References

Aellen, Ernst. 1958. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ausbreitung binnenlandischen Halophyten durch Vogel. Bauhinia 1:85-89.

Anagnostakis, Sandra L. 1982. Biological control of chestnut blight. Science 215:466-469.

Anderson, Edgar. 1949. Introgressive Hybridization . 109 pp. John Wiley, New York.

Anderson, Edgar. 1952. Plants, Man and Life . 245 pp. Little, Brown, Boston.

Antonovics, Janis. 1968. Evolution in closely adjacent plant populations. V. Evolution of self-fertility. Heredity 23:219-238.

Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry 78:460-465.

Arnold, Chester A. 1969. The fossil plant record, pp. 127-143. In Robert H. Tschudy and R. A. Scott, eds., Aspects of Palynology . Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1958a . The Pliocene Verdi flora of western Nevada. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 34:91-160.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1958b . Evolution of the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora. Botanical Review 24:433-509.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1966. The Pleistocene Soboba flora of southern California. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 60:1-79.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1973. History of the Mediterranean ecosystem in California, pp. 225-277. In F. di Castri and H. A. Mooney, eds., Mediterranean Ecosystems: Origin and Structure . Springer-Verlag, New York.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1974. Revolutions in the plant world. Geophytology 4:1-6.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1978. The origin of coastal sage vegetation, Alta and Baja Calfornia. American Journal of Botany 65:1117-1131.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1980. Contributions to the Neogene paleobotany of central California. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 121:1-212.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1983a . New Pleistocene conifer records, coastal California. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 127:1-108.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1983b . Biogeography of oaks in the Arcto-Tertiary province. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 70:629-657.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1984. An interpretation of Cretaceous and Tertiary biota in polar regions. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 45:105-147.

Axelrod, Daniel I. 1985a . Miocene floras from the Middlegate Basin, west-central Nevada. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 129:1-279.

Axelrod, Daniel I., and P. H. Raven. 1978. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation history of Africa, pp. 77-130. In M. J. A. Werger, ed., Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa . W. Junk, The Hague.

Axelrod, Daniel I., and P. H. Raven. 1982. Paleobiogeography and origin of the New Guinea flora, pp. 919-941. In J. L. Gressitt, ed., Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. Monographiae Biologicae . W. Junk, The Hague.

Axelrod, Daniel I., and P. H. Raven. 1985. Origins of the Cordilleran flora. Journal of Biogeography 12:21-47.

Baker, Herbert G. 1965a . Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds, pp. 147-172. In Herbert G. Baker and G. Ledyard Stebbins, eds., The Genetics of Colonizing Species . Academic Press, New York.

Baker, Herbert G. 1965b . The evolution of the cultivated kapok tree: a probable West African product, pp. 185-216. In David Brokensha, ed., Ecology and economic development in tropical Africa. University of California, Berkeley, Institute for International Studies, Research Series .

Baker, Herbert G. 1972. Migration of weeds, pp. 327-347. In D. H. Valentine, ed., Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution . Academic Press, London.

Baker, Herbert G. 1983. Ceiba pentandra (Ceyba, Ceiba, Kapok Tree), pp. 212-215. In Daniel H. Janzen, ed., Costa Rican Natural History . University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Baker, Richard G. 1983. Holocene vegetational history of the western United States, 2:109-128. In H. E. Wright, Jr., ed., Late Quaternary Environments of the United States . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Bakker, D., and W. van der Zweep. 1957. Plant migration studies near the former island of Urk in the Netherlands. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 6:60-73.

Bambach, Richard K., Christoper R. Scotese, and Alfred M. Ziegler. 1980. Before Pangaea: the geographies of the Paleozoic world. American Scientist 68:26-38.

Bank, Theodore P., II. 1953. Ecology of prehistoric Aleutian village sites. Ecology 34:246-264.

Barbour, Michael G., and James E. Rodman. 1970. Saga of the west coast sea rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima. Rhodora 72:370-386.

Barlund, Ulla. 1940. Uber die Einwanderung der Pflanzen nach einem Archipelago von Kleininseln in den Scharen Alands. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 15:216-220.

Barnard, P. D. W. 1973. Mesozoic floras, pp. 175-187. In N. F. Hughes, ed., Organisms and continents through time. Paleontological Association, London, Special Papers .

Barnes, R. F. W. 1983. Effects of elephant browsing on woodlands in a Tanzanian National Park: measurements, models and management. Journal of Applied Ecology 20:521-540.

Barnes, William. 1972. Some aspects of the ecology of honeysuckle in the Arboretum. University of Wisconsin Arboretum News 21(2):1-6.

Barnes, William, and Grant Cottam. 1974. Some autecological studies of the Lonicera x bella complex. Ecology 55:40-50.

Barrau, Jacques. 1980. Indigenous and colonial land-use systems in Indo-Oceanian

savannas: the case of New Caledonia, pp. 253-265. In David R. Harris. Human Ecology in Savanna Environments . Academic Press, London.

Barrett, Spencer C. H. 1983. Crop mimicry in weeds. Economic Botany 37:255-282.

Bartolome, James. W., and Barbara Gemmill. 1981. The ecological status of Stipa pulchra (Poaceae) in California. Madroño 28:172-184.

Batchelor, B. C. 1979. Discontinuously rising late Cainozoic eustatic sea-levels, with special reference to Sundaland, Southeast Asia. Geologie en Mijnbouw 58:1-20.

Batten, David J. 1981. Stratigraphic, palaeogeographic and evolutionary significance of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Normapolles pollen. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 35:125-137.

Baumann, Robert H., John W. Day, Jr., and Carolyn A. Miller. 1984. Mississippi deltaic wetland survival: sedimentation versus coastal submergence. Science 224:1093-1095.

Beaman, John H. 1961. Vascular plants on the cinder cone of Paricutin volcano in 1960. Rhodora 63:340-344.

Beatley, Janice C. 1976. Vascular plants of the Nevada Test Site and central-southern Nevada: ecologic and geographic distributions. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration TID-26881:1-308.

Beck, C. B., ed. 1976. Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms . 341 pp. Columbia University Press, New York.

Becker, Ronald E., ed. 1981. Land loss: coastal zone crisis. Louisiana State University, Sea Grant College Program Aquanotes 10(3):1-6.

Bell, Frances G. 1969. The occurrence of southern, steppe and halophyte elements in Weichselian (Last Glacial) floras from southern Britain. New Phytologist 68:913-922.

Bennett, K. D. 1985. The spread of Fagus grandifolia across eastern North America during the last 18,000 years. Journal of Biogeography 12:147-164.

Berthoud, Edward L. 1892. A peculiar case of plant dissemination. Botanical Gazette 17:321-326.

Bertsch, Karl. 1953. Geschichte des Deutschen Waldes . 4th ed. 124 pp. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Beug, Hans-Jurgen. 1982. Vegetation history and climatic changes in central and southern Europe, pp. 85-102. In Anthony F. Harding, ed., Climatic Change in Later Prehistory . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

Billings, W. D. 1938. The structure and development of old-field shortleaf pine stands and certain associated physical properties of the soil. Ecological Monographs 8:437-499.

Birger, Selim. 1907. Die Vegetation einiger 1882-1886 entstandenen schwedischen Inseln. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 38:212-232.

Black, R. Alan, and L. C. Bliss. 1980. Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP at treeline near Invik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ecological Monographs 50:331-354.

Blake, S. F. 1956. Froehlichia gracilis in Maryland. Rhodora 58:35-38.

Blake, S. T. 1969. A revision of Carpobrotus and Sarcozoma in Australia, genera allied to Mesembryanthemum (Aizoaceae). Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 7:1-65.

Bock, Jane H. 1968. The water hyacinth in California. Madroño 19:281-283.

Bohrer, Vorsila L. 1978. Plants that have become locally extinct in the Southwest. New Mexico Journal of Science 18:10-19.

Bond, Richard M., and Atwell M. Wallace. 1941. Invasion of a protected area by exotic plants. Scientific Monthly 53:470-472.

Borssum Waalkes, J. van. 1960. Botanical observations on the Krakatau Islands in 1951 and 1952. Annales Bogorienses 4:1-64.

Bradbury, J. Platt, Barbara W. Leyden, M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, W. M. Lewis, Jr., C. Schubert, M. W. Binford, D. G. Frey, D. R. Whitehead, and F. H. Weibezahn. 1981. Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Science 214:1299-1305.

Bradshaw, A. D. 1983. The rconstruction of ecosystems: presidential address to the British Ecological Society. Journal of Applied Ecology 20:1-17.

Braun-Blanquet, J., E. Wikus, R. Sutter, and G. Braun-Blanquet. 1958. Lagunenverlandung und Vegetationsentwicklung an der französischen Mittelmeerküste bei Palavas, ein Sukzessionexperiment. Station Internationale de Géobotanique Méditerraneene et Alpine, Montpellier, Communication 141:9-32.

Brenner, Gilbert J. 1976. Middle Cretaceous floral provinces and early migrations of angiosperms, pp. 23-47. In C. B. Beck, ed., Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms . Columbia University Press, New York.

Brokaw, Nicholas V. L. 1985. Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest. Ecology 66:682-687.

Brown, R. T., and J. T. Curtis. 1952. The upland conifer-hardwood forests of northern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 22:217-234.

