INDEX

A

Abortion, 182 , 223 n.4

Accampo, Elinor, 220 n.50

Action française, 118 -19

Adam, Pierre, 98

Agriculture. See Market gardeners; Open-field farmers

Agulhon, Maurice, 14

Alfortville, 171

Allotments, 39 , 41 -44, 49 -53, 60 -61, 79 , 96 , 100 , 106 , 114 , 125 -32, 142 , 147 -48, 169 , 214 n.78, 217 n.128;

defective, 41 -42, 49 , 51 , 60 -61, 65 , 77 , 126 -32 (see also Mal-lotis );

family size and, 65 ;

flooding in, 126 , 128 , 131 ;

foreigners in, 70 , 199 n.25;

marketing of, 50 ;

national legislation affecting, 125 , 128 -29, 213 n.74 (see also Sarraut Law);

plumbing of, 51 ;

politics of, 89 , 204 n.11;

resident associations of (see Associations syndicales);

sewers for, 198 n.12;

social implications of, 81 , 82 , 203 n.66.

See also La Favorite; Mal-lotis ; Nouveau Village; Pont de Bondy; Sarraut Law; Village parisien

Amicales. See LICs

Anjou (Bobigny neighborhood), 62 , 126

Anticlericalism, 87

Antony, 143 , 171 , 223 n.5.

See also Mounié, Auguste

Arcueil, 172

ARIC (Republican Association for City Interests), 92 , 93

Artisans, 19 , 20 , 196 n.48;

of Bobigny, 56 ;

of Paris, 31 ;

suburban, 30

Asnières, 193 n.4

Assembly lines, 173

Associations syndicales, 126 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 161 -62;

of Bobigny, 130 -31, 133 , 176

Aube artistique balbynienne, 164

Aubervilliers, 9 , 15 , 30 , 186 n.4;

Bobigny and, 57 ;

chemicals industry of, 80 ;

industry of, 28 ;

military facilities in, 141 -42;

politics of, 203 n.1;

population patterns in, 193 n.4;

rail service to, 27

Aumont, Florence, 3 , 185 n.5, 218 n.22, 220 n.56, 223 n.23

Auray, Charles, 103

Automotive industry, 28 , 173 -74;

in Paris, 37 ;

and worker skills, 173 -74.

See also Citroën motor works; Renault motor works

Auvergne, emigrants to Paris from, 69

Aviation industry, 37

B

Banlieues urbaines, Les (Sellier), 216 n. 126

Baptisms, Socialist, 219 n.42.

See also Red baptisms

Barbusse, Henri, 155

Bastié, Jean, 195 n.32

Baths, public, 140

Beaugé, Pierre, 98 , 103

Belleville, 199 n.20, 200 n.29

Belote, 149

Berlanstein, Lenard, 188 n.24, 202 n.62

Berlinski, Hermann, 221 n.70

Bertillon, Jacques, 24

Birth control, 182 , 223 n.4

Blancmesnil, count of, 14 , 201 n.48

Blancmesnil family, 187 n.13

Blanc-mesnil quarter, 12 , 187 n.13

Bloc des gauches, 1180

Bloc national, 99 , 107

Blue Blouses of Bobigny, 164 -65, 221 n.70

Blum, Léon, 210 n.15

Bobigny, 3 -6, 31 , 193 n.1;

agriculture of (see Market gardens; Open-field farmers);

allotments of, 39 , 42 -44, 49 -53, 56 , 58 , 60 -61, 195 n.30 (see also La Favorite; Mal-lotis ; Nouveau Village; Pont de Bondy; Village parisien);

births and deaths in, 64 -66, 73 , 199 n.15;

budgets of, 122 -25, 137 ;

business sector of, 54 -56;

cafés in, 10 , 16 , 54 , 55 , 75 -76, 149 , 150 , 158 , 165 , 186 n.5, 221 n.72;

children of, 71 -72, 165 , 183 , 201 n.41;

class structure in, 81 -82;

community associations of (see Associations syndicales; LICs);

commuters of, 4 , 44 -49, 58 , 59 , 147 -48, 156 -58, 194 nn. 10,12,16,20 (see also Tramways);

cultural activities in, 16 , 163 -66;

daily life in, 145 -66;

departmental prefects' power over, 110 -11;

elderly of, 71 , 73 , 74 , 152 ;

electoral patterns in, 85 -108, 163 , 220 -21 n.64;

family life in, 145 -51, 156 , 159 ;

farmers of (see Market gardeners; Open-field farmers);

festivals in, 16 , 163 -66, 186 n.1, 221 n.73;

foodstuffs produced by, 12 ;

foreigners of, 69 -70, 74 , 199 n.25, 199 -200 n.26, 200 n.27;

during German occupation, 3 ;

health care facilities of, 16 , 53 , 65 , 140 ;

hospitals of, 16 , 53 ;

house construction in, 43 , 56 , 79 ;

households of, 71 -74, 148 , 150 , 157 , 200 n.35;

housing patterns in, 65 , 196 n.39;

Hygiene Commission of, 126 ;

immigrants to, 62 , 67 -70, 82 , 199 nn.15,20,23;

industry of, 56 -58, 186 n.8 (see also Limites);

layout of, 11 -13;

marital patterns of, 146 , 147 , 150 , 158 -59, 220 n.50;

marketplaces of, 135 -36, 175 ;

Moslems of, 53 ;

neighbors of, 186 n.4;

occupational patterns in, 75 -81, 147 -48, 159 , 202 n.57;

and Paris, 15 -16;

