Index
A
Abortion:
and consumer society, 140 ;
in immediate postwar period, 10 , 32 , 33 ;
in Nazi period, 16 ;
in post-Adenauer era, 224 ;
in Weimar Republic, 241 n96
Achinger, Hans, 121 -22, 133 , 136
Adenauer, Konrad, 44 , 64 , 70 , 78 , 224 ;
anticommunism of, 102 -3, 104 ;
on birth rate, 125 , 216 ;
Catholic background of, 105 ;
and criminal code reform, 221 -22;
and elections, 82 , 211 ;
and patriarchal family law, 92 , 93 , 95 -99, 102 -8, 186 -87, 198 , 200 ;
SPD criticized by, 80 -81, 82 ;
and West German rearmament, 104 ;
woman appointed to cabinet by, 221 -22, 288 n18
Adorno, Theodor, 136 , 226 , 267 n91
Affirmative-action programs, 71
Agriculture, 19 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 160 , 163 , 216 , 217
Albers, Willi, 268 n100
Allied forces. See Bomb attacks; Occupation
American Association of University Women, 74
Anticommunism:
and CDU/CSU coalition, 68 -69, 72 , 78 , 103 , 105 , 126 , 218 , 224 ;
and Christianity, 103 , 104 ;
and family policy, 6 , 68 -69, 72 , 78 , 89 , 102 -3, 104 , 105 , 214 , 218 ;
German Democratic Republic as target of, 78 , 119 , 197 -98, 211 , 218 , 224 , 268 n99;
historical antecedents of, 218 ;
and patriarchy, 104 , 105 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 105 , 199 .
See also Cold War
Arndt, Adolf, 88 , 98 -99
Association of Female Salaried Employees, 84 , 199
Augstein, Rudolph, 211
Authoritarianism, 36 , 48 , 77 , 119 , 197
B
Bähnisch, Theanolte, 82 -83, 93 , 248 n57
Basic Law:
and Bundestag debates, 86 , 98 , 181 , 187 , 202 -7;
drafted by Parliamentary Council, 40 , 45 -46, 50 , 54 , 61 , 205 , 213 ;
and economic assistance to families, 134 ;
equal rights provision of, 40 , 46 , 50 -54, 61 , 70 -71, 74 -75, 147 , 157 , 159 , 179 , 184 , 187 , 191 , 192 , 195 , 196 , 207 , 221 ;
and family, 40 -41, 65 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 83 , 86 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 112 , 186 , 187 , 190 , 202 -6;
and governmental structure, 40 , 182 ;
and homosexuality, 190 -91, 192 ;
judicial interpretation of, 80 , 99 , 181 -96, 204 -7;
legislation of sociocultural order avoided in, 54 , 62 ;
and marriage, 40 -41, 61 , 70 , 75 , 86 , 112 , 179 , 186 , 190 ;
and motherhood, 40 -41, 61 , 70 , 74 , 75 , 179 , 205 -6;
and parental rights, 69 , 70 , 93 , 95 , 101 , 190 , 204 -7;
and protective legislation, 157 , 158 , 159 ;
and public opinion, 41 ;
and recognition of sexual difference, 73 -74, 134 , 155 , 187 , 195 , 196 ,
Basic Law (continued )
202 ;
and separation of governmental powers, 182 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 45 , 53 -54, 152 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 53 , 142 , 144 , 146 , 179 , 207 -8;
Weimar Republic as example for, 40
Baumert, Gerhard, 267 n91
Bebel, August, 60 , 73 , 107 , 219
Bergsträsser, Ludwig, 46 , 51
Birth control, 10 , 140 . See also Abortion
Birth rate, 5 , 16 , 17 , 102 , 135 , 137 , 160 , 214 , 216 ;
and "money-for-children" program, 121 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 128 , 129 -30, 197
Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold von, 43 , 44 , 85 , 131
Black market:
and currency stabilization, 35 ;
in immediate postwar period, 22 , 25 , 26 , 34 , 35 , 142 , 147 ;
in Nazi period, 19
Böckler, Hans, 143 -44
Böhler, Wilhelm, 64 , 95
Bomb attacks, Allied, 9 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 141 , 181 , 213
Bosch, F. W., 94 -95, 206
Bourgeoisie:
and family structure, 67 , 107 ;
and feminism, 58 , 59 , 60 , 73 , 87 , 106 , 118 -19, 137 , 180 , 220 , 221 ;
and women's organizations, 54 , 55 , 59 , 71 , 106
Brauksiepe, Änne, 114 -15
Bremme, Gabriele, 100 -101
Bulla, Gustav-Adolf, 162
Bundesarbeitsgericht. See Federal Labor Court
Bundesgerichtshof. See Federal High Court of Justice
Bundesrat. See Federal Council
Bundestag:
and Basic Law, 86 , 98 , 181 , 187 , 202 -7;
CDU/CSU coalition in, 81 -82, 100 -101, 203 ;
Center party in, 81 ;
and Civil Code reform, 86 , 98 , 104 , 111 , 146 -47, 181 -82;
Communist party, West German (KPD) in, 81 , 85 ;
and Constitutional Court selection, 185 ;
and divorce, 86 , 201 ;
and domestic labor, 92 , 201 , 207 , 208 ;
and economic assistance to families, 111 , 125 ;
and elections, 80 -82, 100 -101;
and enactment of Law for Protection of Mothers, 156 , 160 ;
and equal rights, 86 , 99 , 145 -47, 181 -82, 187 , 201 -8;
and family law reform, 96 -99, 181 , 184 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 196 -204;
Free Democratic party (FPD) in, 82 , 99 , 100 , 203 ;
male domination of, 82 ;
and "money-for-children" program, 112 -17, 125 -30;
and mother-family proposal, 78 ;
and parental rights, 204 -6;
and sexual division of labor, 92 ;
Social Democratic party (SPD) in, 81 -82, 85 , 99 , 100 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 85 , 207 -8;
and wage labor performed by women, 92 , 144 , 201 , 207 -8
Bureaucracy:
family functions usurped by, 117 , 119 ;
and German Democratic Republic, 44 , 119 ;
in immediate postwar period, 29 , 34 , 36 ;
and National Socialist state, 44
Burgdörfer, Friedrich, 122 -23, 128
C
Capitalism, 107 , 115 , 139 ;
as blueprint for redevelopment, 215 , 224 ;
and Christian values, 78 , 103 ;
in immediate postwar period, 22 , 36 , 44 ;
and performance wage, 122 ;
and social market economy, 44 , 72 , 86 , 103 , 104 , 114 , 131 , 140 , 212 .
See also Consumerism
Catholic Church:
and CDU/CSU coalition, 43 , 44 , 45 , 72 , 80 , 81 , 85 -86, 88 -89, 100 -102, 104 -5, 108 , 197 ;
and Center party, 17 , 43 , 45 , 49 , 53 , 116 ;
and division of Germany, 44 ;
and divorce law, 85 ;
and equal rights, 49 , 92 , 94 -95;
and family, 94 -95, 97 -98, 101 , 105 , 197 ;
and Fulda Conference of Bishops, 62 , 95 ;
and liberalism, 186 ;
and marriage, 85 , 89 , 94 -95, 98 , 197 ;
and National Socialist state, 43 ;
and parental rights, 69 ;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 41 , 62 ;
and patriarchy, 94 -95, 97 -98, 105 ;
and rearmament, 104 -5;
and religious schools, 70 ;
and struggle with Bismarck, 43 , 44 ;
and trade unions, 143 ;
validated by Allied occupation, 43 ;
women as members of, 100 -101;
and women's organizations, 63 , 101 , 114 ;
and working class, 42
CDU/CSU coalition:
and anticommunism, 68 -69, 72 , 78 , 103 , 105 , 126 , 218 ;
in Bundestag, 81 -82, 203 ;
and capitalism, 78 ;
and Catholic Church, 43 , 44 , 45 , 72 , 80 , 81 , 85 -86, 88 -89, 100 -102, 108 , 197 ;
and children's legal status, 66 -67, 68 , 69 , 70 ;
and Constitutional Court selection, 185 ;
and critique of seculariza-
tion, 64 ;
and domestic labor, 88 ;
and economic assistance to families, 112 -16, 126 -29;
and economic policy, 44 , 78 , 114 , 212 ;
electoral representation of, 43 , 80 -82, 100 -101, 211 , 221 ;
and equal rights, 51 -52, 54 , 55 -57, 91 , 92 , 97 , 99 , 102 , 106 , 108 , 159 , 205 ;
and family policy, 3 , 41 , 65 -66, 68 , 69 , 72 , 78 , 81 , 88 -96, 102 , 103 , 112 , 115 , 138 , 197 , 199 -200, 202 -3;
and marriage, 41 , 65 , 66 , 72 , 88 -89, 197 ;
middle-class representation in, 43 , 89 , 159 ;
and motherhood, 41 ;
and natural law, 64 , 67 , 72 ;
and parental rights, 69 -70, 101 ;
in Parliamentary Council, 41 , 42 , 44 , 51 -57, 61 -70, 72 , 205 ;
and Protestantism, 43 , 44 , 81 , 93 -94;
and recognition of sexual difference, 52 , 53 , 155 , 184 , 202 ;
and separation of church and state, 44 ;
and sexual division of labor, 87 ;
upper-class representation in, 43 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 53 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 66 , 90 -91, 112 , 159 ;
women's caucus in, 93 , 105 , 221 ;
working-class representation in, 43 , 53
Center party:
in Bundestag, 81 ;
and Catholic Church, 17 , 43 , 45 , 49 , 53 , 116 ;
and economic policy, 116 ;
and family policy, 65 , 69 , 71 , 116 ;
in Parliamentary Council, 45 , 62 -63;
and pronatalism, 116 ;
in Weimar Republic, 49 , 63 , 65 , 81
Children:
and day-care facilities, 175 ;
illegitimate, 32 , 66 -67, 69 , 70 ;
latch-key, 139 , 216 ;
legal status of, 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ;
and Nazi loan program, 15 -17;
Nazi organization of, 70 ;
and parental authority, 93 , 186 , 189 -90, 198 , 201 -2, 204 , 206 .