Brown, William H., and Donald M. Mathews. 1914. Philippine dipterocarp forests. Philippine Journal of Science, Section A , 9:413-568.

Brumbaugh, Robert W. 1980. Recent geomorphic and vegetal dynamics on Santa Cruz Island, California, pp. 139-158. In Dennis M. Power, ed., The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium . Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.

Buckley, R. 1981. Alien plants in central Australia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London 82(4):369-379.

Burdon, J. J., and G. A. Chivers. 1977. Preliminary studies on a native Australian eucalypt forest invaded by exotic pines. Oecologia 31:1-12.

Burkhardt, J. W., and E. W. Tisdale. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southern Idaho. Ecology 57:472-484.

Butzer, Karl. 1971. Environment and Archeology: An Ecological Approach to Prehistory . 2d ed. 703 pp. Aldine--Atherton, Chicago.

Butzer, Karl. 1974. Geological and ecological perspectives on the Middle Pleistocene. Quarternary Research 4:136-148.

Byrne, A. Roger. 1980. Man and the variable vulnerability of island life: a study of recent vegetation change in the Bahamas. Atoll Research Bulletin 240:1-200.

Byrne, A. Roger, Colin Busby, and R. F. Heizer. 1979. The Altithermal revisited: pollen evidence from the Leonard Rockshelter. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1:280-294.

Canham, Charles D., and Orie L. Loucks. 1984. Catastrophic windthrow in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin. Ecology 65:803-809.

Capeheart, B. L., J. J. Ewel, B. R. Sedlik, and R. L. Myers. 1977. Remote sensing survey of Melaleuca. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 43:197-206.

Carlquist, Sherwin. 1974. Island Biology . 660 pp. Columbia University Press, New York.

Carson, Hampton L. 1982. Speciation as a major reorganization of polygenic balance, pp. 411-431. In Claudio Barigozzi, ed., Mechanisms of Speciation . Liss, New York.

Chaloner, W. G., and W. S. Lacey. 1973. The distribution of late Palaeozoic floras, pp. 271-289. In N. F. Hughes, ed., Organisms and continents through time. Palaeontological Association, London, Special Papers .

Chaloner, W. G., and S. V. Meyen. 1973. Carboniferous and Permian floras of the northern continents, pp. 169-186. In A. Hallam, ed., Atlas of Palaeobiogeography . Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Chapman, V. J. 1959. Studies in salt marsh ecology IX. Changes in salt marsh vegetation at Scolt Head Island. Journal of Ecology 47:619-639.

Chapman, V. J. 1976. Coastal vegetation . 2d ed. 292 pp. Pergamon, Oxford.

Christensen, Earl M., and Hyrum B. Johnson. 1964. Presettlement vegetation and vegetational change in three valleys in central Utah. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biology Series 4(4):1-16.

Christensen, Normal L., and Robert K. Peet. 1981. Secondary forest succession on the North Carolina Piedmont, pp. 230-245. In Darrell C. West, Herman H. Shugart, and Daniel B. Botkin, eds. Forest Succession: Concepts and Application . Springer--Verlag, New York.

Clapp, Roger B., and William O. Wirtz II. 1975. The natural history of Lisianski Island, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 186:1-196.

Coblentz, Bruce E. 1978. The effects of feral goats (Capra hircus ) on island ecosystems. Biological Conservation 13:279-286.

Cockayne, Leonard. 1927. New Zealand Plants and Their Story . 3d ed. 271 pp. Government Printer, Wellington.

Coleman, James M. 1966. Recent coastal sedimentation: central Louisiana coast. Louisiana State University, Coastal Studies Institute Technical Report 29:1-73.

Coleman, James M., and Sherwood M. Gagliano. 1964. Cyclic sedimentation in the Mississippi River deltaic plain. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions 14:67-80.

Conard, G. S., and S. R. Radosevich. 1979. Ecological fitness of Senecio vulgaris and Amaranthus retroflexus biotypes susceptible or resistant to atrazine. Journal of Applied Ecology 16:171-177.

Conklin, Harold C. 1957. Hanunoo agriculture: a report on an integral system of shifting cultivation in the Philippines. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Forestry Development Paper 12:1-209.

Cook, Sheila C. A., Claude Lefevre, and Thomas McNeilly. 1972. Competition between metal tolerant and normal plant populations on normal soil. Evolution 26:366-372.

Cooper, William S. 1939. A fourth expedition to Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecology 20:130-159.

Cooper, William S. 1958. Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington. Geological Society of America Memoir 72:1-169.

Critchfield, William B., and Elbert L. Little, Jr. 1966. Geographic Distribution of the

Pines of the World . 97 pp. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 991.

Crocker, Robert L., and B. A. Dickson. 1957. Soil development on the recessional moraines of the Herbert and Mendenhall glaciers, south-eastern Alaska. Journal of Ecology 45:169-185.

Crocker, Robert L., and Jack Major. 1955. Soil development in relation to vegetation and surface age at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Journal of Ecology 43:427-448.

Cross, Aurel T., and Ralph E. Taggart. 1982. Causes of short-term sequential changes in fossil plant assemblages: some considerations based on Miocene flora in the northwest United States. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 69:676-734.

Cross, J. R. 1975. Biological flora of the British Isles: Rhododendron ponticum. Journal of Ecology 63:345-364.

Cross, J. R. 1981. The establishment of Rhododendron ponticum in the Killarney oak-woods, southwest Ireland. Journal of Ecology 69:807-824.

Cumming, David H. M. 1981. The management of elephants and other large mammals in Zimbabwe, pp. 91-118. In Peter A. Jewell and Sidney Holt, eds., Problems in Management of Locally Abundant Wild Animals . Academic Press, New York.

Curtis, John T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities . 657 pp. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Daghlian, Charles P. 1981. A review of the fossil record of monocotyledons. Botanical Review 47:517-555.

Dansereau, Pierre. 1964. Six problems in New Zealand vegetation. Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin 91:114-140.

D'Antoni, H. L., and O. T. Solbrig. 1977. Algarrobas in South American cultures, past and present, pp. 188-199. In Beryl B. Simpson, ed., Mesquite: Its Biology in Two Desert Scrub Ecosystems . Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Davis, Margaret B. 1965. Phytogeography and palynology of northeastern United States, pp. 377-401. In H. E. Wright, Jr. and David G. Frey, eds. The Quaternary of the United States . Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Davis, Margaret B. 1978. Climatic interpretation of pollen in Quaternary sediments, pp. 35-51. In D. Walker and J. C. Guppy, eds., Biology and Quaternary Environments . Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.

Davis, Margaret B. 1981a . Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities, pp. 132-143. In Darrell C. West, Herman H. Shugart, and Daniel B. Botkin, eds., Forest Succession: Concepts and Application . Springer--Verlag, New York.

Davis, Margaret B. 1981b . Mid-Holocene hemlock decline: evidence for a pathogen or insect outbreak, p. 253. In Robert C. Romans, ed., Geobotany: Proceedings of Geobotany Conference, Bowling Green State University, Ohio . Plenum, New York.

Davis, Margaret B. 1983. Holocene vegetational history of the eastern United States, 2:166-181. In H. E. Wright, Jr., ed., Late Quaternary Environments of the United States . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Dean, Walter E., J. Platt Bradbury, Roger Y. Anderson, and Cathy W. Barnosky. 1984. The variability of Holocene climatic change: evidence from varved lake sediments. Science 226:1191-1194.

Degener, Otto, and Isa Degener. 1974. Flotsam and jetsam of Canton Atoll, South Pacific. Phytologia 28:405-418.

Delcourt, Hazel R. 1979. Late Quaternary vegetation history of the eastern Highland Rim and adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Ecological Monographs 49:255-280.

Delcourt, Hazel R., and Paul A. Delcourt. 1984. Ice Age haven for hardwoods. Natural History 93(9):22-28.

Delcourt, Hazel R., Paul A. Delcourt, and E. C. Spiker. 1983. A 12,000-year record of forest history from Cahaba Pond, St. Clair County, Alabama. Ecology 64:874-887.

Delcourt, Paul A. 1980. Goshen Springs: late Quaternary vegetation record for southern Alabama. Ecology 61:371-386.

Delcourt, Paul A., and Hazel R. Delcourt. 1977. The Tunica Hills, Louisiana-Mississippi: Late Glacial locality for spruce and deciduous forest species. Quaternary Research 7:218-237.

Delcourt, Paul A., and Hazel R. Delcourt. 1981. Vegetation maps for eastern North America, 40,000 yrs. B.P. to the present, pp. 123-165. In Robert C. Romans. Geobotany: Proceedings of Geobotany Conference, Bowling Green State University, Ohio . Plenum, New York.

deVlaming, Victor, and Vernon W. Proctor. 1968. Dispersal of aquatic organisms: viability of seeds recovered from the droppings of captive killdeer and mallard ducks. American Journal of Botany 55:20-26.

Dicken, Samuel N., Carl L. Johannessen, and Bill Hanneson. 1961. Some recent physical changes of the Oregon coast. 151 pp. University of Oregon, Department of Geography, Final Report on Office of Naval Research Project NR 388-061.

Dietz, Robert A. 1952. The evolution of a gravel bar. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 39:249-254.

Dilcher, D. L. 1973. A revision of the Eocene flora of southeastern North America. The Paleobotanist 20:7-18.