PCF in, 3 , 60 , 64 , 67 , 70 -71, 74 -76, 78 -82, 85 , 96 , 102 -67, 169 -72, 175 -79, 201 n.45, 219 n.36 (see also Clamamus, Jean-Marie; Pesch, Léon);

physical parameters of, 10 , 11 -13, 157 , 186 n.4;

politics of, 14 , 85 -108 (see also Clamamus, Jean-Marie; PCF; Pesch, Léon; SFIO);

population patterns of, 13 , 15 , 42 -44, 54 , 55 , 59 , 60 , 65 -75, 122 , 135 -37, 156 , 194 n.10;

professional class of, 76 ;

public baths in, 140 ;

public utilities of, 16 , 59 , 132 -35, 175 ;

public works of, 59 -60, 96 ;

religious patterns in, 150 ;

residents of, 62 -82;

as resort, 10 , 50 , 186 n.1;

restaurants in, 75 ;

schools in, 10 , 59 , 79 , 96 , 111 , 117 , 123 -24, 136 -38, 175 , 215 n.109 (see also Lenin School);

seigneurs of, 14 , 187 n.13, 201 n.48;

sewers of, 125 -26, 213 n.62;

SFIO in, 101 -2, 176 ;

shops in, 10 , 16 , 54 , 75 -76, 186 n.5, 201 n.45;

social services of, 123 -24;

sports in, 149 , 165 , 218 n.20;

streets of, 58 , 155 , 162 , 167 , 177 , 186 n.8, 219 n.44;

strikes in, 121 -22;

suburbanization of, 60 -61;

taxes of, 43 , 123 , 212 n.54;

transportation system of, 15 ;

urbanization of, 41 -61;

urban reforms in, 212 n.48;

war dead of, 73 , 201 n.40;

war widows of, 73 ;

water problems of, 58 -59;

welfare services of, 16 ;

working class of, 46 -49, 60 -61, 75 , 77 , 79 -82, 147 -67, 172 , 175 -78, 194 nn.20, 22, 195 n.32, 203 n.64, 206 n.39;

working-class voters of, 94 , 97 , 100 , 106 , 108 , 122 , 175 (see also Mallotis ; PCF; SFIO);

working women of, 65 , 77 -78, 147 , 148 ;

during World War I, 97 -99.

See also Anjou; Blanc-mesnil quarter; Clamamus, Jean-Marie; Limites; Pesch, Léon; Pont de Bondy

Bocrie plant, 57

Bolchévisation , of PCF, 106 , 113 , 117 -18, 209 -10 n.12

Bologna, 200 n.31

Bondy, 58 , 186 n.4, 193 n.1;

Bobigny and, 42 ;

forest of, 10 ;

Pont de Bondy children in schools of, 215 n.106.

See also Pont de Bondy

Bornes-fontaines, 58

Bottin, Didot, 196 n.48

Boulangists, 86

Boulogne-Billancourt, 171 , 208 , 212 -13 n.56

Boyauderie, 141

Boyer, Antoine, 45 , 90 -91

Brémond, Arnold, 174

Brigeois (Bobigny entrepreneur), 50 , 81

Britain, working class of, 218 n.28.

See also London, housing in

Brittany, 19 ;

emigrants to Paris from, 69

Brogan, Denis, 154

Brousse, Paul, 111

Brunet, Jean-Paul, 209 n.4

Bry-sur-Marne, 171

Budget primitif, 212 n.50

Budgets, municipal, 122 -23, 212 nn.49, 50

Buses, 47 -48, 140 , 141 , 194 n.19

C

Cabarets, 34

Cafés, 149 ;

of Bobigny, 10 , 16 , 54 , 55 , 75 -76, 150 , 158 , 165 , 186 n.5, 221 n.72;

of Paris, 169 , 218 n.23.

See also Cabarets; Guinguettes; Vins-restaurants, of Bobigny

Café Séné, 221 n.72

Cagnani, Louis, 219 n.44

Cahier des charges, 130

Camps, summer, 138 -40, 142 , 215 n.105, 216 nn.112-14, 116;

Clamamus's visits to, 183

Canals. See Ourcq, canal de l'; Saint-Denis canal

Canet, abbé, 150 , 154

Card games, 149

Carrosseries, 28

Cartel des gauches, 107

Cat, Victor, 209 n. 11

Catholicism. See Roman Catholic Church

Cemetery, of Bobigny, 59

Centimes additionnels, 122 , 212 n.51

Central Pharmacy of France, 28

Cereals, as Bobigny money crop, 13

Certeau family, 62

CGPT (Parisian General Tramways Company), 33

Chambon, 114

Champigny, 208 n.68

Charcuteries, 54

Chardon, Marie, 159

Charenton, 26 , 27 , 33

Chemicals industry: Bobigny citizens in, 80 ;

in Paris suburbs, 27 -28;

in Saint-Denis, 28 ;

during World War I, 37

Chemin (Bobigny civil servant), 162

Chemin de fer allotment, 133

Chemin de Groslay, 58

Chevalier, André, 78

Chevalier, Claudine, 78

Chevalier, Louis, 28

Choisy-le-Roi, 171

Cité-jardin, of Suresnes, 143

Citroën, André, 173

Citroën motor works, 173 -74

Clamamus, Jean-Marie, 62 , 81 , 93 , 103 , 104 -5, 109 , 143 , 151 , 181 -84, 197 n.52, 207 n.63, 208 n.67, 211 n.25, 213 nn.69,72;

and allotments, 125 , 127 -32, 176 , 182 , 223 n.4;

arrest of, 183 ;

and associations syndicales, 162 ;