See also "Money-for-children" program
Christian Democratic Union. See CDU/CSU coalition
Christianity:
and anticommunism, 103 , 104 ;
and capitalism, 78 , 103 ;
and collectivism, 64 -65, 89 ;
and democracy, 43 -44, 126 ;
family ideal of, 65 -68, 72 , 78 , 79 , 81 , 89 , 92 -98, 182 ;
and Law for Protection of Mothers, 168 ;
and liberalism, 101 , 102 ;
and National Socialist state, 43 , 63 , 64 -65;
and natural law, 64 , 67 -68, 72 ;
and patriarchy, 93 , 95 , 98 , 102 , 105 , 186 ;
and religious schools, 69 , 70 ;
and secularization, 64 ;
and socialism, 78 , 101 , 102
Christian Social Union. See CDU/CSU coalition
Churchill, Winston, 21
Civil Code, 95 , 126 , 134 , 136 ;
and equal rights, 47 -49, 51 , 54 , 55 , 61 , 79 , 86 , 147 , 220 ;
and family, 4 , 47 -48, 61 , 79 , 86 , 92 , 107 , 108 ;
and marriage, 4 , 47 , 48 -49, 61 , 79 , 86 , 92 , 107 , 108 , 201 ;
patriarchal order enforced by, 47 , 48 , 61 , 86 , 92 , 95 , 116 , 184 ;
and property rights, 47 , 86 , 107 ;
and reform deliberations in Bundestag, 86 , 98 , 102 , 104 , 111 , 146 -47, 181 ;
and reform deliberations in court system, 181 , 182 -85;
and reform deliberations in Parliamentary Council, 47 , 48 -51, 51 , 54 , 55 , 61 , 79 , 183 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 48 -49, 147 , 201
Civil service, 84 , 90
Class structure:
and economic assistance to families, 122 -23, 141 ;
and family type, 107 , 119 ;
and feminism, 118 -19;
and legislative protection for working women, 160 ;
mitigated by consumerism, 140 ;
and Nazi labor mobilization, 20 ;
obsolescence of, 119 -20, 140 -41, 224 ;
and wartime shortages, 19 ;
and women's organizations, 58 -59, 83 , 118 .
See also Bourgeoisie; Middle class; Petite bourgeoisie; Working class
Cold War, 6 , 37 , 39 , 72 , 78 , 104 , 161 , 214 , 218 , 224
Collectivism, 64 -65, 89 , 104 , 126
Communism:
containment of, 6 , 68 ;
and equal rights, 49 , 57 , 71 , 92 , 106 , 199 ;
and family policy, 71 -72, 78 , 89 , 119 , 129 , 138 , 176 , 268 n99;
identified with atheism, 43 , 63 ;
perceived threat of, 4 , 34 , 35 , 68 , 72 , 102 -3, 104 , 105 ;
and recognition of sexual difference, 97 .
See also Anticommunism
Communist Manifesto , 60
Communist party, West German (KPD):
in Bundestag, 81 , 85 ;
electoral representation of, 42 -43, 81 , 100 ;
and equal rights, 92 ;
and family, 92 ;
in Parliamentary Council, 45 , 73 ;
prohibition of, 211 ;
and recognition of sexual difference, 155 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 53 , 85 ;
working-class representation in, 42 , 45
Concentration camps, 18 , 21
Conservatism:
and academic social research, 117 -24;
and concessions to revitalized feminism, 225 ;
and divorce, 86 ;
and equal rights, 49 , 53 -54, 55 -56, 86 , 226 , 227 ;
and family law reform, 98 , 105 , 197 , 218 ;
favored by women's votes, 81 , 100 ;
and marriage, 66 , 98 , 197 ;
and parental rights, 69 -70;
and pronatalism, 5 , 134 ;
and Protestantism, 45 ;
and recognition of sexual difference, 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 137 ;
and separation of church and state, 44 .
See also Anticommunism
Constitutional Court. See Federal Constitutional Court
Consumerism, 123 , 137 , 139 -41, 201 , 216 , 223 , 269 n107
Contraception. See Birth control
Courts. See Judicial system
Culture:
political intervention in, 62 , 70 ;
popular, 4
Currency reform, 35 -36, 44 , 109 , 111 , 148
D
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 212 , 286 n2
Day-care facilities, 175
Dehler, Thomas, 51 , 60 ;
family law reform drafted by, 91 -92, 93 , 94 , 95 , 96
Democracy:
and Christianity, 43 -44, 126 ;
and equal rights, 46 , 79 , 80 , 93 , 97 , 105 , 197 ;
FRG's solid foundation for, 212 ;
and socialism, 59 ;
and transition to postwar self-government, 39 , 40 ;
and women's voting rights, 41 .
See also Elections
Demography. See Birth rate; Surplus of women
Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR). See German Democratic Republic
Difference. See Sexual difference
Dirks, Walter, 186
Disability insurance, 130 , 132
Division of Germany. See Political relations
Division of labor. See Labor
Divorce:
Catholic opposition to, 85 ;
in immediate postwar period, 10 , 29 -31, 65 , 117 ;
and legal reform, 38 , 49 -50, 56 , 186 , 188 , 201 , 207 ;
and motherhood, 188 ;
in Nazi period, 50 , 85 ;
and property rights, 47 , 86 , 188 , 201 , 207
Döhring, Clara, 110 , 116 , 130
Domestic labor:
and Bundestag legislation, 92 , 201 , 207 , 208 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 88 ;
compared to wage labor, 49 , 57 , 60 , 73 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 125 , 139 , 149 , 188 , 215 , 274 n44;
family allowances as recognition of, 116 , 125 , 215 ;
in German Democratic Republic, 72 ;
in immediate postwar period, 22 -23;
and mother-family proposal, 76 ;
in National Socialist state, 15 , 17 , 18 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 57 , 60 , 73 , 87 -88, 116 ;
and social insurance coverage, 132 ;
as symbol for economic redevelopment, 215 -16
Domestic sphere:
and English marriage contract, 80 ;
and National Socialist state, 17 , 18 , 46
E
East Germany. See German Democratic Republic
Economic assistance to families:
as alternative to women's employment, 113 , 121 , 125 , 154 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 112 -16, 126 -29;
dependent on social class, 122 -23, 141 ;
dispensed by employers, 114 , 129 ;
in France, 134 ;
and Free Democratic party (FPD), 114 , 126 ;
in Great Britain, 135 ;
and mother-family proposal, 76 ;
and Nazi family policy, 15 -16, 17 , 112 , 114 , 116 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 115 -16, 126 , 129 , 214 , 219 , 260 n19;
in Sweden, 135 ;
and trade unions, 115 , 129 , 260 n19;
in United States, 231 n18;
and working mothers, 129 -30, 133 .