Dilcher, D. L., and Peter R. Crane. 1984. In pursuit of the first flower. Natural History 93(3):56-61.

Dilcher, D. L., and Peter R. Crane. 1985. Archaeanthus: an early angiosperm from the Cenomian of the western interior of North America. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 71:351-383.

Docters van Leeuwen, W. M. 1936. Krakatau, 1883 to 1933. A. Botany. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzory 46-47:1-506.

Dolan, Robert, Bruce Hayden, and Jeffrey Heywood. 1977. Atlas of environmental dynamics, Assateague Island National Seashore. U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Natural Resource Report 11:1-42.

Dolan, Robert, Bruce Hayden, and Harry Lins. 1980. Barrier islands. American Scientist 68:16-25.

Douglas, J. G., and G. E. Williams. 1982. Southern polar forests: the Early Cretaceous floras of Victoria and their palaeoclimatic significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 39:171-185.

Doyle, James A. 1973. Fossil evidence on early evolution of the monocotyledons. Quarterly Review of Biology 48:399-413.

Doyle, James A. 1977. Patterns of evolution in early angiosperms, pp. 501-546. In A. Hallam, ed., Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record . Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Doyle, James A., and Leo J. Hickey. 1976. Pollen and leaves from the mid-Cretaceous

Potomac Group and their bearing on early angiosperm evolution, pp. 139-206. In C. B. Beck, ed., Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms . Columbia University Press, New York.

Dunkle, Meryl Byron. 1950. Plant ecology of the Channel Islands of California. University of Southern California, Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 13:247-340.

Dwire, Kathleen A. 1984. What happens to native grasses when grazing stops? Fremontia 12(2):23-25.

Edgell, Michael C. R. 1984. Trans-hemispheric movements of Holarctic Anatidae: the Eurasian widgeon (Anas penelope L.) in North America. Journal of Biogeography 11:27-39.

Edwards, Kevin J., and Kenneth R. Hirons. 1984. Cereal pollen grains in pre-elm decline deposits: implications for the earliest agriculture in Britain and Ireland. Journal of Archaeological Science 11:71-80.

Eggler, Willis A. 1963. Plant life of Paricutin Volcano, Mexico, eight years after activity ceased. American Midland Naturalist 69:38-68.

Egler, Frank E. 1954. Vegetation science concepts. I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old field vegetation development. Vegetatio 4:412-417.

Emboden, William A., Jr. 1972. Ginseng: wonder of the world. Terra 10(4):26-31.

Estrada, Alejandro, Rosamond Coates-Estrada, and Carlos Vasquez-Yanes. 1984. Observations on fruiting and dispersers of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biotropica 16:315-318.

Everitt, Benjamin L. 1980. Ecology of saltcedar--a plea for research. Environmental Geology 3:77-84.

Eyde, Richard H., and Storrs L. Olson. 1983. The dead trees of Ilha da Trindade. Bartonia 49:32-51.

Fairbrothers, David E. 1959. Morphological variation of Setaria faberi and S. viridis. Brittonia 11:44-48.

Fassett, Norman C., and Jonathan D. Sauer. 1950. Studies of variation in the weed genus Phytolacca . I. Hybridizing species in northeastern Colombia. Evolution 4:332-333.

Ferguson, David K. 1971. The Miocene flora of Kreuzau, Western Germany. 1. The leaf-remains. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde . Series 2. 60(1):1-297.

Ferren, Wayne R., Jr., John Bleck, and Nancy Vivrette. 1981. Malephora crocea (Aizoaceae) naturalized in California. Madroño 28:80-85.

Finegan, Bryan. 1984. Forest succession. Nature 312:109-114.

Finley, Robert W. 1976. Original vegetation cover of Wisconsin Compiled from U.S. General Land Office Notes . 1:500,000 map, text on reverse. U.S. Department of Agriculture, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul.

Fisher, C. E. 1977. Mesquite and modern man in southwestern North America, pp. 177-188. In Beryl B. Simpson, ed., Mesquite: Its Biology in Two Desert Scrub Ecosystems . Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Flaccus, Edward. 1959. Revegetation of landslides in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Ecology 40:692-703.

Flader, Susan L., ed. 1983. The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History . 336 pp. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Flenley, John. 1979. The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History . 162 pp. Butterworths, London.

Florin, Rudolf. 1963. The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space. Acta Horti Bergiani 20(4):122-312.

Forcella, Ferank, and Stephen J. Harvey. 1983. Eurasian weed infestation in Western Montana in relation to vegetation and disturbance. Madroño 30:102-109.

Frakes, L. A. 1979. Climates Throughout Geologic Time . 310 pp. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Franklin, Jerry F., and C. T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-8:1-417.

Frenkel, Robert E. 1977. Ruderal vegetation along some California roadsides. University of California Publications in Geography 20:1-163.

Frenzel, Burkhard. 1968. Grundzuge der pleistozanen Vegetationsgeschichte Nord-Eurasiens . 326 pp. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden.

Fridriksson, Sturla. 1975. Surtsey . 198 pp. Halsted, New York.

Garwood, Nancy C., D. P. Janos, and N. Brokaw. 1979. Earthquake-caused landslides: a major disturbance to tropical forests. Science 205:997-999.

Germeraad, J. H., C. A. Hopping, and J. Muller. 1968. Palynology of Tertiary sediments from tropical areas. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 6:189-348.

Gibbens, Robert P., and Harold F. Heady. 1964. The influence of modern man on the vegetation of Yosemite Valley. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences Manual 36:1-44.

Gilbert, Bil, and Terrence Moore. 1985. A tree too tough to kill. Audubon 87:84-97.

Gill, Don. 1973a . Ecological modifications caused by the removal of tree and shrub canopies in the Mackenzie Delta. Arctic 26:95-111.

Gill, Don. 1973b . Modification of northern alluvial habitats by river development. Canadian Geographer 17:138-153.

Gill, Don. 1973c . Native induced secondary plant succession in the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada. Polar Record 16:805-808.

Gill, Don. 1974. Influence of waterfowl on the distribution of Beckmannia syzigachne in the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories. Journal of Biogeography 1:63-69.

Gleadow, Roslyn M. 1982. Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of forests of central Victoria. II. Dispersal, germination and establishment. Australian Journal of Botany 30:185-198.

Gleadow, Roslyn M., and D. H. Ashton. 1981. Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of forests of central Victoria. I. Invasion patterns and plant morphology. Australian Journal of Botany 29:705-720.

Godwin, Harry. 1956. The History of the British flora . 384 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Goeden, Richard D., and Donald W. Ricker. 1981. Santa Cruz Island revisited: sequential photography records the causation, rates of progress, and lasting benefits

of successful biological weed control. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeks, Brisbane, Queensland pp. 355-365.

Goeden, Richard D., Charles A. Fleschner, and Donald W. Ricker. 1967. Biological control of prickly pear cacti on Santa Cruz Island, California. Hilgardia 38:579-606.

Good, Ronald L. 1936. On the distribution of the lizard orchid (Himantoglossum hircinum Koch). New Phytologist 35:142-170.

Gould, Stephen Jay. 1984. Toward the vindication of punctuational change, pp. 9-34. In W. A. Berggren and John A. Van Couvering, eds., Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitarianism . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Gould, Stephen Jay, and Niles Eldredge. 1977. Punctuated equilibrium: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology 3:115-151.

Graf, William. 1982. Tamarisk and river-channel management. Environmental Management 6:283-296.

Graham, Alan, ed. 1973. Vegetation and Vegetational History of Northern Latin America . 393 pp. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Graham, Alan, ed. 1976. Studies in neotropical paleobotany. II. The Miocene communities of Veracruz, Mexico. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 63:787-842.

Graham, Alan, ed. 1982. Diversification beyond the Amazon basin, pp. 78-90. In Ghillean T. Prance, ed., Biological Diversification in the Tropics: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of the Association for Tropical Biology . Columbia University Press, New York.

Gray, M. 1976. Miscellaneous notes on Australian plants. 2. Chrysanthemoides (Compositae). Contributions from Herbarium Australiense 16:1-5.

Griffin, Lisa Carlson, and Ralph M. Rowlett. 1981. A "lost" Viking cereal grain. Journal of Ethnobiology 1:200-207.

Griggs, Tom. 1981. Life histories of vernal pool annual grasses. Fremontia 9(1):14-17.

Grimm, E. C. 1983. Chronology and dynamics of vegetation change in the prairie-woodland region of southern Minnesota. New Phytologist 93:311-350.

Groves, Eric W. 1981. Vascular plant collections from the Tristan da Cunha group of islands. British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin, Botany Series 8(4):333-420.

Grubb, P. J., and E. V. J. Tanner. 1976. The montane forests and soils of Jamaica: a re-assessment. Arnold Arboretum Journal 57:313-368.

Habeck, James R. 1976. Forests, fuels and fire in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho. Proceedings Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 14:305-353.

Hallam, A. 1977. Biogeographic evidence bearing on the creation of Atlantic seaways in the Jurassic, pp. 23-34. In Robert M. West, ed. Paleontology and plate tectonics with special reference to the history of the Atlantic Ocean. Milwaukee Public Museum Special Publications in Biology and Geology .

Hamilton, Alan. 1974. The history of the vegetation, pp. 188-209. In E. M. Lind and M. E. S. Morrison, eds., East Africa Vegetation . Longman, London.

