Appendix 1
1.1: The Imperatores Victi
The following is an alphabetical list of all Roman magistrates, promagistrates, and legates who suffered defeats against foreign enemies, survived, and returned to Rome between 390 and 49 B.C. without having achieved a subsequent victory. All dates and offices are as given in Broughton, MagistratesoftheRomanRepublic, unless otherwise indicated. Several doubtful cases, indicated by a question mark, have been included in this reckoning to avoid undercounting. Those marked with an asterisk are considered to have suffered a serious defeat. Any differentiation in the relative severity of defeats must remain to some extent arbitrary since no ancient source gives any objective criteria by which the Romans themselves evaluated such losses. Nevertheless, some rough guidelines can be put forward by which to separate major defeats from minor reverses: defeats in which the loss of life, particularly Roman life, was heavy; cases where the army fled the field in confusion, lost its camp and baggage, or was compelled to surrender; reverses that led to a serious deterioration in the military situation for Rome; and losses after which Roman forces were incapable of offering further resistance to the enemy all will be considered major defeats. The rest will be considered minor, either because they fail to meet one of these criteria or because there is not enough information to make a determination.
Each listing is divided into three parts. In the first (a), the defeat itself is briefly described and all ancient sources for it are listed except in a few particularly well-known cases where the reader is referred to the appropriate entry in MRR. Any controversies over the events are noted, and reference is made to discussions in the scholarly literature whenever possible. The second part (b) includes a brief synopsis of the victus ' subsequent career. Sources may be found in MRR under the appropriate year or years. Again,
any problems are noted, and references to discussions elsewhere are given. The third part (c) lists, first, all known sons who held the consulate or praetorship and, next, other male siblings or descendants. In the case of consular or praetorian sons I have tried to adopt a fairly conservative approach so as to avoid overcounting and have restricted attributions to those persons who are identified as such elsewhere in the prosopographical literature or are obviously sons. My debt to Münzer will be clear throughout. Where doubt exists, it is noted. In the case of nonconsular and nonpraetorian sons and other relatives, links are often proposed that are somewhat more conjectural. I make no pretensions to completeness in my collection of persons who fall into this last category.
1. M'. Acilius M'. f. C. n. Glabrio, cos. suff. 154
a. Obseq. 17 mentions a defeat in Gaul in this year, although Livy Per. 47 omits it. Acilius' colleague was active against the Ligurians near Massilia, thus leaving Acilius the primary candidate for the defeated general in Gaul, although a praetor cannot be ruled out.
b. No further public office.
c. M'. Acilius Glabrio, tr. pl. or perhaps praetor between 121 and 111, is probably his son (Badian, AJPh 75 [1954]: 382-83; MRR 3:2).
2. P. Aelius Q. f. P. n. Paetus, cos. 201.*
a. Seven thousand men lost when his prefect C. Ampius failed to protect foragers adequately (Livy 31.2.5-11). Because a legate rather than the consul himself was in command, it might be thought that criticism of Aelius might be softened somewhat, but the example of Sp. Postumius Albinus, cos. 110 (below, no. 74), suggests otherwise: Spurius was condemned by the Mamilian quaestio for his legate's defeat.
b. Elected censor in 199 B.C.
c. His son was Q. Aelius P. f. Q. n. Paetus, consul in 167; Publius' brother Sextus Paetus Catus became curule aedile in 200, consul in 198, and censor in 194.
3. M. Aemilius M. f. M. n. Lepidus Porcina, procos. 136.*
a. Failed in an attempt to besiege Pallantia in Spain; heavy losses at the siege and during the retreat; recalled by the Senate
(App. Iber. 80-83; Livy Per. 56; Oros. 5.5.13-14). On the question of whether the recall constituted a formal abrogation, see Bauman, RhM, n.s., 111 (1968): 37-50 at 45-50.
b. Fined on his return (App. Iber. 83); subsequently brought before the censors of 125 and fined for renting a house for HS 6,000 (Vell. 2.10.1; cf. Val. Max. 8.1 damn. 7 and Gruen, RomanPolitics, 40 n. 70). This financial ostentation indicates an effort to keep himself in the public eye and suggests continued political activity.
c. A son perhaps died young (Sumner, Orators, 64). Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, cos. 77, seems to have been a nephew (Münzer Röm.Adelsparteien 307, cf. Sumner, Orators, 164), although his filiation is not securely attested, and the possibility that he was Porcina's adoptive son cannot be ruled out.
4. C. Antonius M. f. M. n. (Hibrida), procos. 62-61.*
a. Defeated twice in Macedonia by the Dardani and Bastarni, losing his legionary standards to the latter (Dio 38.10.1-4, 51.26.5; Livy Per. 103; Obseq. 61a; cf. Caelius in Quint. Inst. 4.2.123-24 [=ORF 4 17]).
b. Prosecuted, condemned and exiled on his return. The precise charges brought against him are unclear: see Gruen, Latomus 32 (1973): 301-10, and above, chap. 4, pp. 144-45. Antonius later returned to Rome after the death of Caesar (Cic. Phil. 2.56; Strab. 10.2.13) and was subsequently made censor in 42.
c. No known sons; his nephews were M. Antonius the triumvir, cos. 44, 34, C. Antonius, q. 51, and L. Antonius, cos. 41.
5. Q. Arrius, propr.(?) 72.
a. Shared in the defeat of L. Gellius Poplicola, no. 39, by Spartacus (Livy Per. 96, cf. App. BCiv. 1.117).
b. Consular candidate in 59 (Cic. Att. 25 [2.5].2; 27 [2.7].3, cf. MRR 2:161, 3:25; Wiseman, New Men, 214).
c. No known descendants in office during the Republic.
6. C. Atilius M. f. M. n. Regulus, cos. 250.*
a. Failed with his colleague to take Lilybaeum (see below, no. 57); heavy losses in connection with the siege (Poly. 1.42.7-48.11; Diod. 24.1.1-4; Oros. 4.10.2; Zonar. 8.15).
b. No subsequent mention in the sources; Regulus had already been consul once before, in 257.
c. No known sons.
7. C. (or M. or L.) Aurelius Cotta, propr. 80.
a. Lost a battle at sea off the coast of Spain against Sertorius (Plut. Sert. 12.3). On the identity of this man, see Spann, CJ 82 (1986-87): 306-9; Konrad, CPh 84 (1989): 119-29.
b. C. Aurelius M. f. Cotta became consul in 75; M. Aurelius M. f. Cotta became consul in 74; L. Aurelius M. f. Cotta became consul in 65.
c. If this man was M. Cotta, his son may have been praetor in 54 or 50 (Klebs RE 2 col. 2489, cf. Münzer Röm.Adelsparteien 327; MRR 2:222).
8. Cn. Baebius Q. f. Cn. n. Tamphilus, pr. 199.*
a. Heavily defeated by the Insubrian Gauls; more than sixty-seven hundred men lost. The consul relieved him of command (Livy 32.7.5-7; Zonar. 9.15).
b. III vir col. deduc. 186 (Livy 39.23.4); consular candidate for 184 and previously (Livy 39.32.8); elected consul for 182.
c. Cn. Baebius Tamphilus, pr. 168, is probably his son; the career of M. Baebius Q. f. Cn. n. Tamphilus, brother of the praetor of 199, is also noteworthy in the wake of the latter's defeat: tr. pl. 194(?); III vir col. deduc. 194; pr. 191; cos. 181.