See also Insurance, social; "Money-for-children" program; Welfare programs
Economic miracle, 3 , 36 , 139 , 212 , 213 , 217 , 228
Economic policy:
and Allied occupation, 22 , 34 -36, 39 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 44 , 78 , 114 , 212 ;
and Center party, 116 ;
and centralized planning, 78 , 103 , 114 , 211 ;
and division of Germany, 35 , 39 ;
and family support as key to prosperity, 109 -10, 115 -16, 122 -24, 133 , 214 ;
and Free Democratic party (FPD), 44 ;
and liberalism, 44 ;
and National Socialist state, 15 -18;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 116 ;
and socialization, 103 ;
and social market economy, 44 , 72 , 86 , 103 , 104 , 114 , 131 , 211 , 212
Economic structure:
and currency values, 26 , 27 , 35 -36, 44 , 109 , 148 , 182 ;
and full employment, 150 -51, 154 ;
and inflation, 182 ;
and mass production, 223 ;
and Nazi-period shortages, 18 -19, 22 -23;
and postwar shortages, 9 , 14 , 21 , 22 , 23 ;
and poverty, 131 , 141 , 212 ;
reconstruction of, 109 -10, 215 , 224 ;
and unemployment, 142 , 147 -48, 150 .
See also Black market; Capitalism; Industrialization; Wage labor, performed by women
Education, 4 , 38 , 51 , 124 , 143 , 174 , 180 , 219 ;
and competition with Soviet Union, 178 ;
and religious schools, 69 , 70 ;
and teaching profession, 17 , 132 , 151 ;
vocational, 85 , 151 , 174 -75, 177 , 225 , 285 -86n75
Eisenstein, Zillah, 173
Elections:
to Bundestag, 80 -82, 100 -101;
of CDU/CSU coalition, 43 , 80 -82, 100 -101, 211 , 221 ;
of Communist party, West German (KPD), 42 -43, 81 , 100 ;
of Free Democratic party (FPD), 100 ;
to Parliamentary Council, 42 -43;
of Social Democratic party (SPD), 42 -43, 80 -82, 100 , 211 ;
women's voting pattern in, 81 -82, 100 -101;
and women's voting rights, 41
Engels, Friedrich, 60 , 73 , 136 , 219
England, marriage contract in, 80 . See also Great Britain
Enlightenment, 64
Equalization of burdens program, 110 -11, 120 -21, 129 , 130
Equal rights:
and Basic Law, 40 -41, 65 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 83 , 86 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 112 , 186 , 187 , 190 , 202 -6;
and Bundestag debates, 86 , 99 , 145 -47, 181 -82, 187 , 201 -8;
and Catholic Church, 49 , 92 , 94 -95;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 51 -52, 54 , 55 -57, 91 , 92 , 97 , 99 , 102 , 106 , 108 , 159 , 205 ;
and Civil Code reform, 47 -49, 51 , 54 , 55 , 79 , 86 , 147 , 220 ;
and communism, 49 , 57 , 71 , 92 , 106 , 161 , 199 ;
and conservatism, 49 , 53 -54, 55 -56, 86 , 226 , 227 ;
and democracy, 46 , 79 , 80 , 93 , 97 , 105 , 197 ;
and family, 48 , 61 , 77 , 79 , 84 , 92 -98, 102 , 104 , 107 , 183 , 185 -86, 220 ;
and feminism, 48 -49, 58 , 60 , 74 -75, 84 , 204 , 205 ;
and Free Democratic party (FPD), 51 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 91 , 92 , 97 , 99 , 198 ;
judicial interpretation of, 80 , 99 , 181 -96, 204 -7;
and liberalism, 48 , 49 , 221 ;
and marriage, 48 -49, 60 , 61 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 92 -98, 104 , 108 , 118 , 183 , 185 -86, 187 , 190 , 200 , 206 , 285 n73;
and motherhood, 74 -75, 205 -7;
and parental authority, 93 , 97 , 186 , 189 -90, 204 , 205 -7;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 40 , 41 , 45 -47, 50 -60, 61 , 70 -71, 79 -80, 205 ;
and Protestantism, 93 -94, 105 , 199 -200;
and public opinion, 54 , 55 , 56 , 94 ;
and recognition of sexual difference, 7 , 46 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 57 -58, 73 -75, 97 , 106 , 145 , 155 , 179 , 183 , 195 , 206 , 224 ;
and sexuality, 190 -94;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 38 , 45 -47, 48 , 50 -51, 54 , 55 , 56 -60, 73 , 92 , 97 , 107 , 108 , 198 , 199 , 214 ;
and socialism, 46 , 49 , 103 -4, 107 , 197 , 224 ;
and trade unions, 46 , 54 , 74 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 45 , 53 , 71 , 85 , 152 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 45 , 46 , 52 , 57 , 71 , 74 , 84 -85, 106 , 107 , 143 -47, 226 -27;
in Weimar Republic, 40 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 99 , 181 , 205 ;
women's wartime experience as basis for, 51 , 55 , 56 , 71 , 74 , 83 , 90 , 199
Erhard, Ludwig, 35 , 44 , 72 , 103 , 114 , 139 , 211 , 216
Ethnic groups, 52 , 53
Eugenics, 15 , 50 , 122 , 123 , 128 , 141 , 214
Euler, August-Martin, 91
F
Factory inspectors, 162 -73, 276 nn60-61, 277 n67
Family:
and Adenauer government policy, 92 , 93 , 95 -99, 102 -8, 186 -87, 198 , 200 ;
and Allied occupation policy, 36 -37;
and anticommunism, 6 , 68 -69, 72 , 78 , 79 , 89 -90, 102 -3, 104 , 105 , 214 , 218 ;
and Basic Law, 40 , 65 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 86 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 112 , 186 , 187 , 190 , 202 -6;
bourgeois, 67 , 107 ;
and Bundestag debates, 96 -99, 181 , 184 ;
and Catholic Church, 94 -95, 97 -98, 101 , 105 , 197 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 3 , 41 , 65 -66, 68 , 69 , 72 , 78 , 81 , 88 -96, 102 , 103 , 112 , 115 , 138 , 197 , 199 -200, 202 -3;
and Center party, 65 , 69 , 71 , 116 ;
children's legal status in, 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ;
Christian ideal of, 65 -68, 72 , 78 , 81 , 89 , 92 -98, 102 , 182 , 202 ;
and Civil Code, 4 , 47 -48,
Family (continued )
61 , 79 , 86 , 92 , 107 , 108 ;
and class structure, 107 , 120 ;
and communism, 71 -72, 78 , 89 , 92 , 119 , 129 , 138 , 176 , 268 n99;
economic prosperity dependent on, 109 -10, 115 -16, 122 -24, 133 , 139 -40, 214 ;
and equal rights, 48 , 61 , 77 , 79 , 84 , 92 -98, 102 , 104 , 107 , 183 , 185 -86, 220 ;
Frankfurt School's analysis of, 119 , 267 n91;
and Free Democratic party (FPD), 69 , 70 , 91 , 92 , 186 ;
in German Democratic Republic, 71 -72, 78 , 89 , 119 , 129 , 197 , 219 ;
legal construction of, 67 -68, 73 , 77 , 223 ;
and legal reform, 3 , 4 , 92 -99, 102 , 103 -8, 181 , 184 , 186 , 187 , 196 -204, 252 n20;
and National Socialist state, 5 , 15 -18, 65 , 71 , 112 , 114 , 137 -38, 176 , 202 , 213 ;
and natural law, 64 , 67 -68, 72 , 73 ;
nuclear, 4 , 33 , 71 , 78 , 134 , 179 ;
occidental form of, 68 -69, 72 , 95 , 101 , 197 , 202 ;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 40 , 41 , 60 -70, 72 , 76 -79, 110 ;
patriarchal, 17 , 47 , 48 , 77 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 -98, 102 , 105 , 119 , 185 , 186 , 198 , 203 ;
and patrilineal naming, 84 , 189 , 200 -201;
and problems of postwar reintegration, 3 , 9 -10, 28 -34, 65 , 77 , 89 -90;
and public opinion, 32 -33, 41 , 62 ;
and sexual division of labor, 17 , 57 , 87 -88, 121 , 130 , 183 -84, 185 , 188 , 204 ;
size of, 5 , 123 , 125 , 128 , 197 , 213 -14;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 3 , 60 -61, 67 , 70 , 72 -73, 79 , 92 , 107 , 108 , 115 , 218 -20;
standard of normalcy applied to, 79 , 112 , 126 -27, 134 -35, 141 , 177 , 213 , 218 , 220 , 223 ;
state intervention in, 5 , 50 , 65 , 97 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 122 , 138 , 141 ;
supported by male wage, 5 , 66 , 88 , 90 , 109 -10, 113 , 115 , 121 , 134 , 136 , 154 , 179 , 213 ;
and surplus of women, 2 , 67 , 69 , 76 , 79 , 135 -36, 223 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 66 , 71 , 73 , 78 , 88 , 90 -92, 95 , 106 , 112 , 149 , 217 , 221 ;
women as main providers for, 11 -13, 29 , 33 , 66 , 67 , 73 , 112 ;
working-class, 107 , 213 , 219 .