Hamilton, Alan. 1982. Environmental History of East Africa: A Study of the Quaternary . 328 pp. Academic Press, New York.

Hammen, T. van der. 1974. The Pleistocene changes of vegetation and climate in tropical South America. Journal of Biogeography 1:3-26.

Hammen, T. van der. 1979. History of flora, vegetation and climate in the Colombian Cordillera Oriental during the last five million years, pp. 25-32. In Kai Larsen and Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, eds., Tropical Botany . Academic Press, London.

Hammen, T. van der, T. A. Wijmstra, and W. H. Zagwijn. 1971. The floral record of the late Cenozoic of Europe, pp. 391-424. In K. K. Turekian, ed., The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages . Yale University Press, New Haven.

Harlan, Jack R. 1982a . Relationships between weeds and crops, pp. 91-96. In W. Holzner and Numata, eds., Biology and Ecology of Weeds . W. Junk, The Hague.

Harlan, Jack R. 1982b . Human interference with grass systematics, pp. 37-50. In James R. Estes, Ranald J. Tyrl, and Fere N. Brunken, eds., Grasses and Grasslands: Systematics and Ecology . University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Harris, David R. 1966. Recent plant invasions in the arid and semi-arid southwest of the United States. Association of American Geographers Annals 56:408-422.

Hartshorn, Gary S. 1980. Neotropical forest dynamics. Biotropica 12(2) Supplement: 23-30.

Hartshorn, Gary S. 1983. Pentaclethra macroloba (Gavilan), pp. 301-303. In Daniel H. Janzen, ed., Costa Rican Natural History . University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Harvey, H. Thomas, Howard S. Shellhammer, and Ronald E. Stecker. 1980. Giant sequoia ecology: fire and reproduction. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series 12:1-182.

Hegi, Gustav. 1954. Matricaria discoidea. Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa 6(2):584-587. Carl Hansen, Munich.

Heinselman, Miron L. 1981. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems, pp. 7-57. In Harold A. Mooney, R. M. Bonnicksen, N. L. Christensen, J. E. Lotan, and W. A. Reiners, coords. Proceedings of the conference: fire regimes and ecosystem properties. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report . WO-26.

Heiser, Charles B., Jr. 1978a . The totora (Scirpus californicus ) in Ecuador and Peru. Economic Botany 32:222-236.

Heiser, Charles B., Jr. 1978b . Taxonomy of Helianthus and origin of domesticated sunflower. American Society of Agronomy: Sunflower Science and Technology 2:31-53.

Herwitz, Stanley. 1981. Regeneration of selected tropical tree species in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. University of California Publications in Geography 24:1-149.

Heslop-Harrison, J. 1953. The North American and Lusitanian elements in the flora of the British Isles, pp. 105-122. In J. E. Lousley, ed., The Changing Flora of Britain . Botanical Society of the British Isles, Oxford.

Heusser, Calvin J. 1964. Some pollen profiles from the Laguna de San Rafael area, Chile, pp. 95-114. In Lucy M. Cranwell, ed., Ancient Pacific Floras . Tenth Pacific Science Congress Series, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Heyerdahl, Thor. 1971. The Ra Expeditions . [Translation by Patricia Crampton.] 341 pp. Doubleday, Garden City.

Hickey, Leo J. 1977. Early Creataceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution. Botanical Review 43:2-104.

Hickey, Leo J. 1984. Changes in the angiosperm flora across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, pp. 279-313. In W. A. Berggren and John A. Van Couvering, eds., Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitarianism . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Hobbs, Elizabeth. 1980. Effects of grazing on the northern populations of Pinus muricata on Santa Cruz Island, California, pp. 159-165. In Dennis M. Power, ed., The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium . Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.

Hockley, J. 1974. And alligator weed spreads in Australia. Nature 250:704.

Holm, LeRoy G., Donald L. Plucknett, Juan V. Pancho, and James P. Herberger. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology . 609 pp. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

Hopley, David. 1982. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Quaternary Development of Coral Reefs . 452 pp. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Hos, D. 1975. Preliminary investigation of the palynology of the upper Eocene Werillup Formation, Western Australia. Royal Society of Western Australia Journal 58:1-14.

Hosking, J. R., and P. J. Deighton. 1979. The distribution and control of Opuntia aurantiaca in New South Wales, pp. 195-220. In Seventh Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Sydney, Proceedings .

Houston, Douglas B. 1973. Wildfires in northern Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 54:1111-1117.

Howe, Henry F., and Judith Smallwood. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:201-228.

Hughes, N. F. 1976. Palaeobiology of Angiosperm Origins: Problems of Mesozoic Seed-Plant Evolution . 242 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Huntley, B., and H. J. B. Birks. 1983. An Atlas of Past and Present Pollen Maps for Europe: 0-13,000 Years Ago . 667 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ibrahim, Fouad N. 1980. Desertification in Nord-Darfur: Untersuchungen zur Gefährdung des Naturpotentials durch nicht angepasste Landnutzungsmethoden in der Sahelzone der Republik Sudan. Hamburger Geographische Studien 35:1-175.

Iversen, J. 1949. The influence of prehistoric man on vegetation. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse , Series IV. 3(6):1-25.

Iversen, J. 1960. Problems of early Post-Glacial forest development in Denmark. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse , Series IV. 4(3):1-32.

Iversen, J. 1964. Retrogressive vegetational succession in the Post-Glacial. Journal of Ecology 52 Supplement: 59.

Jain, Subodh K., ed. 1976. Vernal pools: their ecology and conservation. University of California, Davis, Institute of Ecology Publication 9:1-93.

Jain, Subodh K., ed. 1983. Genetic characteristics of populations, pp. 240-258. In Harold A. Mooney and M. Godron, eds., Disturbance and Ecosystems: Components of Response . Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Jain, Subodh K., and A. D. Bradshaw. 1966. Evolutionary divergence among adjacent plant populations. I. The evidence and its theoretical analysis. Heredity 21:407-444.

Jain, Subodh K., and P. S. Martins. 1979. Ecological genetics of the colonizing ability of rose clover (Trifolium hirtum All.). American Journal of Botany 66:361-366.

Jefferson, Timothy H. 1982. Fossil forests from the Lower Cretaceous of Alexander Island, Antarctica. Palaeontology 25:681-708.

Johannessen, Carl L., William A. Davenport, Artimus Millet, and Steven McWilliams. 1971. The vegetation of the Willamette Valley. Association of American Geographers Annals 61:286-302.

Johnson, Donald Lee. 1980. Episodic vegetation stripping, soil erosion, and landscape modification in prehistoric and recent historic time, San Miguel Island, California, pp. 103-121. In Dennis M. Power, ed., The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium . Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.

Johnson, W. Carter, Robert L. Burgess, and Warren R. Keammerer. 1976. Forest overstory vegetation and environment on the Missouri River floodplain in North Dakota. Ecological Monographs 46:59-84.

Keay, R. W. J. 1959. Lowland vegetation on the 1922 lava flow, Cameroons Mountain. Journal of Ecology 47:25-29.

Keeley, Jon E. 1981. Reproductive cycles and fire regimes, pp. 231-277. In Harold A. Mooney, R. M. Bonnicksen, N. L. Christensen, J. E. Lotan and W. A. Reiners, coords., Proceedings of the conference: fire regimes and ecosystem properties. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report WO-26.

Keeley, Jon E., and Sterling C. Keeley. 1979. Aponogeton distachyus and Stanleya pinnata. Madroño 26:188-189.

Keeley, Sterling C., Jon E. Keeley, Steve M. Hutchinson, and Albert W. Johnson. 1981. Postfire succession of the herbaceous flora in southern California chapparal. Ecology 62:1608-1621.

Keever, Catherine. 1950. Causes of succession on old fields of the Piedmont, North Carolina. Ecological Monographs 20:229-250.

Kellman, Martin C. 1970. Secondary plant succession in tropical montane Mindanao. Australian National University, Department of Biogeography and Geomorphology Publication BG/2:1-174.

Kellman, Martin C. 1979. Soil enrichment by Neotropical savanna trees. Journal of Ecology 67:565-577.

Kellman, Martin C., and Koyoko Miyanashi. 1982. Forest seedling establishment in Neotropical savannas: observations and experiments in the Mountain Pine Ridge savanna, Belize. Journal of Biogeography 9:193-206.

Kemp, Elizabeth M., and Wayne K. Harris. 1975. The vegetation of Tertiary islands on the Ninetyeast Ridge. Nature 258:303-307.

Kerner von Marilaun, Anton. 1863. Das Pflanzenleben der Donaulaender . 348 pp. Wagner'schen Universität, Innsbruck.

Kerner von Marilaun, Anton. 1896. The Natural History of Plants . [Translation by F. W. Oliver.] 2 vols. Blackie & Son, London.

Kilgore, Bruce M. 1981. Fire in ecosystem distribution and structure: western forests and scrublands, pp. 58-59. In Harold A. Mooney, R. M. Bonnicksen, N. L. Christensen,

J. E. Lotan, and W. A. Reiners, coords., Proceedings of the conference: fire regimes and ecosystem properties. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report WO-26.

Kilgore, Bruce M., and Dan Taylor. 1979. Fire history of a sequoia-mixed conifer forest. Ecology 60:129-142.

