Index

A

Abercromby, J. F., 225 , 227

Aberdeen, 56 , 136 -39, 251 -52.

See also Quarrying industries

Aberfan disaster, 161

Acland, Thomas Dyke, 64

Adelman, Jeremy, 13 -14, 263 n.25

Agriculture, 18 ;

Argentinean and Canadian compared, 13 , 14 , 263 n.25;

crop rotation, 15 -16, 44 , 53 , 56 , 59 -63;

dairy farms, 55 , 57 , 167 ;

draining, 41 , 44 -45, 47 -48, 50 ;

and ecological systems, 3 , 40 -41, 57 , 59 , 61 , 252 ;

feed supplements, 42 , 44 , 54 ;

in Fenlands, 58 -60, 251 ;

Great Depression in, 54 -58, 81 , 156 , 232 ;

hedgerows, 4 , 7 , 10 , 41 , 45 , 52 , 54 , 63 -64, 83 , 103 , 112 , 253 ;

high farming, 16 , 41 , 52 -54, 60 , 62 , 253 ;

horses and horse machinery, 13 -14, 44 -48, 50 -54, 253 ;

in Ireland, 68 , 82 ;

and landscape, 49 -50, 52 -53, 57 , 60 -61;

market gardens, 52 , 57 , 60 , 167 -68, 194 , 252 ;

railways and steam power in, 13 -14, 16 -17, 39 , 41 -42, 44 - 53, 57 , 73 -76, 82 , 104 -5, 109 ;

Royal Commission on, 54 -55;

in Scotland, 53 , 55 -56;

sustainable, 3 -4, 18 , 40 -41, 52 -53, 59 -61, 249 -51;

in Wales, 53 , 56 , 66 .

See also Fertilizers

Ailesbury, Lord. See Bruce, Chandos, sixth marquess of

Alkali manufacture, 11 , 252 -53;

environmental impacts, 128 , 131 -34;

Leblanc and Solvay processes, 71 , 131 , 132 , 285 n.19;

resistance to, 144

Anderson, Michael, 175 -76

Arbor, Muriel, 58

Arbor Day, 159

Arboriculture. See Forests/forestry: arboriculture and silviculture

Arnold, Matthew, 29

Arnold, Thomas, 110 -11

Aspidin, Joseph, 235

Assheton-Smith, Thomas, 140

Atholl, dukes of:

James, second duke, 95 ;

John, fourth duke, 95

Australia, 28

Automobile and automobilism, 15 , 214 , 230 ;

expansion of tourism, 82 ;

at seaside, 216 , 220 , 230

Ayton, Richard, 218

B

Bailey, Peter, 230

Baker, T. H., 241

Balfour, Andrew, 23

Balfour, Arthur James, 98 -99

Balfour, Professor, 78

Barnett, Henrietta, 199

Barnett, Samuel, 199

Barr, John, 134 , 161 -62

Barrow, George, 212 -13

Bateman, John Frederic La Trobe, 121 , 170 -71, 173 -78

Baylis, George, 51

Bell, George, 163 -64.

See also Lower Swansea Valley: reclamation project

Bermingham, Ann, 256

Besant, Annie, 155

Bicycle. See Cycling

Billingsley, John, 63 -64

Bilston, 127 , 130

Birmingham, 127 , 157 , 202

Black Country, 6 , 17 , 113 , 126 , 252 ;

blight in, 152 -54, 165 ;

definition of, 289 n.39;

plans for restoration of, 154 -61.

See also Reclamation, land

Blackpool, 210 , 215 , 219 , 223 ;

shoreline of, 233

Blaenau Ffestiniog Quarry, 140 -42.

See also Quarrying industries: slate in Wales

Blight, industrial, 3 , 17 -18, 143 -65.

See also Reclamation, land

Blisworth, 109 -10.

See also Railway building

Boer War, 234

Boughton estate, 149 -51

Brabazon, Lord and Lady, 199

Bradfield, 173 -74

Bradlaugh, Charles, 155 -56

Brandis, Dietrich, 23

Bridlington, 233

Briggs, Asa, 11

Brighton, 210 , 233

British Columbia, 95

Broome, Samuel, 200 , 202

Brown, James, 88 -89, 91

Brown, John Croumbie, 88

Brown, Lancelot, 84 -85, 94 , 225 , 256

Bruce, Chandos, sixth marquess of Ailesbury, 85 -86, 94 , 101

Brudenell, George Frederick, Lord Bruce, 85

Brudenell, Thomas, Lord Bruce, 84 -85, 94

Brudenell, William, Lord Bruce, 85

Brunner, John, 131 .

See also Alkali manufacture

Brunner-Mond, 132 .

See also Imperial Chemical Industries (I.C.I.)

Bryce, James, 65 , 78 , 179 , 199

Buccleuch, duke of, as model land re- former, 149 -51

Buckle, Henry Thomas, 34

Budding, Edwin, 205

Buffon, Georges, 38

Builder, George Parker, 105

Burlington, Lord, 85

Burns, John, 99

Burritt, Elihu, 153 -54

C

Caird, James, 53

Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 99

Canada, 65 , 245 ;

forestry in, 28 , 91 -93, 96 -97, 100

Canals, 13 , 35 , 63 , 108 , 218 ;

building of, 107 , 109 ;

reservoir dams in, 170 , 172 .