"baptisms" of, 154 ;

birth of, 181 ;

and Bobigny marketplaces, 135 -36;

in Chamber of Deputies, 171 , 176 , 182 ;

death of, 184 ;

effectiveness of, 142 ;

as festivalgoer, 164 ;

impact on community politics of, 176 ;

as international Communist, 116 , 118 , 211 n.27;

as national Communist, 117 (see also Lenin School);

oratory of, 153 ;

and PCF, 182 -83 (see also Bobigny: PCF in);

and pollution, 141 -42;

popularity of, 182 -83;

and schools for Bobigny, 137 ;

in Senate, 182 , 216 n.116, 223 n.5;

strike support by, 120 -21, 142 ;

at summer camp, 139 -40;

suspended by prefecture, 117 , 211 n.30;

and tramlines, 141 ;

treason of, 176 , 183 -84;

and war, 153 ;

wife of, 152 ;

during World War I, 181 -82, 223 n.2

Clamart, 33 , 172

Clark, T. J., 1

Clerc, Lucienne, 67

Clerks. See Employés

Clichy: industry of, 27 ;

Lenin School moved to, 119 ;

PCF in, 105 , 112 , 114 , 171 , 210 n.14

Coal, 98 , 124

Cohabitation, 146 , 217 n.3

Collardeau (Bobigny politician), 90

Combes, Emile, 87

Combes tannery, 27

Comintern, PCF and, 111 -13

Communards, last stand of, 21 , 86

Commune of 1871, Bobigny during, 86

Communism, 34 ;

in Bobigny, 4 -6, 62 (see also Clamamus, Jean-Marie; Pesch, Léon);

culture of, 146 , 151 -56;

in France, 3 (see also PCF);

municipal government and, 111 ;

suburban, 85 -179 (see also Red Belt);

unskilled labor and, 81 .

See also PCF; Red Belt; Solidarity

Communist party, French. See PCF

Communists, 39 , 61 , 196 n.49, 197 n.60.

See also PCF

Community, sense of, 219 n.45. See also Bobigny: daily life in; Neighborhoods; Solidarity

Commuting. See Bobigny: commuters of; Tramways

Compagnonnages, 188 n.27

Compte administratif, 212 n.50

Concentration républicaine, 89

Concierges, 77

Confédération générale du travail, 99

Congress of Tours, 101 , 102 , 104 ;

Clamamus at, 182

Conservative Republicans, 187 n.15.

See also Republicans, conservative

Construction: house, 43 , 56 , 79 (see also Allotments); mechanical (see Carrosseries)

Cortot, Jean, 212 n.48, 217 n.15

Crétell, 171

Crise du logemont, La (Sellier), 216 n.126

Crops. See Cereals; Vegetables

D

Dance halls, 149

Delmas family, 76

Déménagement à la cloche de bois, 189 n.40

Democratic Alliance, 87

Democratic and Socialist Union, 93

Democratic Republican Alliance, 197 n.60

Demonstrations, political, 152 -53, 164

Depression, Great (1870s-1890s), 19

Diegott (Communist agent), 116

Disease: housing and, 22 , 53 ;

in working-class Paris, 24

Domestics, 77

Doriot, Jacques, 113 , 139 , 183 -84, 209 n.9, 210 n. 15, 216 n. 116 , 223 n.9

d'Ormesson, Wladimir, 61 , 203 n.66

Drancy, 186 n.4, 193 n.1;

Bobigny and, 42 ;

Communist activity in, 202 n.51;

gut factory of, 141 ;

PCF strength in, 172 ;

politics of, 203 n.1;

population explosion in, 42 , 193 n.4;

Socialist activity in, 95 , 103 -4

Draveil, 87

Dreyfus affair, 87

Duchanel (Drancy mayor), 104

Duclos, Jacques, 118 , 211 n.33

Dumazedier, Joffre, 221 n.74

DuMesnil, Octave, 24

Dumontier, Adrien, 162

Dumoulin, Henri, 211 n.37

Dupont, Jean-Paul, 62

Duval (Bobigny city councillor), 211 n.28

Dyeworks, 27

E

Education, in Bobigny, 59 .

See also Bobigny: schools in

Electricity, in Bobigny, 134 -35

Employés, 51 , 151 , 195 n.32;

of Bobigny, 76 -77, 100 , 108 ;

PCF and, 72 , 106 ;

politics of, 204 n. 11

England. See Britain, working class of

Entreprises, 196 n.48

Environmentalism, Bobigny, 141 -42, 216 n.122

Épiceries, 54

Epinay, 171

Ethnicity, 156 , 219 n.46

F

Farming. See Market gardeners; Openfield farmers; Peasants

Fascism: general strike against, 116 -17.

See also Doriot, Jacques

Faurisson, Etienne, 159

Ferret, Jules, 10 , 44 -45, 49 , 51 -52, 147 , 150 , 200 n.34

Festivals, 172 ;

in Bobigny, 16 , 163 -66, 186 n.1, 221 n.73

Films, 148 , 165 , 218 n.16

Fire department, Bobigny, 16

Fishing, 149 , 218 n.21

Floquet tannery, 27

Foundries, 28 , 29 , 57

Fourcaut, Annie, 214 n.77

France: Black Sea mutiny against, 211 n.37;