King, James E. 1981. Late Quaternary vegetational history of Illinois. Ecological Monographs 51:43-62.

Kloot, P. M. 1984. The introduced elements of the flora of southern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 11:63-78.

Kral, Friedrich. 1972. Grundlagen zur Entstehung der Waldgesellshaften in Ostalpenraum, pp. 173-186. In Burkhard Frenzel, ed., Vegetationsgeschichte der Alpen: Studien zur Entwicklung von Klima und Vegetation im Postglacial. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft .

Lakhanpal, Rajendra N. 1970. Tertiary floras of India and their bearing on the historical geology of the region. Taxon 19:675-694.

Lambert, J. D. H., and J. T. Aranson. 1982. Ramon and Maya ruins: an ecological, not an economic, relation. Science 216:298-299.

Landolt, Elias. 1979. Lemna minuscula Herter (= L. minima Phil.), eine in Europa neue eingebürgerte amerikanische Wasserpflanze. Geobotanisches Institut, Stiftung Rübel, Eidgenössishe Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Berichte 46:86-89.

Lang, Gerald E., and Dennis H. Knight. 1983. Tree growth, mortality, recruitment, and canopy gap formation during a 10-year period in a tropical moist forest. Ecology 64:1075-1080.

Langenheim, Jean H. 1956. Plant succession on a subalpine earthflow in Colorado. Ecology 37:301-317.

Lanner, Ronald M. 1981. The Piñon Pine: A Natural and Cultural History . 208 pp. University of Nevada Press, Reno.

Lawrence, Donald B. 1958. Glaciers and vegetation in southeastern Alaska. American Scientist 46:89-122.

Lawrence, Donald B., and Elizabeth G. Lawrence. 1959. Recent glacier variations in southern South America. American Geographical Society, Southern Chile Expedition Technical Report 1:1-39.

Lawrence, Donald B., R. E. Schoenike, A. Quispel, and G. Bond. 1967. The role of Dryas drummondii in vegetation development following ice recession at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Journal of Ecology 55:793-813.

Leatherman, Stephen P., ed. 1979. Barrier Islands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico . 325 pp. Academic Press, New York.

Leopold, Estella B. 1969. Late Cenozoic palynology, pp. 377-438. In Robert H. Tschudy and R. A. Scott, eds., Aspects of Palynology . Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Lesko, G. L., and R. B. Walker. 1969. Effect of sea water on germination in two Pacific atoll beach species. Ecology 50:730-734.

Leyden, Barbara W. 1985. Late Quaternary aridity and Holocene moisture fluctuations in the Lake Valencia Basin, Venezuela, Ecology 66:1279-1295.

Livingstone, Daniel A. 1967. Postglacial vegetation of the Ruwenzori Mountains in equatorial Africa. Ecological Monographs 37:25-52.

Livingstone, Daniel A. 1971. A 22,000-year pollen record from the plateau of Zambia. Limnology and Oceanography 16:349-356.

Livingstone, Daniel A. 1975. Late Quaternary climatic change in Africa. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:249-280.

Lockmann, Ronald F. 1981. Guarding the Forests of Southern California: Evolving Attitudes Toward Conservation of Watershed, Woodlands , and Wilderness . 184 pp. Arthur H. Clark, Glendale.

Lorence, David H., and Robert W. Sussman. 1986. Exotic species invasion into Mauritius wet forest remnants. Journal of Tropical Ecology 2:147-162.

Loucks, Orie L. 1983. New light on the changing forest, pp. 17-32. In Susan L. Flader, ed., The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Lüdi, Werner. 1958. Beobachtungen über die Besiedlung von Gletschervorfeldern in den Schweizeralpen. Flora 146:386-407.

Lunan, J. S., and J. R. Habeck. 1973. The effects of fire exclusion on ponderosa pine communities in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3:574-579.

Luther, Hans. 1961. Veränderungen in der Gefässpflanzenflora der Meeresfelsen von Tvärminne. Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Acta Botanica Fennica 62:1-100.

Mack, Richard N. 1984. Invaders at home on the range. Natural History 93(2):40-47.

Macnair, M. R. 1981. Tolerance of higher plants to toxic materials, pp. 177-208. In M. A. Bishop and L. M. Cook, eds., Genetic Consequence of Man-Made Change . Academic Press, New York.

Madany, Michael H., and Neil E. West. 1983. Livestock grazing-fire regime interactions within montane forests of Zion National Park, Utah. Ecology 64:661-667.

Maddox, D. M., L. A. Andres, R. D. Hennessey, R. D. Blackburn, and N. R. Spencer. 1971. Insects to control alligatorweed: an invader of aquatic ecosystems in the United States. BioScience 21:985-991.

Mädler, Karl. 1939. Die Pliozäne Flora von Frankfurt am Main. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 446:1-202.

Mamay, S. H. 1976. Paleozoic origin of cycads. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 934:1-148.

Mann, John. 1970. Cacti Naturalised in Australia and Their Control . 128 pp. Queensland Department of Lands, Brisbane.

Marchant, C. J. 1967. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae). I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London 60:1-24.

Marchant, C. J. 1968. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae). II. Chromosomes, basic relationships and problems of S . × townsendii Agg. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London 60:381-409.

Marchant, C. J. 1977. Hybrid characteristics in Spartina × neyrautii Fouc., a taxon rediscovered in northern Spain. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London 74:289-296.

Markgraf, Vera. 1972. Die Ausbreitungsgeschichte der Fichte (Picea abies H. Karst) in der Schweiz, pp. 165-172. In Burkhard Frenzel, ed., Vegetationsgeschichte der

Alpen: Studien zur Entwicklung von Klima und Vegetation im Postglacial. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschraft .

Martin, William E. 1959. The vegetation of Island Beach State Park, New Jersey. Ecological Monographs 29:1-46.

Matthews, P., and A. W. Davidson. 1976. Maritime species on roadside verges. Watsonia 11:146-147.

McBride, Joe R., and Diana F. Jacobs. 1980. Land use and fire history in the mountains of southern California, pp. 85-88. In Marvin A. Stokes and John H. Dieterich, coords. Proceedings of the fire history workshop. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report RM-81.

McCormick, J. Frank, and Robert B. Platt. 1980. Recovery of an Appalachian forest following the chestnut blight, or Catherine Keever--you were right! American Midland Naturalist 104:264-273.

McIntire, William G., and Harley J. Walker. 1964. Tropical cyclones and coastal morphology of Mauritius. Association of American Geographers Annals 54:582-596.

McIntosh, Robert P. 1980. The relationship between succession and the recovery process in ecosystems, pp. 11-62. In John Cairns, Jr., ed., The Recovery Process in Damaged Ecosystems . Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor.

McLaughlin, Willard T., and Robert L. Brown. 1942. Controlling coastal sand dunes in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular 660:1-46.

Meadley, G. R. W. 1954. Mexican poppy. Western Australia Department of Agriculture Journal , 3d series 3:401-403.

Miller, Charles N., Jr. 1977. Mesozoic conifers. Botanical Review 43:217-280.

Minnich, Richard A. 1977. The geography of fire and big-cone Douglas fir, Coulter pine, and western conifer forests in the east Transverse Ranges, southern California, pp. 443-450. In Harold A. Mooney and Eugene Conrad, coords., Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report WO-3.

Minnich, Richard A. 1980. Vegetation of Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands, pp. 123-137. In Dennis M. Power, ed., The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium . Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.

Minnich, Richard A. 1982. Grazing, fire, and the management of vegetation on Santa Catalina Island, California, pp. 444-449. In C. Eugene Conrad and Walter C. Oechel, coords., Proceedings of Symposium on Dynamics and Management of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-58.

Minnich, Richard A. In press. The biogeography of fire in the San Bernardino Mountains of California, University of California Publications in Geography .

Mirsky, Arthur, ed., 1966. Soil development and ecological succession in a deglaciated area of Muir Inlet, southeast Alaska. Ohio State University, Institute of Polar Studies Report 20:1-167.

Mitchell, D. S. 1977. Aquatic Weeds in Australian Inland Waters . 189 pp. Australia Department of Environment, Housing and Community Development, Canberra.

Moran, Reid. 1950. Mesembryanthemum in California. Madroño 10:161-163.

Moran, Reid. 1980. Noteworthy collections: Avicennia marina var. resinifera. Madroño 27:143.

Mühlenbach, Viktor. 1979. Contributions to the synanthropic (adventive) flora of the railroads of St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 66:1-108.

Mueller-Dombois, Dieter. 1980. The 'ohi'a dieback phenomenon in the Hawaiian rainforest, pp. 153-161. In John Cairns, Jr., ed., The Recovery Process in Damaged Ecosystems . Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor.

Mueller-Schneider, Paul. 1977. Verbreitungsbiologie (Diasporologie) der Blutenpflanzen. 2d ed. Gebotanisches Institut, Stiftung Rübel, Eidenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Veroffentlichungen 61:1-226.

Muller, Jan. 1970. Palynological evidence on early differentiation of angiosperms. Cambridge Philosophical Society Biological Reviews 45:417-450.

Muller, Jan. 1981. Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. Botanical Review 47:1-142.

Mussett, René. 1952. La dissémination recente d'une graminee, la Spartina townsendii , sur le littoral français. Annales de Geographie 61:53-54.

Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquinervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20:645-658.

