Native and Newcomer "d0e12085"

― 227 ―

Index

A

Abortion, and soul of fetus, 141 , 210 n22

Administrative village (gyosei mura),8

"Adult" shrines (otona mikoshi),48 , 62 -64, 65

Advertisements, reflecting Furusato Japan, 33 -37

Agar,M.,2

Agricultural servants (genin),88

Agriculture: and Inari, 120 ;

jointly owned equipment for, 168 , 211 n5;

in Kodaira, 105 ;

present status of, 18 , 106 ;

"tourist," 105 , 109

Amae (dyadic relationship of mutual dependency), 20 -21

Amemiya, K., 210 n22

American Occupation, xiv, 33

Anderson, B., 73

Ando, N., 209 n16

Appadurai, A., 199 n2

Asahi shinbun,19 ;

essays on furusato in, 19 -23;

festivals listed in, 38 ;

on shrines, 65

Assemblypersons, predominance of natives among, 173 , 212 n9

B

Ba (public place), 44 -45, 186

Ba-zukuri: Green Road, 186 -87

Bakufu (military government), xiii;

control of festivals by, 114 -15, 207 n2;

and kinjogumi,100 ;

and merchant-initiated shinden,196 ;

on Ogawa-shinden,103 ;

temple policy of, 136 -37

Bangumi, 124 , 128 , 132 ;

and consociations, 142 ;

and jichikai,168 ;

and membership in the parish, 134 , 135 ;

and nativeness, 165

Banquets, paraphernalia for, 143

Bar-Yosef, R.W., 211 n6

Bodai-ji (type of Buddhist temple), in Kodaira Seven, 139 -40

Bodhidharma, 140

Bourdieu, P., 2 -3

Buddhism: bodai-ji,139 ;

in Edo period, 136 ;

kito-ji, 139 ;

and obon events, 209 n12;

paraphernalia shops for, 146 -47;

sects of, 139 , 209 nn14, 15 , 18 , 19 ; 210 nn20, 21 , 23 ;

temples of, 115

Bungaku ni okeru genfukei (Original landscapes in literature; Okuno), 25

Bunka kokka (cultural state), 37

Bunrei (also wakemitama; a kami -share), 112 , 113

Burial sites, 144 , 145 , 210 n26

C

Capitalism, in merchant-initiated shinden,196

Caretaker (rusuban),167 , 211 n4

Caretakers (yamori),102

"Cemetery temples," 146 -47

Charter-images exhibition, and Furusato Kodaira, 187

Chiho no jidai ("age of localism"), 23 , 24

"Child" shrines (kodomo mikashi),38 , 48 -51

― 228 ―

Cho (city division): in Kodaira, 169 -70;

new names of, 174 -78;

shinden reorganized as, 169 ;

size of, 174

Chomin matsuri (townspeoples' festival), 67

Chonaikai (or chokai ), neighborhood associations, 154 .

See also Neighborhood associations

Christianity, 80 ;

in Edo period, 136 ;

outlawed, 205 n9

Cities, and localism, 23

Citizens' charters (shimin kensho),183 ;

comparison of, 75 ;

council for, 184 ;

of Higashiyamato, 75 ;

of Kodaira, 40 -41, 74 -75, 51 , 182 , 183 ;

slogans for, 184 -85

Citizens' festival, Kodaira, 9 -10, 38 -71, 179 ;

and hiroba,186 ;

and tradition, 190 . See also Festivals (matsuri)

City charters (toshi kensho),183

City proclamations (toshi sengen),183

Community (komyunitei),166 ;

through nomenclature, 173 -80;

use of shrines for, 193 .