Catholicism in, 150 ;

class conflict in, 151 -52;

elderly of, 200 n.32;

flooding in, 121 ;

marital patterns of, 146 , 217 n.3;

municipal governments controlled by, 109 -10;

occupational patterns in, 147 , 172 -75, 177 -79;

rural, 187 n.22;

voting patterns in, 175 ;

working class of, 218 n.28;

during World War I, 36 -37;

after World War I, 99

Franco-Belge foundry, 57

Franco-Moslem Hospital, 53

Franco-Prussian War, Bobigny during, 86

French Communist party. See PCF

French People's party, 139

Frost, Robert, 215 n.99

G

Gans, Herbert, 3

Gardening, 150

Gardiens, 77

Garnis, 21 , 38 , 69 -70

Gas utilities, Bobigny, 133 -34, 135

General Omnibus Company (GOC), 33 , 191 nn.59,65,66

General Traction Company, 191 n.65

Gennevilliers: PCF in, 171 ;

tramway to, 27 , 33

Gentilly, 31

Girault, Jacques, 210 n.20

Girault, Suzanne, 113

Gitton, Marcel, 183

GOC (General Omnibus Company), 33 , 191 nn.59,65,66

Goussot (Nationalist politician), 89 -90

Grande Ceinture railroad, 15 , 187 n.17

Grants, Bobigny council, 119 -22, 211 nn.38,39, 212 n.44

Great Depression (1870s-1890s), 19

Grenier, Fernand, 211 n.33

Guesde, Jules, 87 , 209 n.5;

and "Possibilists" 111

Guibal rubber factory, 27

Guieu (Bobigny politician), 97

Guinguettes, 149

H

Hairdressers, in Bobigny, 55

Halluin, Bobigny funds for, 120 , 121

Harmonie de Bobigny, 164

Harvey, David, 188 n.26, 197 n.62

Haussman, Baron, 14 , 19 , 20 -21, 188 n.29

HBM (Société française des habitations à bon marché), 23

Herriot, Edouard, 118

Hobsbawm, Eric, 201 n.43

Holt, Richard, 149

Hory, maison, 221 n.72

Hospitals, Bobigny, 16 , 53

Hugo, Victor, 132

Humbert-Droz, Jules, 116

Humbert family, 73

I

Ile d'Oléron, camp at, 138 -39, 216 n.113

Immigrants: Bobigny, 62 , 67 -70, 82 , 199 nn.15,20,23;

Parisian, 19 , 25 , 31 , 37 , 63 , 68 -69

Independent Republican Socialists, 93 , 94 , 101

Independent Socialists, 101 , 207 n.54

Industry: in Bobigny, 56 -58, 186 n.8.

See also Automotive industry; Aviation industry; Chemicals industry; Metallurgical industry; Metalworking industry; Textile industry

Infant mortality, in Paris, 24

International Workers' Aid, 120

Italians, in Bobigny, 70 , 199 -200 n.26, 219 n.46

Ivry: Communists of, 105 , 171 , 211 n.37 (see also Dumoulin, Henri);

industry of, 27 , 31 ;

Seine and, 26 ;

Socialist strength in, 95 ;

and unemployment relief, 141 ;

working conditions in, 174 , 217 n.11.

See also Thorez, Maurice

J

Jacquelot (Bobigny mayor), 205 n.28, 206 n.40

Jaurès, Jean, 87 , 155 , 205 n.19;

assassination of, 97 ;

honored in Bobigny, 99 , 102

Joffrin, Jules, 23

Jones, Gareth Stedman, 151 , 189 n.35

Journal de Saint-Denis , 116 , 204 n.8, 210 -11 n.25

K

Kerr, Clark, 203 n.65

L

La Bergère, 131

Labor: assembly, 29 ;

laws affecting, 38 ;

manual, 76 -77;

unskilled, 80 .

See also Artisans; Assembly lines; Bobigny: occupational patterns in; Bobigny: working class of; Compagnonnages; Ouvriers spécialisés; Paris: working class of; Rationalization; Unions

La Chapelle, 20 , 26

La Courneuve, 12 , 138 , 186 n.4

Lacroix, Mathilde, 212 n.48

Lafargue, Paul, 119 , 155

La Favorite, 62

Lallet, Auguste, 147

La Machine, summer camp at, 138 -39, 216 n.112

Landlords, Paris, 24

Lang, Fritz, 173

Langlois (Bobigny city councillor), 211 n.28

Laporte (Bobigny city councillor), 138

Laroche, Gaston, 158

Latin Quarter, of Paris, 17

Laval, Pierre, 182 , 203 n.1

La Villette, 27

Lawyers, of Bobigny, 55

Le Bourget, 27 , 202 n.51

Lefebvre, Henri, 197 n.62

Left, political. See Communists; PCF; Radicals; Radical Socialists; Republican Left; SFIO

Left Bank Tramways, 34 , 35

Leisure, 221 n.74

Lenin, Nikolai, 132

Lenin School, 117 -19, 155

Le Play, Frédéric, 33

Les Halles, 10

Les Vignes, 126

Letrange foundry, 28

Levallois-Perret, 212 n.56

Lhande, Pierre, 10 , 153 , 154

Library, of Bobigny, 16

LICs (local interest committees), 161 -62, 167 , 220 n.61;

of Bobigny, 175

Lille, 100

Limites, 12 -13, 45

Limoges, 143

Local interest committees. See LICs

London, housing in, 189 n.35, 191 n.62

Long Revolution, The (Williams), 145

Lorraine, 19

Lotissements. See Allotments

Lotisseurs, 39

Louis Philippe, 30

M

McKay, John, 191 n.64

McMillan, James, 146

Malakoff, 105

Mal-lotis , 4 , 42 , 61 , 70 , 96 , 125 -32, 169 , 175 , 176 , 214 nn.75,77, 217 n.128;

Clamamus as, 104 , 181 ;

generosity of, 160 , 220 nn.56,57.