9. L. Bassus, legate 67.
a. Defeated at sea by Ariston (Dio 36.19.1).
b. Possibly Lucilius Bassus (Syme, Historia 13 [1964]: 161 [=Syme, RomanPapers, 2:610]; Wiseman, NewMen, 280). Nothing further is known.
c. No known descendants in office.
10. Q. Calpurnius C. f. C. n. Piso, cos. 135.
a. Apparently defeated at Numantia (Obseq. 26; Simon, RomsKriegeinSpanien, 169; Astin, ScipioAemilianus, 135, cf. App. Iber. 83).
b. No further offices.
c. No known sons in the consulate or praetorship; Q. Calpurnius, pr. c. 100 (MRR 1:577), may be a son; possibly C. Calpurnius Piso, cos. 67, is a grandson. For a general discussion of the descendants of nos. 10-13, see Syme, JRS 50 (1960): 12-20 (= Syme, RomanPapers, 2:496-509).
11. L. Calpurnius C. f. C. n. Piso Caesoninus, pr. 154.
a. Defeated in Lusitania along with M'. Manilius, no. 52; heavy losses (App. Iber. 56).
b. Consul in 148 (below no. 12).
c. His son, L. Calpurnius L. f. C. n. Piso Caesoninus, was consul in 112; note also the praetor of 90 (MRR 3:47), probably a grandson, and the consul of 58, perhaps a great-grandson. Q. Calpurnius Piso (above, no. 10) is likely to be a brother.
12. L. Calpurnius C. f. C. n. Piso Caesoninus, cos. 148.
a. Suffered some minor reverses in fighting around Carthage (App. Lib. 110).
b. No further offices.
c. See above, no. 11.
13. L. Calpurnius L. f. C. n. Piso Frugi, pr. 136 (or 138).
a. Defeated by rebellious slaves in Sicily (Florus 2.7.7). On the date of his praetorship, see MRR 1:483 n. 1 (138) and Sumner, Orators, 59 (136).
b. Consul in 133 (Münzer, RE 3 col. 1392); Sumner, Orators, 59; censor in 120.
c. His son was praetor c. 113 (RE 3 col. 1395); Sumner, Orators, 72; MRR 3:48.
14. C. Cassius L. f. Longinus, procos. 72.*
a. Defeated with heavy losses by Spartacus (Livy Per. 96; Plut. Crass. 9.7; Florus 2.8.10; Oros. 5.24.4).
b. No further office.
c. Two sons: C. Cassius Longinus, pr. 44, and one of Caesar's murderers; Q. Cassius Longinus, q. c. 52, tr. pl. 49 (Sumner, Orators 50).
15. L. Cincius Alimentus, propr. 208.*
a. Ambushed by Hannibal while marching from Tarentum to Locri without adequate reconnaissance—two thousand soldiers were slain and fifteen hundred captured; the rest fled to Tarentum (Livy 27.26.3-6).
b. Possibly an envoy in 208.
c. No sons known to have reached high office.
16. Ap. Claudius Centho, legate 170.*
a. Failed to capture Phanote; significant losses in the retreat; lost control of the countryside to the enemy (Livy 43.21.4-5, 23.1-6, cf. 11.10).
b. Continued in command as a promagistrate, 169-168; served as an ambassador, 154.
c. No known sons in the consulate or praetorship. C. Claudius Centho, legate ambassador in 155, may be a brother or son.
17. C. Claudius Glaber, pr. 73.*
a. Put to flight with his army by Spartacus; his camp was captured (Plut. Crass. 9.3; Florus 2.7.4; Frontin. Str. 1.5.21; Oros. 5.24.1).
b. No further offices.
c. No known descendants.
18. M. Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, procos. 209.*
a. Defeated by Hannibal; Marcellus' army fled the field (Livy 27.12.7-17; Plut. Marc. 25.4). Marcellus' second, and victorious, battle on the following day (Livy 27.25.5-26.4; Plut. Marc. 26.1-4) may be either invention (Münzer, RE 3 cols. 2752-53), or exaggeration (MRR 1:289 n. 5).
b. Marcellus' conduct was harshly criticized by C. Publicius Bibulus, tr. pl., and Marcellus was forced to come back to Rome and defend himself before an assembly. He refuted all charges made against him and was unanimously elected consul for the following year shortly thereafter (Livy 27.20.11-13, 21.1-5; Plut. Marc. 27.1-4).
c. His son, M. Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, was consul in 196 (below, no. 19).
19. M. Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, cos. 196.*
a. During his year in office suffered a serious defeat at the hands of the Boii and won a victory over the Ligurians. Livy's sources were discordant on which came first (Livy 33.36.4-15, cf. Val. Ant. frg. 34 P; Oros. 4.20.11). If the defeat followed the victory, then Marcellus belongs in this list. That he was subsequently awarded a triumph need not imply that the victory capped his campaign in view of D. Iunius Brutus, no. 42, L. Licinius Murena, no. 48, and cf. L. Postumius Megellus, no. 75.
b. Awarded a triumph on his return; elected censor in 189.
c. His son was M. Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, cos. 166, 155, 152.
20. P. Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher, cos. 249.*
a. Suffered a major defeat at sea, allegedly after displaying contempt for the auspices (Poly. 1.51.1-52.3; Diod. 24.1.5; Cic. Nat.D. 2.7; Div. 1.29, 2.20, 2.71; Livy frg. 12 [= Serv. 6.198]; Per. 19, cf.
22.42.9; Val. Max. 1.4.3; Suet. Tib. 2.2; Florus 1.18.29; Eutrop. 2.26; Schol.Bob. 90 St).
b. Recalled and forced to name a dictator (Livy Per. 19; Suet. Tib. 2.2). Put on trial for perduellio on his return, but the proceedings were interrupted by a storm; tried a second time and fined heavily (Cic. Nat.D. 2.7; Div. 2.71; Val. Max. 8.1.4; Schol.Bob. 90 St; see also Bauman, CrimenMaiestatis, 27-29; Linderski, ANRW 2. 16.3 (1986):2176-77 nn. 110-11). He died soon thereafter (Livy Per. 19; Val. Max. 8.1. abs. 4; Suet. Tib. 2.3; Gell. NA 10.6.2); Münzer, RE 3 col. 2858, suggests he committed suicide.
c. His son, Ap. Claudius P. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, was consul in 212.
21. Claudius Unimanus, pr. 146 (or 145).*
a. Defeated with serious losses by Viriathus in Spain (Florus 1.33; DeVir.Ill. 71.1; Oros. 5.4.3-4). Date and rank uncertain: see discussion in Astin, Scipio Aemilianus 344, who opts for the arrangement of Mommsen, HistoryofRome, 3:223, followed here. U. Hackl, SenatundMagistraturinRom, 83-84, would have it that the senate recalled Claudius before the expiration of his year in Spain, but this view depends on accepting a doubtful chronology that places Claudius' praetorship in 145 rather than 146 (Simon, RomsKriegein Spanien, 77-80; Richardson, Hispaniae, 187-88).
b. Nothing further known about this man.
c. No known descendants.