See also Manchester Ship Canal; Suez Canal

Carlisle, Bishop of, 179 -81

Carlyle, Thomas, 2 , 192 ;

defense of Thirlmere, 177 , 184 ;

on machinery, 9 ;

and railways, 215 ;

"Signs of the Times," 1

Carpenter, Edward, 192

Cement. See Concrete

Chesil Bank, 232

Cheverton-Brown, Martin, 241

Chitty, Gill, 26

Churchill, Winston, 177

City:

density increases, 6 , 144 , 189 -90, 202 ;

effect of ecological systems, 3 , 6 , 53 , 191 -92;

expansion of, 17 , 166 , 167 , 291 n.2;

exploitation of countryside resources, 6 , 10 , 17 , 159 , 167 -88, 252 ;

green spaces in, 3 , 17 , 38 , 194 -95, 197 , 202 -8;

industrial concentration in, 6 , 166 ;

natural history of, 190 -92;

physical and moral evils of, 25 , 38 , 189 , 192 -93, 196 - 97, 210 ;

streets, 135 -36, 166 -68, 189 -90, 199 , 204 -5, 252 ;

urbanization of, 166 -67, 189 , 209 .

See also Garden cities; Parks; Water resource development

Clacton-on-Sea, 241

Clapham, John, 10

Clarke, J. A., 59

Cleghorn, Hugh, 23 , 28

Cliffe, Frederick, on Lower Swansea Valley, 162

Coastal erosion:

concern about, 21 -22, 231 -32, 233 -36, 303 n.2;

defenses against, 240 -43, 245 -47, 252 ;

government and, 234 -37, 238 -48, 304 n.24;

natural checks on, 231 -34, 239 -46;

Royal Commission on, 35 , 235 -37, 243 -47;

and sand and shingle mining, 231 , 233 -43;

at seaside resorts, 17 , 219 -23, 232 -33, 240 -43, 252 .

See also Concrete; Dredging; Erosion; Reclamation, land; Tourism

Cobbett, William, 10

Coke, Thomas, earl of Leicester, 95 , 246 -47

Coleman, Terry, 115

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 24 , 176

Collingwood, W. G., 186 -87

Collins, E. J., 45 , 57

Colt, H. S., 225 , 227

Commons Preservation Society, 24 -25, 178 , 183 , 2 -04, 227

Communications technology; and agriculture, 4 ;

as domestic conservator, 3 ;

effect on food and fiber supplies, 11 , 25 ;

and telegraph, 20 .

See also Railways; Steamboats

Concrete, 11 ;

in dam construction, 172 ;

sand and shingle mining for, 233 , 235 , 237 -40, 242 -43;

use of portland cement in, 235 -36.

See also Coastal erosion

Conder, Francis Roubiliac, 112 -14

Conservation, 17 , 120 , 254 ;

definition of, 5 , 32 -33;

of forests in Australia, India, New Zealand, North America, and South Africa, 22 -23, 28 , 88 ;

and "improvement," 24 ;

movement toward, 22 -23;

during romantic era, 188 .

See also Preservation

Constable, John, 206

Cook, Thomas, 214 , 225

Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille, 206

Cort, Henry, 107

Cort, R., 107

Council for the Preservation of Rural England, 187

Countryside. See Landscape

Crane, W., 142

Creevey, Thomas, 210

Cripps, Stafford, 17

Cruikshank, George, 167

Crystal Palace Exposition of 1851, 8 , 235

Culbin Forest, 247

Culbin Sands, 247

Cycling, 187 , 214 ;

and golfers, 228 -30;

Touring Club, 228

D

Dalgas, Enrico, 156 -57

Damflask, 174

Dams: construction of, 170 -73;

and Holmfirth disaster, 171 -72;

and Sheffield (Dale Dyke) disaster, 173 -74.

See also Reservoirs; Water resource development

Daniels, Stephen, 84 -85

Darby, H. C., 58 -59

Dartmouth College, 29

Darwin, Charles, 19 , 33 , 40

David, Paul, 45

Davy, Humphry, 163

Day, James, 115

Deer forests. See under Scottish Highlands

De la Beche, Henry, 231 -32

Devonport (Plymouth Harbor), 237

Dickens, Charles, 9 , 144

Dinorwic Quarry, 140 -41.

See also Quarrying industries: slate in Wales

Disraeli, Benjamin, 9

Dodgshon, Robert, 68

Dolbeer, John, 93

Doncaster, 174

Dover, 233

Drabble, Margaret, 255

Dredging, 231 ;

coastal, 231 , 233 , 236 , 238 -40;

development of steam dredges, 115 -17, 119 , 238 -39;

of rivers and estuaries, 221 -22, 248

Dubos, René, 150

Dudley, first earl of, as model land re- former, 149 -50

Duncan, Colin:

and British estate farming, 18 ;

on export of Britain's "ecological burden," 252

Dundas, Robert, 88

Dynamite, 135

E

Eades, James Buchanan, 122

Ecology/ecosystems, 5 , 2 -9, 53 , 57 , 61 , 79 -80;

awareness of, 27 -28, 109 , 133 -34, 164 , 188 ;

chaos theory in, 250 -51;

coastal, 244 -45;

creation of a new, 59 , 150 , 243 -44;

as critical tool, 36 -38, 102 -3, 119 , 291 -92;

and "ecological imperialism," 3, 81 , 252 ;

and equilibrium theory, 38 -39, 251 , 269 n.64;

forests and, 33 , 38 , 97 ;

game reserves and, 79 -80;

and grass monocultures, 205 , 228 ;