See also Allotments; Sarraut Law

Manet, Édouard, 1

Mangin, Charles, 119

Marais. See Market gardeners

Marchal, Sylvie, 158

Market gardeners, 12 , 13 -15, 17 , 42 , 58 , 60 , 100 , 197 n.61;

as Bobigny majority, 75 ;

household patterns of, 200 n.36;

open-field farmers and, 101 ;

Parisian, 14 ;

conflict with PCF, 106 ;

politics of, 86 -89, 92 , 93 , 95 , 108 , 187 n. 15, 204 n.11, 205 n.16;

progressive Radicals and, 90 , 205 n.17;

strike against, 92 ;

and tramway issue, 45 , 194 n.12;

and water, 187 n.19.

Marketplaces, Bobigny, 135 -36, 175

Marriage, 220 n.50.

See also Bobigny: marital patterns of; France: marital patterns of

"Marseillaise" (Rouget de Lisle), 119

Marseillaise, La (film), 165

Marshal, Marcel, 223 n.9

Marx, Karl, 119 , 205 n.19

Massif Central, 19 , 30

Masson, abbé, 186 n.3

Mass transit. See Buses; Métro; Tramways

Mastrangelo, Domenico, 200 n.31

Maurras, Charles, 118

Meou (Bobigny city councillor), 211 n.28

Merceries, 55

Mercier, Christine, 212 n.48

Merrheim, Alphonse, 222 n.7

Merriman, John, 143

Metallurgical industry, 173 ;

in Bobigny, 57 ;

in Paris, 19 ;

in Paris suburbs, 28 , 29 ;

during World War I, 37

Metalworking industry, 80 , 203 n.63.

See also Foundries; Merrheim, Alphonse; Sheet metal, production of

Métro, 34

Metropolis (film), 173

Michaud, René, 195 n.23

Michel, Louise, 155

Midwives, of Bobigny, 53

Mobility, social, 78 , 202 nn.57, 58

Monmousseau, Gaston, 104 -5

Montigny (Bobigny mayor), 93 , 205 n.28

Montreuil-sous-Bois, 95 , 103 -4, 172

Montrouge, 31 , 36

Morocco, 117 , 120

Moslems, 53

Mounié, Auguste, 143 , 223 n.5

Music, of Bobigny, 164

Music societies, 148 -49

Mussolini, Benito, 200 n.26

N

Nanterre, 172

Napoleon I, 110

Nationalists, 89 , 94 ;

in Noisy-le-Sec elections, 91

National Union of Communist Municipalities, 209 n.11

Nazi-Soviet Pact, 183

Neighborhoods, 158 , 160 , 220 n.50;

of Bobigny, 157 -63, 166 ;

PCF organizing of, 172

Neuilly, 64 , 213 n.56

Noisy-le-Sec (canton), 193 n.1;

allotments of, 42 ;

Clamamus's representation of, 127 ;

housing patterns in, 42 ;

PCF in, 171 ;

politics of, 91 .

See also Bobigny; Bondy; Drancy; Noisy-le-Sec (town)

Noisy-le-Sec (town), 12 , 15 , 193 n.1, 218 n.16

North-East Parisian Power Company, 134 , 215 n.95

Nouveau Village, 50 , 51 , 58 , 133 , 195 n.31;

Catholic church efforts in, 154 ;

LIC of, 161

O

Octroi, 122 , 123

Open-field farmers, 10 , 13 , 14 -15, 17 , 75 , 86 , 100 ;

market gardeners and, 101 ;

politics of, 14 , 93 , 108 , 187 n.15

Orchestras, municipal, 148

Orly, 172

Ourcq, canal de 1 , 10 , 12 , 150 , 186 n.8;

opening of, 25

Ouvriers spécialisés, 173

P

Painting of Modern Life, The (Clark), 1

Pantin, 9 , 15 , 16 , 186 n.4;

freight station of, 27 ;

industry of, 31 ;

tramway to, 33 , 45

Pantin-Bobigny cemetery, 12

Paris: and Bobigny, 15 -16;

as commercial hub, 30 , 63 ;

electoral patterns in, 222 n.21;

as financial center, 20 , 30 , 63 ;

and floods of 1910, 35 ;

foreigners of, 69 -70;

fortification of, 30 ;

housing in, 20 -25, 32 , 36 , 37 -40, 41 , 60 , 100 , 101 , 169 , 175 , 188 -89 n.33 (see also Villard Commission);

immigrants to, 19 , 25 , 31 , 37 , 63 , 68 -69;

industry of, 19 -20, 29 , 31 , 37 , 173 (see also Automotive industry; Chemicals industry; Metallurgical industry; Textile industry);

Leftist strength in, 199 n.19;

market gardens of, 14 ;

occupational patterns of, 63 -64;

PCF in, 170 -72, 210 n.14, 214 n.76, 221 n.68;

population patterns of, 17 -19, 21 -25, 37 , 42 , 63 -64, 190 n.51;

public health concerns in, 24 , 53 ;

renovation of, 19 , 20 -21, 188 n.29;

residential segregation in, 21 , 188 n.29;

Rightist strength in, 222 n.21;

slums of, 21 , 38 , 41 , 53 (see also Squatters' settlements);

suburbanization of, 9 -40 (see also Suburbs, Paris);

tourists to, 1 ;

at turn of century, 17 -25;

urban suburban contrasts in, 1 ;

working class of, 19 -25, 37 , 41 , 42 , 174 , 188 n.24, 190 n.51, 197 n.62

Paris Commune, 21

Paris-Est, 45 , 90 , 92 , 205 n.17

Parisian General Tramways Company (CGPT), 33

Paris-Orléans railway, 26

Parti communiste français. See PCF

Party of Order, 14 , 86 , 99 , 108

Patentes, 212 nn.51,54

Patronages laïques, 96

Pavillon-sous-Bois, 47 , 193 n.1

PCF (Parti communiste française), 2 , 3 -5, 63 , 99 , 102 , 104 , 110 ;

banning of, 183 ;

birth of, 101 , 171 ;

in Bobigny, 3 , 60 , 64 , 67 , 70 -71, 74 -75, 76 , 78 -82, 85 , 96 , 102 -67, 169 -72, 175 -79, 201 n.45, 219 n.36 (see also Clamamus, Jean-Marie; Pesch, Léon);

bolchévisation of, 106 , 113 , 117 -18, 209 -10 n.12;

and Catholic church, 153 -55;

