INDEX

A

Aalii (Dodonaeaviscosa ), 98

AB (Calif.):

214 , 544 ;

385 , 681 ;

3147 , 46 , 307 , 314 , 356 , 357 , 831

Abies :

concolor , 786 ;

grandis , 669

Abroniamaritima , 401

Acacia:

Bailey (Acaciabaileyana ), 448 ;

catclaw (A . greggii ), 98 , 695 , 696 , 953 ;

whitethorn (A . constricta ), 98 , 102

Acacia :

baileyana , 448 ;

constricta , 98 , 102 ;

greggii , 98 , 695 , 696 , 953 ;

longifolia , 448

Acarids. See Mites; Ticks

Accipiter :

cooperi , 461 , 592 ;

gentilis , 788 ;

striatus , 461 , 789

Accretion, 662

Acer , 3 -4;

circinatum , 3 ;

glabrum , 3 ;

macrophyllum , 3 , 4 , 87 , 88 , 111 , 197 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 364 , 445 , 447 , 637 , 660 , 887 , 917 ;

negundo , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 86 , 98 , 102 , 110 , 112 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 152 , 153 , 156 , 319 , 348 , 349 , 354 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 499 , 588 , 637 , 900 , 908 , 909 , 921 , 971 ;

saccharum , 3 , 4

Aceraceae, 3 , 8

Achillea :

millefolium var. californica , 648 ;

lanulosa , 93

Acquisition, land, 283 , 409 , 575 , 668 , 670 , 676 , 719 , 759 -760, 770 , 790 , 791 , 798 , 813 , 829 , 853 , 861 , 864 , 886 , 895 , 930 , 932 , 960 , 981 , 987

Actitismacularia , 205 , 207 , 592 , 595 , 600

Adenostoma , 882 ;

fasciculatum , 393 , 675

Admiral, Lorquin's (Limenitis lorquini ), 935 , 937

Aechmophorusoccidentalis , 461 , 599

Aedes, 969

Aegeiros (section), 10 , 11

Aeration. See Oxygen

Aerial photography, 46 , 62 , 65 , 81 , 113 , 115 , 126 , 128 , 130 , 150 , 155 , 156 , 197 , 307 -313, 314 -321, 340 -341, 345 , 349 , 357 , 467 , 522 -523, 796 -797, 858

Aeronautessaxatalis , 206 , 493

Aesculus :

californica , 48 , 86 , 116 , 117 , 152 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 449 ;

carnea , 448

Aeshna , 180

Aeshnidae, 180

Aesthetic considerations, 221 , 225 , 226 , 233 , 238 , 257 , 275 , 384 , 446 , 459 , 539 , 548 , 551 , 554 , 729 , 798 , 801 , 833 , 836 , 873 , 966

Agavepalmeri , 98

Agelaius :

phoeniceus , 206 , 494 , 593 , 600 , 602 ;

tricolor , 494

Agricultural Conservation Program, 279

Agricultural ecosystems, 574 , 970 -982;

vs. natural, 973 -974

Agricultural Framework Plan (Oregon), 430

Agriculture, 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 -15, 18 -19, 25 -28, 51 , 53 , 54 -55, 59 , 81 , 158 , 169 -170, 190 , 194 , 203 , 207 , 218 -219, 223 , 228 -229, 233 , 234 , 239 , 242 , 252 , 315 , 356 , 360 , 371 -372, 384 , 393 , 404 , 484 , 488 , 566 , 572 , 614 , 619 , 624 , 640 , 661 , 675 , 716 , 833 , 916 , 959

Agrostis , 98 , 101 , 102 ;

semiverticillata , 650

Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park (Shasta Co., Calif.), 764

Ailanthusaltissima , 65

Air quality, 226 , 510 , 639 , 811

Aixsponsa , 205 , 484 , 485 , 493 , 595 , 599 , 788 , 906

Ajaiaajaja , 599

Alameda Creek (Alameda Co., Calif.), 4

Albae (series), 6

Albion River (Mendocino Co., Calif.), 637 , 661

Alder (Alnus ), 4 -5, 63 , 65 , 66 , 115 , 153 , 161 , 414 , 445 , 511 , 572 , 573 , 762 , 787 , 916 , 953 , 954 , 971 ;

Arizona (A . oblongifolia ), 98 ;

mountain (A . tenuifolia ), 528 ;

Oregon (A . oregona ), 4 , 760 ;

red (A . rubra ), 4 , 86 , 87 , 111 , 116 , 117 , 276 , 637 , 660 , 661 , 663 , 664 , 665 , 666 , 667 , 668 n, 669 , 900 ;

Sierra (= white), 48 ;

white (A . rhombifolia ), 4 , 71 , 87 , 88 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 152 , 196 -202, 276 , 341 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 364 , 365 , 372 , 447 , 559 , 568 , 588 , 606 , 609 , 649 , 675 , 839 , 887 , 900 , 917

Alder Creek (Calif.), 510 , 511 ;

Reservoir, 505 , 510 , 512

Alderflies (Megaloptera), 162 , 179 ;

Sialis , 166

Alectorischukar , 701

Alfalfa, 103 , 191 , 490 , 571 , 970 , 975

Alfaroa , 7

Algae, 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 168 , 169 , 170 -171, 173 , 177 , 178 , 475 , 497 , 636 , 764 , 810 , 812 ;

blue-green, 162 ;

epiphytic, 179 ;

green, 162 , 169 , 516 , 691

Alisma , 71 , 72

Aliso Canyon (Orange Co., Calif.), 652

Allenrolfeaoccidentalis , 397 , 399

Allionia, trailing (Allionia incarnata ), 98 , 102

Alluvial deposits, 151 , 153 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 211 , 347 , 358 . Seealso Soil; Substrate

Alnaster (subgenus), 4

Alnus (genus), 4 -5, 10 , 11 , 13 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 115 , 153 , 161 , 414 , 445 , 511 , 572 , 573 , 762 , 787 , 916 , 953 , 954 , 971 ;

oblongifolia , 98 ;

oregona , 4 , 760 ;

rhombifolia , 4 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 48 , 71 , 87 , 88 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 152 , 196 -202, 276 , 341 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 364 , 365 , 372 , 447 , 559 , 568 , 588 , 606 , 649 , 675 , 839 , 887 , 900 , 917 ;

rubra , 4 , 5 , 86 , 87 , 111 , 116 , 117 , 276 , 637 , 660 , 661 , 663 , 664 , 665 , 666 , 667 , 668 n, 669 , 900 ;

serrulata , 4 ;

sinuata , 4 ;

tenuifolia , 4 , 528

Alnus (subgenus), 4

Alquist, Alfred (Sen.), 232

Amargosa Canyon (Calif.), 706 -715

Amargosa Desert (Calif. and Nev.), 716

Ambrosia , 401 , 724 ;

dumosa , 695 ;

psilostachya , 610 , 648

Ambrysus :

amargosus , 710 , 717 , 718 ;

californicus710 ;

funebris , 710

Ambystoma , 32 ;

gracile , 32 ;

macrodactylum , 32

Amentiferae, 7 , 10

American Fisheries Society, 434

American Forestry Association, 408

American Pulpwood Association, 744

American River (Calif.), 24 , 33 , 185 , 613 , 729 , 748 , 899 ;

Parkway, 748 ;

south fork of, 505 -514, 748

American River Canyon Association of West Sacramento, 507

American River Recreation Association, 509 , 748

Amerindians, 285 , 384 , 401 , 703 , 711 -712, 716 , 718 , 720 , 767 , 768 , 770 , 773 -779, 786 , 883 , 929 ;

Asazi, 384 ;

Paiute, 810 ;

Pomo, 780 -782;

Washoe, 810 ;

Wintu, 786 ;