22. L. Coelius, legate 170.*
a. Apparently he, rather than Ap. Claudius Centho, was in command of the army that tried and failed to storm Uscana (Livy 43.10.1-8, cf. 21.1; MRR 1:422).
b. No further offices.
c. No known sons in office; possibly the father of Coelius Antipater, the historian (Sumner, Orators, 57).
23. L. (or Cn.) Cornelius Lentulus, pr. 137.
a. Defeated by slaves in Sicily; his camp may have been captured as well (Florus 2.7.7). On the date, see MRR 1:481 n. 1, 3:159.
b. This praetor is probably to be identified as L. Lentulus, who was consul in 130 (Sumner, Orators, 143), although he may also be Cn. Lentulus, who held no further office (Münzer, RE 4 col. 1357).
c. If this praetor is L. Lentulus, his son is likely to be the L. Lentulus who became praetor, probably by 83 (Cic. Arch.9; cf.
Sumner, Orators, 143); if he is Cn. Lentulus, then Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Lentulus, consul in 97, may have been his son (Münzer RE 4 col. 1361, cf. 1357).
24. Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Lentulus Clodianus, cos. 72.*
a. Defeated twice by Spartacus—once separately, once with his colleague Gellius, no. 39 (Sall. Hist. 3.106 Maur.; Livy Per. 96; Plut. Crass. 9.7; App. BCiv. 1.117; Florus 2.8.10; Eutrop. 6.7.2; Oros. 5.24.4).
b. The senate took control of the war out of the consuls' hands altogether (Plut. Crass. 9.7); Rubinsohn, Historia 19 (1970): 625-26 (followed by Ward, MarcusCrassus, 83-84 n. 2), argues that Plutarch does not say that the senate formally abrogated their commands, since it had no power to do this, but only "urged the consuls to refrain from [further military] action"; cf. Marshall, Crassus, 26. That analysis is rejected, however, by Gruen, LastGeneration, 41 n. 126. Lentulus was elected censor in 70 and served as a legate to Pompey in 67.
c. His son Cn. Lentulus Clodianus was praetor in 59.
(L. Cornelius Cn. f. L. n. Lentulus Lupus, cos. 156.*)
a. According to Zippel, Dierömische HerrschaftinIllyrien, 133ff., followed by De Sanctis, Storia 4.12:424-25, the Cornelius defeated by the Pannonians mentioned in App. III. 14 refers to Lupus; cf. Poly. frg. 64 B-W. This identification, however, is persuasively refuted by Morgan, Historia 23 (1974): 184-89, who identifies this Cornelius as P. Nasica Serapio (below, no. 43).
b. Prosecuted and convicted of repetundae, probably in 154 (Val. Max. 6.9.10, cf. Festus 360L); elected censor in 147 and appointed princepssenatus in 131 MRR 1:501 n. 1.
c. No sons known to have reached high office.
25. P. Cornelius L. f. L. n. Scipio, cos. 218.*
a. Defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus River (Poly. 3.65.1-11; Livy 21.46.1-10; other sources in MRR 1:238).
b. Sent to Spain in 217 following his year in office as proconsul to conduct the Roman war effort; remained there until his death in 211.
c. His sons were P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, cos. 205 and 194, and L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, cos. 190.
26. Cn. Cornelius L. f. Cn. n. Scipio Asina, cos. 260.*
a. Trapped by the Carthaginians at Lipara; either compelled to surrender or seized by them during negotiations (Poly. 1.21.4-9, 8.35.9; Livy Per. 17; Val. Max. 6.6.2, 6.9.11; Florus 1.18.11; App. Lib. 63; Oros. 4.7.9; Zonar. 8.10).
b. Returned to Rome at some point, possibly in an exchange of prisoners (Livy 22.23.6; Walbank, Comm. 1:76), and elected consul for the year 254.
c. His son P. Cornelius Scipio Asina was consul in 221.
27. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio Barbatus, propr. 295.
a. During an emergency, he led his legion out of camp without scouts and was surrounded and defeated (Livy 10.26.7-12).
b. Subsequently he served as a legate to the consul at the battle of Sentium in the same year and again as a legate in 293; censor in 283 or 280 (CIL 12 .2.7; MRR 1:192 n. 2).
c. His sons were Scipio Asina, cos. 260 (above, no. 26), and L. Cornelius L. f. Cn. n. Scipio, cos. 259; his grandsons were Cn. Scipio, cos. 222, and P. Scipio (above, no. 25).
(P. Cornelius P. f. P. n. Scipio Nasica Serapio, pr. 141: see below, no. 43).
28. P. Decius P. f. P. n. Mus, cos. 279.
a. Defeated by Pyrrhus, although Pyrrhus' losses were also heavy and the outcome indecisive (Dion. Hal. 20.1-3; Livy Per. 13; Eutrop. 2.13.4).
b. He may have been consul again in 265 (MRR 1:202 n. 2).
c. No known sons.
29. Sex. Digitius, pr. 194.*
a. Defeated several times in Spain with heavy losses (Livy 35.1.1-2, cf. 2-3; Oros. 4.20.16).
b. Legate in 190; ambassador in 174; charged with the purchase of grain in 172.
c. No son known to have held office.
30. C. Fabius N. f. M. n. Ambustus, cos. 358.*
a. Defeated by the Tarquinienses (Livy 7.15.9-11).
b. Interrex in 355.
c. No sons known to have held office. The descendants of his
brother Marcus reached the consulate regularly in ensuing generations.
31. M. Fabius Hadrianus, legate 68.
a. Defeated in a minor skirmish by Mithridates (Plut. Luc.35.1; App. Mith. 88, 112; Dio 36.9-10).
b. No further office held.
c. No known descendants.
32. Q. Fabius Q. Serviliani f. Q. n. Maximus (Eburnus?), q. 132.
a. Sent home from Sicily in disgrace by the consul P. Rupilius, his father-in-law, for losing Tauromenium (Val. Max. 2.7.3, cf. Diod. 34.2.20; Oros. 5.9.7). On the identification, see MRR 1:499 and the references given there.
b. Praetor, probably in 119; consul in 116; censor in 108.
c. No son known to have reached high office. Fabius put a son to death on charges of unchastity, for which he was prosecuted and exiled (Val. Max. 6.1.5; Ps. Quint. 3.17; Oros. 5.16.8).
33. Q. Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Servilianus, procos. 140.*
a. Defeated and trapped by Viriathus in Spain, he signed a treaty of peace with the enemy to extricate his army (Livy Per.54,Oxy.Per. 54; Diod. 33.1.4; App. Iber. 67-69; Charax Perg. FGrH 2A no. 103 frgs. 26-27).
b. No further offices known.
c. His son was apparently the consul of 116 and censor of 108, Q. Fabius Maximus Eburnus (RE 6 col. 1796; above, no. 32).
34. L. Fufidius, propr. 80.*
a. Routed by Sertorius with heavy losses (Plut. Sert. 12; see also MRR 3:93).
b. No further offices held.
c. No sons known to have held office. On his family, see Wiseman, NewMen, 232; Spann, CJ 82 (1986-87): 306-9; Konrad, CP (1989): 119-29.