D

"Dead words" (shigo),20 -21

Demons, entertained by Koyamas, 126 -27

Dentoteki ("traditional"), 38

Depopulation, in rural villages, 30

Dialects, preservation of, 167 ,172

Discourse, defined, 199 n4

Distinctive presentation of self, 172 -73

Doi, Takeo, 20

Dore, R., 208 n10

Dry fields, and water use in Ogawa-mura,92

E

Edo period, xiii;

branch households in, 123 ;

newcomers during, 43 ;

religious activities in, 189 ;

shrine festivals of, 40 ;

temples vs. shrines in, 136 ;

yard shrines in, 122

Eighth Kodaira Citizens' Festival, 46 -47

Engushiki (Procedures of the Engi period),

112;

shrines listed in, 115

Enjo-in, 138

Enka (ballad), 16 , 22

Entranceways (genkan),85

Environmentalists, on furusato,27

Ethnicity, in the citizens' festival, 55

Ethnography: and furusato,4 ;

of Nisbet, 1 ;

and practical knowledge, 2 -3, 199 nl;

of Stein,1 -2, 6

Exorcism, festivals for, 133 -34

F

Family system: role of women in, 54 ;

sexgender dynamics of, 54 -55

Farm households (noka), xiii, 150 ;

contact between, 168 ;

expropriation of land from, 152 ;

and furusato-zukuri projects, 18 ;

as natives (jimuoto, tochikko),150 , 171 ;

vs. nonfarm, 152 , 171 ;

in Ogawa Eight, 107 -8, 206 -7n18;

voting behavior of, 173 ; 212 n10.

See also Agriculture

Festivals (matsuri):bakufu permission for, 114 -15, 207 n2;

ceremonial precedents and legacies, 67 -69;

for children, 133 ;

for furusato-zukuri,33 , 68 ;

Kodaira citizens' festivals, 38 -69, 146 ;

local shrine, 43 ;

newly established by Meiji, 115 ;

reclaiming the "old village," 39 -43;

reinforcement of neighborhoods by, 146 ;

reinvented, 38 -39;

at Shinmei-gu,133 -34;

significance of, 193 .

See also Kodaira citizens' festival

Fire brigade (shobo-gumi); in citizens' festival parade, 42 , 66 -67;

and nativenewcomer antinomy, 153

Fire drills, 154

Fox-spirit holders, 127

Fridell, W.M., 115

Fukasaku, Mitsusada, 29

Funerals, in temples, 140

Furusato ("old village"): concept of "mother" in, 20 , 21 -22, 200 n5;

and the countryside, 24 ;

emergence of term, 5 , 199 n5;

as "home," 13 ;

political use of, 14 , 26 -27, 182 ;

present uses of term, 191 -92;

time and space of, 14 -17;

― 229 ―

as trope repeated in many contexts, 4;

use of term in media, 15 , 19 -20.

G

Gakuen Nishi-chokai,154 , 157 , 158 -63;

budget of, 161 ;

description of, 158 -59;

governing of, 159 -60;

members of, 162 ;

ward secretaries' meeting, 160 -62

Gender: and family system, 54 -55;

and female role, 21 , 200 n6

Gluck, Carol, 18

Gohei (zigzag paper strips), 118 , 120

Goningumi-cho (five-household division register), 97

Goningumi hazushi (ostracism from fivehousehold division), 98

Gosha (district shrine), 115

Government, shinden initiated by (kan'ei shinden),197

"Gradual Making of The Making of Americans, The" (Stein), 2

Green Road, 186 -87;

significance of, 187

H

Hakone Realty Company, 106 ;

operations of, 151 -52

Hatsuuma (day for homage to Inari), 118 , 120 , 124 , 207 n4

Heian-in: ceremonies of, 141 ;

and Miura, 144

Heihaku gushin jinja (shrine selected to receive ritual offerings), 115

Hie-jinja, 110 , 132 -33

Hikawa-jinja,135 , 209 n13

Hikidera ("commissioned temples"), 136 -37;

Buddhist, 139 -40

Hiroba (public place), and citizens' festival, 44 -45, 186

Historicism, in Kodaira, 180

History: content of, 10 ;

use of term, 4 -6

Home, and furusato,13

Home vegetable garden (katei saien),105

Honbyakusho (titled-farmer) system, 86

Honden (old paddies/fields) in land registration, 79

Honorary villagers, 30 -31

Households: bonds between main and nondependent branches, 123 -24;

dependent and nondependent branches of, 122 ;

parish, 129 ;

relations between, 167 -68;

shrines for branches, 121 -22

I

Ideal typing: limitations of, 2 -3;

