kunvarji, 209 -11, 214 , 226 , 229 , 231 , 255 , 283

Mehta, M. M., 209 , 217 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 274 -75, 278

Mehta, Pherozeshah, 162

Mehta, Thakkoram Kapilram, 166 , 187 , 189 , 191 -92, 240 , 255 , 258

Memons, 43

Metaphor, 220 , 223

Middle-and low-caste communities, 39 , 46 , 68 -72;

participation in noncooperation of, 240 , 241 , 243 , 244 ;

participation in public politics of, before 1920s, 172 , 190 ;

response to universal, compulsory education, 198 .

See also Artisans; Traders, petty; names of specific castes

Mill, John Stuart, 98 , 100 , 157 , 168

Mills, in Surat, 41 , 177

Minorities, religious, 106 , 165 , 273 , 274 -75

Moderates, 166 -69, 187

Modernization, notion of, 7 -8

Modi, Maganlal Thakordas, 125

Modi, Thakordas Balmukandas, 58 , 64

Modi family (Parsi headmen), 78 -79, 163 ;

Bamanji Modi of, 154 ;

participation in imperial ritual of, 135 -36;

political roles of, 110 , 116 , 120 , 139 , 164 ;

Rustomji Khurshedji Modi of, 78 -79

Mohamedan Union, 125 , 140 , 265

Moneylending, 37 , 48

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 252

Mota Mandir, 63 , 185

Mughal nobility (mansabdars ): in precolonial period, 72 -74, 83 -89, 90 . See also Muslim gentry, politics of, post-1914

Mughal period, 34 -40, 81 , 83 -89

Municipality (Surat), 17 , 115 -21;

addresses to visiting dignitaries from, 130 -32, 218 , 256 -58;

commissioner of, 188 -92, 248 , 262 ;

council composi-

tion of, 116 , 149 , 155 , 166 , 217 -18, 254 -55;

effects of policies upon Surtis, 112 -13, 178 -81, 258 -59;

election to council of, 171 , 188 -92, 216 -18, 240 , 254 -55;

franchise in voting for, 116 , 166 , 171 , 178 -79, 189 , 240 , 254 ;

participation in imperial peace celebrations of, 213 ;

politics of, 17 -22, 115 -21, 149 -50, 152 -53, 157 -60, 166 -69, 187 -92, 254 -59, 276 -79;

role in providing food to Surtis of (1918), 182 -83

Muslim gentry, 41 , 73 -74, 163 ;

political activities and roles of, pre-1914, 109 -10, 116 , 125 -26, 136 , 140 -41, 165 , 261 ;

politics of, post-1914, 261 , 262 -65, 276 , 278 .

See also Bakshi family; Bakza family; Edrus family; Mughal nobility; Nawab of Bela family; Nawab of Surat family

Muslim League, 264

Muslims:

of Surat, 72 -76,

"backwardness" of, 106 , 107 , 141 ;

burial grounds of, 112 , 263 , 264 , 274 ;

occupations of, 37 , 70 , 72 -73;

politics of, 15 , 73 -74, 116 , 120 -21, 139 , 140 -41, 242 , 261 -82;

response to universal and compulsory education, 198 ;

various communities among, 72 -76.

See also Bohras, Sunni; Butchers; Daudi Bohras; Mughal nobility; Muslim gentry; names of specific families

N

Nadiad, 251

Nagar Brahmans, 55 , 147 , 185

Nagarsheth, 58 , 64 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 139 , 164 , 183

Naik, Bhimbhai, 257 , 278 , 281

Nandy, Ashis, 13 , 106

Naoroji, Dadabhai, 162

Narmawala, Mohammed Afzal, 264 , 265 , 267 , 268 , 276

National Indian Association, 161

Natural leaders, 73 , 104 , 108 -11, 114 ;

attack on, 163 -64

Nawab of Bela family, 72 , 110 , 116 , 120 , 125 ;

Masud Alam Khan of, 262 -63, 270 , 274 , 276

Nawab of Surat family, 17 , 116 , 120 , 125 ;