35. Cn. Fulvius M. f. Q. n. Flaccus, pr. 212.*
a. His army was put to flight by Hannibal (Livy 25.21.1-10, cf. 26.1.9, 27.1.9; Oros. 4.16.17). The occurrence of the battle has been doubted by De Sanctis, Storia, 3.22 :459 n. 28, but his objections are answered by Crake, ArchivalMaterialin Livy, 187-88, 279, 332: see below, appendix 3, for additional discussion.
b. Prosecuted on his return, condemned, and exiled (Livy 26.2.7-3.12).
c. His son Q. Fulvius Cn. f. M. n. Flaccus was suffect consul in 180; his grandson C. Fulvius Q. f. Cn. n. Flaccus was consul in 134.
36. Q. Fulvius M. f. M. n. Nobilior, cos. 153.*
a. Beaten in a number of battles in Spain with significant losses (App. Iber. 45-47).
b. When he returned to Rome, he spread stories about the enemy's valor and the extent of his own losses in Spain (Poly. 35.4.2). He intervened in the attempt to try Ser. Sulpicius Galba in 149 (Livy Per. 49) and was elected censor in 136.
c. No son known to have held office.
37. L. Furius, legate 73.
a. Defeated by Spartacus (Plut. Crass. 9.4).
b. No further office held.
c. No descendants known to have held office.
38. L. Furius Sp. f. L. n. Medullinus, mil. tr. c. p. 381.
a. Defeated by the Praenestinians and Voscians (Livy 6.23.124.4, cf. 25.4-5; Plut. Cam. 37-38).
b. Furius was again mil. tr. c. p. in 370 and censor in 363.
c. No sons known to have held office.
39. L. Gellius L. f. L. n. Poplicola, cos. 72.*
a. Defeated twice by Spartacus—once with the praetor Arrius, no. 5, once with his colleague Lentulus Clodianus, no. 24 (Livy Per. 96; App. BCiv. 117; cf. Plut. Crass. 9.6-7).
b. The senate took control of the war out of the consuls' hands (above, no. 24); Gellius was elected censor in 70 and served as legate to Pompey in 67, commanding naval forces in the Etruscan Sea.
c. L. Gellius L. f. L. n. Poplicola, the consul of 36, was probably his son (Münzer, RE 7 col. 1003; Syme, AugustanAristocracy, 28); Wiseman, Cinna thePoet, 122 argues for identifying the consul of 36 as a grandson but is not persuasive.
40. A. Hostilius L. f. A. n. Mancinus, cos. 170.
a. Defeated by Persius in an attempt to enter Macedon (Plut. Aem. 9.3; cf. Livy 43.11.9).
b. His command was prorogued for 169 until his successor arrived. No further offices known.
c. Two sons: A. Hostilius Mancinus, cur. aed. in 151(?), ambassador in 149; C. Hostilius Mancinus, cos. 137 (below, no. 41).
41. C. Hostilius A. f. L. n. Mancinus, cos. 137.*
a. Trapped while retreating from Numantia and compelled to surrender and swear to a treaty of peace (App. Iber. 80; Plut. Ti.Gracch. 5.1-4; other sources and discussion in Simon, RomsKriegeinSpanien, 150-54; Astin, ScipioAemilianus, 132-133; Wikander, OpusculaRomana 11, no. 7 [1976]: 84-104).
b. Recalled to Rome and replaced by his colleague (App. Iber. 80). The senate rejected his treaty and arranged to have Mancinus handed over to the Numantines to nullify his treaty (Cic. Rep. 3.28, Off. 3.1 09; App. Iber. 83; Dio frg. 79; discussion in Rosenstein, CA 5 [1986]: 230-52). He returned to Rome and was later elected praetor for a second time (Dig. 50.7.17; DeVir.Ill. 59.4).
c. No sons known to have held public office.
42. D. Iunius M. f. M. n. Brutus Callaicus, procos. 136.*
a. Cooperated with M. Aemilius Lepidus Porcina in the siege of Pallantia and shared in the retreat, during which the losses were serious (sources above, no. 3).
b. Continued in command subsequently by the senate (Simon, RomsKriegeinSpanien, 169-71). Celebrated a triumph for his earlier victories (Plut. Ti.Gracch. 21.2; Eutrop. 4.19).
c. His son D. Iunius D. f. M. n. Brutus was consul in 77 (RE 10.1 col. 968).
43. D. Iunius Silanus/ P. Cornelius P. f. P. n. Scipio Nasica Serapio, pr. 141.*
a. In 14 an unnamed praetor was defeated by the Scordisci in Thrace (Livy Oxy.Per. 54, cf. Obseq. 22 [misdated?]). MRR 1:477 suggests he is D. Iunius Silanus; Morgan, Historia 23 (1974): 208-15, argues for P. Scipio Serapio on the basis of App. Ill. 14; cf. MRR 3:113.
b. Iunius was later accused of accepting bribes, was tried before his father, and committed suicide (Cic. Fin. 24; Livy Per. 54); Serapio became consul in 138.
c. Silanus' son was almost certainly M. Iunius D. f. D. n. Silanus, cos. 109, no. 44 (Sumner, Orators, 78); Serapio's son was P. Cornelius P. f. P. n. Scipio Nasica Serapio, cos. 111.
44. M. Iunius D. f. D. n. Silanus, cos. 109.*
a. Lost a major battle against the Cimbri (Ascon. 68 C, 80 C; Livy Per. 65; Vell. 2.12.2; Florus 1.38.4; cf. Eutrop. 4.27.5; for the date, see Badian, Mélange Piganiol 913 n. 3.
b. Brought to trial in 104 by Cn. Domitius, tr. pl., for undertaking an unauthorized war and acquitted by a wide margin (Cic. Div.Caec. 67; Ascon. 80 C; Vell. 2.2.118).
c. D. Iunius M. f. Silanus, cos. 62, is likely to have been his son (Syme, AugustanAristocracy, 189); M. Silanus, pr. 77, possibly was also a son: see MRR 3:114-15 on the problems surrounding the identity of this man, however.
45. P. Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, legate 90.
a. Suffered a minor defeat in which eight hundred men were killed: App. BCiv. 1.41.
b. Elected censor for 89; legate again in 87.
c. His son was M. Licinius Crassus, cos. 70 and 55.
46. L. Licinius L. f. Lucullus, propr. 103.
a. After defeating an army of slaves and driving them from the field, he besieged them unsuccessfully at Triocala and retired with losses (Diod. 36.8.3-5; Florus 2.7.11).
b. Brought to trial subsequently on charges of peculatus or repetundae, convicted, and exiled: Cic. 2 Verr. 4.147; Acad. 2.1; Off. 2.50; cf. Prov. Cons. 22; Diod. 36.8.5-9.2; Plut. Luc. 1.1; Quint. 12.7.4; cf. DeVir.Ill. 6.2.4.
c. His sons were L. Licinius Lucullus, cos. 74 (below no. 47), and M. Licinius Lucullus, cos. 73.
47. L. Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, procos. 67.*
a. His legate, C. Valerius Triarius, was heavily defeated by Mithridates (Plut. Luc. 35.1-2; App. Mith. 89, cf. 112; Dio 36.12).
b. Lucullus was superceded in his command in 67, but this defeat apparently had little to do with his removal: Williams, Phoenix 38 (1984): 223, 226, 228, 231. He remained somewhat active in public life until his death (Plut. Luc. 42.4-43.3).
c. No sons known to have held public office.