Nisbet on, 1

Ie (household), 77 , 206 n5;

and shinden,88

Imagined communities, meaning of, 73

Immigration, as feature in Kodaira, 171

Inaka (countryside), and furusato24

Inari, 118 -20, 207 n3

Inari-ko, 124 -25

Industrialization, xiii , xiv ;

effect of, on furusato,20 , 29

Information gathering, as native adjustment to newcomers, 172

Inkyo-bunke (establishment of a branch household), 102

Inoue, N., 39

Internationalization: and image of "mother," 21 ;

and self-sufficiency, 28

Irokawa, Daikichi, 89

Irrigation: in Ogawa-mura,92 ;

of paddies, 90 -92

Isomura Eiichi, 23

Ito, Y., on features of Ogawa-mura,89 -90

― 230 ―

J

Japan National Railways, and accessibility of furusato-mura,31

Jichi (local autonomy), 23 -24

Jichikai. See Neighborhood associations

Jodo sect (Buddhist), 139 , 142 , 210 n20

Juvenile delinquency, 51

K

Kadomatsu (New Year's pine branch): boycotting of, 190 -91;

and furusato-zukuri,191 ;

and tradition, 190

Kagura (Shinto music and dancing), 31

Kai Kodaira,211 n2

Kaifu Toshiki, 26

Kaigan-ji, 209 n17

Kako (definite past), 15

Kami (deity): and citizens' festivals, 64 -65;

function of, 110 -11;

household, 119 ;

kinds of shrines, 118 ;

petitions for share of, 112 ;

types of, 113 -14;

and yard shrines, 118

Kamigakari (possession by a deity), 65

Kanjo (petitioning for kami share), meaning of, 112

Kannon-ko, 142 , 210 n24

Kasamori Inari, 124 -25, 126

Kato household, 122 ;

branch households, 123 ;

as fox-spirit holders, 127

Kato Y., 74 -75

Kindergarten, at Shinmei-gu,133

Kindred (shinrui),101

Kinjogumi (neighborhood divisions), 98 -101;

"fixed," 100 ;

"fluid," 98 -99

Kishi-mura, 76 -77, 103 , 207 n7;

arrangement of farmhouses in, 90 -91;

and Kumano-miya,117 ;

settlers from, 82 ;

shrine in, 112

Kito-ji (type of Buddhist temple), in Kodaira Seven, 140

Ko. See Consociations

Kobayashi Hideo, 16 -17

Kobe, festival at, 70

Kodaira: agriculture in, 106 -7;

changes of cityhood, 170 -71;

charter of, 40 -41, 204 n2;

choice of, for study, 3 -4;

citizens' festival of, 9 -10, 38 -71;

competition between temples and newcomers' shrines in, 147 -48;

development as suburb, 152 -53;

ethnographically, 6 -11;

fire brigades in, 153 -54;

formation of, 8 -9;

and furusato,4 -6;

Hakone Realty in, 151 -52;

historicism in, 180 ;

land reclamation in, 78 -79;

location of, 6 -8;

making of, 72 -109;

military installations in, 152 ;

Miura on temples of, 144 -45;

naming, 73 -74;

native-newcomer antinomy in, 150 ;

"newly reclaimed," 179 ;

outline of present book on, 9 -11;

prefectural associations of, 55 ;

reorganization into cho,169 -70;

yard shrines in, 122 .

See also Citizens' festival, Kodaira;

Kodaira, making of, revisited;

Making of Kodaira

Kodaira, making of, revisited: hearts and borders, 185 -93;

Kodaira citizens' charter, 183 -85;

slogans and charters, 181 -85

Kodaira choshi (local history of Kodaira), 85 , 86 , 93 , 213 n1;

on farm vs. nonfarm, 171 ;

on historical customs, 190 -91;

on natives' distinctiveness, 172 -73;

on newcomers vs. natives, 185 -86;

population split in, 150 -51

Kodaira Citizens' Festival Song, 46 , 57 -58, 103 , 203 n6

Kodaira citizens' festivals (shimin matsuri),38 ;

commercial aspects of, 45 -46, 202 -3n5;

logistics of, 45 ;

Ninth Citizens' Festival, 47 -49;

purpose of, 41 , 44 ;

scripting of, 44 -47.