"hyper-developed," 21 ;

river, 19 -20;

sheep and cattle grazing and, 65 -68, 71 , 252 ;

of the Tsembaga, 249 -51

Edlin, H. L., 247

Elcho, Lord (later earl of Wemys), 78 -79

Eliot, George, 8

Ellice, Edward, 77

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 257

Empire:

and environmental effects, 3 , 20 -23, 91 -94, 252 -56;

and free trade, 3 , 16

Engels, Friedrich, 9

Engineering, 108 , 133 ;

popular attitudes toward, 104 -6, 115 , 123 -24;

and science, 120 ;

on urban problems, 190 -91, 193

Environment/environmentalism, 18 , 22 ;

balance between contending uses, 3 -6, 8 , 70 , 100 -101, 210 , 230 -34;

concern of state for, 122 -25, 131 , 134 , 140 -41;

consciousness of, 5 -6, 19 -20, 23 -26, 104 -10, 120 ,

Environment/environmentalism (cont. )

188 -89, 248 ;

distinction between "environmentalism" and "environmentalist," 19 , 33 ;

as global concept, 20 -21, 35 -38, 97 ;

popular environmentalism, 187 ;

remaking, 105 , 123 ;

and tourism, 82 , 210 -14, 230 , 252 .

See also Coastal erosion; Ecology/ ecosystems; Erosion; Landscape; Mining; Nature

Erdmenger, Dr., 236

Ernle, Lord. See Prothero, Rowland

Erosion, 109 ;

as geomorphological agent, 21 -22;

soil, 23 , 58 -59, 67 -68, 70 , 93 , 107 , 109 ;

and tourists, 212 -14.

See also Coastal erosion

Evans, Mr. (of Old Hill), 160

Evans, Oliver, 238

Excavators (earth-movers), 6 , 115 -17, 120 -21, 123 , 150 .

See also Dredging

Exmoor, 73 , 82

Eynsford, Kent, 159

F

Fairbrother, Nan, 101 -2

Faraday, Michael, 163

Fawcett, Henry, 24 , 199

Fawley, 248

Ferguson, Eugene, 5

Fertilizers, 11 , 54 , 63 , 75 , 150 , 158 ;

animal manure, 41 -44, 48 , 53 , 59 , 64 , 168 , 251 ;

artificial, 41 -44, 51 -52, 251 , 253 , 257 ;

mineral, 43 -44, 59 -60, 64 , 70 -72, 105 , 125 , 146 -47, 235 , 251 .

See also Agriculture

Fife, John, 136

Findhorn Bay, 247

Fisher, William Rogers, 151 , 185 -86

Fleetwood, Peter Hesketh, 219

Fletcher, T. W., 55

Folkstone, 233

Forbes, Arthur, 88 -90

Forests/forestry, 252 ;

amateurism and, 5 , 83 -84, 86 -91;

arboriculture and silviculture, 15 , 80 , 87 -88, 89 -91, 277 n.13;

conifers, 3 , 16 , 81 , 90 -91, 94 -95, 99 -100, 102 -3; 167 , 185 -86;

and conservation movement, 28 ;

Danish, 98 ;

Forestry Commission, 80 -81, 84 , 86 , 100 -101, 247 ;

government and, 80 -81, 97 -103;

hunting and game in, 89 -90;

in India, 22 -23, 28 , 88 ;

in Ireland, 98 -99;

Prussian, 98 ;

machinery in, 93 ;

New Forest Act of 1877, 101 ;

in North America, 91 -93, 96 -97;

recreational uses and, 102 -3;

reform critique of, 86 -91, 101 -2;

in Scotland, 77 , 80 -82, 95 ;

and the state, 94 , 97 -102;

trees as symbols, 87 , 94 -97;

in uplands, 80 -81.

See also Landscape: forests and

Forster, W. E., 183

Forwood, William, 122

Fowler, Robert, 74 , 76

Fowler, W. H., 225 , 227

Francis, John, 106 -7

Franklin, T. Bedford, 40 -42, 58 , 60 -61

Fraser, James, bishop of Manchester, 178

Freeling, Arthur, 112

G

Gadgil, Madhav, 91

Garden cities, 163 , 192 , 219 -20.

See also City: green spaces in

Gaskell, Elizabeth, 9 , 29 , 145 , 209

Gibson, Alexander, 23

Gimlingham, C. H., 70

Gladstone, William, 92

Godwin, George:

appreciation for urban values, 196 ;

attitude toward parks and green spaces, 197 -99;

belief in social amelioration through architecture, 196 -97;

as editor of Builder , 196 ;

on effects of urban density, 196 -98, 202 ;

on gardening and window boxes, 199 -203;

on railway time, 20 ;

on uncultivated green spaces, 203 -4

Golf:

boom of 1880s and 1890s, 224 ;

suburbanites attracted to, 215 , 224 -25, 227 -28, 240

Golf courses, 15 , 240 ;

and countryside conservation, 229 -30;

as grass monocultures, 228 ;

Musselburgh, 225 ;

resistance to, 227 ;

St. Andrews, 224 -25;

as social and physical barriers, 223 -24, 230 ;

from utilitarian to picturesque, 225 , 227 -28

Gooch, Thomas, 47

Gothic revival, 254

Granite industry. See Quarrying industries: granite in Scotland

Graves, John, 180

Grazing. See Upland grazing

Green revolution, 251

Grosvenor, Robert, 199

Grouse shooting, 77 , 79 .