Yokut, 972

Ametadoria (= Sturmia ) harrisinae , 979 -980

Ammonia, 497 , 821

Amphibians, 30 -36, 414

Amphispiza :

belli , 207 , 621 , 623 , 624 ;

bilineata , 207 , 701

Anacardiaceae, 648

Anadonta , 778

Anaeaandria , 936

Anagriusepos , 978 -979

Anas :

acuta , 205 , 493 , 599 ;

americana , 205 , 599 ;

clypeata , 205 , 599 ;

creccacarolinensis , 599 ;

cyanoptera , 205 , 493 , 599 ;

discors , 205 , 599 ;

platyrhynchos , 205 , 432 , 493 , 599 ;

strepera , 205 , 599

Andree Clark Bird Refuge (Calif.), 680

Aneides :

ferreus , 32 ;

flavipunctatus , 32 ;

lugubris , 32

Anemopsiscalifornica , 517 , 521

Angling, 784 , 786 -787, 789 -790, 792 . Seealso Fish

Annadel State Park (Sonoma Co., Calif.), 764

Anniellapulchra , 34

Anopheles , 968 , 969

Antelope, pronghorn (Antilocapraamericana ), 210 -213, 972

Anthemiscotula , 648

Anthracnose (Gnomonia platani ), 10 , 197

Anthusspinoletta , 600 , 602

Antilocapraamericana , 210 -213, 972

Antiquities Act (1906), 774

Anti-regulatory movement, 281 -286, 386 , 388 , 640 , 670 ;

and farmers, 730 , 960 ;

future of, 282 , 284 -286

Antrozouspallidus , 943

Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (Calif.), 764 , 765

Apantelesharrisinae , 979 -980

Aphelocomacoerulescens , 89 , 493 , 593

Aphid, green peach, 971

Apiaceae, 648

Aplodontiarufa , 951 , 952 , 953 , 954 ;

californica , 952 , 953 ;

nigra , 952 , 954 ;

phaea , 952 , 954

Apocynaceae, 648

Apocynumcannabinum var. glaberrimum , 648

Apodidae, 191

Apple, 971

Applegate Reservoir (Ore.-Calif.), 33

Aquaducts, 80

Aquilachrysaetos , 205 , 789

Aravaipa Creek (Ariz.), 97 , 101 , 103 , 105 , 107

Arborimusalbipes , 952 , 954

Arbutusmenziesii , 86 , 88 , 135 , 197 , 447

Archaeological sites, 338 , 712 , 773 -779, 788 , 789 , 801 , 810 ;

sensitive, criteria for, 775

Archilochusalexandri , 206 , 207 , 208 , 493 , 592 -593

Arctostaphylos , 364 ;

glandulosa , 675 ;

manzanita , 447 ;

uva-ursi , 448

Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora, 2 -3, 15 , 89 , 935 , 936 , 939

Ardeaherodias , 205 , 484 , 491 , 493 , 599 , 637 , 696 , 788

Aristolochia , 936 ;

californica , 23 , 48 , 348 , 936 , 937

Arizona Academy of Science, 408

Arizona Department of Game and Fish, 408

Arizona Department of Planning and Development, 408

Arizona Natural Areas Program, 408

Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 408

Arizona State Parks Department, 408

Arkansas Act of 1850 (Arkansas Swamp Act), 28 , 55 , 358

Armyworm, yellow-striped, 972

Arnold v. Mundy (1821), 270

Arrow-grass, three-ribbed (Triglochinstriata ), 650

Arrowweed (Tessaria /Plucheasericea ), 191 , 393 , 394 , 619 , 620 , 624 , 696 , 707

Artemisia , 211 , 617 , 724 , 882 ;

arbuscula , 210 , 211 , 212 ;

californica , 448 , 609 , 884 ;

cana , 210 , 211 , 212 ;

douglasiana , 23 , 48 , 152 , 309 , 572 , 588 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 610 , 648 , 839 , 900 , 909 ;

ludoviciana , 98 ;

rothrockii , 93 ;

spinescens , 77 , 78 ;

tridentata , 77 , 78 , 210 , 531 , 606 , 609 , 953

Arthropods. See Insects; Mites; Spiders; Ticks

Arundodonax , 445 , 573 , 650 , 841 , 886

Ascaphus , 32 ;

truei , 32 , 33

Asclepiadaceae, 648

Asclepiasfascicularis , 648

Ash (Fraxinus ), 6 -7, 60 , 65 , 66 , 112 ;

dwarf (F . anomala ), 696 ;

Oregon (F . latifolia ), 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 110 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 152 , 153 , 309 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 372 , 447 , 448 , 466 , 511 , 568 , 588 , 650 , 669 , 749 , 900 , 909 , 912 ;

velvet (F . velutina ), 99 , 102 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107

Ash Meadows (Nye Co., Nev.-Inyo Co., Calif.), 716 -719

Asio :

flammeus , 573 ;

otus , 206 , 592

Asparagus, garden (Asparagus officinalis ), 650

Aspen (Populustremuloides ), 10 , 392 , 528 , 805 , 965

Assimineidae, 709

Associations:

faunal, 692 ;

floral, 467 -468, 578 -579, 619 , 620 , 691 , 847 , 882 -883, 908

Aster (Aster ), 93 ;

slim (A. exilis), 648 ;

Suisun (A . chilensis var. lentus ), 645 , 648

Aster :

alpigenus , 93 ;

chilensis , 645 , 648 , 937 ;

exilis , 648

Asteraceae, 648

Astragalusphoenix , 717 , 718

Athel (Tamarixaphylla ), 191 , 457

Atlideshalesus , 936 , 940

Atmospheric circulation, 238

Atriplex , 23 , 522 , 556 , 707 ;

canescens , 77 , 78 ;

confertifolia , 77 , 78 , 695 ;

lentiformis , 48 , 448 , 524 , 626 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 682 , 683 , 739 , 740 , 741 , 743 ;

parryi , 77 , 78 ;

patula , 675 ;

polycarpa , 78 ;

semibaccata , 556 , 649 ;

torryi 76 , 77 , 78 , 524 , 526

Audubon Society. See National Audubon Society

Auriparusflaviceps , 600 , 621 , 622 , 623 , 703

Avecenniagerminans , 396 , 399 , 400

Avena , 614 ;

barbata , 71 ;

fatua , 552 , 553 , 573 , 606 , 650 , 972

Avifauna, riparian, 18 -19, 190 -195, 203 -209, 338 , 368 , 369 , 379 , 406 , 407 , 408 , 483 , 486 , 578 -586, 587 -597, 598 -604, 619 -625, 626 -631, 695 -705

Avocet, American (Recurvirostra americana ), 205 , 207 , 600

Avoyelles Sportsmen's League v. Alexander, 251 -252, 256

Aythya :

affinis , 599 ;

americana , 599 ;

collaris , 599 ;

marila , 599 ;

valisineria , 599

Azalea, western (Rhododendron occidentale ), 900

Azolla , 385 ;

filiculoides , 152

B

Baccharis , 393 , 394 ;

douglasii , 48 , 610 , 648 ;

glutinosa , 14 , 48 , 98 , 101 , 102 , 105 , 106 , 607 , 609 , 886 ;

pilularis , 349 , 351 , 364 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 449 , 556 , 606 , 609 , 648 , 675 , 908 , 909 ;

sarothroides , 98 , 102 ;

viminea , 14 , 23 , 48 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 197 , 199 , 445 , 483 , 490 , 499 , 648 , 839

Baccharis, salt marsh (Baccharisdouglasii ), 648

Bacteria, 162 , 474 , 916 , 976 ;

coliform, 497 -498, 821

Badger (Taxideataxus ), 943 , 945

Baetis , 170

Baird Limestone Formation (Calif.), 786 , 789 , 792

Baja California (Mexico), 390 -403, 722 , 724

Baker Creek (Calif.), 80

Bamboo, 549 , 863 ;

Phylostachosbambosoides , 48

Bank stabilization, 130 , 131 , 158 , 160 , 168 , 169 , 173 , 186 , 208 , 248 , 434 , 452 -458, 574 , 613 , 617 , 661 -662, 729 , 745 , 746 , 752 , 761 , 795 -799, 805 , 812 , 863 , 895 , 897 , 916 , 985 ;

costs of, 458 , 574 , 797 ;

economic importance of, 452 ;

failure of, 797 ;

physical vs. vegetative, 455 -458, 538 -565, 571 , 574 ;

principles of, 452 -454.