Central Municipality Commission of, 209 n.11, 210 n.13;

Comintern influence on, 111 -13;

in Drancy, 104 ;

Labor Sports Federation of, 207 n.63;

in Montreuil, 104 ;

and municipal government, 112 -15, 119 , 209 n.11, 210 n.17 (see also PCF: in Bobigny);

Paris-area, 170 -72, 210 n.14, 214 n.76, 221 n.68;

restrictions on, 111 ;

and SFIO, 172 ;

and strike against fascism, 116 -17.

See also Congress of Tours; Popular Front; Red Belt

Peasants, 19

Penteuil (Bobigny entrepreneur), 50

Périphérique, 1

Pesch, Léon, 99 , 131 , 133 , 161 , 201 n.45, 211 n.28, 220 n.60;

as café owner, 165 ;

as camp counselor, 216 n.112

Pesch, maison, 165 , 221 n.72

Pétain, Henri, 183

Petanque , 149 , 150

Petitions, municipal, 160 -61

Peysson, Paul, 89 -92, 94 , 101 , 204 n.11, 205 nn.17,19, 207 n.50.

See also Republican Committee for City Interests

Pharmacies, 28

Physicians, of Bobigny, 53 , 55

Picot, George, 191 n.62

Pierrefitte, 105 , 171

Plaine Saint-Denis, 27

Police, Bobigny, 16

Politics: army and, 87 ;

church and, 87 .

See also Action française; Bloc des gaunches; Bloc national; Bobigny: electoral patterns in; Bobigny: politics of; Boulangists; Democratic Alliance; Democratic and Socialist Union; Democratic Republican Alliance; French People's party; Independent Republican Socialists; Nationalists; Party of Order; PCF; "Possibilists"; Radical Republicans; Radicals; Radical Socialists; Republican Left; Republican Radicals; Republican Radical Socialists; Republicans; Republican Socialists; Right, political; SFIO; Socialists

Pollution, in Bobigny, 57 , 141 -42, 216 n.122

Poncet (Montreuil mayor), 104

Pont de Bondy, 13 , 43 , 60 , 132 , 197 n.61;

allotments of, 51 ;

businesses of, 55 -56;

commuting from, 47 , 48 ;

hooliganism in, 149 ;

industry

Pont de Bondy (continued )

of, 57 ;

LIC of, 161 , 165 ;

mailboxes for, 140 ;

marketplace for, 136 ;

PCF and, 106 , 144 ;

population of, 55 ;

schools of, 59 , 137 -38, 153 , 215 n.106;

water problems of, 58 -59.

See also Pesch, Léon

Pontin family, 70

Popular Front, 81 , 104 , 107 , 154 , 165 , 170 , 171 , 174 , 202 n.51, 210 n.15, 211 n.39, 220 n.64

"Possibilists," 111

Post office, Bobigny, 16 , 59

Prefects, power of departmental, 110 , 209 n.4, 212 n.50

Propaganda, PCF, 164

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 155

Public assistance: in Bobigny, 123 -24;

in Paris suburbs, 212 n.56

Puteaux, 28 , 103 , 171 , 208 n.68

R

Radicalism: in Bobigny, 14 , 187 n.15;

skilled workers and, 202 -3 nn.62,63.

See also Communism; PCF; SFIO

Radical Republicans, 45 , 187 n.15

Radicals, 86 , 87 , 90 , 108 , 170 , 203 n.1;

fear of bolshevism by, 99 ;

progressive, 88 -92, 94 , 95 , 97 (see also Peysson, Paul; Republican Committee for City Interests);

traditional, 88 , 89 -92, 95 , 97 , 205 n.20 (see also Union of Patriotic and Liberal Committees). See also Laval, Pierre; Radical party; Radical Republicans; Radical Socialists; Republican Radicals; Republican Radical Socialists

Radical Socialists, 14 , 87 , 92 .

See also ARIC

Railroads, 15 -16, 19 , 25 , 26 ;

freight stations of, 26 -27;

metallurgical industry and, 28 ;

Paris as hub of French, 20 ;

repair shops for, 28 .

See also Tramways

Rationalization (labor), 173 , 174

Raynaud, Alain, 67

Receveur municipal, 212 n.49

Recreation, in Bobigny, 148 -50

Red baptisms, 153 , 154 -55, 177 , 183

Red Belt, 2 -6, 61 , 105 , 170 -72, 175 -79, 208 n.68;

creation of, 41 , 101 , 169 -70.

See also Bobigny; PCF; Seine, Department of the; Suburbs, Paris

Réforme sociale, La , 33

Religion, 150 ;

of open-field farmers, 14 .

See also Anticlericalism; Politics: church and; Roman Catholic Church

Renaud (allotment developer), 127 , 213 n.67

Renault (Progressive Radical candidate), 91

Renault motor works, 173 -74, 208 n.68

Renoir, Jean, 165

Rent control, 37 -38, 192 n.74

Rentiers, 30

Repiquet metalworks, 57

Republican and Social Union, 99 -100

Republican Association for City Interests. See ARIC

Republican Committee for City Interests, 90 , 205 n.16

Republican Left, 87

Republican Radicals, 93

Republican Radical Socialists, 204 n.13.