Nawab Gulam Baba Khan of, 17 , 117 , 119 ;

Nawab Mir Muzaffar Hussein Khan of, 134 , 139 ;

Nawab Mir Hafizuddin Khan of, 257 , 263 , 270 , 274 , 276 , 278

Noncooperation movement, 214 -15, 216 -20;

collapse of, 238 , 245 , 247 -48, 249 -50;

popular participation in, 239 -49, 269 -71;

rhetoric of, 222 -37;

ritual of, 214 -15, 221 -22

O

Orientalism, 206

Ovington, John, 35 , 77

Owen, David, 121

P

Panches, panchayats: among Brahman-Vaniyas, 58 , 64 , 109 ;

among middle-and low-caste communities, 47 , 64 , 69 -70, 71 , 186

Pandit, V. I., 192

Pandya, Narmadashankar, 212

Panjrapol, 57 , 123 , 124

Parekh, Lallubhai Pranvallabhdas, 161

Parsi Matrimonial Court, 78 , 79

Parsi Panchayat, 77 -79, 139 ;

of Bombay, 77 -78

Parsis, 15 , 76 -79, 109 , 116 , 120 , 139 -40, 160 ;

in Bombay, 41 , 76 , 77 -78, 147 ;

charitable activities of, 77 , 126 ;

occupations of, 68 , 76 , 147 ;

participation in noncooperation of, 240 , 269

Patani Bohras. See Bohras, Sunni

Patel, Manibehn, 226

Patel, Vallabhbhai, 226 , 228 , 241

Patel, Vithalbhai, 249 , 251

Patels (headmen), of middle-caste communities, 69 -71, 109 , 172 , 186 , 243

Patidar Ashram, 209 , 210 , 234

Patidar Yuvak Mandal, 210 , 211 , 224

Patidars. See Kanbis

Pearls, 41 , 42 , 43 , 46 , 177

Peile, J. B., 105

Perlin, Frank, 34

Petty traders. See Traders, petty

Philanthropy, 121 -26

Philippines, 290

Popawala, Tribhuvandas, 58 , 64

Prabhat feris (morning rounds), 234 , 270

Praja Hit Vardhak Sabha, 17 -21, 23 , 25 , 138 , 155 , 160 , 162 , 164

Praja Samaj, 160

Pratt, Frederick, 218

Progress, concept of, 21 , 98 -99, 111 -15, 152 , 154 , 155 , 158 , 169 , 219 -20. See also Devolution

Public associations, 138 , 160 -61, 170

Public culture, ix -x, 28 -29, 115 , 151 -52, 170

Public good, x , 19 -20, 100 , 105 , 151 , 219

Public meetings, 138 -39, 158 -59, 170 , 221 -22

Public opinion, x, 19 -20, 99 , 102 , 152 , 156 -61, 191 , 219

R

Racial attitudes, of British, 102 , 104

Rahemtulla, Ahmedbhai, 116

Raichand, Premchand, 124 , 125

Ramayana, 57 , 222 , 229 , 230 , 232

Rashtriya Kelavani Mandal, 218 , 219 , 242 , 243 , 247 -48, 255

Ratepayers' Association, 160

Rayaji, M. M., 166 , 207 , 215 , 267 , 276 -79

Resistance: to Committee of Management, 218 -19, 244 , 246 ;

everyday forms of, 84 -85, 113 , 173 , 287 ;

to house tax, 150 , 153 , 157 -58;

to income tax, 183 -84, 196 ;

to license tax, 137 ;

to municipal policy, 112 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 258 , 259 ;

precolonial forms of, 67 , 84 -87;

to salt tax, 109 , 110

Rhetoric, as symbolic action, 23 -24

Ripon, Lord (viceroy), 116 , 151

Ritual: civic-imperial, 126 -37, 214 -15;

Gandhian forms of, 211 , 213 -14, 218 , 221 -22;

and imperial peace celebrations (1919), 213 -14;

and imperial visits, 130 -32, 256 -58;

of Home Rule League, 194 -95, 198 , 213 -14;

of Khilafat movement, 269 -70;

and municipal addresses, 130 -31, 218 , 256 -58.

