Secondary Articles

Abby, Susan E., and Paul Garfinkle. "Neurasthenia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Role of Culture in the Making of a Diagnosis." American Journal of Psychiatry 148 (1991): 1638-1646.

Albanese, Catherine L. "Physic and Metaphysic in Nineteenth-Century America: Medical Sectarians and Religious History." Church History 55 (1986): 489-502.

Baker, Samuel L. "Physician Licensure Laws in the United States." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 39 (1984): 173-197.

———. "A Strange Case: The Physician Licensure Campaign in Massachusetts in 1880." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 40 (1984): 286-308.

Blustein, Bonnie Ellen. "'A Hollow Square of Psychology Science': American Neurologists and Psychiatrists in Conflict." In Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen, edited by Andrew Scull, 241-270. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

———. "The Brief Career of 'Cerebral Hyperaemia': William A. Hammond and His Insomnia Patients, 1854-1890." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 41 (1986): 24-51.

———. "New York Neurologists and the Specialization of American Medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53 (1979): 170-183.

Brown, Edward M. "Neurology and Spiritualism in the 1870s." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57 (1983): 563-577.

———. "Regulating Damage Claims for Emotional Injuries before the First World War." Behavioral Sciences and the Law 8 (1990): 421-434.

Bunker, Henry Alden, Jr. "From Beard to Freud: A Brief History of the Concept of Neurasthenia." Medical Review of Reviews 36 (1930): 108-114.

Burnham, John C. "Psychology and Counseling: Convergence into a Profession." In The Professions in American History, edited and with an introduction by Nathan O. Hatch, 181-198. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988.

Bynum, William F., Jr. "Rationales for Therapy in British Psychiatry, 1780-1835." In Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era, edited by Andrew Scull, 35-57. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

Carlson, Eric T. "George Beard and Neurasthenia." In Essays on the History of Psychiatry, edited by Edwin R. Wallace IV and Lucius C. Pressley, 50-57. Columbia: W.S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, 1980.

———. "The Influence of Phrenology in Early American Psychiatric Thought." American Journal of Psychiatry 115 (1958): 535-538.

Cayleff, Susan E. "'Prisoners of Their Own Feebleness': Women, Nerves, and Western Medicine--A Historical Overview." Social Science and Medicine 26 (1988): 1199-1208.

Chertok, Leon. "Hysteria, Hypnosis, Psychopathology." Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 161 (1975): 367-378.

———. "On Objectivity in the History of Psychotherapy." Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 153 (1971): 73-78.

Clark, Michael J. "The Rejection of Psychological Approaches to Mental Disorders in Late Nineteenth-Century British Psychiatry." In Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era, edited by Andrew Scull, 271-312. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

Cooter, Roger. "Phrenology: The Provocation of Progress." History of Science 14 (1976): 211-234.

———. "Phrenology and the British Alienists, ca. 1825-1845." In Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era, edited by Andrew Scull, 58-104. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

Cunningham, Raymond J. "The Emmanuel Movement: A Variety of Religious Experience." American Quarterly 14 (1964): 46-83.

Dain, Norman. "American Psychiatry in the Eighteenth Century." In American Psychiatry: Past Present and Future, edited by Robert Gardener, Wilfred Abse, and George Kriegman, 15-27. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1975.

Dain, Norman, and Eric T. Carlson. "Milieu Therapy in the Nineteenth Century: Patient Care at the Friend's Asylum, Frankford, Pennsylvania, 1817-1861." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 131 (October 1960): 277-290.

———. "Social Class and Psychological Medicine in the United States, 1789-1824." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 33 (1959): 454-465.

Dana, Charles. "Dr. George M. Beard: A Sketch of His Life and Character, with Some Personal Reminiscences." Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 10 (1923): 427-435.

Danziger, Kurt. "Mid-Nineteenth Century British Psycho-Physiology: A Neglected Chapter in the History of Psychology." In The Problematic Science: Psychology in Nineteenth-Century Thought, edited by William R. Woodward and Michael G. Ash. New York: Praeger, 1982.

———. "On the Threshold of the New Psychology: Situating Wundt and James." In Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection, edited by Wolfgang G. Bringman and Ryan O. Tweny. Toronto: C.J. Hogrefe, 1980.

Daston, Lorraine J. "British Responses to Psycho-Physiology, 1860-1900." Isis 69 (1978): 192-208.

———. "The Theory of Will versus the Science of Mind." In The Problematic Science: Psychology in Nineteenth-Century Thought, edited by William R. Woodward and Mitchell G. Ash, 88-115. New York: Praeger, 1982.