Seealso Erosion; Revetment; Riprap

Barberry (Berberis ):

California (B . dictyota ), 447 ;

Japanese (B . thunbergii ), 448

Barley (Hordeum ), 614 ;

Mediterranean (H . geniculatum ), 651

Basin and Range Phytogeographic Province, 211 , 425

Bass:

black, 257 , 572 ;

largemouth (Micropterus salmoides ), 849 , 930 ;

striped (Moronesaxatilis ), 185 , 225 , 572

Bassariscusastutas , 789 , 906 -914, 921 , 943 , 945

Bassiahyssopifolia , 78 , 439 , 628 , 629 , 740 , 741

Basswood, 971

Bat:

big brown (Eptesicusfuscus ), 943 ;

Brazilian free-tailed (Tadaridabrasiliensis ), 943 ;

hoary (Lasiuruscinereus ), 943 ;

pallid (Antrozouspallidus ), 943 ;

red (Lasiurusborealis ), 943 ;

silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans ), 943 ;

spotted (Eudermamaculatum ), 943 ;

Townsend's big-eared (Plecotus townsendii ), 943 ;

western mastiff (Eumops perotis ), 943

Batismaritima , 395 , 396 , 397 , 399 , 400

Batrachoseps , 32 ;

aridus , 32 , 33 ;

attenuatus , 32 ;

campi , 32 , 33 ;

pacificus , 32

Battusphilenor , 937 ;

hirsuta , 936 , 939

Bay, California (Umbellularia californica ), 3 , 86 , 110 , 116 , 117 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 660 , 675 , 887

Bay Conservation and Development Commission, 826

Bayou Natchitoches Basin (La.), 251

Bays, 250 , 253 , 500

Beach, 246 , 640

Bear, 962

Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ), 448

Bear grass (Nolina microcarpa ), 99 , 103

Bear River (Calif.), 24

Beaver (Castorcanadensis ), 80 -81, 208 , 368 , 416 , 443 , 572 , 731 -738, 749 , 787 , 810 , 943 , 945 , 952 , 962 ;

mountain (Aplodontiarufa ), 951 , 952 , 953 , 954

Bedload, 146 , 147

Bedrock. See Substrate

Bed shear stress, 111 , 115

Bed straw (Galiumaparine ), 909

Beeler Creek (San Diego Co., Calif.), 655 -656

Bees, 935

Beetles (Coleoptera), 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 ;

lady (Rodoliacardinalis ), 975 ;

riffle, 162 , tiger, 709 ;

valley elderberry longhorn (Desmoceruscalifornicusdimorphus ), 915 , 916 -917;

water penny, 162 ;

western spotted cucumber, 972

Belostomatidae, 709

Benches, 200

Bentgrass, 93 , 98 , 101 , 102

Berberis :

dictyota , 447 ;

haematocarpa , 98 , 102 ;

thunbergii , 448

Berms, 570 , 571 , 654 , 895

Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 260

Betula , 5 -6, 10 , 11 , 13 , 971 ;

fontinalis , 5 ;

glandulosa , 5 ;

occidentalis , 5 , 10 ;

papyrifera , 6 ;

pendula , 6 ;

pubescens , 6

Betulaceae, 4 , 5 , 10 , 11 , 649

Bidenslaevis , 648

Big Chico Creek (Calif.), 24

Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis ), 764

Big Lagoon (Calif.), 660

Big Reservoir (Calif.), 210

Big River (Mendocino Co., Calif.), 661 , 669 -670

Big Sur River (Calif.), 135 -136, 761

Bikeway Action Committee, 834

Bindweed:

field (Convolvulusarvensis ), 552 , 553 , 649 ;

hedge (Calystegiasepium ), 649

Bioenergetics, 160 -164, 168 -169, 183 -184

Biogeographic regions, 483

Biogeography, 2 -15, 85 -91, 288 , 483 , 594 -595, 662 , 707 -708, 934 -937;

island, 594 -595, 662 , 698 , 703 , 936

Biological controls, 970 -982

Biomass, 19 , 30 , 169 , 170 -171, 183 , 427 , 439 , 500 , 518 , 551 , 722 -727, 742 , 744 -746, 828 , 884

Biome, 288

Biosphere Reserve System, 322

Birch (Betula ), 5 -6;

gray, 971 ;

river, 971 ;

water (B . occidentalis ), 5 ;

yellow, 971

Birds, 18 -19, 89 , 166 , 190 -195, 203 -209, 210 , 250 , 326 , 338 , 360 , 368 , 369 , 379 , 404 , 406 , 407 , 408 , 414 , 461 , 470 , 482 , 483 , 486 , 487 , 496 , 533 , 578 -586, 587 -597, 619 -625, 626 -631, 660 , 669 , 694 -705, 732 ;

abundance of, 699 -701;

granivorous, 193 , 598 , 600 -602, 627 , 628 , 629 , 694 , 701 , 702 , 740 , 741 ;

habitat requirements of, 490 -491, 498 , 578 , 594 , 598 -604, 619 , 620 , 621 , 624 , 669 , 701 , 702 ;

insectivorous, 191 , 193 , 581 , 583 , 598 , 602 , 627 , 628 , 629 , 662 , 701 , 702 , 740 , 741 ;

migratory, 484 , 533 , 699 , 716 , 896 ;

as recreation, 959 ;

wading, 498 , 598 , 603 , 660 , 663 , 665 , 669 , 670

Bittern:

American (Botaurus lentiginosus ), 205 , 207 ;

Least (Ixobrychusexilis ), 205 , 529 , 599

Black, David (U. S. Interior Undersecretary), 873

Blackberry (Rubus ), 23 , 153 , 309 , 365 , 511 , 549 , 572 , 573 , 579 , 588 , 749 , 827 , 916 , 953 , 969 , 978 ;

California (R . ursinus ), 651 ;

California (R . vitifolius ), 445 , 447 ;

Himalayan (R . discolor ), 48 , 152 , 651 ;

"wild" (R . ursinus and R . vitifolius ), 48 , 152 , 348 , 579 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 651 , 675 , 908 , 976 , 978

Blackbird, 488 , 491 ;

Brewer's (Euphagus cyanocephalus ), 206 , 494 ;

Red-winged (Agelaius phoeniceus ), 206 , 494 , 593 , 600 , 602 ;

Tri-colored (A . tricolor ), 494 ;

Yellow-headed (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ), 206 , 600

Blackflies, 162 ;

Simulium , 849

Black Rock Ditch (Calif.), 515

Bluebird, Western (Sialia mexicana ), 206 , 494 , 692

Blue blossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus ), 447 , 448

Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus ), 849

Bluegrass, Kentucky, 93

Blue Mountains (Oregon), 424 , 431

Boa, rubber (Charinabottae ), 34

Bobcat (Felisrufus ), 499 , 943

Bobelaine Audubon Sanctuary (Calif.), 578 , 906 , 907

Bog, 248 , 806 , 812 ;

quaking, 809

Bolandracalifornica , 511

Bollworm, pink, 971 , 972

Bombycillacedrorum , 494 , 591 , 592 , 593

Bonasaumbellus , 789

Bonita Creek (Ariz.), 97 , 101 , 104 , 107

Boraginaceae, 649

Borax, 712 , 719

Border-Redwood Forest, 89

Borer, peach twig, 971

Botauruslentiginosus , 205 , 207

Bottomlands, 27 , 46 , 81 , 134 , 201 , 234 , 309 , 357 , 358 , 469 , 661 , 728 , 954 ;

hardwood, 234 , 237 , 378 , 407 , 426

Boulders, 139 , 140 , 184

Boundaries, of waterways, 244 , 246 , 261

Box elder (Acernegundo ), 3 , 4 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 86 , 98 , 102 , 111 , 117 , 152 , 153 , 156 , 319 , 348 , 349 , 354 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 499 , 588 , 637 , 908 , 909 , 921 , 971 ;