48. L. Licinius Murena, propr. 82.*
a. Invaded Pontus without authorization and was seriously defeated by Mithridates (App. Mith. 64-66; Memnon FGrH 3B no. 434 frg. 26).
b. Murena secured a triumph on his return (Cic. Leg. Man. 8; Mar. 11, 15, 88; Gran. Licin. 36.5 C).
c. His son was L. Licinius Murena, cos. 62.
49. P. Licinius Nerva, pr. (or propr.) 104.*
a. A small force he dispatched under the command of M. Titinius (below no. 86) to deal with a slave revolt was defeated (Diod. 36.4.3). He later attacked the camp of the slaves and captured it, but his soldiers were put to flight by the enemy counterattack. Many of his soldiers lost their weapons or were captured (Diod. 36.4.6-8). Discussion of the events is in Rubinsohn, Athenaeum, n.s., 60 (1982): 436-51 at 448-49.
b. No further public office.
c. No sons known to have reached high office.
50. M. Livius Macatus, prefect 212.*
a. While in command at Tarentum, he was surprised by Hannibal, and most of the city was captured. Polybius indicates he was drunk at the time of the attack. Livius retained control of the citadel, however (Poly. 8.27.1-31.6; Livy 25.9-10; Plut. Fab. 23.3).
b. After the Romans recovered the city in 208, the senate debated whether to punish Livius or reward him for holding out for five years, but it is not clear whether any formal action was ever taken against him (Livy 27.25.3-5, cf. Cic. Sen.11;DeOr. 2.273; Plut. Fab. 23.3). No further offices known.
c. No descendants known to have held public office.
51. Cn. Mallius Cn. f. Maximus, cos. 105.*
a. After failing to secure the cooperation of the proconsul P. Servilius Caepio, no. 81, both lost major battles to the Cimbri and Teutones (Livy Per. 67; Florus 1.38.4; Gran. Licin. 33.6-11 C; Eutrop. 5.1.1; Dio frg. 91.1-4; Oros. 5.16.1-7 [= Val. Ant. frg. 63 P]; other sources in MRR 1:555).
b. Mallius went into exile in the following year (Gran. Licin. 33.24 C), probably voluntarily withdrawing, although perhaps after a trial and conviction: see chap. 4, n. 47, for discussion.
c. No sons known to have reached public office.
52. M'. Manilius P. f. P. n., pr. 155 (or 154).*
a. Defeated with his colleague L. Calpurnius Piso, no. 11, by the Lusitanians with heavy losses (App. Iber. 56; on the date and
the rank of Manilius at the time, see Simon, Roms KriegeinSpanien, 13; Richardson, Hispaniae,185 ).
b. Manilius was consul in 149 (RE 14.1 col. 1135; below, no. 53).
c. P. Manilius, the consul of 120, was either his son (Sumner, Orators, 62) or his nephew (RE 14.1 col. 1139).
53. M'. Manilius P. f. P. n., cos. 149.
a. Suffered a number of reverses along with his colleague Marcius, no. 59, in their attempt to storm Carthage (App. Lib. 97-104, cf. Poly. 36.8.4; Diod. 32.8; Livy Per. 49-50; Oxy.Per. 49; Oros. 4.22.1-7; Zonar. 9.26-27).
b. No further offices held; he may be the man mentioned in connection with Tiberius Gracchus' agrarian law in 133 (Plut. Ti.Gracch. 11.1; RE 14.1 col. 1138; doubted by Astin, ScipioAemilianus 348). Cicero cast him as an interlocutor in the DeRepublica.
c. On his descendants, see above, no. 52.
54. Cn. Manlius, pr. 72.
a. Defeated together with the proconsul C. Cassius Longinus, no. 14, by Spartacus (Livy Per. 96; cf. MRR 3:135 on the date).
b. No further offices held.
c. No sons known to have reached public office.
55. L. Manlius, procos. 78.*
a. Defeated in Spain by Sertorius' forces and again in Gaul (Caes. BGall. 3.20.1; Livy Per. 90; Oros. 5.23.4).
b. Possibly the consul of 65, but this view is not generally accepted (RE 14.1 col. 1159; Sumner, Orators, 129).
c. No sons known to have reached high office.
56. (A.?) Manlius (Torquatus?), pr. 138(?).
a. Defeated by slaves in Sicily (Florus 2.7.7); on the date of his praetorship, see Sumner, Orators,59.
b. No further offices held.
c. No sons known to have reached the consulate or praetorship.
57. L. Manlius A. f. P. n. Vulso, cos. 250.*
a. Failed with his colleague C. Atilius Regulus, no. 6, to capture Lilybaeum by siege; suffered considerable losses. For sources, see above, no. 6.
b. No further office held.
c. His sons were L. Manlius Vulso, pr. 218, and P. Manlius
Vulso, pr. 210; his grandsons were L. Manlius Vulso, pr. 197, C. Manlius Cn. f. L.n. Vulso, cos. 189, and A. Manlius Cn. f. L. n. Vulso, cos. 178 (RE 14.1 col. 1215).
58. L. Manlius Vulso, pr. 218.*
a. Ambushed by the Boii and put to flight; later besieged (Poly. 3.40.11-14, Livy 21.25.8-14).
b. Candidate for the consulship of 216 (Livy 22.35.1; Münzer, RE 14.1 col. 1223). Münzer identifies him as one of the three envoys sent by Hannibal to Rome after Cannae to discuss ransom of the Roman prisoners. Following the refusal by the senate to negotiate, he and the other envoys returned to Hannibal and probably spent the remainder of the war as prisoners (Livy 22.61.5-7).
c. No sons known to have held public office; his three nephews won praetorships and consulships (see above, no. 57 c).
59. L. Marcius C. f. C. n. Censorinus, cos. 149.
a. Fought with little success against Carthage and sustained several small reverses (App. Lib. 97-99; sources cited for Manilius, no. 53).
b. Elected censor in 147.
c. No sons known to have reached the consulate or praetorship. Cn. Marcius Censorinus, tr. pl. in 122, may have been his son.
60. C. Marcius C. f. Q. n. Figulus, pr. 169.
a. Driven off while besieging Cassandreia and other cities (Livy 44.10-12).
b. Consul vitiocreatus in 162; elected again in 156.
c. His son was C. Marcius Figulus, pr. ca. 130 (Val. Max. 9.3.2; Münzer RE 14 col. 1554).
61. Q. Marcius L. f. Q. n. Philippus, cos. 186.*
a. Ambushed and seriously defeated by the Ligurian Apuani with heavy loss of life; many legionary standards also fell into enemy hands (Livy 39.20.5-10; Oros. 4.20.26). Stayed away from Rome for the rest of the year (Livy 39.23.1).
b. Ambassador in 183; made a decemvirs.f. in 180; ambassador again in 173-172; consul for the second time in 169; censor in 164.
c. No sons known to have reached the praetorship or consulate. A son, Q. Marcius Philippus, was a legate in 169 and an ambassador in 163.
62. M. Minucius C. f. C. n. Rufus, dict. 217.
a. Trapped and nearly destroyed by Hannibal (Poly. 3.104.1105.9; Nep. Hann.5.3; Val. Max. 5.2.5; Livy 22.28.3-29.6; Plut. Fab. 11.1-12.4; Frontin. Str. 2.5.22; Sil. 7.494-50; App. Han. 13; DeVir.Ill. 43.3; Zonar. 8.26).
b. No further offices held; he died at Cannae (Livy 22.49.16).
c. M. Minucius Rufus, pr. 197, may conceivably have been a son, but since Münzer does not comment on his family, he will not be counted as such here. The consul of 197, Q. Minucius C. f. C. n. Rufus, was apparently his younger brother.