Diethelm, Oskar. "An Historical View of Somatic Treatment in Psychiatry." American Journal of Psychiatry 95 (1939): 1165-1179.

Dowbiggin, Ian. "French Psychiatry, Hereditarianism, and Professional Legitimacy, 1840-1900." Research in Law, Deviancy, and Social Control 7 (1985): 135-165.

Englehardt, H. Tristram, Jr. "John Hughlings Jackson and the Mind-Body Relation." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 49 (1975): 131-151.

Fox, Claire Gilbride. "The Madness of Mankind." In Essays on the History of Psychology, edited by Edwin R. Wallace and Lucius C. Pressley, 30-49. Columbia: W.S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, 1980.

Fox, Richard Wightman. "Beyond 'Social Control': Institutions and Disorder in Bourgeois Society." History of Education Quarterly 16 (1976): 203-204.

Gach, John. "Culture and Complex: On the Early History of Psychoanalysis in the United States." In Essays on the History of Psychiatry, edited by Edwin R. Wallace IV and Lucius C. Pressley. Columbia: W.S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, 1980.

Gifford, Sanford. "Medical Psychotherapy and the Emmanuel Movement." In Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy and the New England Medical Scene, 1894-1944, edited by George Gifford, 106-118. New York: Science History Publications, 1978.

Gilman, Sander L. "The Image of the Hysteric." In Hysteria Beyond Freud, edited by Sander L. Gilman, 345-453. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Goldstein, Jan Ellen. "'The Lively Sensibility of the Frenchmen': Some Reflections on the Place of France in Foucault's Histoire de la Folie ." In Rewriting the History of Madness: Studies in Foucault's Histoire de la Folie, edited by Andrew Still and Irving Velody, 69-77. London: Routledge, 1992.

Gosling, Francis, and J.M. Ray. "The Right to be Sick: American Physicians and Nervous Patients." Journal of Social History 20 (1986): 286-301.

Greene, John Gardner. "The Emmanuel Movement, 1906-1929." New England Quarterly 7 (1934): 506-532.

Grob, Gerald N. "Adolf Meyer and American Psychiatry in 1895." American Journal of Psychiatry 119 (1963): 135-142.

———. "Rediscovering Asylums: The Unhistorical History of the Asylum." In The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine, edited by Morris J. Vogel and Charles E. Rosenberg, 135-157. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.

———. "Neurasthenia: Medical Profession and Urban 'Blahs.'" New York State Journal of Medicine 474 (1970): 2489-2496.

Haller, John S., Jr. "Neurasthenia: The Medical Profession and the 'New Woman' of the Late Nineteenth Century." New York State Journal of Medicine 474 (1971): 473-482.

Harrington, Anne. "Hysteria, Hypnotism, and the Lure of the Invisible: The Rise of Neo-Mesmerism in Fin-de-Siècle French Psychiatry." In The Anatomy of Madness: Essays on the History of Psychiatry, edited by Roy Porter, Michael Shepard, and Walter F. Bynum, 226-246. London: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Hillman, Robert G. "A Scientific Study of Mystery: The Role of the Medical and Popular Press in the Nancy-Salpêtrière Controversy on Hypnotism." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 39 (1965): 163-182.

Holcombe, Harry S. "Electrotherapy." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 22 (1967): 180-182.

Hollinger, David A. "The Problem of Pragmatism in American History." In In the American Province: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ideas, 23-43. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.

———. "T. S. Kuhn's Theory of Science and Its Implications for History." In In the American Province: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ideas, 105-129. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.

Holmes, Stewart W. "Phineus Parkhurst Quimby: Scientist of Transcendentalism." New England Quarterly 17 (1944): 356-380.

Jacyna, L. S. "The Physiology of the Mind, the Unity of Nature, and the Moral Order in Victorian Thought." British Journal of the History of Science 14 (1981): 109-132.

Kaufmann, Martin F. "The American Anti-Vaccinationists and Their Arguments." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 41 (1967): 463-478.

———. "Homeopathy in America: The Rise and Fall and Persistence of a Medical Heresy." In Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America, edited by Norman Gevitz, 99-123. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.

King, Helen. "Once Upon a Text: Hysteria from Hippocrates." In Hysteria Beyond Freud, edited by Sander L. Gilman, 3-91. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Kuttner, Alfred Booth. "Nerves." In Civilization in the United States, edited by harold Stearns, 427-442. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1922.