See also Forests/forestry: hunting and game in

Grove, Richard, 23

Guha, Ramachandra, 91

Guyot, Arnold Henry, 36

H

Hackwood, Frederick, 155 -56

Haggard, Henry Rider, 246 -47

Hallsands, 237 -40, 242 -43, 245

Harley, C. K., 45

Harrison, Robert, 96

Haussmann, Georges-Eugene, 198

Hawkes, Jacquetta, 7 -8

Hawksley, Thomas, 172

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 220

Head, Francis Bond, 105 , 145

Head, George, 143 -46, 164 -65, 219

Heath Society, 156 -57

Heleselkab. See Heath Society

Henry, Augustine, 160

Herne Bay, 245 ;

choice of respectability, 217 ;

development as seaside resort, 215 -16;

shoreline protection for, 241 -43.

See also Coastal erosion; Railways: as shapers of seaside resorts

Hesketh, Charles, 218 -19

Highland and Agricultural Society, 74

Hill, George Henry, 185

Hill, Miranda, 25 ;

defense of Thirlmere, 178

Hill, Octavia:

defense of Thirlmere, 178 , 181 -82;

help in forming Commons Preservation Society, 24 ;

and Kyrle Society, 25 ;

and National Trust, 179 ;

promotion of small gardens and playgrounds, 199 ;

view of nature, 181 -82, 188 .

See also Commons Preservation Society; Preservation: as organized movement

Holderness coast, 233 , 243 -44

Holland, Henry, 29 -30, 32 -35;

review of Marsh, Man and Nature , 28 -35

Holme Fen, 59

Hoskins, W. G., 17

Hough, Michael, 192 , 205

Hove, 233

Howlett, C. E., 236 -37

Huddersfield, 171

Hughes, Thomas, 114

Hunter, Robert, 24 , 178 -79, 182 , 199 , 204

Hutchinson, Horatio, 224 -25, 227

I

Imperial Chemical Industries (I.C.L), 131 -32

Innovation, 18 , 24 ;

conservative attitude toward, 14 -15, 39 , 49 , 53 , 105 -8, 253 -57.

Seealso Technology

Insularity, 20 -23, 26 , 234 -35

Ireland, 20 ;

forestry, 96 , 98 -99;

land reclamation, 82 , 245 ;

potato growing, 68

Isle of Man, 211

Iveagh, viscount (Edward Cecil Guinness), 85

J

Jackson, John, 237 -39

Joad, C. E. M., 101

Johnson, I. C., 235

Johnson, Samuel, 212

Jones, David, 22

Jones, Eric, 21

Jones, Merfyn, 141

Jones, Robin Huws, 163 -64.

See also Lower Swansea Valley: reclamation project

Jubb, Joseph, 243

Jutland, 98 , 157

K

Kay-Shuttleworth, James, 210

Kemnay Quarry, 136 -37.

See also Quarrying industries: granite in Scotland

Kettering, 149

Kindleberger, Charles, 73

Knight, Frederic, 73 , 82

Knight, John, 73

Knockboys, 98 -99

Kohl, J. G., 213

Kyrle Society, 25

L

Lake District:

Friends of the Lakes, 183 ;

landscape, 2 , 110 -11, 175 -76;

projected railways into, 2 , 107 -8, 255 ;

reservoirs in, 25 , 168 , 174 -88;

tourists in, 176 , 211 , 215

Landes, David, 11

Landscape, 12 , 17 , 148 -49, 213 -54;

agricultural, 52 , 57 -58;

changing perception of, 24 , 26 -28, 78 -79, 84 -85, 111 -14;

as cityscape, 189 -208;

contrasts in, 153 -54;

forests and, 10 , 16 , 24 , 80 -81, 83 -86, 94 , 96 , 100 -102, 252 ;

industrial, 143 -44, 161 -62, 165 ;

of parks, 194 -96;

quarrying and, 16 -17, 125 -27, 138 -40, 142 ;

reservoirs in, 168 , 182 -83;

steam machinery and, 5 , 16 , 49 -50, 253 - 54;

as text, 65 , 69 , 256 ;

tourism and, 214 -15;

"traditional" ideal of, 5 , 10 -12, 16 , 52 , 83 -84, 86 , 100 -103, 106 , 149 , 230 , 254 -56;

of United States, 15 , 30 -31, 153 -54;

upland grazing and, 65 -67, 69 ;

as work of art, 18 , 244 -45.

See also Blight, industrial; City; Preservation; Quarrying industries: effect on environment; Railway building; Railways

Lavergne, Léonce de (Guilhaud), 53 , 79

Lawes, John Bennet, 43 , 49

Lawns, 15 , 194 -5, 198 , 204 -5, 219 -20;

introduction of mower to, 205 ;

as simple monocultures, 205

Leech, Bosdin, 120 -21

Leland, John, 212

Leopold, Aldo, 103

Lincoln, Abraham, 29

Liverpool, 20 , 133 , 139 , 175 , 202 ;

and Manchester Ship Canal, 117 , 120 -23;

and popular leisure industry, 210 -12, 218 -19, 221 -23

Lloyd George, David, 16

Lodge, Oliver, 157 .

See also Midland Reafforestation Association

Loftie, W. J., 192

London, 126 , 196 , 251 ;

cemeteries, 137 ;

gardening in, 199 -203;

parks, 193 - 95, 198 ;

and popular leisure industry, 210 , 217 ;

search for pure water in, 169 ;

street improvement in, 135 -36, 198 -99;

railways and, 135 , 190 ;

retreat of country from, 205 -8;

as world trade center, 20 -21, 252

Lovat, eighteenth earl of, 81 -82

Lowell, James Russell, 28

Lower Swansea Valley, 6 , 152 ;

dereliction in, 161 -63;

reclamation project, 161 , 163 -65.