See also Ninth Citizens' Festival

Kodaira City Green Master Plan, 186 -87

Kodaira Gakuen, 151 -53

Kodaira Local History Study Society, 127 , 172 , 211 n7

Kodaira-mura,76 , 116

Kodaira Ondo,51 -52, 103

Kodaira Seven, 8 , 72 -73;

Buddhist consociation in, 142 ;

temple parishes, 139 -40;

transformation of, 173 -78

Kodaira Song, 92 , 103 , 181 , 182

Kodaira Thirty-three (cho),173

Kodairakko (children of Kodaira): newcomers as, 43 , 150 , 171 ;

poem on, 49

Kodomo mikoshi. See "Child" shrines

Kokoro (heart, mind-set, values), of Japanese people, 189 ;

and neighborhood boundaries, 186

Kokutai (organic national polity), 18

Kokyo (Chinese-style reading of furusato ), 15 , 200 n3

Komyunitei (community), 166 ;

cognitive maps of, 168 -69;

― 231 ―

and exchange of greetings, 167 -68;

and tsukiai,167 .

See also Community;

Community mystique

Komyunitei Kodaira, newsletter, 148 , 172

Koseki-ji ("historical temples"), restoration of, 137

Koshinden (old shinden ), 79

Koyama household, 122 ;

demon-feasting ritual of, 126 -27;

differentness of, 127 -28;

as fox-spirit holders, 127 ;

"nativeness" of, 126 ;

yard shrine of, 124 -25

Kumano-miya,112 , 116 -18;

chief priest of, 116 -17;

history of, 117 ;

as parish, 132 ;

rank of, 117 -18

Kumi (divisions): goningumi (fivehousehold division), 93 , 96 -98;

kinjogumi (neighborhood division), 93 , 98 -101;

nengugumi (tax division), 93 , 94 -96;

and temple location, 139

Kumigashira (division leader), 94 , 96

Kurita, Isamu, 28 , 192

Kurobei. See Ogawa Kurobei

Kyodo Kodaira,76

Kyodotai (communal corps), 27 , 166 -67;

meanings of, 89 , 96

L

Land: "black seal" (kokuinchi),209 n16;

"red-seal" (shuinchi),209 n16;

taxexempt (jochi),137

Land reclamation (shinden): history of, in Ogawa-mura,78 ;

for tax purposes, 78 -79.

See also Ogawa-shinden;

Shinden

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP): and end of "economic miracle," 28 -29;

on furusato-zukuri,5 -6, 26 , 27 , 30

Local-person consciousness (jimoto-ishiki),169

Local-place consciousness (kyodo-ishiki),93 , 169

Localism, age of, 183

Localists, 27 , 201 n12

Logotypic emblem of Kodaira, 61 , 203 -4n14

M

Making of Americans, The (Stein), 1 -2

Making ofKodaira: community through names, 72 -76;

kumi,93 -101;

making of Ogawa-mura,80 -86;

making of Ogawa-shinden,101 -3;

Ogawa-mura and Kodaira nativism, 103 -9;

Ogawa-mura and Musashino shinden,76 -80;

settling Ogawa-mura,86 -93

Mando (lantern float), 128 , 207 -8n8

Manipulation of interaction, 173

Maruyama, Masao, 89 ;

on tsukuri and naru,201 n15

Mass media, and festival coverage, 44 , 202 n4

Matsukata deflation, 106

Matsumoto Ken'ichi, 20 , 21 , 22

Matsuri. See Festivals

Matsuyoshi S., 196

Megurita-chokai,135 , 209 n13

Megurita-shinden,72 -73, 87

Meiji period, xiii , 189 ;

myths of, 18 ;

riot against government during, 172 , 212 n8;

shrine events of, 40 ;

shrines of, 37 , 202 n19;

temple policy in, 137

Meiji Restoration: and branch households, 123 ;

and political fortunes of shrines and temples, 115

Men: and division of labor, xiv ;

as leaders in neighborhood associations, 160 ;

as nengugumi,94 ;

role of, in family system, 54 -55.