See also Veber, Adrien

Republican Radical Socialist Union, 93

Republicans, 86 , 187 n.15;

of Bobigny, 93 ;

conservative, 86 (see also Conservative Republicans);

Spanish, 218 n.32;

varieties of, 87 .

See also Conservative Republicans; Democratic Republican Alliance; Radical Republicans; Republican Left; Republican Radicals; Republican Radical Socialists; Republican Socialists.

Republican Socialists, 89 , 93 , 97 , 205 n.28.

See also Independent Republican Socialists; Republican Radical Socialists

Restaurants, of Bobigny, 75 .

See also Cafés

Réveil balbinien, 16

Richard, Albert, 223 n.9

Right, political: in Bobigny, 105 , 106 , 208 n.67.

See also Action française; Bloc des gauches; French People's party

Robillard (Socialist candidate), 94

Rolling mills, 28

Romainville, 12 , 193 nn.1,4

Roman Catholic Church: in Bobigny, 150 , 153 -55;

PCF and, 172 ;

"worker-priest" movement in, 219 n.39.

See also Ferret, Jules

Rosny-sous-Bois, 193 n.1

Rouberty, Léon, 99

Rouget de Lisle, Claude-Joseph, 119 , 155 , 172 , 211 n.39

Rubber, production of, 27

Rû de Montfort, 10

Rungis, 171

Russia, famine in, 121

Russian Revolution, French sympathy for, 99

S

Sabatier, André, 155 , 219 n.43

Sacco, Nicolo, 155 , 219 n.43

Sages femmes. See Midwives, of Bobigny

Saint-Denis, 4 , 193 n.1;

Communists of, 105 ;

emigrants to, 30 ;

industry of, 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 ;

leisure activities of, 149 , 218 n.19;

municipal corruption in, 210 n.15;

native-born of, 198 n.13;

PCF in, 102 , 113 , 171 ;

pharmacy of, 28 ;

population patterns in, 193 n.4;

public assistance in, 212 n.56;

schools of, 213 n.56;

tramway to, 33 ;

urban renewal in, 114 -15.

See also Doriot, Jacques; Noisy-le-Sec (canton); Plaine Saint-Denis

Saint-Denis canal, 25

Saint-Germain, 36

Saint-Mandé, 64 , 119

Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, 171

Saint-Ouen, 20 , 27 , 95

Sarraut, Albert, 129

Sarraut Law, 49 , 56 , 66 , 124 , 129 -32, 175 , 214 nn.76,77;

Clamamus and, 182 -83

Saulnier plant, 28

Saunier, Robert, 99

Sceaux, 193 n.1

Schools, Bobigny, 10 , 59 , 79 , 96 , 111 , 117 , 123 -24, 136 -38, 175 , 215 n.109.

See also Lenin School

Schuller, Richard, 116

Scott, Joan, 148

Second Empire, Bobigny during, 85 -86

Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière. See SFIO

Seine (river), 25 -26, 27

Seine, Department of the, 42 , 193 n.1, 199 n.16;

births and deaths in, 64 , 65 , 198 n.9;

and Clamamus's suspension, 117 ;

immigration to, 38 ;

PCF in, 106 , 114 , 170 -72;

population patterns of, 25 -26, 63 , 64 , 198 nn.3,4;

prefects of, 110 , 208 n.2;

Radical strength in, 171 ;

Rightist power in, 171 ;

SFIO successes in, 99 , 100 ;

Socialist strength in, 171 .

See also names of municipalities

Seine-et-Marne, Department of the, 199 n.16

Seine-et-Oise, Department of the, 63 , 199 n.16

Sellier, Henri, 102 , 143 , 216 n.126;

plan d'aménagement of, 143

Sellier, Louis, 118

Service staff, 77

SFIO (Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière), 89 , 92 -102, 203 n.1, 204 n.13, 205 n.23;

in Bobigny, 101 -2, 176 ;

conflict with Clamamus, 208 n.67;

decrepitude of, 104 ;

formation of, 204 n.13;

mal-lotis and, 125 ;

in Paris suburbs, 103 ;

and PCF, 172 ;

People's University of, 95 , 206 n.36;

and strike against fascism, 116 -17.

See also Pesch, Léon; Veber, Adrien

Sheet metal, production of, 29

Shops: of Bobigny, 10 , 16 , 54 , 75 -76, 186 n.5, 201 n.45;

suburban, 30 ;

tobacconists', 140

Shorter, Edward, 203 n.65

Siegel, Abraham, 203 n.65

Siegfried, Jules, 188 n.33

Slaughterhouses, chemicals industry and, 27

Slums, Parisian, 21 , 38 , 41 , 53

Socialism: in Bobigny, 14 , 62 (see also Clamamus, Jean-Marie);

skilled/unskilled workers and, 202 n.62. See also SFIO

Socialists, 87 , 88 , 90 , 170 , 197 n.60;

of Bobigny, 92 , 94 (see also SFIO);

independent, 97 ;

in Noisy-le-Sec elections, 91 -92.