See also Blight, industrial; Reclamation, land; Waste

Luddism, 15

Lyell, Charles, 28 , 124

Lyme Regis, 233

M

MacDonagh, Oliver, 3

Macdonald, James, 72

Machinery, 95 ;

age of, 1 , 12 , 13 -14, 83 , 124 , 253 -55, 262 n.17;

dredges, 117 , 119 , 231 ;

excavators (earth-movers), 6 , 115 -17, 120 -21, 123 , 150 ;

farm, 44 -51, 58 -59, 72 -76, 82 ;

impact on nature, 1 , 9 -10, 13 , 15 -18, 35 , 104 -11, 143 -44;

and landscape, 5 , 8 -10, 49 , 52 -53, 101 -2;

limitations of, 4 , 12 -14, 18 , 46 , 82 , 92 , 141 , 253 .

See also Agriculture: railways and steam power in; Railway building; Railways; Steamboats; Technology

MacIver, Lewis, 123

McLennan, John, 74

Manchester, 20 , 120 , 167 , 202 , 209 ;

and popular leisure industry, 210 , 218 -19, 223 ;

and Thirlmere, 174 -88;

Water Corporation, 25 , 169 -71, 176 -77, 180 , 184 -88

Manchester Ship Canal, 115 ;

debate over, 117 -23;

digging of, 115 -17, 133 ;

Ship Canal Bill, 121 -23.

See also Ma- chinery: excavators (earth-movers)

Marsh, George Perkins, 53 , 97 , 103 , 134 , 165 ;

belief in progress in nature toward equilibrium, 32 , 39 , 251 ;

biography of, 29 ;

and forest management, 33 , 38 , 119 ;

influence of, 28 ;

on new way of perceiving nature and landscape, 26 -28, 36 -38, 103 , 119 ;

review of Man and Nature , 28 -35;

on unexpected consequences of human action, 17 , 26 -28, 251 ;

views on consequences of deforestation, 119 -20

Martin, John, 139

Marx, Leo, 15

Massingham, H. V., 45

Mayhew, Henry: on retreat of the country from London, 205 -8

Mechi, George, 47 -51, 58

Medway Valley, 126

Mendip Hills, 63 -65, 67

Metropolitan Public Garden Association, 193

Middlesborough, 147

Middleton, Hugh, 169

Midland Reafforestation Association, 157 -61

Miles, Roger, 100

Mining, 131 , 153 -54;

impact on environment, 143 -46, 252 ;

industrial structure of, 146 -48.

See also Quarrying industries; Waste

Mond, Ludwig, 131 -32. See also Alkali manufacture

Montagu, John, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, 248

Morris, William, 9 , 179 , 192

Morton, Julius Sterling, 159

Mosley, Oswald, 169

Mount-Temple, Lord, 199

Mumford, Lewis:

coiner of term "carboniferous capitalism," 12 ;

on 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition, 7 ;

on George Perkins Marsh, 36 ;

on study of urban geomorphology, 191

Murray, Kenneth, and Strath Tirry project, 73 -74

N

Nash, John, 194

Nasmyth, James, 152

National Sea Defence Association, 241 .

See also Coastal erosion: defenses against; Herne Bay

National Trust, 179 , 187

Nature, 121 , 125 -26;

George Perkins Marsh on, 26 -28, 30 -32, 36 -37, 62 ;

improvement of, 181 -83, 186 , 219 -20, 245 -46;

lost contacts with, 7 -8, 15 , 96 , 197 , 229 ;

mastery over, 31 , 83 , 96 -97, 104 -7, 124 -25, 143 -46;

Octavia Hill on, 181 -82;

powers of retaliation, 32 , 106 -7,

145 , 172 , 174 , 221 ;

as remedy for urban ills, 38 , 78 -79, 192 -205, 210 ;

sacred places in, 107 -8, 179 ;

stewardship over, 31 -32, 178 , 255 -56;

taming of, 119 -20, 195 -96, 204 -8.

See also Ecology/ecosystems; Environment; Marsh, George Perkins

New Brunswick, 93 , 252

New Forest, 102

New Zealand, 28

Nicholson, Norman, 186

Nicholson-Lord, David, 195

Nobel, Alfred, 135

Norfolk Broads, 126

Northwich, Cheshire. See Salt industry

Nottingham, 202 -3

O

Olwig, Kenneth Robert, 37

Ontario, 91 -92, 96 -97

Orr, Willie, 81

Osborne, Edward, 111

Osborne, Frances, 151

Otis, William Smith, 115

P

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third viscount, 247

Park, Willie, Jr., 225 , 227

Parker, John, 212

Parks, 15 ;

and commons, 204 , 206 ;

design and function of, 194 -99, 203 -4;

Finsbury, 208 ;

Regent's, 194 , 198 ;

St. James, 198 , 207 ;

Victoria Park and urban renewal, 194 -95, 198 , 203 -4

Paxton, Joseph, 222

Peak District National Park, 82

Pennant, Richard, 140

Pennethorne, John, 193 -95

Penrhyn Quarries, 140 -42.