California, 110 , 116 , 118 , 900

Brahea :

armata , 395 ;

brandegeei , 400

Brantacanadensis , 205 , 210 , 574 , 599

Brass buttons (Cotula cornopifolia ), 445

Brassica :

campestris , 607 , 610 ;

geniculata , 649

Brassicaceae, 649

Breaux, John (Rep.), 248 , 253 , 255 , 878

Brickellia (Brickellia ), 98 , 102 , 103

Bridge Canyon Dam (Ariz.), 407

Bridges, 257 , 265 , 319 , 393 , 841 , 870

Brizaminor , 71 , 72

Brodiaea :

californica , 72 ;

hyacintha , 72 ;

multiflora , 72

Bromisrigidis , 552

Bromus :

diandrus , 71 , 650 ;

mollis , 71 , 650 ;

rubens , 71

Brood parasitism, 19 , 594 , 605 , 608 , 621 , 663 , 711

Brooks, 848

Broom, desert (Baccharis sarothroides ), 98 , 102

Brown, Pat (Governor of California), 231

Browsing, 80 -81, 83 , 98 , 103 , 107 , 200 . Seealso Grazing

Bubovirginianus , 206 , 493

Bucephala :

albeola , 599 ;

clangula , 599

Buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus ), 152 , 606

Buckeye, California (Aesculus californica ), 48 , 86 , 116 , 117 , 152 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 449

Buckthorn, Italian (Rhamnus alaternus ), 448

Buckwheat (Eriogonum ), 365 , 707 ;

California (E . fasciculatum ), 99 , 448

Budd, James H. (Governor of California), 871

Budget Reconciliation Act (1982), 388

Buena Vista Lake (Calif.), 25 , 484 , 972

Buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea ), 203 , 207 , 208

Buffer strips, riparian, 160 , 166 , 168 -176, 637 , 638 , 663 , 666 , 670 , 673 , 674 , 677 , 678 , 679 , 683 , 684 , 801 , 809 , 827 , 830 , 831 , 855 , 985 -986. Seealso Riparian corridors

Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola ), 599

Bufo , 32 ;

alvarius, 32 ;

boreas , 32 , 710 ;

canorus , 32 ;

cognatus , 32 ;

exsul , 32 ;

microscaphus , 32 ;

nelsoni , 710 ;

punctatus , 32 ;

woodhousei , 32

Bull Creek Project (Humboldt Co., Calif.), 761

Bullfrog (Ranacatesbeiana ), 394 , 397 , 692 , 710 , 718

Bullhead, black (Ictalurus melas ), 692

Bullrush (Scirpus ), 23 , 78 , 179 , 598 , 599 , 600 , 675 , 776 ;

alkali (S . robustus ), 561 ;

California (S . californicus ), 649 ;

Olney's (S . olneyi ), 649 , 707

Bunting (Passerina):

Indigo (P . cyanea ), 484 , 494 ;

Lazuli (P . amoena ), 206 , 494 , 593 , 595 , 703

Bureaucracies, 284

Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, 329 n

Burning. See Fire

Burro, 443 , 703 , 720

Burro brush (Hymenoclea monogyra ), 99 , 101 , 102 , 105 , 106

Burrobush (Ambrosiadumosa ), 695

Bursera , 398

Burton Creek State Park (Placer Co., Calif.), 760

Bushtit, Common (Psaltriparus minimus ), 494 , 581 , 593

Buteo , 662 ;

jamaicensis , 205 , 493 , 572 , 697 ;

lineatus , 484 , 493 , 572 , 595 , 665 ;

swainsoni , 205 , 572 , 612 -618

Butoridesstriatus , 599

Butte Basin (Calif.), 56 , 120

Butte Creek (Calif.), 24

Buttercup, aquatic (Ranunculus aquatilis ), 518 , 521 , 522

Butterfly(-ies), 177 , 178 , 179 ;

alfalfa (Coliaseurytheme ), 975 ;

endangered, 939 ;

monarch, 679 ;

politics of, 939 ;

riparian, 934 -941

Butterweed (Senecio ):

alkali marsh (S . hydrophilus ), 648 ;

Layne's (S . layneae ), 512

Butte Slough State Wildlife Area, 908

Button bush (Cephalanthus ), 6 , 364 ;

C . occidentalis , 559 , 560 , 561 , 579 , 651 , 900 , 908 , 909

Button Bush Swamp Forest, 6

Button willow (Cephalanthus ), 6 , 48

C

Cabinet Council on Natural Resources and Environment, 388

Cache Creek (Calif.), 24 , 27 , 86 ;

Project, 897

Cactus, saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea ), 621

Caddisflies (Trichoptera), 162 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 849

Cain Irrigation District, 529

Cain, Dr. Stanley A. (Assistant Secretary of the Interior), 93 , 178 , 872 , 873

Calamagrostis :

breweri , 93 ;

canadensis , 93 , 178

Calamoceratidae, 180

Calaveras River (Calif.), 24

Calidris :

alba , 600 ;

alpina , 205 , 600 ;

bairdii , 600 ;

mauri , 205 , 600 ;

melanotos , 600 ;

minutilla , 600

California Administrative Code, 283 , 758

California-American Water Company (Cal-Am), 124

California Aqueduct, 484 , 767 ;

Bikeway, 770

California Archaeological Inventory, 775 , 776

California Coastal Act (1976), 283 , 634 -641, 652 , 660 , 661 -662, 673 , 685 , 826 , 839 , 843 , 986

California Coastal Commission, 276 , 634 -641, 652 , 656 , 661 -662, 673 , 826 -827, 830 , 839 , 842 , 986 ;

future of, 685 ;

goals of, 827 ;

Land Use Plan, 637 ;

Local Coastal Plan, 637 ;

opposition to, 685 ;

Statewide Interpretive Guidelines for Wetlands and Other Wet Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas, 639 , 674 , 827

California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission, 634

California Conservation Corps, 122 , 827

California Debris Commmission, 56

California Department of Agriculture, 944

California Department of Boating and Waterways, 748 , 755

California Department of Conservation, 827

California Department of Finance, 231

California Department of Fish and Game, 28 , 33 , 46 , 80 , 196 , 210 , 231 , 275 , 276 , 279 , 307 , 314 , 339 , 356 , 454 , 507 , 516 , 535 , 548 , 566 , 637 , 639 , 662 , 668 , 676 , 681 , 684 , 732 , 755 , 764 , 784 , 788 , 793 , 818 , 827 , 832 , 834 , 839 , 841 , 843 , 845 , 849 , 857 , 896 , 930 , 961 , 966 , 986 ;

Ecological Reserve System, 766 ;

Endangered Species Program, 915 -919;

Nongame Wildlife Investigations Unit, 950 ;

Stream Alteration Agreement, 276 , 827 , 839 , 986

California Department of Food and Agriculture, 228 , 971 , 987

California Department of Forestry, 276 , 278 , 668 , 728 , 729 , 827 , 961 , 966 ;

California Forest Improvement Program, 279 , 961 , 966 ;

Timber Harvest Plan, 276 , 985 , 986 ;

Timberland Conversion Permit, 276

California Department of General Services, 759

California Department of Health (Services), 462 , 827 , 968

California Department of Justice, 818

California Department of Parks and Recreation, 10 , 681 , 750 , 752 , 756 -757, 758 -766, 828 ;

objectives of, 758 ;

Resources Management Directives, 754 -755;

State Park System Plan (1980), 755 ;