Niklas, Karl J., and E. E. Ginnasi. 1978. Angiosperm paleobiochemistry of the Succor Creek flora (Miocene), Oregon, U.S.A. American Journal of Botany 65:943-952.

Norman, F. I., and M. P. Harris. 1981. Some recent changes in the flora and avifauna of Rabbit Island, Wilson's Promontory, Victoria. Royal Society of Victoria Proceedings 92:209-213.

Numata, Makoro, ed. 1974. The Flora and Vegetation of Japan . 294 pp. Kodasha, Tokyo.

Ogle, Douglas W. 1981. Long-distance dispersal of vascular halophytes: the marshes of Saltville, Virginia. Castanea 46:8-15.

Oka, H. I., and Hiroko Morishima. 1982. Ecological genetics and the evolution of weeds, pp. 73-89. In W. Holzner and M. Numata, eds., Biology and Ecology of Weeds . W. Junk, The Hague.

Osmond, C. B., and J. Monro. 1981. Prickly pear, pp. 194-222. In D. J. Carr and S. G. M. Carr, eds., Plants and Man in Australia . Academic Press, Sydney.

Owen-Smith, Norman. 1981. The white rhino overpopulation problem and a proposed solution, pp. 129-150. In Peter A. Jewell and Sidney Holt, eds., Problems in Management of Locally Abundant Wild Animals . Academic Press, New York.

Ownbey, Marion. 1950. Natural hybridization and amphiploidy in the genus Tragopogon. American Journal of Botany 37:487-499.

Parsons, James J. 1955. The Miskito pine savanna of Nicaragua and Honduras. Association of American Geographers Annals 45:36-63.

Parsons, James J. 1972. Spread of African pasture grasses to the American tropics. Journal of Range Management 25:12-17.

Pennington, Winifred. 1969. The History of British Vegetation . 152 pp. English Universities Press, London.

Penny, John S. 1969. Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary palynology, pp. 331-376. In Robert H. Tschudy and R. A. Scott, eds., Aspects of Palynology . Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Perring, F. H. 1974. Changes in our native vascular plant flora, pp. 7-25. In D. L. Hawksworth, ed., The changing flora and fauna of Britain. Systematics Association Special Volume .

Pestrong, Raymond. 1965. The development of drainage patterns on tidal marshes. Stanford University Publications, Geological Sciences 10(2):1-87.

Philbrick, Ralph N. 1972. The plants of Santa Barbara Island, California. Madroño 21:329-393.

Philbrick, Ralph N. 1980. Distribution and evolution of endemic plants of the California islands, pp. 173-187. In Dennis M. Power, ed., The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium . Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.

Phillips, Tom L., Russel A. Peppers, and William A. Dimichele. 1985. Stratigraphic and interregional changes in Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation environmental inferences. International Journal of Coal Geology 5:43-109.

Pickard, John. 1984. Exotic plants on Lord Howe Island: distribution in space and time, 1853-1981. Journal of Biogeography 11:181-208.

Pijl, L. van der. 1982. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants . 3d ed. 215 pp. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Pillmore, C. L., R. H. Tschudy, C. J. Orth, J. S. Gilmore, and J. D. Knight. 1984. Geologic framework of nonmarine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sites, Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado. Science 223:1180-1183.

Plumstead, Edna P. 1973. The late Palaeozoic Glossopteris flora, pp. 187-205. In A. Hallam, ed., Atlas of Palaeobiogeography . Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Pohl, Richard W. 1951. The genus Setaria in Iowa. Iowa State College Journal of Science 25:501-508.

Prentice, I. C. 1983. Postglacial climatic change: vegetation dynamics and the pollen record. Progress in Physical Geography 7:273-286.

Price, Edward T. 1960. Root digging in the Appalachians: the geography of botanical drugs. Geographical Review 50:1-20.

Rabinowitz, Philip D., Millard F. Coffin, and David Falvey. 1983. The separation of Madagascar and Africa. Science 220:67-69.

Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, Magdalena. 1983. Isopollen maps for Poland 0-11,000 years. New Phytologist 94:133-175.

Ranwell, D. S. 1967. World Resources of Spartina townsendii (sensu lato) and economic use of Spartina marshland. Journal of Applied Ecology 4:239-256.

Ranwell, D. S. 1972. Ecology of Salt Marshes and Sand Dunes . 258 pp. Chapman & Hall, London.

Raven, Peter H. 1963. A flora of San Clemente Island, California. Aliso 5:289-347

Raven, Peter H., and Daniel I. Axelrod. 1974. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movements. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 61:539-673.

Rees, John D. 1979. Effects of the eruption of Paricutin Volcano on landforms, vegetation, and human occupancy, pp. 249-292. In Payson D. Sheets and Donald K. Grayson, eds., Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology . Academic Press, New York.

Retallack, Greg, and David L. Dilcher. 1981a . Arguments for a glossopterid ancestry of angiosperms. Paleobiology 7:54-67.

Retallack, Greg, and David L. Dilcher. 1981b . A coastal hypothesis for the dispersal and rise to dominance of flowering plants, 2:27-77. In Karl J. Niklas, ed., Palaeobotany, Palaeoecology and Evolution . Praeger, New York.

Richards, Paul W. 1964. The Tropical Rain Forest: An Ecological Study . 450 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ridley, H. N. 1930. The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World . 744 pp. L. Reeve, Ashford, Kent.

Ritchie, J. C. 1976. The late Quaternary vegetational history of the western interior of Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 54:1793-1818.

Robbins, W. W. 1940. Alien plants growing without cultivation in California. University of California, Berkeley, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 637:1-128.

Robertson, J. H. 1971. Changes on a sagebrush-grass range in Nevada ungrazed for 30 years. Journal of Range Management 24:397-400.

Robinson, T. W. 1965. Introduction, spread and areal extent of saltcedar (Tamarix ) in the western states. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-A:1-12.

Roche, Emile. 1974. Paléobotanique, Paléoclimatologie et derive des continents. Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Sciences Géologiques Bulletin 27:9-24.

Rodman, James E. 1974. Systematics and evolution of the genus Cakile (Cruciferae). Gray Herbarium of Harvard University Contributions 205:3-146.

Rogers, Garry F. 1982. Then and Now: A Photographic History of Vegetation Change in the Central Great Basin Desert . 152 pp. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Roose, M. L., and L. D. Gottlieb. 1976. Genetic and biochemical consequences of polyploidy in Tragopogon. Evolution 30:818-830.

Rosengren, Neville. 1981. Dune systems on cuspate forelands, East Gippsland, Victoria. Royal Society of Victoria Proceedings 92:137-147.

Rosser, Effie M. 1955. A new British species of Senecio. Watsonia 3:228-232.

Rundel, Philip W. 1972. Habitat restriction in giant sequoia: the environmental control of grove boundaries. American Midland Naturalist 87:81-99.

Russell, Richard J. 1942. Flotant. Geographical Review 32:74-98.

Russell, Richard J. 1967. River Plains and Sea Coasts . 173 pp. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Sachet, Marie-Helene. 1962. Geography and land ecology of Clipperton Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 86:1-115.

Sagado-Labouriau, Maria Lea. 1982. Climatic change at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, pp. 74-77. In Ghillean T. Prance, ed., Biological Diversification in the Tropics: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of the Association for Tropical Biology . Columbia University Press, New York.

Salisbury, Edward J. 1943. The flora of bombed areas. Nature 151:462-466.

Salisbury, Edward J. 1961. Weeds and Aliens . 384 pp. Collins, London.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1952. A geography of pokeweed. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 39:113-125.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1957. Recent migration and evolution of the dioecious amaranths. Evolution 11:11-31.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1961. Coastal plant geography of Mauritius. Louisiana State University Studies, Coastal Studies Series 5:1-153.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1962. Effects of recent tropical cyclones on the coastal vegetation of Mauritius. Journal of Ecology 50:275-290.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1967a . The grain amaranths and their relatives: a revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 54:103-137.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1967b . Plants and Man on the Seychelles Coast: A Study in Historical Biogeography. 132 pp. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1972. The dioecious amaranths: a new species name and major range extensions. Madroño 21:426-434.

Sauer, Jonathan D. 1982. Cayman Islands seashore vegetation: a study in comparative biogeography. University of California Publications in Geography 25:1-161.

Sawatzky, Harry Leonard. 1971. They Sought a Country: Mennonite Colonization in Mexico . 387 pp. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Schroeder, F. G. 1969. Zur Klassifizierung der Anthropochoren. Vegetatio 16:225-238.

Schuster, Rudolf M. 1976. Plate tectonics and its bearing on the geographical origin and dispersal of angiosperms, pp. 48-138. In C. B. Beck, ed., Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms . Columbia University Press, New York.

Scott, Geoffrey A. J. 1978. Grassland development in the Gran Pajonal of eastern Peru. University of Hawaii at Manoa Monographs in Geography 1:1-187.

Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants . 610 pp. Edward Arnold, London.

Searcy, Karen B. 1969. Variation in Cercoarpus in southern California. New Phytologist 68:829-839.

Semple, John C. 1983. Range expansion of Heterotheca camporum (Compositae Astereae) in the southeastern United States. Brittonia 35:140-146.

Shea, S. R. 1979. An ecological approach to the control of jarrah dieback. Western Australia Forest Department, Forest Focus 29:7-18.