See also Gender;

Women Merchants, xiii ;

shinden initiated by (chonin ukeoi),196

Mikoshi. See Palanquin shrines

Military installations, in Kodaira, 152

Miss Kodaira, 58 , 61 -62

Mitake-ko, 125

Mitsumine-ko, 125

Miura H., 141 , 142 ;

interview with, 144 -45;

on preservation of dialects, 167

Miyamoto Akeko, 210 n22

Miyazaki H., 100 , 110 , 116 , 129 ;

interview with, 111 ;

on parish membership, 130 -33;

positions of, 133 ;

on role of Shinmei-gu,112 , 148 ;

and Shosen-ji,145

Miyazaki ie, 112 ;

Kumano-miya Miyazaki household, 116

Mochi (glutinous rice), New Year's ritual of, 190

Mothers: concept of, in furusato,20 , 200 n5;

gender role of, 21 -22;

status of, as workers, 21

Motorcycle gangs (bosozoku),59 , 203 n13

Mukashi (indefinite past), defined, 15

― 232 ―

Mura-zukuri (village-making), 6

Murahachibu (ostracism from the village), 25 , 98

Musashino region: early shinden policy in, 78 ;

preservation of atmosphere of, 108

Musashino shinden,78 -79

Myoho-ji, 84 , 136 , 139

Mythologization, 172

N

Nakai N., 196

Nakane, C., 45

Nakasone Yasuhiro, 26 ;

and "culturization of administration," 32 , 201 n16;

on a new Japan, 33

Naru (to evolve, to become, to be): and furusato-zukuri,29 -30;

Maruyama Masao on, 201 n15;

and undesirable features of city, 185

Nationalism, and imagined communities, 73

Native place-making. See Furusato-zukuri

Nativeness, assertion of, 171 -73, 183 ;

by distinctive presentation of self, 172 -73;

by information gathering, 172 ;

by manipulation of interaction, 173

Natives in Kodaira (jimoto, tochikko): and boundaries by kokoro,186 ;

consociations of, 125 -26;

contemporary situation of, 105 -6;

and differences from newcomers, 109 ;

features of adjustment to newcomers, 171 -73;

language of, 167 ;

neighborhood association of, 153 -58, 165 ;

vs. newcomers, 43 , 150 , 171 ;

old-timers as immigrants, 171 -73;

and parish membership, 130 ;

religious activities of, 110 ;

and renaming of cho,178 ;

sector of Oume Road, 8 ;

in Shinmei-gu parish, 128

Neighborhood associations (jichikai),134 , 154 ;

basic patterns of, 157 , 158 ;

defined, 154 ;

female leadership in, 163 , 165 ;

fire drills by, 154 ;

formation of, 155 -56;

and kokoro,186 ;

for newcomers, 134 -35;

old and new, 153 -58;

and sewer system, 155 -57, 211 n1;

surveys of membership in, 165 -66;

terms for, 154 -55;

varieties of experience in, 163 -66

Nenbutsu-ki, and Shosen-ji,142

Nengugumi, 94 -96

New Year's pilgrimage, 134 , 135 ;

etiquette for, 189

"Newcomer" shrines, 64 -67, 69 -70

Newcomers in Kodaira (ten'nyusha, kodairakko) : and the bearing of shrines, 66 ;

differences from natives, 43 , 109 ;

exclusion of, from consociations, 125 ;

influx of, 147 ;

language of, 167 ;

vs. natives, 41 -43, 150 , 171 ;

neighborhood associations of, 153 -58;

nonfarm households as, 150 ;

and parish membership, 130 ;

sector of Oume Road, 8 ;

in Shinmei-gu parish, 128 , 133 -34;

ways of assimilating, 105

News media, and furusato,19 -20, 22 -23, 200 n4

Nihon fukeiron (Treatise on the Japanese landscape;

Shiga). 17 -18

Ninth Citizens' Festival, 47 -71;

ceremonial precedents and legacies, 67 -69;

child shrines, 48 -51;

newcomers' part in, 49 , 65 -66;

parade of, 47 -67;

toward festival-mindedness, 69 -71

Nisbet, R., 1

NoT., 196

Nomenclature: community through, 173 -80;

as form of dialogue, 179 ;

and historicism, 180 ;

new selection for Kodaira, 174 -78;

reaction to, 178

Nonaka-shinden,72 -73;

religion of, 138

Nonfarm households (binoka),150 ;

vs. farm, 152 , 171 ;

voting behavior of, 173 , 212 n10

Nostalgia (kyosho): and Furusato Kodaira, 182 ;

and kokoro,186 ;

landscape of, 25 -30;