Statewide Needs Analysis, 752

California Department of Transportation, 812 , 967

California Department of Water Resources (DWR), 46 , 121 , 144 , 231 , 307 , 357 , 358 , 533 , 538 , 548 , 558 , 560 , 755 , 767 , 787 , 812 , 820 , 828 , 832 ;

Integrated Pest Management Program, 551 ;

Pilot Levee Maintenance Study, 544 , 560

California Desert, 307 , 356

California Desert Plan Program, 694

California Division of Mines and Geology, 315

California Energy Commission, 827

California Environmental Quality Act (1970), 276 , 278 , 446 , 449 , 462 , 506 , 729 , 771 , 774 , 784 , 839 , 844 , 969 , 986

California Fish and Game Code, 283 , 638 , 736 , 840 , 842 , 843 , 845 , 986

California Fish and Game Commission, 732 , 843 , 917

California Floodplain Management Act (proposed), 826 , 830 -832

California Floristic Province, 14

California Food and Agriculture Code, 987

California Forest Practices Act, 661

California Health and Safety Code, 969

California Legislature, 46 , 231 , 356 , 372 , 759 , 811 , 871 , 874 . Seealso titles of acts; Legislation

California Men's Colony (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 815

California Military Department, 818

California Native Plant Society, 512 , 645 , 788

California Natural Diversity Data Base (CNDDB), 322 -328, 484 , 788

California Office of Planning and Research, 828

California Office of State Architect, 761

California Penal Code, 871

California Permit Handbook, 276

California Polytechnic State University, 818 -819

California Prairie, 907 , 910 , 942

California Public Resources Code, 758

California Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCB), 259 , 276 , 278 , 462 , 507 , 636 , 681 , 684 , 808 , 818 , 985 , 987 ;

Clean Water Grant

Program, 820 -821;

Lake Tahoe Policy, 811

California Resources Agency, 42 , 231 , 271 , 326 , 385 , 634 , 789 , 828

California Riparian Study Program (CRSP), 356 -357, 371

California Secretary of Resources, 774

California State Board of Equalization, 986

California State Board of Forestry, 637 , 661 , 670 , 728 , 729 , 985 , 986

California State Coastal Conservancy, 828

California State Lands Commission, 828

California State Park and Recreation Commission, 755 , 759 , 760 , 765

California State Park System, 684 , 758 -766;

classification, 756 , 758 -760;

development in, 756 , 766 ;

Plan, 757 ;

policies regarding, 756 -757

California State Reclamation Board, 121 , 231 , 276 , 538 , 548 , 796 , 828 , 832 , 834

California State University, 46 , 307 , 357 , 768 , 795 , 906 , 942

California State Water Project, 767

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), 259 , 267 , 276 , 278 , 285 , 333 , 462 , 509 , 535 , 684 , 748 , 808 , 817 , 828 -829, 834 , 987 ;

Division of Water Rights, 276 ;

Permit to Appropriate Water, 276 ;

Statement of Water Diversion and Use, 276

California Superior Court, 774

California Supreme Court, 261 , 265 , 270

California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act (1975), 275

California Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 811

California Trout (organization), 965 , 966 , 967

California v. Superior Court (Fogerty), 261 , 265

California v. Superior Court (Lyon), 261 , 265

California v. United States, 254

California Water Code, 232 , 276 , 462 , 538 , 544 , 550

California Wetlands Preservation Act (1976), 826

California Wildlife Conservation Board, 829

Callipeplagambeli , 193

Calochortusluteus , 72

Calypteanna , 493

Calystegiasepium , 649

Camp San Luis (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 818

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus , 621 , 622 , 623

Canals. See Diversion; Irrigation; Mining

Cane, 954

Canis :

cinereoargenteus , 499 , 731 -732, 920 -928, 943 , 945 ;

fulva , 924 ;

latrans , 499 , 692 , 943 , 945 ;

vulpes , 943 , 945

Canopy, 364 , 365 , 368 , 968

Cantua Creek (Calif.), 362

Canvasback (Aythya valisineria ), 599

Canyons, 198

Capellagallinago , 599

Capniidae, 179

Caprifoliaceae, 649

Cardaminebreweri , 93

Cardon (Pachycereuspringlei ), 396

Carduelistristis , 206 , 494 , 591 , 593 , 595 , 600

Carex , 78 , 310 , 362 , 371 , 445 , 511 ;

barbarae , 112 , 115 , 644 , 649 , 781 ;

diversity of, 781 ;

exserta , 93 ;

heteroneura , 93 ;

nebraskensis , 178 ;

nudata , 781 ;

praegracilis , 178 ;

rostrata , 93 , 178

Carmel Creek (San Diego Co., Calif.), 656 , 658

Carmel River (Monterey Co., Calif.), 10 , 124 -133, 134 -141

Carnegieagigantea , 621

Carneocephalafulgida , 977

Carnivores. See Insectivores; Predators

Carp, 502

Carpinaceae, 4 , 5 , 11

Carpinus , 4

Carpodacusmexicanus , 206 , 494 , 593 , 701 , 702

Carquinez Straits (Calif.), 3 , 12

Carrying capacity, 39 , 42 , 80 , 384 , 401 , 635 , 754 , 758 , 760 , 813

Carter, Jimmy (President), 330 , 332 , 334 , 386 , 802 , 880

Cartography, 308 -309. Seealso Mapping projects

Carya , 7

Cascara (Rhamnuspurshiana ), 87 , 669

Casmerodiusalbus , 599

Castorcanadensis , 80 -81, 208 , 368 , 416 , 572 , 731 -738, 749 , 787 , 810 , 943 , 945 , 953 , 954 , 962 ;

repentinus , 952 , 954 ;

subauratus , 952 , 954

Caswell State Park (San Joaquin Co., Calif.), 10 , 362 -363, 368 , 467

Cat, feral house (Felis catus ), 943 , 946

Catclaw (Acaciaconstricta ), 98 , 695 , 696 , 953

Catclaw minosa (Mimosa biuncifera ), 99

Caterpillar:

alfalfa, 972 ;

salt marsh, 972

Catfish, 257

Cathartesaura , 205 , 493

Catoptrophorussemipalmatus , 205 , 207 , 600

Catostomidae, 185 , 186

Catostomus :

fumeiventris , 930 ;

occidentalis , 185 , 186

Cat's-ear, smooth (Hypochoeris glabra ), 648

Cattail (Typha), 23 , 71 , 72 , 78 , 115 , 152 , 179 , 310 , 445 , 490 , 491 , 499 , 516 , 518 , 528 , 529 , 559 , 574 , 598 , 599 , 600 , 644 , 675 , 776 , 900 , 934 ;

broadleaf (T . latifolia ), 637 , 645 , 651 , 707 ;

narrowleaf (T . angustifolia ), 637 , 651

Cattle, 80 , 196 , 197 , 199 -200, 210 -213, 425 , 426 , 427 , 443 ;

feedlots, 169 , 319 .