See also Quarrying industries: slate in Wales

Perkin, Harold, 24

Pheasant shooting, 79 , 90

Phipps, R. W., 91 -92

Pinchot, Gifford, 32

Playfair, Lyon, 49 , 182

Pollution, 158 , 165 , 168 , 200 ;

from chemical manufacture, 17 , 132 -34, 162 -63;

Control of Pollution Act of 1947, 134 ;

Deposit of Poisonous Wastes Act of 1972, 134 ;

Noxious Vapours Commission, 162 ;

of water, 117 -19, 168 -69, 176 .

See also Lower Swansea Valley: dereliction in; Waste

Poole, 233

Potteries, the, 17 , 207

Preservation, 96 -99, 229 -30, 254 ;

conceptual framework, 106 -8, 188 ;

definition of, 5 ;

as organized movement, 25 -26, 101 , 166 , 177 -88;

railways and, 105 ;

as Romantic conservation-ism, 188 .

See also Conservation; Environment: consciousness of; Nature

Preston, 221 -22

Prince, Hugh, 47 , 57

Prothero, Rowland (Lord Ernie), 44 , 47 , 55

Prout, John, 50 -52

Pugin, Augustus Welby, 9 , 254

Q

Quarrying industries, 124 -26, 147 , 252 ;

china clay in Cornwall, 125 -26;

effect of steam on, 134 -35, 141 -42, 150 ;

effect on environment, 138 -41;

granite in Scotland, 135 -38, 167 ;

slate in Wales, 16 -17, 126 , 134 -35, 139 -42, 167 , 213 ;

and tourism, 126 , 137 -38.

See also Alkali manufacture; Landscape: quarrying and; Salt industry

Quebec, 91

R

Rackham, Oliver, 71 , 82

Railway building:

cuttings and embankments, 105 -6, 109 , 110 -12, 114 -15, 280 n.2;

drainage, 109 -10;

environmental impacts, 106 -12, 189 -90;

fears about, 105 -8

Railway companies:

Bristol and London, 109 ;

Great Northern, 168 ;

Great Western, 114 , 117 ;

Kendal and Windermere, 2 , 107 , 176 ;

Liverpool and Manchester, 107 , 112 ;

London and Birmingham, 105 -6, 108 -13, 117 , 119 ;

London and North West, 149 -50;

West Lancashire, 115

Railways:

effect on agriculture, 13 , 16 , 49 , 57 , 104 -5, 109 ;

impact on environments, 8 -9, 16 , 104 -7, 214 -16, 252 ;

and lengthening of food chain, 11 , 21 , 44 , 57 , 60 , 167 -68, 251 -52;

and perception of landscape, 111 -14;

and popular tourist industry, 6 , 12 , 211 -16, 217 , 223 -25, 300 n.27;

and recreation opportunities, 210 , 230 ;

and resource blindness, 207 ;

and sense of time, 12 , 20 , 111 -14, 214 ;

as shapers of seaside resorts, 17 , 215 -16;

and urban congestion, 17 , 189 -90, 295 n.1.

See also City; Communications technology; Machinery; Steam: in manufacturing and transport; Technology

Rambling, 78 , 103 , 187 , 214 ;

and golfing, 228 -30;

kinship with German Wandervogel movement, 229

Ramsey, Harold, 241 , 243

Rappaport, Roy:

concept of historical change, 250 -51;

on ecology and energy use in Tsembaga society, 249 -51;

model of modernization applied to Victorian and Edwardian Britain, 251 -57

Rawlinson, Robert, 173

Reclamation, land, 40 -41, 72 -76, 98 - 99;

coastal, 219 , 232 , 235 , 243 -48;

era of, 161 , 164 -65;

in areas of industrial blight, 144 -65;

landlords and, 4 -5, 147 -51;

quarrying and, 138 -39, 140 ;

the state and, 147 -48, 155 -59, 161 , 164 ;

structural restraints on, 146 -47;

support for, 144 -45, 157 -61;

trees as agents of, 150 -52, 158 -61, 185 -87, 246 -47.

See also Black Country; Coastal erosion; Lower Swansea Valley: reclamation project; Midland Reafforestation Association; Waste

Reid, Clement, 245

Rennie, Charles, 137

Repton, Humphry, 256

Reservoirs, 50 , 142 , 168 , 252 ;

Bilbury, 171 -72;

Bradfield (Dale Dyke Dam), 173 -74;

Gorton, 169 -70;

in Lake District, 25 , 168 , 174 -88;

Longdendale Valley, 169 -71, 173 ;

proposed Howeswater-Thirlmere, 176 -77;

Thirlmere, 177 -88;

Windermere-Ullswater-Howeswater complex, 187 -88.

See also Dams; Landscape: reservoirs in; Water resource development

Restoration. See Reclamation, land

Rhyl, 240 , 242 -43, 245

Richards, Eric, 73

Richie, Robert, 39

Richmond, duke of, 54 -55

Ritter, Karl, 36

Rivers:

Clwyd, 240 ;

Dee, 136 ;

Etherow, 169 -70;

Humber, 233 , 243 -44;

Irwell, 117 -19, 121 ;

Lea, 168 ;

Loxley, 174 ;

Medlock, 169 ;

Mersey, 117 -23, 218 ;

Miramichi, 93 ;

Mississippi, 22 , 122 ;

natural, 119 -20, 245 ;

navigation, 117 -18;

Ouse, 243 ;

pollution of, 117 -19, 168 -69, 176 ;

Ribble, 17 , 219 , 221 -22;

Schuylkill, 238 ;

Thames, 137 , 168 -69, 176 , 194 , 199 , 217 , 245 ;

tides and estuaries of, 119 -23, 248 ;

Trent, 243 ;

Twae, 162 ;

Weaver, 127 -28, 133 .