See also Economic assistance to families; Mother-family; Parents
Family Affairs Ministry, 101 , 105 , 126 , 129 , 174 , 198 , 261 n30
Fascism, depoliticized view of, 14 . See also National Socialist state
Fathers and fatherhood, 77 , 192 ;
and Mitscherlich's "fatherless" society, 223 ;
and parental authority, 93 , 97 , 186 , 189 -90, 198 , 202 , 204 , 205
Federal Constitutional Court, 80 , 84 , 223 , 285 n75;
selection of, 185 ;
women's equality interpreted by, 183 -86, 204 -7, 218
Federal Council (Bundesrat), 96 , 110 , 185
Federal High Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof), 181 , 187 , 188 , 193 , 255 n66
Federal Labor Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht), 152 -53, 158 -59, 170 , 285 n75
Federal Republic of Germany:
economic miracle in, 86 , 139 , 212 ;
and economic reconstruction, 109 -10;
immigrant workers in, 177 -78, 213 ;
population growth in, 137 ;
poverty in, 131 , 141 , 212 ;
rearmament of, 98 , 104 -5, 113 ;
social market economy in, 44 , 72 , 86 , 103 , 104 ;
social security system in, 125 , 126 , 128 , 131 -32, 134 , 212 ;
strength of democratic institutions in, 212 ;
welfare system in, 110 , 119 , 121 , 131 , 133 , 224 .
See also Bundestag; Judicial system; Laws and legislation; Ministries; Parliamentary Council; Political relations
Federal Transportation Ministry, 144
Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 215
Feminism:
bourgeois, 58 , 59 , 60 , 73 , 87 , 106 , 118 -19, 137 , 180 , 220 , 221 ;
class analysis of, 118 -19;
Cold War's limitation of, 224 ;
and critique of men's protective role, 222 -23;
and economic assistance to families, 135 ;
and equal rights, 48 -49, 58 , 60 , 74 -75, 84 , 204 , 205 ;
and generational relations, 224 ;
middle-class, 48 , 58 , 60 , 91 , 103 , 105 -6, 115 , 118 -19, 136 , 152 , 158 , 184 , 205 , 220 ;
and motherhood, 76 , 137 ;
and recognition of sexual difference, 58 , 60 , 74 -75, 204 , 225 ;
revitalization of, in late sixties, 224 -25;
socialist, 60 ;
and taxation of childless families, 137 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 158
Finance Ministry, 113
Food supply:
in immediate postwar period, 9 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 29 , 34 ;
in Nazi period, 8 , 9 , 19
France, 21 , 134 . See also French Revolution
Frankfurt School (Institute for Social Research), 37 , 119 , 136 , 226 , 227
Frauenüberschuss. See Surplus of women
Free Democratic party (FPD):
in Bundestag, 82 , 99 , 203 ;
and children's legal status, 69 , 70 ;
and Civil Code reform, 51 ;
and coalition with Social Democratic party (SPD), 225 ;
and economic assistance to families, 114 , 126 ;
economic policy of, 44 ;
electoral representation of, 100 ;
and equal rights, 51 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 91 , 92 , 97 , 99 , 198 ;
and family, 69 , 70 , 91 , 92 , 186 ;
middle-class representation in, 91 ;
in Parliamentary Council, 44 , 51 , 54 -56, 69 -70;
and recognition of sexual difference, 155 ;
and separation of church and state, 44 ;
and sexual division of labor, 87 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 91 , 106
French Revolution, 48 , 52 , 64
Friedan, Betty, 215
Frings, Josef, 62 , 64 , 95 , 102 , 104 -5
Fromm, Erich, 136
Fulda Conference of Bishops, 62 , 95 , 255 n59
G
Gaebel, Käthe, 148 -49
Generational relations, 4 , 20 , 134 , 224
German Democratic Republic:
bureaucracy of, 44 , 119 ;
centralized planning in, 78 , 114 , 211 ;
constitution of, 71 ;
day-care facilities in, 176 ;
depopulation of, 137 , 213 ;
equal rights in, 71 , 161 , 197 -98;
and family, 71 -72, 78 , 89 , 119 , 129 , 197 , 219 , 268 n99;
sexual division of labor in, 72 ;
Socialist Unity party (SED) in, 42 , 199 , 219 ;
as target of anticommunism, 78 , 119 , 197 -98, 211 , 218 , 224 , 268 n99;
vocational education in, 177 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 53 ;
wage labor performed by women in, 71 , 78 , 161 , 175 -76, 177
German Empire (Kaiserreich):
Bismarck's anti-Catholic struggle in, 43 , 44 ;
Catholic opposition to civil marriage in, 85 ;
Civil Code in, 47 , 48 ;
historiography of, 4 ;
maternity benefits in, 155 ;
social insurance in, 5 , 131 ;
working-class movement in, 5
German Federation of Trade Unions, 143 , 176
German National People's party, 49
German party, 45 , 65 , 92 , 116 , 199
German Revolution of 1918, 48
Globke, Hans, 256 n79
Goebbels, Joseph, 19
Gotthelf, Herta, 59 , 60 , 81 , 87 , 248 n57
Great Britain, 21 , 25 , 26 , 39 , 54 , 135 , 137 -38, 243 n112. See also England, marriage contract in
Greece, 34
Green party, 225 , 282
Greve, Otto Heinrich, 98
Groener-Geyer, Dorothea, 55
Grotewohl, Otto, 198 , 199 , 219
Grundgesetz. See Basic Law
Guest workers, 177 -78, 213
H
Habermas, Jürgen, 13 -14
Hagemeyer, Maria, 253 n31, 255 n59
Hammer, Richard, 111
Health Ministry, 221 -22, 255 n56
Heukelum, Gerhard van, 109 -10, 112
Heuss, Theodor, 56 , 69 -70
Heuss-Knapp, Elly, 247 n53
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, 231 n18
Historical materialism, 60 , 73
Hitler, Adolf, 13 , 14 , 19 , 50 , 212
Höffner, Joseph, 113
Homeward Bound (May), 5 -6, 250 n90
Homosexuality, 190 -91, 192 -93, 195 , 282 n28
Horkheimer, Max, 14 , 136 , 226
Housework. See Domestic labor
Housing, 4 , 11 , 29 , 31 , 85 , 219
I
Ilk, Herta, 99 , 184 , 198
Immigrant workers, 177 -78, 213
Individualism, 64 , 89 , 98 , 118 , 197 , 221
Industrialization, 64 , 117 , 217
Industrial labor, performed by women, 18 , 26 , 91 , 134 , 147 , 151 , 216 , 273 n33
Inflation, 182
Institute for Social Research (Frankfurt), 37 , 119 , 136 , 226 , 227
Insurance, social, 5 , 85 , 113 , 120 -21, 154 , 212 ;
and disability coverage, 130 , 132 ;
and domestic labor, 132 ;
and unemployment coverage, 114 , 130 , 131 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 131 -32, 174 ;
and women's organizations, 136
International Labor Organization, 157
J
Jaeger, Richard, 203 -4
Jessen, Arnd, 139
Judicial system:
and Civil Code reform, 181 , 182 -85;
interpretation of women's equality by, 99 , 181 -96, 204 -7, 218 ;
women in, 84 , 180 , 185 , 187 .
See also Federal Constitutional Court; Federal High Court of Justice; Federal Labor Court
Juristentag, 82 -83, 185
Justice Ministry:
family law drafted by, 77 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 187 , 204 , 205 ;
and patrilineal naming, 84
K
Kaiserreich. See German Empire
Kalinke, Margot, 84 -85, 199
Kindergeld. See "Money-for-children" program
Kipp-Kaule, Liesel, 156 , 160 , 172 , 176
Klaje, Dorothea, 76 -78, 79
Knapp, Georg Friedrich, 247 n53
Kopf, Hermann, 203
Korean War, 78 , 102 -3, 150
KPD. See Communist party, West German (KPD)
Krone, Heinrich, 127
Krüger, Hildegard, 97 , 187 , 222 -23
L
Labor:
blue-collar, 131 ;
industrial, 18 , 26 , 91 , 134 ;
sexual division of, 17 , 57 , 72 , 87 -88, 105 , 121 , 130 , 179 , 183 -84, 185 , 188 , 204 , 206 ;
and skill levels, 18 , 25 , 109 , 151 ;
white-collar, 18 , 38 , 119 , 131 , 223 , 274 n38.