"old village" villages, 30 -32;

as part of furusato,15 -16, 18 , 182

Nostalgic praxis, 13 -37;

definitions of, 9 , 13 -14;

landscape of nostalgia, 25 -30;

"old village villages, 30 -32;

popular memories and interpretations, 19 -25;

presenting the past, 17 -19;

time and space of furusato,14 -17

O

Obaku Zen, 138 , 209 n18

Obira, and Kodaira citizens' festival, 56 -57

Obon (ancestors') festival, 17 , 134

Oda T., 127 , 208 n9

Ofukuro-san (mother;

"bag lady"), 22

Ogawa A., 86

― 233 ―

Ogawa branch canal, 92 -93;

cleaning of, 105

Ogawa-cho: and new nomenclature, 178 ;

and Shinmei-gu,129

Ogawa Eight, 96 , 99 , 103 ;

agriculture in, 107 -8;

consociations in, 125 -26;

farm households in, 108 ;

jichikai of, 155 , 162 , 165 , 168 ;

praise for natives of, 150 ;

renaming of, 178 ;

in Shinmei-gu parish, 129 , 131 -32;

situation today, 105 -9

Ogawa household, 85 , 101 ;

history of, 76 -77;

shrine of, 122 ;

supposed paternalism of, 104

Ogawa Kurobei, 8 , 74 , 103 , 145 , 148 ;

Buddhist temple commissioned by, 136 ;

complaints concerning, 84 -85, 114 ;

division leaders appointed by, 96 ;

households owned by, 87 ;

and making of Ogawa-mura,76 -77, 195 -96;

mythologization of, 172 ;

parcels offered by, 86 -87;

as pioneering ancestor, 9 , 191 ;

present view of, 85 , 103 -4;

and reclamation of Ogawa-mura,76 -77, 195 -96;

on religion, 137 -38;

supervision by, 83 -84;

and temples in Ogawa-mura,139

Ogawa-mura, 8 , 72 -73;

branch households in, 123 ;

dwellings in, 88 ;

and falconry reserve, 174 -76;

as farmercontracted, 195 -96;

and Kodaira nativism, 103 -9;

as koshinden,79 ;

and Kumano-miya,117 ;

kumi,93 -101;

and kyodotai,89 , 93 ;

main features of, 89 -92;

making of, 79 -86;

and the name Kodaira, 74 ;

New Year's decoration in, 191 ;

and Ogawa-shinden,101 -3;

reclamation of, 76 ;

during renaming, 178 ;

settlers, 81 ;

settling of, 86 -93;

shinden parcels in, 86 -87, 89 , 106 ;

status of, 77 ;

submission of petitions, 80 ;

temples in, 138 -39

Ogawa S., 128 , 207 n7

Ogawa-shinden,72 -73, 79 ;

buyers of, 102 ;

making of, 101 -3

Obara-san ("womb ladies"), 22

Oil shocks, 27 , 28 ;

changes in policy since, 32 ;

and high growth, 28 -29

Oishi S., 196

Okuno Takeo, 25

Old-timers. See Natives in Kodaira

Ondo,51 ;

in citizens' festival, 51 ;

defined, 203 n8

Onumata-shinden,72 -73;

religious disputes in, 138

Origuchi Shinobu, 18 -19, 30

Oshima (mayor), 41 -42, 45 -46, 56 , 62 ;

on charter, 74 , 184 ;

on punctuality, 170 ;

on women's role, 54 -55

Oto S., 120 -21

Otona mikoshi. See "Adult" shrines

Oume Road, 8 , 153 , 181 ;

during changes in names, 178 ;

homesteads on, 86 -87, 90 -91;

native and newcomer sectors of, 8 ;

post station on, 77

P

Paddies: irrigation of, 90 -92;

and land reclamation, 78 -79, 205 n8;

taxation of, 79

Palanquin shrines (mikoshi),10 , 47 , 48 -51, 62 -67, 69 -70

Paleolithic settlements, 74 -75

Parade of Kodaira's 1984 Citizens' Festival, 47 -67;

children's groups, 47 -51;

"traditional" palanquin shrine procession, 47 , 62 -67;

Western-style marching bands, 47 , 57 -62;

women folkdancers, 47 , 51 -57.