See also Dredging

Roberts, Charles Gay, 71 -72, 76

Robinson, William, 198

Rolleston, George, 97

Roosevelt, Theodore, 32

Roscoe, Thomas, 110

Rosenberg, Nathan, 14

Rownsley, Hardwick, 187 , 199 ;

cofounder of National Trust, 179 ;

and Friends of the Lakes, 183 ;

opposition to railway to top of Snowdon, 213

Royal Commission on Afforestation and Coast Erosion, 35 , 99 , 235 -37, 241 , 243 -46, 248

Rubinstein, David, 228 -29

Rubislaw Quarries, 136 -39.

See also Quarrying industries: granite in Scotland

Rugby, 110

Ruskin, John, 96 , 110 , 254 ;

as conservationist and preservationist, 25 -26, 183 -84;

defense of Thirlmere, 176 -81, 183 -84;

denunciation of utilitarianism, 108 ;

fear of environmental effects of steam machinery, 9 , 16 ;

and Guild of St. George, 177 ;

negative view of cities, 179 -80, 192 -93;

on reservoirs, 25 , 184 ;

and Ruskinianism, 177 ;

views on railways, 108

S

St. Austell, 125 -26

St. Helens, 17 , 166

Salford, 117 -19, 223

Salisbury, third marquess of, 118

Salt industry:

environmental impacts of, 127 -31, 147 , 252 ;

government intervention in, 131 ;

and Great Subsidence of 1880, 127 -29, 133 ;

methods, 129 -30.

See also Alkali manufacture

Sanbourne, Linley, 179

Savernake Forest, 84 -86, 89 , 94 , 100 - 101

Scarisbrick, Charles, 218 -19

Schama, Simon, 95

Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 112

Schlich, William, 23 , 88 , 151 .

See also Forests/forestry: in India

Scott, Margaret, 226

Scottish Highlands, 10 , 16 , 47 , 251 ;

access to, 76 -79, 214 ;

and Clearances, 65 , 69 , 75 ;

crofter farming in, 62 , 66 -68, 77 -79, 81 -82;

deer forests, 16 , 76 -82, 155 ;

farming and landowning practices, 70 -72, 89 -90;

forests, 80 -81, 89 ;

traditional systems, 65 -67.

See also Upland grazing

Scottish Lowlands, 53 , 55 -56

Seaside resorts. See under specific names

Sellar, Patrick, 69

Shaw-Lefevre, George John, 24 , 179 , 199

Sheffield, and failure of Dale Dyke Dam, 173 -74

Sherlock, Robert:

on mining and quarrying, 124 -25, 133 -35, 140 ;

on statistics on urban geomorphology, 191 -92

Shimmin, Hugh, 211 -12

Shoard, Marion, 79

Silviculture. See Forests/forestry: arboriculture and silviculture

Simmonds, Peter, 148

Simmons, Jack, 215

Simpson, John, 90

Slapton Sands, 232

Smirke, Sydney, 200

Snowdon (Snowdonia):

slate industry in, 126 ;

as tourist attraction, 212 -14;

water resources of, 176

Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, 24

Somervell, Robert, 177 -78, 182

Somerville, Mary, 1 -2

South Africa, 88 , 91

Southampton Water, 248

Southport, 210 ;

as bastion of respectability, 219 , 222 -24;

evolution of, 217 -23;

golf at, 224 , 228 ;

pier, 223 ;

setting of, 218 , 220 -21

Spurn Point, 243 -44

Stanhope, Philip, 155

Start Bay, 232 , 237 -40

Steam: in agriculture, 13 -14, 16 -17, 39 , 41 -42, 44 -53, 57 , 73 -76, 82 , 104 -5, 109 ;

dredges, 115 -17, 119 , 238 -39;

drill, 141 ;

and electric motor, 141 -42;

engines, 12 -13, 15 -16, 50 , 262 n.17;

era, 11 -13, 48 -49, 83 , 123 , 165 ;

excavator, 114 -17, 123 ;

in forestry, 91 , 93 , 141 ;

in manufacturing and transport, 1 , 3 , 8 -9, 11 -13, 17 -18, 20 , 34 -35, 84 , 91 , 166 , 168 , 189 -90, 214 -17, 251 -52;

in mining and quarrying, 134 -35, 141 -42, 150 ;

pump, 58 -59, 116 , 129 -31, 134 , 141 -42, 231 , 253 .

See also Railways; Steamboats; Technology

Steamboats, 13 , 16 , 251 -52;

and popular tourism, 210 , 212 -17, 221 , 223

Stephenson, George, 12 , 105

Stephenson, Robert, 104 -5, 109 -10, 113

Stirling-Maxwell, John, 80 -81

Stone, Herbert, 157 .

See also Midland Reafforestation Association

Storeham, 233

Stuart, A. J., 28

Subsidence, 59 , 134 .