See also Domestic labor; Unemployment; Wage labor, performed by women
Labor Ministry, 144 , 146 , 147 -48, 149 , 152
Laws and legislation:
and criminal code reform, 221 ;
and divorce, 38 , 49 -50, 56 , 85 , 186 , 201 , 207 ;
and enactment of protective legislation for women workers, 71 , 78 -79, 155 -62;
and enforcement of Law for Protection of Mothers, 162 -73;
and equalization of burdens, 111 , 130 ;
and family as legal construction, 67 -68, 73 , 77 ;
and family law reform, 3 , 4 , 92 -99, 102 , 103 -8, 181 , 184 , 186 , 187 , 196 -204, 218 , 252 n20;
and German codified-law tradition, 80 , 181 ;
and judicial interpretation of women's equality, 80 , 99 , 181 -96, 204 -7, 218 ;
and mother-family proposal, 76 ;
and natural law, 64 , 67 -68, 72 , 73 , 204 ;
and pension reform, 130 -31;
and status of children, 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 71 , 74 , 145 -46, 154 -55, 159 -73, 178 -79.
See also Basic Law; Civil Code
League for the Protection of Mothers, 76
League of German Girls, 10
League of German Women's Associations, 1 , 59
League of Women Voters, 74
Lebensraum , 5 , 65 , 70 , 71 , 116 -17, 138
Lehr, Robert, 85
Lesbianism, 191 , 192 , 195
Liberalism:
and Catholic Church, 186 ;
economic, 44 , 64 ;
and equal rights, 48 , 49 , 221 ;
in imperial period, 43 ;
opposed to Christian values, 101 , 102 ;
and trade unions, 143
Lüders, Marie-Elisabeth, 49 , 51 , 60 , 196 , 198 , 208 , 218 , 227 ;
career of, 180 -81;
and critique of patriarchy, 97 -98, 180 , 181 , 184 , 203 ;
and parental authority, 201 , 204 , 206 -7;
and sexual difference debate, 186 -87
M
Mackenroth, Gerhard, 111 , 120 -22, 133 , 136 , 141
Magazines, women's, 22 , 32 , 77 , 78
Male wage. See Wage levels
Mangoldt, Hermann von, 52 -53, 58 , 60 , 66 , 72
Marcuse, Herbert, 136
Maritime industry, 142 -46, 152
Marriage:
and Basic Law, 40 , 61 , 70 , 75 , 86 , 112 , 179 , 186 , 190 ;
and Catholic Church, 85 , 89 , 94 -95, 98 , 197 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 41 , 65 , 66 , 72 , 88 -89, 197 ;
and Civil Code, 4 , 47 , 48 -49, 61 , 79 , 86 , 92 , 107 , 108 , 201 ;
and equal rights, 48 -49, 60 , 61 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 92 -98, 104 , 108 , 118 , 183 , 185 -86, 187 , 190 , 200 , 206 , 285 n73;
and Law for Protection of Mothers, 166 , 171 , 173 ;
and National Socialist state, 15 -17, 50 ;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 40 , 41 , 60 , 61 , 66 ;
and patriarchy, 47 , 48 , 49 , 84 , 92 , 93 , 95 -98, 185 , 186 -87, 198 , 200 ;
and patrilineal naming, 84 , 200 -201;
postwar redefinition of, 76 -77;
and problems of postwar reunion, 9 -10, 28 -32, 77 ;
and property rights, 47 , 86 , 107 , 188 , 201 ;
and Protestantism, 200 ;
and sexual division of labor, 87 -88, 185 , 187 , 204 ;
and sexuality, 10 , 193 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 60 , 87 , 106 ;
in Soviet Union,
68 , 89 ;
and taxation, 285 n75;
and wage labor performed by women, 15 -16, 17 , 60 , 66 , 71 , 85 , 87 , 90 -92, 106 , 166 , 171 , 173 , 217 , 227 , 285 -86n75;
and working class, 60 , 107 , 118
Marshall, George C., 34
Marshall Plan, 34
Marx, Karl, 73
Mason, Timothy W., 18
Mass production, 223
Materialism, 64 , 72 , 89 , 98 , 140 , 220 , 221
May, Elaine Tyler, 5 -6, 250 n90
Men:
childcare performed by, 66 , 175 ;
and family wage (male wage), 5 , 66 , 88 , 90 , 109 -10, 113 , 115 , 121 , 134 , 136 , 154 , 179 , 213 ;
and heterosexuality, 77 , 191 -92, 194 ;
and homosexuality, 190 -91, 192 -93, 195 , 282 n28;
political sphere dominated by, 6 , 12 , 41 , 45 , 82 , 222 ;
and problem of postwar reintegration, 9 -10, 11 , 28 -29;
protective function of, 222 -23;
scarcity of, 2 , 26 , 27 -28, 45 , 135 ;
voting pattern of, 81 -82.
See also Fathers and fatherhood; Patriarchy; Sexual difference
Menzel, Walter, 68
Meyer-Laule, Emmy, 88
Middle class:
and CDU/CSU coalition, 43 , 89 , 159 ;
family size in, 123 , 141 ;
and feminism, 48 , 58 , 60 , 91 , 103 , 105 -6, 115 , 118 -19, 136 , 152 , 158 , 184 , 205 , 220 ;
and Free Democratic party (FPD), 91 ;
women in, 20 , 47 , 58 , 74 , 268 n95;
and women's organizations, 1 , 47 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 116 , 136 , 198 , 199 , 220
Militarism, 138
Military service, 52 , 202
Ministries, German government:
Family Affairs, 101 , 105 , 126 , 129 , 174 , 198 , 261 n30;
Federal Transportation, 144 ;
Finance, 113 ;
Health, 221 -22, 255 n56;
Justice, 77 , 84 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 187 , 204 , 205 ;
Labor, 144 , 146 , 147 -48, 149 , 152
Mitscherlich, Alexander, 215 , 223
Mitscherlich, Margarete, 215
"Money-for-children" program:
as alternative to women's wage labor, 113 , 125 , 154 , 177 ;
and birth rate, 121 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 128 , 129 -30, 197 ;
and Bundestag debate, 125 , 146 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 112 -16, 126 -29;
dependent on social class, 122 -23, 141 ;
effectiveness of, 162 , 219 ;
and equalization of burdens, 110 -11, 120 -21, 129 , 130 ;
and family size, 123 , 125 , 128 , 197 ;
and Free Democratic party (FPD), 114 , 126 ;
linked to economic growth, 110 , 123 , 133 ;
and pronatalism, 130 ;
and racism, 138 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 115 -16, 126 , 129
Mother-family, 11 -13, 29 , 33 , 208 , 219 ;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 66 , 67 , 73 , 76 -79
Mothers and motherhood:
and Basic Law, 40 , 61 , 70 , 74 , 75 , 179 , 205 -6;
and bourgeois feminism, 58 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 41 ;
Christian ideal of, 67 , 79 ;
and divorce, 188 ;
and enactment of Law for Protection of Mothers, 155 -62, 178 -79;
and enforcement of Law for Protection of Mothers, 162 -73;
and equal rights, 74 -75, 205 -7;
and feminism, 76 , 136 ;
in immediate postwar period, 27 , 32 , 33 , 34 ;
and National Socialist state, 15 , 17 , 18 , 46 , 76 ;
and parental authority, 93 , 97 , 189 , 204 , 205 -7;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 40 , 41 , 61 , 75 ;