See also Kodaira citizens' festivals

Parish. See Ujiko

Past: presentation of, 17 -19;

use of term, 4 , 5

Photographs of Kodaira: annual show of, 191 ;

place in city hall plans, 181 -82

Pilgrimages, 125 -26

Place, choice of, for study, 3 , 199 n2

Place-making. See Ba-zukuri

Popular memory, study of, 4 -5

Population: of Kodaira, 6 , 106 , 152 -53;

of Ogawa-mura,82 -83;

of Sakae-cho,131 ;

split in, 150

Post station (shuku) on Oume Road, 77

Prefectural associations, 55 ;

specialty shops of, 55 -56, 2 -3n11

Priests, and status of temples, 137

Progress, and furusato,22 -23

Punctuality: campaign for, 170 ;

Clock Time, 184

R

Reclamation: and nomenclature, 179 ;

from urban sprawl, 179 -80

Religion: Buddhist consociations, 141 -

― 234 ―

Religion (continued)43 ;

Kumano-miya,116 -18;

original temples and temple origins, 136 -41;

religious revanche, 145 -49;

Shinmei-gu,110 -16, 128 -35;

Shosen-ji, parishioners and supplicants, 143 -45;

use of, by natives, 10 ;

yard shrines, 118 -28

Rice, "mother" a symbol of, 20 , 200 n5

Rinzai Zen, 138 , 209 n15;

temple of, 136

Rusuban (caretaker;

looking after house), 167 , 211 n4

S

Sake, advertisements for, 15 , 17

Samurai, xiii;

and falconry reserves, 176 ;

and Ogawa-mura,196

Sarariiman ("salary man"), 19 , 41 -42, 162 , 167

Senuma E. (mayor), 148 , 172 ;

on slogan for citizens' charter, 185

Sericulture, in Meiji period, 123

Setsubun festival, 126 , 133

Sewer system, 155 -57, 158 , 211 n1

Shi (city), 60

Shichigosan festival, 133 -34

Shiga Shigetaka, 17

Shin sect (Buddhist), 210 n20

Shinden (land reclamation), 8 , 43 ;

meaning of, 78 , 205 n6;

mochizoe, 87 ;

and temples, 136 -37

Shinden typologies, 195 -97;

farmercontracted (nominukeoi),195 -96;

government-initiated (kan'ei shinden),197 ;

merchant-initiated (chonin ukeoi),196

Shinden villages: branch households in, 122 ;

choice of settlers for, 81 ;

consociations in, 142 ;

fragmented by changes in nomenclature, 178 ;

and origin of Kodaira, 72 ;

past and present linked, 75 ;

reclamation of dry fields, 79 ;

reclamation of paddies, 78 ;

reorganized as cho,169 ;

village-initiated, 101 .

See also Land reclamation;

Ogawa-mura; Ogawa-shinden

Shingaku (Heart Learning) colleges, 81 , 205 n10

Shingi Shingon, 210 n19

Shingon sect, 209 n19

Shinmei-gu, 110 -16;

change in kami,113 -14;

children's festivals at, 133 ;

and Inari-ko,125 ;

legend concerning, 113 -14;

moved from Kishi-mura,112 ;

native parishioners, new worshipers, 128 -35;

newsletter of, 111 , 207 n1;

prestigious history of, 148 ;

priest of, 111 -12;

rebuilding of, 114 ;

during renaming, 178 ;

status of, 115 -16;

worshipers' association of, 131

Shinto religion, xiv ;

blessing of shrines by priest, 63 ;

festivals of, 39 -40;

obon events, 209 n12;

shrines of, 33 , 115

Shizen (nature), 24

Shopkeepers' associations (shotenkai),164

Shosen-ji, 84 , 115 ;

and Heian-in,141 ;

history of, 136 , 139 ;

parishioners and supplicants, 143 -45;

priest of, 111 ;

during renaming, 178 ;

sale of mizuko Jizo,141 ;

shrines of, 140

Shrines: "adult," 48 , 62 -64, 65 ;

"child,"38, 48 -51;

collaboration of city in 189 ;

importance of, 193 ;

in Kodaira, 110 ;

local festivals, 43 ;

mergers of, 116 ;