Seealso Browsing; Grazing

Cavity nesting, 621 , 629 , 630 , 660 , 665 , 666 , 741 -742, 743 , 953

Ceanothus (Ceanothus ):

big pod (C . megacarpus ), 675 ;

cultivars, 449 ;

Point Reyes (C . gloriosus ), 448

Ceanothus , 393 , 394 , 606 , 882 , 938 ;

cuneatus , 152 , 606 ;

gloriosus , 448 ;

megacarpus , 675 ;

spinosus , 606 ;

thyrsiflorus , 447 , 448 ;

velutinus , 938

Cedar, 152 ;

salt (see Salt cedar);

western red (Thujaplicata ), 787

Cedar Springs Dam, 693

Celery, wild (Vallisneria americana ), 893

Cellulose, 162

Celtis :

douglasii , 696 ;

pallida , 98 , 102 , 378 ;

reticulata , 98 , 102 , 106

Centarumnamophilum var. namophilum , 718

Centaurea :

melitensis , 71 , 72 ;

solstitialis , 554 , 610 , 648

Centauriumfloribundum , 650

Centaury, June (Centaurium floribundum ), 650

Center for the Integration of Applied Sciences, 544 , 552

Central Arizona Project, 406 , 409

Central Coast Basin Water Quality Control Plan Report, 495

Central Valley (Calif.), 2 , 23 -29, 59 , 307 -313, 314 -321, 356 -372, 907 , 910

Central Valley Project, 56

Central Valley Riparian Mapping Project, 28 , 48 , 307 -313, 325 , 326 , 357 , 568

Centrarchidae, 186

Centrocercusurophasianus , 210 , 212

Centunculusminimus , 651

Century plant (Agavepalmeri ), 98

Cephalanthus , 6 ;

occidentalis , 6 , 15 , 48 , 364 , 559 , 560 , 561 , 579 , 651 , 900 , 908 , 909

Ceratitiscapitata , 971

Cercidium , 398 , 400 , 724 ;

floridum , 695 , 698 ;

microphyllum , 98

Cercocarpusbetuloides , 394

Certhiafamiliaris , 621 , 623 , 624

Cervuselaphus , 943 , 973 ;

nannodes , 80 , 774 , 944 , 946

Chaco Wash Canyon, 384

Chaeturavauxi , 206 , 493

Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum ), 135 , 393 , 675

Channel, 52 , 134 , 140 , 145 , 146 , 217 , 655 , 838 , 853 ;

migration, 59 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 118 , 126 , 127 , 153 , 158 , 797

Channelization, 142 , 143 , 148 , 166 , 180 , 181 , 186 , 200 , 203 , 204 , 208 , 233 , 235 , 237 , 257 , 260 , 262 , 275 , 311 , 314 , 320 , 331 , 371 , 379 , 395 , 405 , 406 , 424 , 446 , 453 , 469 , 515 , 534 , 604 , 605 , 635 , 674 , 678 , 681 , 752 , 761 , 802 , 810 , 833 , 853 , 869 , 882 , 896 , 965 , 968

Chaparral, 88 , 134 , 135 , 161 , 164 , 186 , 197 , 394 , 466 , 483 , 595 , 606 , 675 , 678 , 745 , 838 , 883 , 906 , 909 , 972

Char, Dolly Varden (Salvelinus confluentus ), 784 , 786 , 788 , 791 , 793

Chara , 518 , 521 , 522 , 893

Charadriidae, 89

Charadrius :

alexandrinus , 599 ;

semipalmatus , 599 ;

vociferus , 205 , 493 , 599

Charinabottae , 34

Chat, Yellow-breasted (Icteria virens ), 206 , 207 , 208 , 484 , 494 , 595 , 788

Checkerspot, chalcedon (Euphydryaschalcedona ), 937

Chencaerulescens , 599

Chenopodiaceae, 649

Chenopodium , 522 ;

ambrosioides , 579 , 649 , 908 ;

berlandieri var. sinuatum , 524

Cherry Creek (Tuolumne Co., Calif.), 185

Chess, soft (Bromusmollis ), 650

Chicken Ranch Slough (Sacramento Co., Calif.), 833

Chico Landing to Red Bluff Project, 795 -797

Chilopsislinearis , 98 , 106 , 407

Chironomidae, 170 , 180

Chlidoniasniger , 600

Chlorination, 498

Chlorogalumgrandiflorum , 72

Chloroperlidae, 179

Chlorophyll, 168 , 170 -171

Chokecherry (Prunusserotina ), 99

Cholla (Opuntia ), 99 , 394 , 398

Chondestesgrammacus , 207

Chordeiles :

acutipennis , 629 ;

minor , 206

Chorro Creek (Calif.), 815 -824

Chorro Dam (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 817 ;

Reservoir, 815 -824

Chosenia , 10

Chowchilla River (Calif.), 24

Christmasberry. See Toyon

Chrysemysscripta , 397 , 398 , 399

Chrysothamnus , 522 ;

nauseosus , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 98 , 524 , 525 , 531 ;

paniculatus , 695 ;

viscidiflorus , 953

Chub (Gila):

arroyo (G . orcutti ), 692 ;

Owens (G . bicolor snyderi ), 930

Chukar (Alectorischukar ), 701

Cibola National Wildlife Refuge (Calif.), 190 , 473

Cicindela :

denverensispropinqua , 709 ;

haemorrhagicahaemorrhagica , 709 ;

nevadicanevadica , 709 ;

willistonipraedicta , 709

Cicindelidae, 709

Cinchonoideae, 6

Circadian activity, 920 , 924 -927

Circuscyaneus , 205 , 207 , 208 , 461 , 600

Cirsium :

loncholepis , 14 ;

vulgare , 648

Cistales, 10

Cistothoruspalustris , 206 , 207 , 600 , 602

Cistus :

ladanifer , 448 ;

salvifolius , 556

Citellus , 368 ;

beecheyi , 943 , 945

Citizen informers, 874

City of Berkeley v. Superior Court (1980), 265

City of Long Beach v. Mansell (1970), 267

Civil rights, 267 , 836 , 871 , 879

Cladiummariscus , 707

Clams, 732 ;

Macoma , 778

Clay, 9 , 53 , 152 , 347 , 517 , 688 , 716 , 718 , 723 , 740 , 781 , 849

Clean Water Act (1972). See Federal Water Pollution and Control Act (1972; PL 92-500)

Clean Water Act (1977; PL 95-217), 242 n, 249 -251, 257 -264, 878 , 986

Clearing. See Logging

Clear Lake (Lake Co., Calif.), 184 , 186 , 265 , 776 ;

Anderson Marsh, 774 , 776 , 777 -778

Clematis (Clematis), 23 , 348 ;

western (C . ligusticifolia ), 48 , 348 ;

wild (C . lasiantha ), 23 , 48 , 447

Clemmysmarmorata , 31 , 34 , 394

Clonal reproduction, 197 , 198

Clover, 371 ;

bur, 972 ;

carpet, 93 ;

cow (Trifoliumwormskioldii ), 650 ;

longstalk, 93 ;

Spanish (Lotuspurshianus ), 649 ;

sweet (Melilotus ), 99 ;

tomcat (Trifolium tridentatum ), 650 ;

white (T . repens ), 650 ;

white sweet- (Melilotus albus or -a ), 607 , 610 , 649

Club-rush, low (Scirpus cernuus var. californicus ), 649

Cnemidophorus , 33 ;

tigris , 34

Coal, 273 , 879

Coastal Plan, 634 , 652

Coastal zone, California, 634 -636, 652 , 660 -672

Coastal Zone Management Act, 243

Coast Province, 675

Coati (Nasuanarica ), 913

Cobbles, 141

Coccyzusamericanus , 194 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 493 , 594 , 595 , 621 , 622 , 706 , 709 , 711 , 743 , 761 , 962 , 963

Cocklebur (Xanthium ), 490 ;

X . strumarium , 607 , 649 , 900 , 908

Code of Federal Regulations, 564 , 774

Coenonymphatullia california , 935

Coexistence, 518 -519

Coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica ), 393 ;

California (= coffeeberry), 447 , 448

Colaptes :

auratusa , 206 ;

cafer , 493

Cold Creek Canyon (Calif.), 636

Cold Creek Significant Ecological Area, 636

Coleoptera, 177 , 178 , 179 , 180

Coliaseurytheme , 935 , 975

Collectors, 162 , 164 , 168

Collinsville (Solano Co., Calif.), 642

Collins Warm Springs, 517 , 519 , 523

Coloma Reservoir, 505

Colonization, 72 , 73 , 82 , 88 , 117

Colorado Desert, 695 , 702

Colorado Division of Wildlife, 416

Colorado River, 384 , 395 , 396 , 401 , 404 , 407 , 619 -620, 626 , 739 , 951 ;

lower, 190 , 335 , 395 , 471 , 491 , 578 , 587 , 598 -604;