Legan, M. S. "Hydropathy, or the Water Cure." In Pseudo-Science and Society in Nineteenth-Century America, edited by A. Wroebel, 74-99. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987.

Levin, Kenneth. "Freud's Paper 'On Male Hysteria' and the Conflict Between Anatomical and Physiological Models." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48 (1974): 377-397.

———. "S. Weir Mitchell: Investigation and Insights in Neurasthenia and Hysteria." Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 38 (1970): 168-173.

Leys, Ruth. "Background of the Reflex Controversy: William Alison and the Doctrine of Sympathy before Hall." Studies in the History of Biology 4 (1980): 1-66.

Malone, Web. "The Formative Era of Contributory Negligence." In Tort Law in American History, edited and with an introduction by Kermit L. Hall. New York: Garland, 1987.

Marx, Otto. "Morton Prince and Psychopathology." In Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, and the New England Medical Scene, 1894-1944, edited by George Gifford, 163-180. New York: Science History Publications, 1978.

———. "What Is the History of Psychiatry?" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 40 (1970): 593-605.

Matthews, Fred. "The Americanization of Sigmund Freud: Adaptations of Psychoanalysis before 1917." Journal of American Studies 1 (1967): 45-79.

McCandless, Peter. "Liberty and Lunacy: The Victorians and Wrongful Confinement." In Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era, edited by Andrew Scull, 280-299. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

McCarthy, Katherine. "Psychotherapy and Religion: The Emmanuel Movement." Journal of Religion and Health 23 (1984): 100-114.

Micale, Mark S. "Hysteria and Its Historiography: A Review of Past and Present Writings (I and II)." History of Science 27 (1989): 223-261, 319-351.

———. "Hysteria Male/Hysteria Female: Reflection on Comparative Gender Construction in Nineteenth-Century France and Britain." In Science and Sensibility: Gender and Scientific Inquiry, 1780-1945, edited by Marina Benjamin, 363-411. Oxford: Basil Blackwood, 1990.

Morantz-Sanchez, Regina. "The Lady and Her Physicians." In Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner, 38-53. New York: Octagon Books, 1976.

Noel, P.S., and Eric T. Carlson. "Origins of the Word, 'Phrenology.'" American Journal of Psychiatry 127 (1970); 694-697.

Numbers, Ronald L. "The Fall and Rise of American Medicine." In The Professions in American History, edited and with an introduction by Nathan O. Hatch, 51-72. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988.

Numbers, Ronald L., and Rennie B. Schoepflin. "Ministries of Healing: Mary Baker Eddy, Ellen G. White, and the Religion of Health." In Women and Health in America, edited by Judith Walzer Leavitt, 376-389. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

Numbers, Ronald L., and John H. Warner. "The Maturation of American Medical Science." In Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, 2d ed., edited by Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, 113-129. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.

Pernick, martin S. "Back from the Grave: Recurring Controversies over Defining and Diagnosing Death in History." In Death: Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria, edited by Richard M. Zaner, 17-74. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988.

———. "The Calculus of Suffering in 19th-Century Surgery." In Sickness and health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, 2d ed., edited by Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.

Poirier, Suzanne. "The Weir Mitchell Rest Cure: Doctors and Patients." Women's Studies 10 (1983): 15-40.

Porter, Roy. "The Body and the Mind, the Doctor and the Patient: Negotiating Hysteria." In Hysteria Beyond Freud, edited by Sander L. Gilman, 225-285. Berkeley: University of California Press,

———. "Foucault's Great Confinement." In Rewriting the History of Madness: Studies in Foucault's Histoire de la Folie, edited by Andrew Still and Irving Velody, 119-125. London: Routledge, 1992.

———. "Shutting People Up." Social Studies of Science 12 (1982): 467-476.

Posner, Richard. "A Theory of Negligence." Journal of Legal Studies 1 (January 1972): 29-96.

Powell, Robert Charles. "The 'Subliminal' versus the 'Subconscious' in the American Acceptance of Psychoanalysis." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15 (1979): 155-165.

Quen, Jacques M. "Asylum Psychiatry, Neurology, Social Work, and Mental Hygiene: An Exploratory Interprofessional History." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 13 (1977): 3-11.

Riese, Walter. "The Neuropsychologic Phase in the History of Psychiatric Thought." In Historic Derivations of Modern Psychiatry , edited by Iago Galdston, 104-112. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.