Shea, S. R. 1982. Multiple use management in a Mediterranean ecosystem: the jarrah forest, a case study, pp. 49-55. In C. Eugene Conrad and Walter C. Oechel, coords., Proceedings of Symposium on Dynamics and Management of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-58.

Simon, Charles. 1958. Eine Halophytenflora am Oberrhein. Bauhinia 1:144-150.

Smathers, Garrett A., and Dieter Mueller-Dombois. 1974. Invasion and recovery of vegetation after a volcanic eruption in Hawaii. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Scientific Monograph 5:1-129.

Smit, J., and S. van der Kaars. 1984. Terminal Cretaceous extinctions in the Hell Creek area, Montana: compatible with catastrophic extinctions. Science 223:1177-1179.

Spaulding, W. Geoffrey. 1983. Late Wisconsin macrofossil records of desert vegetation in the American Southwest. Quaternary Research 19:256-264.

Spaulding, W. Geoffrey, Estella B. Leopold, and Thomas R. Van Devender. 1983. Late Wisconsin paleoecology of the American Southwest, 1:259-293. In H. E. Wright, Jr., ed., Late Quaternary Environments of the United States . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Spencer, Neal R. 1984. Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti (Malvacea): history and economic impact in the United States. Economic Botany 38:407-416.

Spurr, Stephen H. 1956. Natural restocking of forests following the 1938 hurricane in central New England. Ecology 37:443-451.

Srivastava, Satish K. 1981. Evolution of Upper Cretaceous phytogoprovinces and their pollen flora. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 35:155-173.

Stanley, Steven M. 1979. Macroevolution: Pattern and Process . 332 pp. Freeman, San Francisco.

Stebbins, G. Ledyard. 1981. Coevolution of grasses and herbivores. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 68:75-86.

Stevens, Neil E. 1917. Some factors influencing the prevalence of Endothia gyrosa. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . 44:127-144.

Stewart, Wilson N. 1983. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants . 405 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Stoddart, David R. 1962. Three Caribbean atolls: Turneffe Islands, Lighthouse Reef, and Glover's Reef, British Honduras. Atoll Research Bulletin 87:1-151.

Stoddart, David R. 1963. Effects of Hurricane Hattie on the British Honduras reefs and cays, October 30-31, 1961. Atoll Research Bulletin 95:1-142.

Stoddart, David R. 1969. Post-hurricane changes on the British Honduras reefs and cays: resurvey of 1965. Atoll Research Bulletin 131:1-36.

Stoddart, David R. 1980. Mangroves as successional stages, inner reefs of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Biogeography 7:269-284.

Stoddart, David R. 1981. Biogeography: dispersal and drift. Progress in Physical Geography 5: 575-590.

Stoddart, David R., F. R. Fosberg, and D. I. Spellman. 1982. Cays of the Belize barrier reef and lagoon. Atoll Research Bulletin 256:1-75.

Stoddart, David R., R. F. McLean, T. P. Scoffin, and P. E. Gibbs. 1978. Forty-five years of change on low wooded islands, Great Barrier Reef. Royal Society, London, Philosophical Transcactions Series B 284:63-80.

Stott, Philip. 1981. Historical Plant Geography . 151 pp. Allen & Unwin, London.

Strobel, Gary A., and Gerald N. Lanier. 1981. Dutch elm disease. Scientific American 245(2):56-66.

Stuesy, Tod F., J. K. Foland, John F. Sutter, Roger W. Sanders, and Mario O. Silva. 1984. Botanical and geological significance of potassium-argon dates from the Juan Fernandez Islands. Science 225:49-51.

Suominen, Juha. 1979. The grain immigrant flora of Finland. Acta Botanica Fennica 111:1-108.

Swain, Albert M., and Marjorie J. Winkler. 1983. Environmental history of southern Wisconsin during the Holocene: changes in vegetation, climate, and lake levels. Ecological Society of America Bulletin 64:132-133.

Sweet, Sue. 1981. Plants of the Lanphere-Christensen dunes. Fremontia 9(2):3-8.

Sykes, William R. 1969. The effect of goats on vegetation of the Kermadec Islands. New Zealand Ecological Society Proceedings 16:13-16.

Szafer, Wladyslaw. 1946. The Pliocene flora of Kroscienko in Poland. Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci^[*], Krakow, Wydzial Matematyczno-Przyrodniczy Rozprawy, Series 3B 32: 1-162.

Szafer, Wladyslaw. ed. 1966. The Vegetation of Poland . 738 pp. Pergamon, Oxford.

Tallantire, P. A. 1972. Spread of spruce (Picea abies ) in Fennoscandia and possible climatic implications. Nature 236:64-65.

Tanai, Toshimasa. 1972. Tertiary history of vegetation in Japan, pp. 235-255. In Alan Graham, ed., Floristics and Paleofloristics of Asia and Eastern North America . Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Tansley, A. G. 1947. Introduction to Plant Ecology 260 pp. Allen & Unwin, London.

Taylor, H. C. 1978. Capensis, 1:171-229. In M. J. A. Werger, ed., Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa . W. Junk, The Hague.

Taylor, Thomas N. 1981. An Introduction to Fossil Plant Biology . 589 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Temple, Stanley A. 1977. Plant-animal mutualism: coevolution with dodo leads to near extinction of plant. Science 197:885-886.

Thellung, Albert. 1912. La flore adventice de Montpellier. Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques, Cherbourg, Memoires 38:57-728.

Thom, Bruce G. 1967. Mangrove ecology and deltaic geomorphology, Tabasco, Mexico. Journal of Ecology 55:301-343.

Thompson, R. S., and J. I. Mead. 1982. Late Quaternary environments and biogeography in the Great Basin. Quaternary Research 17:34-55.

Thorne, Robert F. 1969. The California islands. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 56:391-408.

Thorne, Robert F. 1978. Plate tectonics and angiosperm distribution. Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh 36:297-315.

Thorne, Robert F., and Earl W. Lathrop. 1969. A vernal marsh on the Santa Rosa Plateau of Riverside County, California. Aliso 7:85-95.

Tiffney, Bruce H. 1985. The Eocene North Atlantic land bridge: its importance in Tertiary and modern phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 66:243-273.

Tisdale, E. W., M. A. Fosberg, and C. E. Poulton. 1963. Vegetation and soil development on a recently glaciated area near Mount Robson, British Columbia. Ecology 47:517-523.

Tralau, Hans. 1973. Some Quaternary plants, pp. 499-503. In A. Hallam, ed., Atlas of Palaeobiogeography . Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Tryon, Rolla M. 1970. Development and evolution of fern floras of oceanic islands. Biotropica 2:76-84.

Tschudy, Robert H. 1984. Palynological evidence for change in continental flora at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, pp. 315-337. In W. A. Berggren and John A. Van Couvering, eds., Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitarianism . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Tschudy, Robert H., and R. A. Scott, eds. 1969. Aspects of Palynology . 510 pp. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Tschudy, Robert H., and Bernardine D. Tschudy. 1986. Extinction and survival of plant life following the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event, Western Interior, North America. Geology 14:667-670.

Tsukada, Matsuo. 1982a . Cryptomeria japonica: Glacial refugia and Late-Glacial and Postglacial migration. Ecology 63:1091-1105.

Tsukada, Matsuo. 1982b . Late-Quaternary development of the Fagus forest in the Japanese Archipelago. Japanese Journal of Ecology 32:113-118.

Tsukada, Matsuo. 1982c . Late-Quaternary shift of Fagus distribution. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 95:203-217.

Tsukada, Matsuo. 1983a . Vegetation and climate during the last glacial maximum in Japan. Quaternary Research 19:212-235.

Tsukada, Matsuo. 1983b . Late-Quaternary spruce decline and rise in Japan and Sakhalin. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 96:127-133.

Tsukada, Matsuo. 1983c . Man and vegetation in prehistoric Japan. Encyclopedia of Japan 5:92-96. Kodansha, New York.

Tsukada, Matsuo. 1985. Map of vegetation during the last glacial maximum in Japan. Quaternary Research 23:369-381.

Turner, Charles. 1975. The correlation and duration of middle Pleistocene interglacial periods in northwest Europe, pp. 259-308. In Karl Butzer and G. L. Isaac, eds., After the Australopithecines . Mouton, The Hague.

Turner, Raymond M. 1974. Quantitative and historical evidence of vegetation changes along the Upper Gila River, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-H:1-119.

Turner, Raymond M., and Martin M. Karpiscak. 1980. Recent vegetation changes along the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1132:1-125.

Twisselmann, Ernest C. 1967. A flora of Kern County, California. University of San Francisco, Wasmann Journal of Biology 25:1-395.

Vale, Thomas R. 1974. Sagebrush conversion projects: an element of contemporary environmental change in the western United States. Biological Conservation 6:274-284.

Vale, Thomas R. 1975. Presettlement vegetation in the sagebrush-grass area of the Intermountain West. Journal of Range Management 28:32-36.

Van Cleve, Keith, and Leslie A. Viereck. 1981. Forest succession in relation to nutrient cycling in the boreal forest of Alaska, pp. 185-211. In Darrell C. West, Herman H. Shugart, and Daniel B. Botkin, eds., Forest Succession: Concepts and Application . Springer-Verlag, New York.

Van Devender, Thomas R., and W. Geoffrey Spaulding. 1979. Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States. Science 204:701-710.