Indian Reservation, 190

Coluberconstrictor , 34

Colubrinaviridis , 398

Columbafasciata , 591 , 593

Commerce, 246 , 247 , 260 , 261 , 265 , 266 , 269 , 270 , 869 , 875 , 890

Commission on Population and the American Future (1972), 41

Common law, 272 , 869 ;

English, 879

Common resources, watercourses as, 257 -258, 260

Competition (ecological), 4 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 63 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 88 , 153 , 185 , 199 , 326 , 354 -355, 438 , 439 , 441 , 443 , 445 , 449 , 450 , 460 , 488 , 518 , 523 , 645 , 646 , 710 , 717 , 739 -740, 743 , 763 , 764 , 930 , 954 , 969 , 972 , 973 , 974

Computer applications, 324 -326, 337 -338, 360 , 655 , 656

Concerned Citizens for Rural Resources, 507

Condalia , 98 , 102

Condemnation, 759

Conflict of interests, 257 , 278 , 402 , 564 , 617 , 630 , 652 , 660 , 661 -662, 663 , 666 , 668 , 670 , 675 , 713 , 718 -720, 748 -757, 770 -771, 802 , 811 , 827 , 833 , 835 , 839 , 844 -860, 864 , 869 , 878 , 932 , 954 -955, 959 , 977

Coniummaculatum , 648

Connecticut Inland Wetlands Program, 830

Conocarpuserecta , 396 , 399

Conservation ecology, 662 -663

Conservation ethic, 226 , 844

Conservation Foundation, 408 , 563

Conservation measures, 6 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 23 , 28 , 37 -43, 85 , 218 -219, 223 , 224 -225, 229 , 258 -260, 262 , 263 , 273 , 314 , 322 -323, 329 , 330 , 356 , 372 , 385 , 407 , 408 -409, 430 -435, 452 , 459 -464, 482 , 506 , 507 , 533 , 575 , 610 , 634 -641, 665 -670, 673 -686, 713 -714, 746 , 756 -757, 768 , 790 -793, 800 -807, 808 -813, 826 -832, 844 -860, 861 , 895 -898, 929 -933, 958 -961, 962 -964, 965 ;

boundary definition, 830 ;

commitment to, 832 , 837 ;

community focus of, 950 , 954 -955;

constitutionality of, 836 , 871 , 879 ;

costs of, 222 , 224 , 233 , 506 , 507 , 535 , 549 , 550 , 572 , 575 , 659 , 966 ;

deed restrictions, 680 , 791 , 841 ;

easement dedications, 680 , 791 , 831 , 861 , 864 ;

effective, 680 , 684 , 791 , 842 , 932 , 960 -961;

interagency cooperation and, 932 ;

limitations of, 663 , 668 , 728 -730, 771 -772, 811 , 826 , 835 , 839 , 842 , 861 , 929 -933, 965 ;

management agreement, 791 ;

politics and, 685 , 826 , 871 , 873 , 930 ;

and Public Trust Doctrine, 265 ;

requirements of, 534 ;

role of public in, 965

Consumers, primary, 178

Contiatenius , 33 , 34

Contopoussordidulus , 206 , 207 , 493 , 591 , 592 , 593

Convolvulaceae, 649

Convolvulusarvensis , 552 , 553

Conyza :

bonariensis , 648 ;

canadensis , 610

Conyza, South American (C . bonariensis ), 648

Coos Bay (Ore.), 262

Coot, American (Fulica americana ), 493 , 599 , 602 , 603

Copper, great (Lycaena xanthoides ), 938 -939

Cordgrass (Spartinafoliosa ), 395 , 396 , 397 , 399 , 445 ;

Pacific (= cordgrass), 900

Cordylanthustecopensis , 718

Cormorant, 603 , 604 ;

Double-crested (Phalacrocorax auritus ), 205 , 592 , 599

Corn lily (Veratrum californicum ), 511 ;

Siskiyou (V . insolitum ), 789

Cornus , 511 , 637 , 917 ;

glabrata , 48 ;

nuttallii , 447 ;

occidentalis , 48 , 365 , 900 ;

stolonifera , 559

Corral Hollow Creek (San Joaquin Co., Calif.), 30 , 31

Corvus :

brachyrhynchos , 692 ;

corax , 493

Corydalidae, 179 , 849

Corylaceae, 4 , 5 , 11

Corylus , 4 ;

cornuta var. californica , 917

Cost/benefit analysis, 222 , 224 , 233 , 234 , 236 , 237 -238, 258 , 263 , 281 -282, 389 , 465 , 506 , 507 , 796 , 797 , 798 -799, 836 , 854 , 899 , 966

Cost sharing. See Funding

Cosumnes River (Sacramento Co., Calif.), 6 , 24 , 25 , 371 , 384 , 385

Cotton, 191

Cotton-batting plant (Gnaphaliumchilense ), 648

Cotton rats, 443

Cottonwood (Populus ), 10 -11, 63 , 65 , 66 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 112 , 121 , 153 , 155 , 186 , 193 , 203 , 207 , 310 , 363 , 367 , 368 , 406 , 407 , 408 , 414 , 464 , 469 , 499 , 568 , 571 , 574 , 578 , 582 , 614 , 619 , 707 , 749 , 761 , 841 , 882 , 883 , 962 ;

and birds, 490 -491, 582 , 613 , 614 , 615 , 694 , 697 , 740 ;

black (P . trichocarpa ), 4 , 5 , 10 , 87 , 89 , 111 , 207 , 499 , 511 , 606 , 609 , 660 , 661 , 666 , 667 , 675 , 839 , 885 , 900 ;

Fremont (P . fremontii ), 4 , 9 , 10 , 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 70 , 71 , 76 , 77 , 86 , 89 , 99 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 152 , 191 , 196 -202, 203 , 309 , 319 , 342 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 372 , 393 , 438 -443, 445 , 459 , 483 , 488 , 489 , 490 , 491 , 499 , 511 , 559 , 579 , 588 , 609 , 613 , 616 , 620 , 626 , 630 , 651 , 695 , 696 , 698 , 739 , 742 , 759 , 839 , 885 , 900 , 908 , 909 , 912 , 921 ;

growth of, 438 -443

Cottonwood Creek Project, 896

Cottus , 425 ;

gulosus , 185

Cotulacornopifolia , 445

Courts, role of, 272

Covenants, 283

Cover, as habitat requirement, 183 , 184 -185, 194 , 213 , 326 , 432 , 461 , 609 , 703 , 841 , 850 , 906 , 916 , 925 -926, 953

Cover-type, 324 , 325

Cowbird, Brown-headed (Molothrusater ), 19 , 206 , 494 , 583 , 592 , 594 , 600 , 605 , 608 , 621 , 624 , 663 , 711

Coyote (Canislatrans ), 499 , 692 , 943 , 945

Coyote brush (or bush;

Baccharispilularis ), 349 , 351 , 364 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 449 , 556 , 606 , 609 , 648 , 675 , 908 , 909 ;

cultivars, 448 , 449 , 556

Crane:

Sandhill (Gruscanadensis ), 205 , 384 , 432 , 574 , 599 ;

Whooping (G . americana ), 254

Craneflies, 162

Cranston, Alan (Sen.), 41 , 719

Crayfish, 572 , 718 , 732

Creeper, Brown (Certhia familiaris ), 621 , 623 , 624

Creosote bush (Larrea), 691 ;

L . divaricata , 99 , 102 ;

L . tridentata , 400 , 695 , 707

Crescent, field (Phyciodes campestris ), 937 -938, 939

Cricetidae, 518 , 522

Critical elements, 323 , 325 , 787 -789, 790

Crops, agricultural, 972 . Seealso Agriculture

Crossosoma, Bigelow (Crossosoma bigelovii ), 98

Crotalusviridis , 34

Croton, 882 -883

Crow, Common (Corvus brachyrhynchos ), 692

Cryolite, 979

Cryptochaetumiceryae , 975

Cryptochia , 179

Cuckoo, Yellow-billed (Coccyzus americanus ), 194 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 484 , 493 , 594 , 595 , 621 , 622 , 706 , 709 , 711 , 743 , 761 , 962 , 963