and sexuality, 191 -92, 195 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 67 , 73 , 88 , 106 , 130 , 136 , 159 , 176 ;
and socialization of offspring, 124 ;
and unmarried mothers, 32 -33, 65 , 67 , 70 , 73 , 127 , 134 , 135 , 167 -68, 171 ;
and working mothers, 66 , 71 , 88 , 106 , 129 -30, 141 , 150 -51, 153 -54, 159 , 174 , 175 , 217
N
Nadig, Frieda:
and equal rights, 46 , 50 ;
and family law reform, 96 -97, 184 , 204 ;
and mother-family, 67 , 73 , 77 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 53
Naming, patrilineal, 84 , 189 , 200 -201
National Socialist state:
anti-Christian program of, 43 , 63 , 64 , 101 ;
bureaucracy of, 44 ;
children's organizations in, 10 , 70 ;
Christian critique of, 64 -65;
and collectivism, 64 -65;
defeat of, 8 , 10 -14, 20 -21;
divorce law of, 50 , 85 ;
and economic assistance to families, 15 -16, 17 , 112 , 114 , 116 ;
economic policy of, 15 -18;
equal rights denied by, 46 ;
and eugenics programs, 15 , 50 , 122 , 123 , 214 ;
and family, 5 , 15 -18, 65 , 71 , 112 , 114 , 137 -38, 176 , 202 , 213 ;
National Socialist state (continued )
historiography of, 4 ;
and homosexuality, 190 , 282 n28;
imperialism of, 68 ;
marriage policy of, 15 -17, 50 ;
and maternity benefits, 155 -56, 157 , 160 , 161 ;
misogyny of, 46 , 51 ;
and motherhood, 15 , 17 , 18 , 46 , 76 ;
nostalgia for, 14 -15, 18 , 23 , 212 ;
parental rights in, 69 ;
periodization of, 8 ;
and pronatalism, 16 , 50 , 112 , 114 , 122 , 135 , 137 , 156 , 214 ;
and racism, 50 , 52 , 99 , 106 , 112 , 114 , 122 , 156 , 157 , 190 , 214 ;
rule of law absent in, 182 , 183 ;
and seizure of power, 8 , 40 , 47 , 49 , 180 ;
wage labor performed by women in, 15 -20, 90 -91, 106 , 142 , 143 -44, 154 ;
women's exclusion from politics in, 12 , 46 ;
women's organizations in, 13 , 59 ;
workers' organization in, 144
National Women's party, 74 , 75
Natural law, 64 , 67 -68, 72 , 73 , 204
Naumann, Friedrich, 111
Nuclear family, 4 , 33 , 71 , 78 , 134 , 179
O
Occupation, Allied:
Catholic Church validated by, 43 ;
and currency reform, 26 , 27 , 35 -36, 44 , 148 ;
and division of Germany, 6 , 21 , 35 , 39 ;
divorce law in, 85 ;
economic policy during, 22 , 34 -36, 39 ;
fraternization during, 23 -25;
and maternity benefits, 156 ;
political relations during, 21 -22, 36 , 39 , 243 n112;
and Potsdam Conference, 21 , 25 ;
and refusal to license right-wing parties, 43 ;
and transition to German self-government, 21 -22, 35 , 39 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 25 -27, 147 , 148 ;
and Yalta Conference, 21
Oeter, Ferdinand, 123 -24, 129 , 136
Organizations, women's:
academic, 1 ;
bourgeois, 54 , 55 , 59 , 71 , 106 ;
Catholic, 63 , 101 , 114 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 93 , 105 , 221 ;
in immediate postwar period, 45 ;
middle-class, 1 , 47 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 116 , 136 , 198 , 199 , 220 ;
in Nazi period, 13 , 59 ;
and Parliamentary Council, 45 , 54 ;
Protestant, 93 -94, 199 , 200 , 255 n56;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 58 -59, 71 , 248 n57, 288 n17;
socialist, 54 , 59 ;
umbrella group for, 1 , 83 , 93 ;
in United States, 74 ;
in Weimar Republic, 13 , 71 ;
white-collar, 274 n38;
working-class, 59
P
Pacifism, 105
Parents:
authority of, 47 , 93 , 97 , 186 , 189 -90, 198 , 204 , 205 ;
rights of, 47 , 62 , 69 -70, 93 , 97 , 101 , 186 , 189 , 205 -6.
See also Fathers and fatherhood; Mothers and motherhood
Parliamentary Council:
Basic Law drafted by, 40 , 45 , 54 , 61 , 205 , 213 ;
and Catholic Church, 41 , 62 ;
CDU/CSU coalition in, 41 , 42 , 44 , 51 -57, 67 -70, 72 , 205 ;
Center party in, 45 , 62 -63;
and Civil Code reform, 47 , 51 , 54 , 61 , 79 , 183 ;
Communist party, West German (KPD) in, 45 , 73 ;
and confrontation with Nazi legacy, 40 , 71 ;
and division of Germany, 39 -40;
and equal rights, 40 , 41 , 45 -47, 50 -60, 61 , 70 -71, 79 -80, 205 ;
and family, 40 , 41 , 60 -70, 72 , 76 -79, 110 ;
Free Democratic party (FPD) in, 44 , 51 , 54 -56, 69 -70;
male domination of, 45 , 82 ;
and marriage, 40 , 41 , 60 , 61 , 66 ;
and motherhood, 40 , 41 , 61 , 75 ;
and parental rights, 47 , 62 , 69 -70;
and private sphere, 46 ;
and public opinion, 41 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 62 ;
and religious schools, 69 , 70 ;
and reluctance to intervene in sociocultural order, 54 , 62 , 70 ;
Social Democratic party (SPD) in, 39 , 42 , 45 -47, 50 -62, 67 , 69 -70, 72 -73;
and surplus of women, 45 , 51 , 76 ;
and transition to postwar self-government, 39 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 45 , 53 -54
Pateman, Carole, 222
Patriarchy:
and Adenauer government policy, 92 , 93 , 95 -99, 102 -8, 186 -87, 198 , 200 ;
and anticommunism, 104 , 105 ;
Asiatic origin of, 93 , 105 -6;
and Christianity, 93 , 95 , 98 , 102 , 105 , 186 ;
and Civil Code, 47 , 48 , 61 , 86 , 92 , 95 , 116 , 184 ;
and family, 17 , 47 , 48 , 77 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 -98, 102 , 105 , 119 , 185 , 186 , 198 , 203 ;
Frankfurt School's analysis of, 119 ;
legal reform of, 92 , 93 , 95 -99, 102 -8, 181 , 182 , 185 , 196 ;
and marriage, 47 , 48 , 49 , 84 , 92 , 93 , 95 -98, 185 , 186 -87, 198 , 200 ;
and Nazi policy, 17 , 49 ;
and patrilineal naming, 84 , 200 -201;
protective function of, 222 -23
Pension reform, 130 -33
Petite bourgeoisie, 119 , 141
Pfeil, Elisabeth, 174
Picht, Georg, 178
Pitz, Elisabeth, 127
Platiel, Nora, 87
Poetter, Wilhelm, 91
Political relations:
and division of Germany, 6 , 21 , 35 , 39 , 42 , 44 ;
in immediate postwar period, 21 -22, 36 , 39 ;
and separation of church and state, 44 ;
and separation of governmental powers, 182 , 183 ;
and state intervention in family relations, 5 , 50 , 65 , 97 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 122 , 138 , 140 ;
and state intervention in sociocultural order, 54 , 62 , 70 ;
and transition to postwar self-government, 21 -22, 35 , 39 -40.