"newcomer," 64 -67;

offerings at, 115 ;

and renaming of cho,178 ;

renovation of, 148 ;

of Shinto, 33 ;

yard, 118 -28

Slogans, for citizens' charter, 183 , 184 -85

Smith, Robert J., 200 n3, 203 n10

Sonsha (village shrine), 115

Soto Zen, 136 , 209 n15

Spirit possession, 127

State, defined, 9 , 199 n6

Stein, Gertrude, 1 -2

Stonemasons (ishiya),146 -47

Suzuki-shinden,72 -73, 79 , 209 n17

T

Takeshita Noboru, 26

Tamagawa Canal, 83 , 92 , 93 ;

upkeep of, 93 -94, 184

Tamako Line, 151

Tanaka Kakuei, 26

Taxation: on agriculture, 106 ;

basis of, 79 ;

and exemption of temples, 137 ;

and land reclamation, 78 -79, 103 ;

and nengugumi,94 -96

Temples, 136 -41;

Buddhist, 139 -40;

"cemetery," 146 -47;

choice of sect, 137 , 209 n17;

"commissioned," 136 , 139 ;

disputes over, 138 ;

gardens of, 148 ;

"historical," 37 ;

need for preservation of, 147 -48;

parish membership of, 144 ;

and renaming of cho,178

― 235 ―

Tendai, 138 , 209 n19

Tochikko ("children of the soil"): dialect of, 172 ;

natives in Kodaira, 43

Tokugawa bakufu,77 ;

and land reclamation, 72 ;

shinden policy of, 78

Tokyo, 25 ;

census on farm households, 206 n18;

Kodaira as suburb of, 152

Tokyo prefecture, location of Kodaira City in, 6 -8

Tourism: in furusato-mura,30 -31;

and regional festivals, 38

Tradition: and furusato-zukuri,33 , 37 ;

kadomatsu, 190 -91;

mochi, 190 ;

significance of, 38 , 190

Tsukiai (interaction), 167

Tsukuru (to make, to build), and furusato,29 -30;

Maruyama Masao on, 201 n15

U

Uegaki M., 120

Ujiko (parish), 128 ;

custodians of, 131 ;

divisions of Shinmei-gu,129 ;

households of, 130 ;

meaning of, 129 ;

membership in, 144 , 145 , 210 n27

Urbanization: and concept of "mother," 22 ;

effect of, on furusato,16 , 20 , 29 ;

furusato as antithesis of, 25 , 28 ;

and village festivals, 39

V

Villages: accessibility of, 31 ;

"old village," 30 -32

Voting behavior, of farm vs. nonfarm households, 173 , 212 n10

W

Wakemitama. See Bunrei

Water use, in Ogawa-mura,90 -92

Westernization: in citizens' festival, 60 ;

and concept of "mother," 22 ;

effect of, on furusato,20 , 29

Women: and division of labor, xiv ;

and "family system," 54 ;

role of, in citizens' festivals, 52 , 62 ;

role of, in neighborhood associations, 160 , 165 ;

among settler couples, 81

Worshipers' association (sukeikai): of Meiji-jingu, 208 n11;

membership in, 132 , 208 n11;

newcomers in, 131 ;

of Shinmei-gu,132

Y

Yagumo jinja,128 ;

lantern-float procession of, 132 , 134 , 146 , 148 , 178 , 179

Yajima H., 195 , 196

ama-no-kami ("mountain kami"), 113 -14

Yamato, 19 , 30 , 204 n3

amatokotoba ("really real" Japanese word), 15

Yanagita Kunio, 201 n12

Yard shrines (teinaisha, yashikigami),117 , 118 -28;

conditions for owning, 121 -22;

grades for, 124 , 207 n5;

in Higashikurume City, 121 , 123 ;

in Kodaira, 122 ;

legends about, 120 -21;

and nativeness, 126 ;

unattended, 120

ashikichi (homestead), size of, 86 -87

Yoemon-gumi, 72 -73

Yoshida Shigeru, 37

Yoshida, T., on animal-spirit holding, 127

Yoshino Y., 120

Z

Zenwan-ko ("tray-and-bowl" consociation), 143

Zenzaemon-gumi,72 -73