Van Devender, Thomas R., Julio L. Betancourt, and Mark Wimberley, 1984. Biogeographic implications of a packrat midden sequence from the Sacramento Mountains, south-central New Mexico. Quaternary Research 22:344-360.

Vankat, John L. 1977. Fire and man in Sequoia National Park. Association of American Geographers Annals 67:17-27.

Varshney, C. L., and J. Rzoska, eds. 1976. Aquatic Weeds in Southeast Asia . 396 pp. W. Junk, The Hague.

Vartianen, Terttu. 1980. Succession of island vegetation in the land uplift area of the northernmost Gulf of Bothnia, Finland. Acta Botanica Fennica 115:1-105.

Vasek, Frank C. 1980. Creosote bush: long-lived clones in the Mojave Desert. American Journal of Botany 67:246-255.

Vaughan, R. E., and P. O. Wiehe. 1937. Studies on the vegetation of Mauritius. I. A preliminary survey of the plant communities. Journal of Ecology 25:298-343.

Vaughan, R. E., and P. O. Wiehe. 1941. Studies on the vegetation of Mauritius. III. The structure and development of the upland climax forest. Journal of Ecology 29:127-160.

Veblen, Thomas T., and David H. Ashton. 1978. Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes, Chile. Vegetatio 36:149-167.

Veblen, Thomas T., Claudio Donoso Z., Federico M. Schlegel, and Bernardo Escobar R. 1981. Forest dynamics in south-central Chile. Journal of Biogeography 8:211-247.

Vesper, Stephen J., and Ronald L. Stuckey. 1977. The return of aquatic vascular plants into the Great Lakes region after Late-Wisconsin glaciation, pp. 283-299. In Robert C. Romans, ed., Geobotany: Proceedings of Geobotany Conference, Bowling Green State University, Ohio . Plenum, New York.

Vietmeyer, Noel D. 1975. The beautiful blue devil. Natural History 84(11):65-73.

Vivrette, Nancy J., and Cornelius H. Muller. 1977. Mechanism of invasion and dominance of coastal grassland by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Ecological Monographs 47:301-318.

Vogl, Richard J. 1967. Fire adaptations of some southern California plants. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 7:79-110.

Vogl, Richard J. 1980. The ecological factors that produce perturbation-dependent ecosystems, pp. 63-94. In John Cairns, Jr., ed., The Recovery Process in Damaged Ecosystems . Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor.

Vogts, Marie. 1982. South Africa's Proteaceae: Know Them and Grow Them . 240 pp. C. Struik, Cape Town.

Wace, N. M., and M. W. Holdgate. 1976. Man and nature in the Tristan da Cunha Islands. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland, Monograph 6:1-114.

Walker, James W., and James A. Doyle. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: palynology. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 62:664-723.

Walker, James W., Gilbert J. Brenner, and Audrey G. Walker. 1983. Winteraceous pollen in the Lower Cretaceous of Israel: early evidence of a Magnolialean angiosperm family. Science 220:1273-1275.

Warme, John E. 1971. Paleoecological aspects of a modern coastal lagoon. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 87:1-131.

Watts, W. A. 1978. Plant macrofossils and Quaternary palaeoecology, pp. 53-67. In D. Walker and J. C. Guppy, eds., Biology and Quaternary Environments . Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.

Watts, W. A. 1979. Late Quaternary vegetation of central Appalachia and the New Jersey coastal plain. Ecological Monographs 49:427-469.

Watts, W. A. 1983. Vegetational history of the eastern United States 25,000 to 10,000 years ago, 2:294-310. In H. E. Wright, Jr., ed., Late Quaternary Environments of the United States . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Wells, Philip V. 1977. Post-Glacial origin of the present Chihuahuan Desert less than 11,500 years ago, pp. 67-83. In Roland H. Wauer and David H. Riskind, eds., Transactions of the symposium on the biological resources of the Chihuahuan

Desert Region. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Transactions and Proceedings Series .

Wells, Philip V. 1983. Paleobiogeography of montane islands in the Great Basin since the last glaciopluvial. Ecological Monographs 53:341-382.

Wells, Philip V., and J. H. Hunziker. 1976. Origin of the creosote-bush (Larrea ) deserts of southwestern North America. Missouri Botanical Garden Annals 63:843-861.

Wells, Philip V., and Deborah Woodcock. 1985. Full-Glacial vegetation of Death Valley, California: juniper woodland opening to Yucca semidesert. Madroño 32:11-23.

West, Neil E., ed. 1983. Temperate deserts and semideserts. Ecosystems of the World 5:1-522. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

West, R. G. 1970. Pleistocene history of the British flora, pp. 1-11. In D. Walker and R. G. West, eds., Studies in the Vegetational History of the British Isles: Essays in Honor of Harry Godwin . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

West, Robert C., Norbert P. Psuty, and Bruce G. Thom. 1969. The Tabasco lowlands of southeastern Mexico. Louisiana State University, Coastal Studies Institute Technical Report 70:1-193.

Wester, Lyndon. 1975. Changing Patterns of Vegetation on the West Side and South Side of the San Joaquin Valley during Historic Time . 186 pp. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.

Wester, Lyndon. 1981. Composition of native grasslands in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Madroño 28:231-241.

Wester, Lyndon. 1982. Introduction and spread of mangroves in the Hawaiian Islands. Association of Pacific Coast Geographers Yearbook 43:125-137.

Westman, Walter E. 1983. Island biogeography: studies on the xeric shrublands of the inner Channel Islands, California. Journal of Biogeography 10:97-118.

Westman, Walter E., F. D. Panetta, and T. D. Stanley. 1975. Ecological studies on reproduction and establishment of the woody weed, grounsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia L.: Asteraceae). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 26:855-870.

Whitmore, J. L. 1983. Ochroma lagopus (Balsa), pp. 281-283. In Daniel H. Janzen, ed., Costa Rican Natural History . University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Whitmore, T. C. 1982. On pattern and process in forests, pp. 45-59. In E. I. Newman, ed., The plant community as a working mechanism. British Ecological Society Special Publication .

Whittaker, R. J., K. Richards, H. Wiriadinata, and J. R. Flenley. 1984. Krakatau 1883 to 1983: biogeographical assessment. Progress in Physical Geography 8:61-81.

Widrlechner, Mark P. 1983. Historical and phenological observations on the spread of Chaenorrhinum minus across North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 61:179-187.

Williams, Garnett P. 1978. The case of the shrinking channels--the North Platte and Platte rivers in Nebraska. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 781:1-48.

Williams, Garnett P., and M. Gordon Wolman. 1984. Downstream effects of dams on alluvial rivers. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1286:1-83.

Williamson, G. B. 1983. Crysophila guagara (Guagra, Fan Palm), pp. 224-225. In

Daniel H. Janzen, ed., Costa Rican Natural History . University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Wolfe, Jack A. 1972. An interpretation of Alaskan Tertiary floras, pp. 201-233. In Alan Graham, ed., Floristics and Paleofloristics of Asia and Eastern North America . Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Wolfe, Jack A. 1973. Fossil forms of Amentiferae. Brittonia 25:334-355.

Wolfe, Jack A., and Toshimasa Tanai. 1980. The Miocene Seldovia Point Flora from the Kenai Group, Alaska . U.S. Geological Survey Paper 1105.

Wolfe, Jack A., and Garland R. Upchurch, Jr., In press. Vegetational, climatic, and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature .

Wright, H. E., Jr. 1971. Late Quaternary vegetational history of North America, pp. 425-464. In K. K. Turekian, ed., The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages . Yale University Press, New Haven.

Wright, H. E., Jr. 1976. The dynamic nature of Holocene vegetation: a problem in paleoclimatology, biogeography, and stratigraphic nomenclature. Quaternary Research 6:581-596.

Wulff, E. V. 1943. An Introduction to Historical Plant Geography . [Translation by Elizabeth Brissenden.] 223 pp. Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, Massachusetts.

Yensen, D. L. 1981. The 1900 invasion of alien plants into southern Idaho. Great Basin Naturalist 41:176-183.

Yeo, Richard R., and W. B. McHenry. 1977. Hydrilla , a new noxious aquatic weed in California. California Agriculture 31(10):4-5.

Young, James A., and Jerry D. Budy. 1979. Historical use of Nevada's pinyon-juniper woodlands. Journal of Forest History 23:112-121.

Young, James A., R. A. Evans, and J. Major. 1972. Alien plants in the Great Basin. Journal of Range Management 25:194-201.

Young, James A., R. A. Evans, and P. T. Tueller. 1976. Great Basin plant communities, pp. 187-215. In Robert Elston, ed., Holocene environmental change in the Great Basin. Nevada Archeological Survey Research Paper .

Zedler, Paul H. 1977. Life history attributes of plants and the fire cycle: a case study in chaparral dominated by Cupressus forbesii , pp. 451-458. In Harold A. Mooney and C. Eugene Conrad, coords., Proceedings of the symposium on environmental consequences of fire and fuel management in Mediterranean ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report WO-3.

Zimmerman, R. C. 1969. Plant ecology of an arid basin: Tres Alamos-Reddington area, southeastern Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 485-D:1-51.

Zumph, F., and O. Rebmann. 1932. Ökologische Studien in Sperenberger Salzgebiet. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 24:768-801.