See also names of specific institutions and organizations
Political sphere:
male domination of, 6 , 12 , 41 , 45 , 222 ;
women's activism in, 13 , 45 , 47 , 54 , 59 , 63 , 71 , 91 , 93 -94, 180 , 221 -22, 243 n112;
women's exclusion from, 12 , 41 , 45 , 82
Potsdam Conference, 21 , 25
Poverty, 131 , 141 , 212
Praetorius, Gisela, 256 n79
Pregnancy:
and enactment of protective legislation, 155 -62, 178 -79;
and enforcement of protective legislation, 162 -73
Private sphere, 46 , 48 , 114 , 122 , 137 , 138 , 182 , 213
Proletarianization, 107
Pronatalism, 5 , 116 , 130 , 134 , 137 , 179 , 213 -14;
and Nazi policy, 16 , 50 , 112 , 114 , 122 , 135 , 137 , 156 , 214
Property rights, 47 , 86 , 107 , 188 , 201 , 207
Proske, Rüdiger, 141
Pross, Helga, 226 -28, 289 n29
Prostitution, 24 , 25
Protestantism:
and CDU/CSU coalition, 43 , 44 , 81 , 93 -94;
and equal rights debate, 93 -94, 105 , 199 -200;
and women's organizations, 93 -94, 199 , 200 , 255 n56
Public opinion:
and equal rights, 54 , 55 , 56 , 94 ;
and family law, 32 -33, 41 , 62 ;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 41 , 54 , 55 , 62 ;
and pension reform, 130 ;
and women's political activism, 45
Public sphere, 46 , 47 , 48 , 138 , 182 , 213
R
Racism, 24 , 52 -53, 105 -6, 138 , 214 -15;
of Nazis, 50 , 52 , 99 , 106 , 112 , 114 , 156 , 157 , 190 , 214
Rape, 24 , 25
Rationing system, 19 , 22 , 23 , 29 , 141
Rearmament, 98 , 104 -5, 113 , 202
Rehling, Luise, 89 -90
Renner, Heinz, 53 , 73
Reparations, 109
Retail sales occupations, 18 , 151 , 163 , 216
Riley, Denise, 137
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21
Russian Revolution, 49 , 218
S
Schanzenbach, Marta, 267 n93
Scheffler, Erna, 86 , 184 -85, 207 , 208 ;
as Constitutional Court justice, 84 , 180 , 183 , 185 -86, 196 , 204
Schelsky, Helmut, 129 , 136 , 227 , 261 n30, 261 n36, 267 n93, 270 n116;
critique of women's movement by, 118 -19, 123 , 137 , 191 , 197 ;
on family, 6 , 117 -18, 122 , 267 n91;
on lesbianism, 191 ;
on obsolescence of class society, 119 -20, 122
Schlüter, Harald, 196
Schmid, Carlo, 67 -68, 73 , 77
Schöpf, Melitta, 94
Schreiber, Wilfrid, 132 -33
Schroeder, Louise, 161
Schulte-Langforth, Marie, 146
Schumacher, Kurt, 80
Schumpeter, Joseph, 286 n2
Schwarzhaupt, Elisabeth, 199 -200, 221 -22, 255 n56
Secularization, 64
SED. See Socialist Unity party (SED)
Selbert, Elisabeth, 38 -41, 46 , 50 -51, 54 , 56 , 77 , 205 , 219 ;
and sexual difference debate, 57 -58, 60 , 73 , 75 , 87 , 159 , 183 , 208
Service sector, women's employment in, 18 , 163
Sexual difference, 79 , 137 ;
and Basic Law, 73 -75, 134 , 155 , 187 , 195 , 196 , 202 ;
and communism, 97 ;
and equal rights, 7 , 46 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 57 -58, 60 , 73 -75, 97 , 106 , 145 , 155 , 183 , 187 , 195 , 206 , 224 ;
and feminism, 58 , 60 , 74 -75, 204 , 225 ;
and sexual division of labor, 57 , 87 , 106 , 183 -84, 185 , 187 , 204 , 206 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 57 , 71 , 74 , 106 , 145 -46, 149 , 152 , 154 , 155 , 179
Sexuality:
and equal rights, 190 -94;
extramarital, 32 , 33 ;
female, 191 -92, 193 , 194 , 195 ;
and homosexuality, 190 -91, 192 -93, 195 ;
in immediate postwar period, 23 -25, 32 -33;
Sexuality (continued )
and impropriety, 167 , 169 -70, 193 ;
and lesbianism, 191 , 192 , 195 ;
male, 77 , 191 -92, 194 ;
marital, 10 , 193 ;
premarital, 194 ;
and procreative function, 192 ;
and surplus of women, 191
Shortages:
in immediate postwar period, 2 -3, 9 , 14 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 141 -42;
in Nazi period, 18 -19, 22 -23
Social Democratic party (SPD):
and anticommunism, 105 , 199 ;
in Bundestag, 81 -82, 85 , 99 ;
and coalition with Free Democratic party (FPD), 225 ;
and Constitutional Court selection, 185 ;
and domestic labor, 57 , 60 , 87 -88, 116 ;
and economic assistance to families, 115 -16, 126 , 129 , 214 , 219 , 260 n19;
and economic policy, 116 ;
electoral representation of, 42 -43, 80 -82, 100 , 211 ;
and enactment of Law for Protection of Mothers, 156 -57, 159 , 160 , 161 ;
and equal rights, 45 -47, 48 , 50 -51, 54 , 55 , 56 -60, 73 , 92 , 97 , 107 , 108 , 198 , 199 , 214 ;
and family policy, 3 , 60 -61, 67 , 70 , 72 -73, 79 , 92 , 107 , 108 , 115 , 218 -20;
Godesberg Program of, 220 ;
historical materialism abandoned by, 60 , 73 , 220 ;
and marriage, 60 , 87 , 106 ;
and motherhood, 67 , 73 , 88 , 106 , 130 , 136 , 159 , 176 ;
in Parliamentary Council, 39 , 42 , 45 -47, 50 -62, 67 , 69 -70, 72 -73;
in pre-Nazi period, 38 ;
and reaction to Adenauer's family law proposal, 96 -98;
and recognition of sexual difference, 57 -58, 60 , 73 , 87 , 106 , 155 ;
and revitalization of feminism, 225 ;
and sexual division of labor, 57 , 87 -88, 105 , 130 ;
and taxation, 115 , 116 , 130 , 264 n72;
and wage differential based on gender, 53 , 152 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 5 , 51 , 57 , 73 , 87 , 88 , 106 , 136 , 160 , 174 ;
Weimar origins of, 42 ;
and women's organizations, 58 -59, 71 , 248 n57, 288 n17;
working-class representation in, 42
Social insurance. See Insurance, social
Socialism:
and democracy, 59 ;
and division of Germany, 73 ;
and equal rights, 46 , 49 , 103 -4, 107 , 197 , 224 ;
and family, 71 -72, 107 , 197 , 220 ;
and feminism, 60 ;
and materialism, 64 ;
opposed to Christian values, 78 , 101 , 102 ;
and sexual division of labor, 87 ;
and trade unions, 143 ;
and wage increases, 134 ;
and women's organizations, 54 , 59
Socialist Unity party (SED), 42 , 53 , 199 , 219
Socialization, 103 , 136
Social market economy, 44 , 72 , 86 , 103 , 104 , 114 , 131 , 140 , 211 , 212
Social mobility, 119 , 124 , 141 , 215
Social partnership, of capital and labor, 85 , 114 , 208
Social security, 125 , 126 , 128 , 131 -32, 134 , 212
Social services, 71 , 88 , 176 , 180 , 225
Sociology:
produced by conservative academics, 117 -24, 136 , 197 , 227 ;
produced by Frankfurt School, 37 , 119 , 136
Soviet Union:
collectivism in, 89 , 104 , 126 ;
and division of Germany, 21 , 35 ;
equal rights in, 49 , 57 ;
family in, 89 ;
imperialism of, 68 ;
and links with German Democratic Republic, 42 ;
marriage in, 68 , 89 ;
and military defeat of Nazi state, 11 , 20 -21;
and occupation of Germany, 21 , 42 , 52 ;
perceived threat of, 102 -3, 104 , 105 ;
scientific achievements in, 178 .