63. Mummius, legate 72.*
a. Fought a battle against Spartacus contrary to orders and was heavily defeated (Plut. Crass. 10.1-3).
b. No further offices held.
c. No descendants known to have held public office.
64. C. Nigidius, pr. (or legate) 145 (or 144).
a. Defeated by Viriathus in Spain (DeVir. Ill. 71.1). On the controversy over his rank, see Astin, ScipioAemilianus, 344, and the works cited there. If he was a praetor, his command in Spain may have fallen in 144 (Simon, RomsKriegeinSpanien, 78-79; MRR 3:147; Richardson, Hispaniae, 187-88).
b. No further offices held.
c. No sons known to have reached high office; P. Nigidius Figulus, pr. 58, may be a descendant (Shackleton-Bailey, CQ54 [1960]: 253-67 at 262; idem, Cicero 's LetterstoAtticus, 1:354).
65. Cn. Papirius C. f. Carbo, cos. 113.*
a. Attacked the Cimbri without provocation and sustained a massive defeat (Strabo 5.1.8; Livy Per. 63; Vell. 2.12.2; Plut. Mar. 16.5; App. Gall. 13).
b. Perhaps prosecuted on his return; if so, probably acquitted (Cic. Fam. 188 [9.21].3; Shackleton-Bailey, Cicero:EpistulaeadFamiliares, 2:330; discussion above, p. 142). No further offices held.
c. His sons were Cn. Papirius Cn. f. C. n. Carbo, cos. 85, 84, and 82, and C. Papirius Carbo, pr. c. 81. The circumstances of these elections cannot be considered normal by Republican standards, but Gnaeus' election to a praetorship for 89 probably was; Gaius may also have won a tribunate for the same year.
66. C. Perperna, legate 90.*
a. Defeated by Italian forces; casualties were serious, and the weapons of many of the survivors were lost (App. BCiv. 1.41).
b. Deprived of his command by the consul P. Rutilius Lupus (App. BCiv. 1.41).
c. No sons known to have held elective office; his brother was censor in 86. Possibly M. Perperna Vento, pr. 82, is related.
67. C. Plautius Hypsaeus, pr. 146.*
a. Heavily defeated by Viriathus, he fled to a city and refused to venture out as the enemy overran the countryside (Livy Per. 52; App. Iber. 64; Oros. 5.4.3).
b. Prosecuted on his return, but the charge is unclear: Diodorus' language at 33.2 indicates maiestas, but it is not certain whether this crime existed at the time. Hence the charge may have been perduellio (cf. Bauman, Crimen Maiestatis, 22; Gruen, RomanPolitics,29 and n. 46); condemned and exiled (Diod. 33.2).
c. No sons in the consulate or praetorship. L. Plautius Hypsaeus, pr. 135 (below, no. 68), and M. Plautius Hypsaeus, cos. 125, are probably kinsmen (RE 21.1 col. 14).
68. L. Plautius Hypsaeus, pr. 139 (or 138 or 135).
a. Defeated by slaves in Sicily; his camp may have been captured (Florus 2.7.7; Diod. 34-35.2.18; cf. MRR 1:481 n. 1, 3:159; Green, PastandPresent 20 [1960-61]: 10-29).
b. Hackl, SenatundMagistratur, 83, asserts that Plautius was prosecuted at the behest of the senate, but the sources offer no support for her contention. Plautius held no further offices.
c. See above, no. 67. (Q. Pompeius A. f., pr. 143 [?]: see below, no. 76.)
69. Q. Pompeius A. f., cos. 141, procos. 140.*
a. Suffered a series of reverses at Numantia; opened negotiations with the enemy leading to a treaty of peace (App. Iber. 78-79; cf. Dio frg. 77).
b. Pompeius denied he had made a foedus when his successor arrived and continued to deny it when the senate investigated the matter on his return to Rome. The senate elected to continue the war (App. Iber. 79). At some point he stood trial for repetundae and was acquitted (Cic. Font. 23; Val. Max. 8.5.1). The prosecution is generally seen in the context of the political backlash of his defeat
(Gruen, RomanPolitics, 36; Hackl, SenatundMagistratur, 81-82); that linkage has recently been doubted: see Richardson, JRS 77 (1987): 1-12, esp. 11-12, who suggests nevertheless that some sort of hearing regarding Pompeius' dealings with the Numantines took place in the senate. In 136 an attempt was made to hand Pompeius over to the Numantines in order to invalidate his treaty, but a bill to this effect was defeated (Cic. Off. 3.109; Rep. 3.28, cf. Fin. 2.54; Vell. 2.1.5; App. Iber. 83; discussion in Rosenstein, CA 5 [1986]: 248-50). Pompeius was elected censor in 131.
c. His son was Q. Pompeius Rufus, consul in 88 (RE 21.1 col. 2250; Sumner, AJAH 2 [1977]: 10-13).
70. M. Popillius M. f. P. n. Laenas, procos. 138.
a. Defeated and put to flight by the Numantines (Livy Per.55, cf. Oxy.Per. 55; App. Iber. 79).
b. No further office held.
c. No sons known to have reached high office; but M. Popillius M. f. Laenas, legate propr. early in the first century, may be his son (MRR 3:168).
71. C. Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, cos. 114.*
a. Seriously defeated by the Scordisci in Thrace (Livy Per. 63; Florus 1.39.4; Dio 26 frg. 88).
b. Cato was tried, convicted, and fined a trifling sum on charges of repetundae (Cic. Verr. 2.3.184, 4.22; Vell. 2.8.1; see above, p. 141, for discussion). He may have served subsequently as an ambassador to Numidia (Gruen, Roman Politics, 146) or as a legate during the Jugurthine war (MRR 1:544). He was later condemned and exiled by the Mamilian commission (Cic. Brut. 128; Balb. 28, 110).
c. No sons elected consul or praetor; his nephew was apparently M. Porcius Cato, pr. in an unknown year (RE 22.1 col. 165, cf. 105).
72. A. Postumius Albinus, legate 110.*
a. Left in command by his brother, the consul of 110 (below, no. 74), Aulus was lured into a trap by Jugurtha, surrounded, attacked, and compelled to surrender. He agreed to make a treaty with the king and pass under the yoke (Sall. Iug. 38; Livy Per. 64; Florus 1.36.9; Oros. 5.15.6).
b. Although his brother was prosecuted and condemned before the Mamilian commission, no action seems to have been taken
against Aulus. He was probably elected consul for 99 (Suppl.MRR 50-51; MRR 3:173; Sumner, Orators, 82-84; Badian, Chiron 14 [1984]: 124-25). He was legate in 89 in command of a fleet and killed during a mutiny of his soldiers.
c. No sons known to have reached the consulate or praetorship.