See also Salt industry

Suez Canal, 116

Sugar beet cultivation, 60 , 251

Sunk Island, 243 -44

Sustainability:

land, 40 , 61 -62;

forests, 33 , 88

Sutherland, first duke of, 69

Sutherland, second duke of, 75 ;

at Kildonan, 74 , 82 ;

love of machinery, 72 -76, 82 ;

Strath Tirry experiment, 72 -74, 83

Sutherland, third duke of, 248

Sutton, William, 217

Swindon, 114

T

Taylor, Zachary, 29

Teague, Mr. (of Rowley Regis), 159 -60

Technology: continuity in, 15 -17, 41 - 42, 45 -47, 115 -17, 134 -35, 141 , 253 ;

custom, culture, and, 14 -15, 18 , 39 , 49 , 53 , 106 -7, 256 -57;

impact on environments, 133 -35, 250 , 254 ;

as instrument of reclamation, 34 , 144 ;

steam, 12 -13, 58 -59, 73 -76, 83 -84, 104 , 114 -17, 134 , 168 , 215 -16;

transforming power of, 2 -4, 11 -17, 104 -5, 253 .

See also Agriculture: railways and steam power in; Communications technology; Forests/ forestry; Machinery; Railway building; Steam; Steamboats

Telegraph, 20 .

See also Communications technology

Telford, Thomas, 137

Tennis, 224 , 228

Tennyson, Alfred, 7

Theroux, Paul, 221

Thirlmere, 174 -88.

See also Reservoirs; Water resource development

Thirlmere Defence Society, 177 -78

Thomas, W. Broderick, 182 -83

Thompson, B. L., 187

Thompson, F. M. L., 42 -43, 166 -67, 215

Tipton, 155

Tourism:

and attitudes toward countryside preservation, 210 ;

class and, 210 -12, 216 -17;

contention for land use, 6 , 209 -10, 230 ;

damaging environmental effects of, 3 , 82 , 210 -14, 230 , 252 ;

mass, 82 , 211 , 230 ;

as popular industry, 210 -11, 214 ;

railways and, 6 , 12 , 215 ;

in upland environments, 9 , 82 , 214

Towcester, Northamptonshire, 40

Town and Country Planning Act of 1947, 244 .

See also Coastal erosion: government and

Transhumance, 66 -67

Transport: from private to public, 104 , 214 -16.

See also Communications technology

Trees. See Forests/forestry

Tring, 109 -10

Trollope, Anthony, 78

Tsembaga, 249 -51, 254 .

See also Rappaport, Roy

Turner, Charles (Tennyson), 8 ;

"Greatness of England," 12 ;

and "Old Ruralities," 7

Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 9

Turnock, David, 81 -82

U

Upland grazing, 82 , 167 ;

and American cotton famine, 69 ;

contribution to soil depletion of, 63 -64, 67 -71;

and development of commercial sheep economy, 65 -71, 77 -78;

and moor ecosystem, 62 -68, 71 , 79 -80;

and overgrazing, 63 -64, 67 -72;

and population increase, 68 -69;

spread of bracken in, 70 -71;

and tree farming, 77 , 80 -82, 102 .

See also Scottish Highlands

Urban reform, 38 -39, 189 -91, 193 - 94;

and physical and moral evils of the city, 25 , 38 , 189 , 192 -93, 196 - 97, 210 .

See also City; Godwin, George

V

Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis, 119

Vetch, Captain, 244

Victoria Park. See under Parks

Vivian, Henry Hussey, 162 -63

Vivian, John, 162

Voelker, Augustus, 50 -51

Von Humbolt, Alexander, 21 , 36 , 38

W

Walker, James Scott, 112

Wash, the, 235

Waste, 246 , 251 ;

animal and human, 128 -19, 168 -69;

disposal of, 9 -10, 132 -33, 138 , 140 -41, 144 -45, 148 ;

recycling of, 138 -39, 144 , 146 -48, 156 , 158 ;

toxic, 139 , 146 , 151 , 158 , 161 -63, 165

Water resource development:

at Howeswater, 175 -76, 183 , 187 -88;

landscape and, 174 ;

Manchester and, 169 -71, 173 -88;

role of government in, 169 , 172 -73;

at Thirlmere, 174 -88;

at Ullswater, 176 , 183 , 187 -88;

and urban needs, 159 , 168 -69, 174 -75, 252 ;

at Windermere, 183 , 187 -88.

See also Dams; Preservation; Reservoirs; Rivers

Watson, John, 64

Wednesbury, 147 , 153 , 155

Wells, H. G., 192 , 229

Wetlands, 248

Weybridge, 229

Wheeler, W. H.:

on sea defenses, 233 ;

on tidal and river systems, 119 -20, 232 -34

Whistler, James McNeill, 177

Whitaker, William, 245 -46

White, Walter, 237

Whittlesea Mere, 73

Wibsey Low Moor, 143 -44

Wiener, Martin, 254

Wigan, 218 , 223

Wild Birds Protection Act of 1880, 80

Williams, Edward Leader, 118 , 122

Williams, Frederick Smeeton, 111

Willson, Beckles, 234

Wilson, Maryon, 206

Winans, William, 78

Windermere, 2 , 107 -8, 176 -77, 183 , 187 -88

Winner, Langdon, 17

Winnington, Cheshire, 131 -32.

See also Alkali manufacture; Salt industry

Wohl, Anthony, 118

Wolverhampton, 127

Wood, J. M., 246 -48

Woods. See Forests/forestry

Woodstock, Vermont, 29

Wordsworth, William, 5 , 24 , 110 , 187 ;

contribution to preservation movement, 176 -77, 180 -81;

protest against construction of railway, 2 , 107 -8, 176 , 215 , 281 n.9;

view of nature, 5 , 24 , 96 , 179 , 255

Worster, Donald, 39

Worth, Richard Hansford, 238 , 240