See also Russian Revolution
SPD. See Social Democratic party (SPD)
Spieler, Hermann, 96 , 255 n66
Stalin, Joseph, 21 , 42
Stephenson, Jill, 23
Stöcker, Helene, 76
Storch, Anton, 126
Strauss, Walter, 56 , 205 , 285 n73
Strecker, Gabriele, 2
Surplus of women (Frauenüberschuss ), 26 , 27 -28, 71 , 106 , 113 , 125 ;
and constitutional ratification, 45 , 51 ;
and effect on electoral process, 81 ;
and effect on family, 2 , 67 , 69 , 76 , 79 , 135 -36, 223 ;
and effect on sexuality, 191 ;
and impoverishment of single women, 212
Süsterhenn, Adolf, 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 68 , 72 , 102
Sweden, 135
T
Taxation:
and Center party, 116 ;
and feminist family policy, 137 ;
and law for equalization of burdens, 111 ;
linked to family size, 123 , 125 , 128 ;
and marriage, 285 n75;
and mother-
family proposal, 76 ;
and Nazi family policy, 15 , 16 , 115 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 115 , 116 , 130 , 264 n72
Teaching profession, 17 , 132 , 151
Teetz, Anneliese, 142 -47, 152 , 154 , 173 , 179
Thurnwald, Hilde, 11 , 14 , 23 , 27 , 29
Totalitarianism, 72 , 105 , 119 , 125 , 126 , 138 , 140 , 161 , 182
Townsend, Colin and Eileen, 232 n10
Trade unions, 62 , 136 ;
Catholic, 143 ;
and economic assistance to families, 115 , 129 , 260 n19;
and equal rights, 46 , 54 , 74 ;
and liberalism, 143 ;
socialist, 143 ;
and wage differentials based on gender, 153 ;
and wage labor performed by women, 5 , 142 -45, 148 , 150 , 157 , 158 ;
women in, 101 , 150 , 152 , 155 , 156 , 174 , 175 , 208 , 220 , 221 , 274 n44
Traeder, Margarete, 54
Tritz, Maria, 152
Truman, Harry, 34
U
Unemployment, 142 , 147 -48, 150
Unemployment insurance, 130 , 131
United States:
economic assistance to families in, 231 n18;
equal rights in, 74 -75;
and influence over West Germany, 103 ;
and Korean conflict, 78 , 150 ;
and Marshall Plan, 34 , 150 ;
and military defeat of Nazi state, 20 -21;
and occupation of Germany, 21 , 34 , 39 , 243 n112;
wage labor performed by women in, 95 ;
women's organizations in, 74 ;
women's political activism in, 74 , 268 n95
Unmarried women, 27 , 86 ;
and Law for Protection of Mothers, 167 -68;
as mothers, 32 -33, 65 , 67 , 70 , 73 , 127 , 134 , 135 , 167 -68, 171
V
Vocational education, 85 , 151 , 174 -75, 177 , 285 -86n75
Voting rights, 41
W
Wage differentials, gender-based, 151 -52;
and Basic Law, 45 , 152 ;
and Bundestag debates, 85 , 207 -8;
and Communist party, West German (KPD), 53 , 85 ;
and education, 178 ;
and equal rights, 45 , 53 , 71 , 85 , 152 ;
in immediate postwar period, 25 ;
and industrial labor, 273 n33;
and National Labor Court, 152 -53, 158 -59;
in Nazi period, 18 ;
and Parliamentary Council debates, 45 , 53 -54;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 53 , 152 ;
and social insurance differentials, 131 -32;
and trade unions, 153
Wage labor, performed by women:
agricultural, 151 , 155 , 156 , 160 , 163 , 216 , 217 ;
and Allied occupation, 25 -27, 147 , 148 ;
and Basic Law, 53 , 142 , 144 , 146 , 179 , 207 -8;
and Bundestag, 92 , 144 , 201 , 207 -8;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 66 , 90 -91, 112 , 159 ;
and Civil Code reform, 48 -49, 147 , 201 ;
and enactment of protective legislation, 4 , 71 , 155 -62, 178 -79;
and enforcement of protective legislation, 162 -73;
and equal rights, 45 , 46 , 52 , 57 , 74 , 84 -85, 106 , 107 , 143 -47, 226 -27;
and family obligations, 66 , 71 , 73 , 78 , 88 , 90 -92, 95 , 106 , 112 , 149 , 217 , 221 ;
in family-owned businesses, 216 , 217 ;
and feminism, 158 ;
and Free Democratic party (FPD), 91 , 106 ;
and full employment, 150 -51, 154 ;
in German Democratic Republic, 71 , 78 , 161 , 175 -76, 177 ;
and health profession, 151 ;
in immediate postwar period, 25 -27, 66 , 147 ;
and industrial labor, 18 , 26 , 91 , 134 , 147 , 151 , 216 , 273 n33;
as key to female emancipation, 60 , 71 ;
and labor-force participation rates, 216 -17, 250 n100;
and length of work day, 165 , 177 ;
and maritime industry, 142 -46, 152 ;
and marriage, 15 -16, 17 , 60 , 66 , 71 , 85 , 87 , 90 -92, 106 , 166 , 171 , 173 , 217 , 227 , 285 -86n75;
mitigated by family allowances, 113 , 121 , 125 , 154 ;
and mother-family proposal, 76 ;
in Nazi period, 15 -20, 90 -91, 106 , 142 , 143 -44, 154 ;
and occupational advancement, 17 , 18 , 152 ;
and parttime jobs, 178 ;
promoted by consumerism, 140 ;
and protective legislation, 71 , 74 , 145 -46, 154 -55, 159 -73, 178 -79;
and recognition of sexual difference, 57 , 71 , 74 , 106 , 145 -46, 149 , 152 , 154 , 155 , 179 ;
and retail sales occupations, 18 , 151 , 163 , 216 ;
as second workshift added to domestic labor, 5 , 49 , 150 , 153 , 154 , 158 -59, 176 , 188 ;
and service sector, 18 , 163 ;
and sex-segregated labor markets, 150 -52, 178 , 179 , 208 ;
and
Wage labor, by women (continued )
Social Democratic party (SPD), 5 , 51 , 57 , 73 , 87 , 88 , 106 , 136 , 160 , 174 ;
social insurance coverage of, 131 -32, 174 ;
and teaching profession, 17 , 132 ;
and trade unions, 142 -45, 148 , 150 , 157 , 158 ;
in United States, 95 ;
and vocational education, 85 , 151 , 174 -75, 225 , 285 -86n75;
in Weimar Republic, 17 , 18 ;
and working mothers, 66 , 71 , 88 , 106 , 129 -30, 141 , 150 -51, 153 -54, 159 , 174 , 175 , 217
Wage levels:
based on performance, 110 , 121 -22;
and family support (male wage), 5 , 66 , 88 , 90 , 109 -10, 113 , 115 , 121 , 134 , 136 , 154 , 179 , 213
Wahl, Eduard, 202
Weber, Helene, 53 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 84 , 218 , 221 ;
on family, 65 -66, 67 , 69 , 72 , 89 , 201 ;
patriarchy defended by, 94 , 198 , 199
Weber, Marianne, 48
Weimar Republic:
abortion prohibited in, 241 n96;
Center party in, 49 , 63 , 81 ;
divorce law in, 49 , 50 ;
equal rights in, 40 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 99 , 181 , 205 ;
as example for FRG constitution, 40 ;
historiography of, 4 ;
maternity benefits in, 155 , 160 ;
Social Democratic party (SPD) in, 42 ;
wage labor performed by women in, 17 , 18 ;
wage levels in, 213 ;
women's political activity in, 13 , 45 , 71 , 180 , 221
Weizsäcker, Richard von, 12
Welfare programs, 5 , 110 , 117 , 119 , 121 , 128 , 131 , 133 , 136 , 224
Wessel, Helene, 62 -63, 64 , 65 , 66 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 283 n46
White-collar workers, 18 , 38 , 119 , 131 , 223 , 274 n38
Widows, 112 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 132 , 168
Wirtschaftswunder. See Economic miracle
Wolff, Jeanette, 87
Wolle, Waldemar, 257 n90
Wolle-Egenolf, Hildegard, 257 n90
Women:
in Catholic Church, 100 -101;
as consumers, 139 -40, 269 n107;
and heterosexuality, 191 -92, 193 , 194 , 195 ;
in judicial system, 84 , 180 , 185 , 187 ;
and lesbianism, 191 , 192 , 195 ;
as main providers, 11 -13, 19 -20, 29 , 33 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 66 , 112 ;
middle-class, 20 , 47 , 58 , 74 , 118 , 268 n95;
political activism of, 13 , 45 , 47 , 54 , 59 , 63 , 71 , 91 , 93 -94, 180 , 221 -22, 243 n112;
political exclusion of, 12 , 41 , 45 , 82 ;
in trade unions, 101 , 150 , 152 , 155 , 156 , 174 , 175 , 208 , 220 , 221 , 274 n44;
upper-class, 118 ;
voting pattern of, 81 -82, 100 -101;
voting rights of, 41 ;
wartime experience of, 8 -9, 12 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 71 , 74 , 83 , 90 , 199 , 232 n10;
working-class, 16 , 20 , 59 , 118 -19.
See also Domestic labor; Mothers and motherhood; Organizations, women's; Sexual difference; Surplus of women; Unmarried women; Wage labor, performed by women; Widows
Working class:
and Catholic Church, 42 ;
and CDU/CSU coalition, 43 , 53 ;
and Communist party, West German (KPD), 42 ;
and division of Germany, 42 -43;
equal rights promoted in, 107 ;
and family structure, 107 , 213 , 219 ;
and marriage, 60 , 107 , 118 ;
and Social Democratic party (SPD), 42 ;
social mobility of, 119 ;
women in, 16 , 20 , 59 , 118 -19
Wuermeling, Franz-Josef:
and anticommunism, 102 -3, 136 , 197 -98, 199 , 214 , 288 n18;
and birth rate, 102 , 130 , 138 , 197 , 214 ;
and equalization of burdens, 129 -30;
and family-law reform, 101 -3, 105 , 197 -98;
and "money-for-children" program, 126 ;
and sexual difference debate, 106
Wurzbacher, Gerhard, 31
Y
Yalta Conference, 21
Z
Zahn-Harnack, Agnes von, 1 , 227
Zetkin, Clara, 60 , 219