73. Sp. Postumius Albinus, cos. 321.*
a. Trapped with his colleague T. Veturius Calvinus by Samnite forces at the Caudine Forks; compelled to surrender, agree to a treaty of peace, and pass under the yoke (Livy 9.1.1-6.2; Dion. Hal. 16.1.3; App. Sam. 4.2-6; Dio frg. 36.10; discussion in Nissen, RhM 25 [1870]: 1-65).
b. The senate ordered him and his colleague to appoint a dictator to hold elections, the new consuls from which were to enter office immediately; however, owing to vitia the elections took place under an interregnum (Livy 9.7.12-8.1, cf. App. Sam. 4.7; Zonar. 7.26). Postumius and Veturius were handed over to the Samnites by way of invalidating their treaty. Postumius himself urged this step. The Samnites refused to accept the generals, and Postumius returned to Rome (discussion in Nissen, loc.cit. and Crawford, PBSR 41 [1973]: 1-7). He held no further office, but enjoyed great fame (Cic. Off. 3.109; Livy 9.8.1-12.3; Gell. NA 17.21.36; Florus 1.11.11; Dio frg. 36.19-21; Zonar. 7.26).
c. No sons known to have reached the consulate or praetorship.
74. Sp. Postumius Albinus, cos. 110.*
a. Left his brother Aulus in command of his army while he returned to Rome to conduct elections. Aulus was trapped and forced to surrender (sources above, no. 72).
b. Returned to Africa with the intention of resuming prosecution of the war (Sall. Iug. 39.4-5). Prorogued until the arrival of his successor, Spurius was condemned by the Mamilian commission (Cic. Brut. 128; Sall. Iug. 44.1).
c. No sons known to have reached the consulate or praetorship.
75. L. Postumius L. f. Sp. n. Megellus, cos. 294.*
a. According to Claudius Quadrigarius (frg. 34 P = Livy 10.37.13), Postumius was defeated in Apulia, compelled to flee the field, and forced to take refuge in Luceria with a few men. However, the tradition as Livy found it was uncertain. Fabius Pictor, frg. 19 P (= Livy 10.37.14) wrote only of many deaths on both sides
at Luceria, whereas other authors Livy drew on seem not to have mentioned a defeat at all (Livy 10.34.1-14, 37.1-5). In the dominant tradition it was his colleague Atilius who sustained an initial defeat and later won a victory after vowing to raise a temple to Jupiter Stator (Livy 10.32.3-33.7, 35.1-36.16).
b. Sought and celebrated a triumph, against the wishes of the senate (Livy 10.37.6-12). Indicted by a tribune of the plebs in the following year on unspecified charges but escaped prosecution through appointment as his successor's legate (Livy 10.46.16). Interrex in 291; elected consul in the same year; ambassador in 282.
c. His son was L. Postumius L. f. L. n. Megellus, cos. 262.
76. Quinctius, pr. 143.*
a. Defeated by Viriathus and retired early into winter quarters; lost control of the countryside (App. Iber. 66). His identification with Q. Pompeius, cos. 141 (above, no. 69), has been challenged (Simon, RomsKriegein Spanien, 80-86; cf. Astin, Historia 13 [1964]: 251-52) but is now defended by Richardson, Hispaniae, 189-90.
b. If this person is Q. Pompeius, he became consul in 141; Quinctius is not known to have held any other office.
c. If Q. Pompeius, his son was Q. Pompeius Rufus, cos. 88 (above, no. 69). No sons of Quinctius are known.
77. L. Quinctius, legate 71.
a. Defeated with Tremellius Scrofa, no. 88, by Spartacus (Plut. Crass. 11.4); Frontin. Str. 2.4.34.
b. Praetor in 68. On his identity, see Syme, Historia 4 (1955): 5271 at 67-68 (= Syme, RomanPapers, 1:287-88).
c. No sons known to have held public office.
78. Ti. Sempronius C. f. C. n. Longus, cos. 218.*
a. Defeated by Hannibal at the Trebia River (Poly. 3.70.1-75.8; Nep. Hann. 4; Livy 21.53.1-56.8; Frontin. Str. 2.5.23; Florus 1.22.12; App. Hann. 6-7; De Vir.Ill. 42.3; Oros. 4.14.7; Zonar. 8.24).
b. May have served as a legate in 215 (MRR 1:258 n. 7).
c. His son was Ti. Sempronius Ti. f. C. n. Longus, cos. 194.
79. C. Sentius, propr. 92-87.
a. After losing initially to the Thracians, he won several successes against them (Livy Per. 70; Oros. 5.18.30). He lost Macedon to the forces of Mithridates in 87 (App. Mith. 35); on his lengthy tenure of this province, see Badian, Studies, 73-74, who suggests
he was allowed to stay on after his initial defeat to afford him a chance to redeem himself with a subsequent victory.
b. No further offices.
c. No sons known to have held public office. On his family, see Syme, Historia 13 (1964): 156-66 (= Syme, Roman Papers, 2:605-16).
80. C. Servilius, pr. 102.
a. Achieved nothing worthy of note, according to Diod. 36.9.1. Florus 2.7.11 reports he was defeated by the slaves in Sicily and driven from his camp, but Florus is highly untrustworthy as a source for events in Sicily during this period (Rubinsohn, Athenaeum, n.s., 60 [1982]: 439-40).
b. Prosecuted for his lack of success, convicted, and exiled: Diod. 36.9.1, cf. Cic. Div.Caec. 63; Ps. Asc. 203 St.; see also above, pp. 142-44.
c. No sons known to have held public office; P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, cos. 79, may be his younger brother.
81. Q. Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, procos. 105.*
a. He and the consul Cn. Mallius Maximus each sustained a massive defeat at the hands of the Cimbri and Teutones (sources above, no. 51).
b. Caepio was prosecuted in connection with the disappearance of the treasure from a temple at Tolosa and acquitted or possibly fined (Cic. Nat.D. 3.74; Dio frg. 90; Oros. 5.15). His imperium was abrogated; he was removed from the senate, tried on charges stemming from the defeat, convicted, and exiled and his property confiscated (Rhet.Her. 1.24; Cic. Balb. 28; Brut. 135; Livy Per. 67; Strab. 4.1.13; Val. Max. 4.7.3, 6.9.13; Gran. Licin. 33.24 C; cf. Lengle, Hermes 66 [1931]: 302-16).
c. His son was Q. Servilius Caepio, q. 100, perhaps a praetor in 91 (MRR 2:24 n. 4; Sumner, Orators, 116-17; cf. Syme, AugustanAristocracy, 158).
82. Ser. Sulpicius Ser. f. P. n. Galba, pr. 151.*
a. After routing the enemy, his forces suffered heavy losses in pursuit and fled the field (App. Iber. 58; Oros. 4.21.3).
b. Prorogued for 150. Following his return to Rome in 149, an attempt was made to try him in connection with his enslavement and murder of the Lusitanians who had surrendered to him in the previous year, but the bill to establish a court to hear the charges
was defeated (Cic. Brut. 80, 89-90; DeOr. 1.227-228; Mur. 59; cf. Att. 316 [12.5b]; Nep. Cato 3.4; Livy Per. 49 and Oxy.Per. 49, cf. 39.40.12; Val. Max. 8.1.2, 9.6.2; App. Iber. 59-60; Suet. Galba 3.2; Oros. 4.21.10; Ps. Asc. 203 St.). His crimes in Spain are discussed by Rubinsohn, RSA 11 (1981): 161-204 at 187-90. Elected consul for 144.
c. His son, Ser. Sulpicius Ser. f. Ser. n. Galba, was consul in 108.