Rosenberg, Charles E. "The Bitter Fruit: Heredity, Disease, and Social Thought." In No Other Gods: On Science and Social Thought , 25-53. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

———. "Body and Mind in Nineteenth-Century Medicine: Some Clinical Origins of the Neurosis Construct." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 63 (1989): 185-197.

———. "George M. Beard and American Nervousness." In No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought , 98-109. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

———. "The Therapeutic Revolution: Medicine, Meaning, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century America." In The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine , edited by Charles E. Rosenberg and Morris J. Vogel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.

Rosenberg, Charles E., and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. "The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Reviews of Woman and Her Role in Nineteenth-Century America." Journal of American History 60 (1973): 332-356.

Ross, Barbara. "William James: A Prime Mover of the Psychoanalytic Movement in America." In Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, and the New England Medical Scene, 1894-1944 , edited by George Gifford, 10-23. New York: Science History Publications, 1978.

Rousseau, G. S. "'A Strange Pathology': Hysteria in the Early Modern World, 1500-1800." In Hysteria Beyond Freud , edited by Sander L. Gilman, 91-221. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Rothman, David. "Social Control: The Uses and Abuses of the Concept in the History of Incarceration." In Social Control and the State , edited by Stanley Cohen and Andrew Scull, 106-117. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.

Schneck, Jerome M. "Jean-Martin Charcot and the History of Experimental Hypnosis." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 16 (1961): 297-300.

Schoepflin, Rennie B. "Christian Science Healing in America." In Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America , edited by Norman Gevitz, 192-214. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.

Schwartz, Gary Y. "Tort Law and the Economy in Nineteenth-Century America: A Reinterpretation." Yale Law Journal 90 (July 1981): 1717-1775.

Scott, Joan W. "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis." American Historical Review 91 (1986): 1053-1076.

Scull, Andrew. "The Discovery of the Asylum Revisited." In Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era , edited by Andrew Scull, 144-165. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

———. "Madness and Segregative Control: The Rise of the Insane Asylum." Social Problems 24 (1977): 338-351.

———. "Psychiatry and Its Historians." History of Psychiatry 2 (1991): 229-250.

Shortt, S.E.D. "Physicians and Psychics: The Anglo-American Medical Response to Spiritualism, 1870-1890." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 39 (1984): 339-355.

Showalter, Elaine. "Hysteria, Feminism, and Gender." In Hysteria Beyond Freud , edited by Sander L. Gilman, 286-344. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

———. Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

———. "Syphilis, Sexuality, and the Fiction of Fin de Siècle." In Sex, Politics, and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Novel: Selected Papers from the English Institute, 1983-1984 , edited by Ruth B. Yeazell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

Shyrock, Richard Harrison. "The Advent of Modern Medicine in Philadelphia, 1800-1850." In Medicine in America: Historical Essays , 203-232. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.

———. "Benjamin Rush from the Perspective of the Twentieth Century." In Medicine in America: Historical Essays , 233-251. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.

———. "The Medical History of the American People." In Medicine in America: Historical Essays . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.

Sicherman, Barbara. "The New Psychiatry: Medical and Behavioral Science, 1895-1921." In American Psychoanalysis: Origins and Development , edited by Jacques M. Quen and Eric T. Carlson. New York: Brunner Mazel, 1978.

———. "The Paradox of Prudence: Mental Health in the Gilded Age." In Madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era , edited by Andrew Scull, 201-217. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

———. "The Use of Diagnosis: Doctors, Patients, and Neurasthenia." Journal of the History of Medicine and Alled Sciences 32 (1977): 33-54.

Smith, Roger. "The Human Significance of Biology: Darwin, Carpenter and the versa causa ." In Nature and the Victorian Imagination , edited by U.C. Knoepflmacher and G. B. Tennyson. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America , 195-216. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985.

Teahan, John F. "Warren Felt Evans and Mental Healing: Romantic Idealism and Practical Mysticism in Nineteenth-Century America." Church History 48 (1979): 63-80.

Thielman, Samuel B. "Madness and Medicine: Trends in American Medical Therapeutics for Insanity, 1820-1860." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61 (1987): 25-46.

Wiener, Philip. "G. M. Beard and Freud on 'American Nervousness.'" Journal of the History of Ideas 17 (1956): 269-274.

Wood, Ann Douglas. "'The Fashionable Diseases': Women's Complaints and Their Treatment in Nineteenth-Century America." In Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives in the History of Women , edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner, 1-22. New York: Octagon Books, 1976.

Young, Robert. "Association of Ideas." In Dictionary of the History of Ideas , edited by Philip P. Wiener, 111-118. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968.