See also Durbars

Rowlat Satyagraha, 211 -12, 242

S

Salt tax protests (1844), 69 , 109 , 110

Samast Vanik Mahajan, 61 , 64 -68, 139 , 182 , 184 -85

Sanskritization, 71 -72, 210

Sarvajanik High School, 153 , 223

Satyagraha, 205 , 222 , 228 . See also Rowlatt Satyagraha

Seal, Anil, 10

Self-government, local, 3 , 8 , 104 -6, 154 -55, 191 , 253 . See also Devolution; Municipality (Surat)

Shah, Chunilal, 153

Shah, Jahan, 86

Sharafs, 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 48 ;

involvement in gift giving and loans of, 86 , 91 -92;

appeals to East India Company of, 92 ;

effects of World War I upon, 177

Shivaji, 194 -96, 277 -79, 282

Shivdasani, H. B., 252 , 253

Sizer, Sandra, 23

Stanley, Peter, 290

Store, Ishwardas Jagjivandas, 58 , 64 , 123 -24, 125 , 138 , 183 -84

Strachey, John, 102

Subramanian, Lakshmi, 90

Surat, population and demography of, 35 , 40 -41, 297 -99

Surat District Association, 138 , 160 , 162 , 164 , 165 , 176 , 187 -88, 194 , 207 , 221

Surat District Congress Committee, 250 , 254 , 257 , 267

Surat District Cooperative Union, 153

Surat District Local Board, 257

Surat Municipality. See Municipality (Surat)

Suthars, 68

Swadeshi, 246 -47. See also Khadi

Swarajya party, 249 -53, 254 , 273 , 275

Swarajya Sabha, 215 , 216 , 217 -18

T

Tapi River, 33 , 35 , 40 , 43 ;

as site for public meetings, 222 , 270

Taxation, direct, 110 , 113 , 178 , 181

Temples, patronage of, 39 , 59 -61, 63 , 124 -25, 172

Textiles, trade in, 35 , 41 , 42 , 43 -44

Thevenot, M. de, 86

Tilak, Lokamanya (Bal Gangadhar), 166 , 192 -93, 194 , 195 , 196 , 210 , 272

Tilak Swaraj Fund, 226 , 234

Traders, petty, 68 -71, 72 -73. See also Middle- and low-caste communities

Travadi, Arjunji Nathji, 59 , 91

Tribalism, in Africa, 294 -95

Tribute, to Mughals, 85 -86

Tyag (renunciation), in Gandhian usage, 205 -6, 227 -28, 232

Turava, Haji Ibrahim, 140

U

Universal Free and Compulsory Education, 198 , 219 , 243 , 248

V

Vaishnava Hinduism, 37 , 57 , 59

Vakil, Barjorji Nasserwanji, 118 , 132 -33

Vallabhacharya sect, 57 , 65 , 227 , 234

Vaniyas, 55 , 170 ;

conflicts among, 64 -66, 184 -85;

economic roles of, 37 , 42 , 49 , 56 , 68 , 147 .

See also Brahman-Vaniyas

Varajdas, Tapidas, 125

Varajdas, Tulsidas, 125

Veragiwala, Jasantrao, 184 -85

Vidyarthi, Maganlal, 250

Vietnam, 291

Vora, Karsukhram V., 193 , 210 , 215 , 255 , 276 , 278

Vorah, Virji, 37 , 86

W

Weir (Collector of Surat c. 1900), 134

Westernization approach, 7 -8, 34

Wilson, Leslie, 256 , 292

Women: economic roles of, among artisans, 46 ;

role in communal politics of, 280 ;

roles in Gandhian politics of, 209 , 224 -25, 226 , 240 , 241 -42;

social roles of, among Brahman-Vaniyas, 57 ;

voting in municipality of, 189

World War I: civic politics during, 186 -98;

economic impact of, 176 -78;

effects on Muslims of, 262 -63;

municipal policy during, 178 -82;

social effects of, 182 -86