83. Q. Sulpicius Longus, mil. tr. c. p. 390.*
a. Held command at the Allia when Roman forces were heavily defeated by the Gauls (Cass. Hem. frg. 20 P; Cn. Gellius frg. 25 P [both = Macrob. Sat. 1.16.21]; Livy 5.37.1-38.10; Diod. 14.114; Dion. Hal. 13.12; Plut. Cam. 18.4-7).
b. In command of the Capitol during the siege of the city (Livy 5.47.9, 48.8; Plut. Cam. 28.4). No further offices held.
c. No sons known to have reached high office. Possibly C. Sulpicius Ser. f. Q. n. Longus, cos. 337, was a grandson.
84. P. Sulpicius P. f. Ser. n. Saverrio, cos. 279.
a. Defeated by Pyrrhus in an indecisive battle together with his colleague P. Decius Mus (sources above, no. 28).
b. No further offices held.
c. No sons known to have reached high office; his grandsons were P. Sulpicius Galba, cos. 211 and 200; Ser. Sulpicius Galba, cur. aed. 209, pont. 203-199; and C. Sulpicius Galba, pont. 202-199 and possibly pr. 211.
85. C. Terentius C. f. M. n. Varro, cos. 216.*
a. Led Roman forces to a disastrous defeat against Hannibal at Cannae (Poly. 3.110.1-117.6; Livy 22.40.5-50.3; other sources in MRR 1:247).
b. Publicly thanked by the senate following the battle for "not having despaired of the state" (Livy 22.61.13-14; other sources in MRR 1:247). Promagistrate, 215-213 and 208-207; ambassador in 203 and 200; III vir col. deduc. in 200.
c. His son was A. Terentius Varro, pr. 184 (RE 5A col. 676).
86. M. Titinius, legate (or prefect) 104.
a. Given command of six hundred soldiers by P. Licinius Nerva (no. 49), the praetor governing Sicily, and sent to attack rebellious slaves at Mt. Caprianus; defeated and put to flight. Many of his men were killed; the rest threw away their arms to escape (Diod.
36.4.3). At some point he made a dedication of booty, apparently in connection with an earlier victory (Diod. 36.3.5, Suppl.MRR 63, MRR 3:106).
b. No further offices held.
c. No sons known to have reached public office.
87. C. Toranius, q. 73.
a. Defeated by Spartacus (Sall. Hist. 3.96 Maur.; Florus 2.85).
b. Probably plebeian aedile in 64 or 63; possibly praetor in 44 (CIL 12.1, p. 199; MRR 2:164 n. 3; Suppl. MRR 63-64; MRR 3:107).
c. No descendants known to have reached public office.
88. Cn. Tremellius Scrofa, q. 71.
a. Defeated by Spartacus along with L. Quinctius, no. 77 (Plut. Crass. 11.4).
b. Military tribune in 69; at some point apparently a praetor; promagistrate in 51-50 (Cic. Att. 115 [6.1].13; MRR 3:208).
c. No descendants known to have held public office.
89. P. Valerius Laevinus, cos. 280.*
a. Defeated by Pyrrhus with heavy losses (Livy Per. 13; Dion. Hal. 19.9-12; Frontin. Str. 4.1.24; Plut. Pyrr. 16.3-17.5; Florus 1.13.7-8; Just. 18.1.4-9; Zonar. 8.3, cf. Dio frg. 40.18-19, 21-24; other sources in MRR 1:191.
b. The question of deposing Laevinus from command was debated in the senate. No action against him was taken, however (Plut. Pyrr. 18.1, cf. Frontin. Str. 4.1.24). Degrassi, Inscr.Ital. 13.1: 113, suggests that the gap on the Capitoline Fasti between Laevinus' name and that of the dictator subsequently appointed to hold elections was due to a note on the stone that Laevinus had either died in office or abdicated. But so little remains of the stone itself that the suggestion can neither be proven nor refuted. He held no further offices.
c. No son is attested; his grandson was M. Valerius P.f. P.n. Laevinus, cos. 220(?) and 210.
90. C. Valerius Triarius, legate 67.*
a. Served under Lucullus; heavily defeated by Mithridates, he narrowly escaped lynching at the hands of his own soldiers (Plut. Luc. 35.1-2; App. Mith. 89; Dio 36.12).
b. No subsequent offices held.
c. No sons in the praetorship or consulate. He or a son may have been the C. Valerius Triarius, praef. class., for Pompey in 49.
91. P. Varinius, pr. 73.*
a. Defeated several times by Spartacus; his horse and lictors captured (Sall. Hist. 3.95-98 Maur.; Plut. Crass. 9.4-5; App. BCiv. 1.116; Florus 2.7.5).
b. Propraetor in Asia, 72 or 65; possibly praetor for the second time in 65 (MRR 2:108, 142 n. 9, 3:215).
c. No sons known to have reached public office.
92. T. Veturius Calvinus, cos. 321.*
a. Trapped with his colleague Sp. Postumius Albinus by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks; compelled to surrender, make a treaty, and lead their army under the yoke (sources above, no. 73).
b. Handed over to the enemy by the senate in order to invalidate the treaty. The Samnites refused to accept the generals, and Veturius returned to Rome (sources above, no. 73). Held no further offices.
c. No sons known to have reached high office.
1.2: Consulars Killed in Defeats
The following is a list of all consuls or men of consular rank in command of armies who were killed in defeats between 249 and 50 B.C. and who are not listed in appendix 1.1, together with their consular or praetorian sons, if any. The criteria for deciding who counts as a son are the same as those used in appendix 1.1.C. An asterisk denotes those who suffered serious defeats.
1. L. Aemilius M. f. M. n. Paullus, cos. 216.*
His son was L. Aemilius L. f. M. n. Paullus, cos. 182 and 168.
2. M. Aurelius Scaurus, legate 105.*
No consular or praetorian son is known.
3. M'. Aquillius, legate 88.*
No consular or praetorian son is known.
4. L. Cassius L. f. Longinus, cos. 107.*
His son was probably C. Cassius L. f. Longinus, cos. 73 (Münzer, RE 3 col. 1727; Sumner, Orators , 50-51).
5. Cn. Cornelius L. f. L. n. Scipio Calvus, procos. 211.*
His sons were P. Cornelius Cn. f. L. n. Scipio Nasica, cos. 191, and Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. L. n. Scipio Hispallus, cos. 176.
6. C. Flaminius C. f. L. n., cos. 217.*
His son was C. Flaminius C. f. C. n., cos. 187.
7. Cn. Fulvius Cn. f. Cn. n. Centumalus Maximus, procos. 210.*
His son was M. Fulvius Centumalus, pr. 192 (Münzer, RE 7 col. 232).
8. M. Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, procos. 53.*
No consular or praetorian son is known.
9. P. Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives Mucianus, procos. 130.*
No consular or praetorian son is known.
10. L. Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, cos. 89.
His son may have been C. Porcius Cato, possibly praetor in 55 (MRR 3:169-70), but is not counted as such here.
11. L. Postumius A. f. A. n. Albinus, cos.-elect 216.*
His son was Sp. Postumius L. f. A. n. Albinus, cos. 186.
12. P. Rutilius L. f. L. n. Lupus, cos. 90.*
His son was probably P. Rutilius Lupus, pr. 49 (Münzer, RE 1A col. 1267).