See also SFIO

Société des transports en commun de la région parisienne (STCRP), 35 -36, 140 -41, 216 n.118

Société française des habitations à bon marché (HBM), 23

Solidarity, 152 , 156 , 160 , 163 , 166 , 176 , 220 n.57;

with Spanish Republicans, 218 n.32

Soupé, Fernand, 223 n.9

Soup kitchens, 98 , 115 , 121 , 152 , 183 , 223 n.2

Spain, civil war in, 218 n.32

Spectacles, 123

Spies, labor, 174

Sports, in Bobigny, 149 , 165 , 218 n.20

Squatters' settlements, 21 , 52

Stains, 171

Stalin, Joseph, 109

STCRP (Société des transports en commun de la région parisienne), 35 -36, 140 -41, 216 n.118

Stratta, Emile, 121

Strikes, 99 , 114 , 115 , 116 -17;

in Bobigny, 121 -22;

Bobigny support of, 120 -22, 152 ;

by British miners' union, 120 ;

at Citroën, 174 ;

Clamamus's support of, 183 ;

of Paris bank clerks, 120 -21

Subsidies: for associations syndicales, 130 -31;

by Bobigny council, 119 -22, 164 , 211 nn.38,39, 212 n.44

Suburban Gas Company, 133 , 134 , 215 n.95

Suburbanization, 108 ;

of Bobigny, 60 -61;

of Paris, 9 -40, 42 ;

transportation as factor in, 25 -27;

between world wars, 36 -40.

See also Allotments

Suburbs, Paris, 1 -3, 5 , 9 -42, 186 n.1, 188 n.24, 190 n.51, 193 nn.3,4;

citizenry of, 2 -3;

as city dump, 190 n.53;

class structure of, 185 n.2, 198 n.8;

communism in, 34 , 85 -179, 203 n.63;

Communist ascendency in (see Red Belt);

housing patterns of, 33 -34, 38 -39, 192 n.70 (see also Allotments);

immigrants to, 30 -31, 36 -40, 192 n.70;

industrialization of, 25 -30, 31 , 169 ;

occupational patterns of, 30 -31;

PCF in, 103 , 169 -72, 175 -79, 209 n.8;

population patterns of, 25 -26, 30 , 64 , 190 n.54;

SFIO in, 208 n.68;

as weekend retreat, 149 ;

"worker-priest" movement in, 219 n.39.

See also Red Belt; Seine, Department of the; Suburbanization; names of municipalities

Subways: Métro, 34

Surcharge, tax. See Centimes additionnels

Suresnes, 33 , 143 , 208 n.68;

labor strife in, 155 ;

Socialist dominance of, 171 .

See also Sellier, Henri

Syria, 120

T

Tanneries, 27

Taverns, 149

Taxes: of Bobigny, 43 , 123 , 212 n.54;

departmental prefects and, 110 ;

dog, 123 ;

funeral, 123 ;

land, 212 n.12;

low-cost housing-related exemptions from, 23 ;

municipal, 122 -23 (see Centimes additionnels; Octroi);

national, 212 n.51;

national control of, 212 n.49;

performance, 123 ;

real estate, 22 , 43

Taylorism, 173

Textile industry, 19 , 27 , 120

Thiers, Adolphe, 86 , 187 n.15

Third Republic, politics during, 86 , 87

Third World, population growth patterns in, 193 n.3

Thomson-Houston company, 191 n.65

Thorez, Maurice, 113 , 154

Tilly, Charles, 203 n.65

Tilly, Louise, 148

Tipping, Bobigny coal distribution and, 98 , 206 n.44

Toulon, 100

Touraine, Alain, 173 , 222 n. 11

Tramway Company of Paris and the Department of the Seine (TPDS), 33

Tramways, 16 , 32 -36, 38 , 42 , 44 -48, 60 , 87 , 98 , 136 , 140 -41, 142 , 191 n.65, 194 nn.10,12,19;

government subsidization of, 35 , 191 n.66;

nationalization of, 35 -36;

SFIO and, 95 ;

significance of, 150 ;

working-class, 35 , 158

Tramways North, 33 , 191 n.59

Tramways South, 33 , 191 n.59

Transportation: workers in, 80 .

See also Buses; Métro; Ourcq, canal de l'; Railroads; Saint-Denis canal; Tramways

Travail de montage, 29

Travaux de viabilité, 50

Tuberculosis, in turn-of-century Paris, 24

U

Unemployment relief, in Bobigny, 123 , 124 , 141

Union of Patriotic and Liberal Committees, 90

Unions, 173 , 174 , 175 ;

of Bobigny, 167 , 221 n.75

Union sportive ouvrière, 149

Urbanization, of Bobigny, 41 -61

V

Vaillant, Edouard, 155

Vaillant-Couturier, Paul, 155

Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 155 , 219 n.43

Varnishes, manufacture of, 28

Vasseur, Jules, 98 , 99 , 103 , 207 n.63

Veber, Adrien, 89 -90, 91 , 92 , 94 , 95 , 204 n.13, 205 n.19

Vegetables, as Bobigny money crop, 13 , 14

Vernet (Bobigny city councillor), 206 n.33

Versailles, 36

Vielledent, Henri, 175

Village parisien, 51 , 58 , 195 n.31

Villard Commission, 189 n.34

Villejuif, 171

Villemomble, 193 n.1

Villetaneuse, 102 , 105 , 171

Vins-restaurants, of Bobigny, 55

Vitry, 33 , 113 , 114 , 171

W

Warner, Sam Bass, 44

Water, for Bobigny households, 132 -33, 135

White lead, production of, 27

Williams, Raymond, 145

Worker-priest movement, 219 n.39

Workhouse, Bobigny, 98

World War I: Bobigny casualties in, 73 , 201 n.40;

as class conflict, 120 ;

France during, 97 -98;

Paris during, 36 -37;

veterans of, 39

Wylie, Lawrence, 3

Y

Young Communists, of Bobigny, 164

Z

Zeldin, Theodore, 218 n.28

Zetkin, Clara, 116