Cucumber, wild (Marah):

M . fabaceus , 649 , 839 , 909 ;

M . macrocarpus , 839

Cucurbitaceae, 649

Cudweed, weedy (Gnaphalium luteo-album ), 648

Culextarsalis , 968 , 969

Culicoides, 968

Cultivars, 449

Cultivation. See Agriculture

Cultural resources, 773 -779

Culverts, 857 , 858

Cupressus :

arizonica , 378 ;

forbesii , 394 ;

pygmaea , 760

Curlew, Long-billed (Numenius americanus ), 205 , 207 , 208 , 599

Currents, 52 -53

Cyanocittastelleri , 593

Cycles:

hydrologic, 889 ;

nutrient, 183 , 238 , 746 , 810

Cynodondactylon , 71 , 72 , 98 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 121 , 439 , 553 , 571 , 651 , 740 , 908 , 976

Cyperaceae, 649

Cyperus :

alternifolius , 71 , 72 ;

eragrostis , 649

Cypress (Cupressus ):

Arizona (C . arizonica ), 378 ;

pygmy (C . pygmaea ), 760 ;

Tecate (C . forbesii ), 394

Cyprinidae, 184 , 186

Cyprinodon :

diabolis , 717 , 718 ;

nevadensis , 706 , 709 , 710 , 717 ;

n . amargosae , 710 ;

n . calidae , 710 ;

n . mionectes , 717 , 718 ;

n . pectoralis , 717 , 718 ;

radiosus , 929 -933

D

Dace, 185 ;

Owens (Rhinichthysosculus ), 930 ;

speckled (= Owens), 185 , 706 , 709 , 710 , 717 -718

Dalea , 522 ;

fremontii , 78 ;

polyadenia , 78 ;

spinosa , 695

Dams, 15 , 17 , 28 , 51 , 82 , 111 , 127 -128, 130 , 143 , 148 , 158 , 180 , 181 , 185 , 210 , 233 , 250 -251, 257 , 258 , 260 , 262 , 266 , 356 , 358 , 360 , 366 -367, 371 , 384 , 393 , 405 , 406 , 434 , 438 , 445 , 455 , 461 , 482 , 484 , 495 , 505 , 516 , 528 , 529 , 531 , 535 , 559 , 692 -693, 752 , 784 , 787 , 817 , 838 , 839 , 853 , 861 , 871 , 882 , 886 -887, 896 , 916 , 929 ;

restrictions on, 251 , 254 , 258 , 272 , 275 , 635 , 674 , 680 , 870

Damselflies (Odonata), 180

Data:

analysis, 314 -321, 330 -333, 336 -337, 340 -345, 347 -355, 360 , 417 -418, 439 , 579 , 588 , 607 , 626 , 658 , 723 , 733 , 823 , 923 -924;

bases, 329 -334;

management, 322 -328, 335 -339;

qualitative vs. quantitative, 348 ;

retrieval, 943

Daturameteloides , 98 , 102 , 103

Daughters of the American Revolution, 873

Davis (Yolo Co., Calif.), City of, 755

Davis, Kingsley, 38 -39, 40

DDT, 975 , 978

Death Valley National Monument, 717

"Death Valley system," 707

Debris. See Organic matter; Sediment

Debris basins, 853

Deciduousness, 16 -17

Decomposers, 970

Decreasers, 94

Deed restrictions, 679 -680, 791 , 841

Deer, 443 , 499 , 505 , 512 , 767 , 774 , 786 ;

black-tailed (Odocoileus hemionus ), 943 , 944 ;

mule (= black-tailed), 943 , 944 ;

white-tailed (O . virginiana ), 950

Deer Creek (Tehama Co., Calif.), 185

Deerweed (Lotusscoparius ), 649

Defenders of Wildlife, 405

Definitions of terms, xviii -xix, 847 , 893 -894, 900

Delta, 151 , 250 , 566 , 569

Demography, plant, 361 , 366 -368, 372 . Seealso population headings

Dendrocygnabicolor , 461

Dendroica :

auduboni , 494 ;

coronata , 206 , 582 ;

nigrescens , 494 ;

petechia , 206 , 207 , 461 , 484 , 494 , 592 , 593 , 594 , 595 , 621 , 788 ;

townsendi , 494 , 579

Deposit feeders, 162

Deposition. See Sediment

Deschampsiacaespitosa , 93 , 651

Descurainia, 490

Desert:

American, 483 ;

Colorado, 695 , 702 ;

evolution of, 9 ;

Mojave, 695 , 702 , 706 , 712 ;

riparian systems in, 694 -705, 720 ;

Sonoran, 722 -227

Desertification, 380 , 385 , 405

Desert Pupfish National Wildlife Refuge, 719

Desert scrub community, 76 , 78 , 595 , 972

Desert willow (Chilopsis linearis ), 98 , 106 ,

407

Design geometries, 131 -132

Desmoceruscalifornicus dimorphus , 915 , 916 -917

Desmognathus :

fuscus , 31 ;

ochrophaeus , 31

Desmonabethula , 178 , 180 , 181

Detention basins, 652 , 655 , 656 , 659

Detritus, 160 , 164 , 171 , 183 , 252 , 253 ;

autochthonous vs. allochthonous, 160

Devil's Garden, 210 , 211

Diadophispunctatus , 31 , 33 , 34

Diapause, 166 , 180 , 935 , 937

Diatoms, 162 , 169

Diazinon, 497

Dicamptodonensatus , 31 , 32

Didelphisvirginiana , 943 , 944

Diflubenzuron, 971

Dikes, 51 , 235 , 331 , 393 , 396 , 683 , 826 , 870

Dikrella , 978 , 979

Dimethoate, 977

Dingell Hearings, 871 -872

Dingell, John D. (Rep.), 246 , 871

Dingell-Johnson funds, 967

Dipodomys , 519 ;

californicus , 943 ;

heermanni , 943 , 944 ;

merriami , 518 , 522 , 523 , 525 ;

microps , 518 , 522 , 523 , 525 ;

ordii , 522 , 525

Diptera, 162 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 849 , 968 -969, 971 , 975 , 979 -980

Directorate of Facilities Engineers, Fort Ord (Calif.), 197

Disaster assistance, 386 , 387

Disease, 10 , 787 , 944 , 945 , 968 , 971 , 975 ;

Pierce's, 976 -978

Dispersal, seed, 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 60 , 61 , 72 , 83 , 86 , 88 , 115

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 160 -164

Distichlisspicata , 78 , 445 , 498 , 521 , 525 , 556 , 643 , 675 , 707

Disturbance, 15 , 28 , 33 -35, 60 , 63 , 80 , 83 , 84 , 111 , 131 -132, 134 -141, 146 , 177 , 180 , 196 , 321 , 347 , 353 , 371 -372, 466 , 603 , 703 , 800 , 973 ;

and species composition, 445 , 552 , 644 , 645 , 660 , 811 , 884 , 921 ;

and succession, 310 , 572 ;

tolerance of, 800 , 808 -809, 938 , 940

Ditchgrass (Ruppiamaritima ), 399

Diversion, 82 -83, 358 , 371 , 505 -514, 528 , 531 , 534 , 605 , 630 , 675 , 683 , 729 , 752 , 784 , 817

Division Creek, 515

Dobsonflies, 162 , 177 , 179 , 849

Dock (Rumex ), 99 , 102 , 103 ;

curly (R . crispus ), 490 , 607 , 651 ;

green (R . conglomeratus ), 651

Docks (wharves), 257 , 260 , 262 , 319

Dodecatheonalpinum , 178

Dodge, Ray T. (Brigadier General), 260

Dodonaeaviscosa , 98

Dog Island (Tehama Co., Calif.), 150 -158, 587 -597

Dogwood (Cornus ), 88 , 511 , 559 , 917 ;

brown (C . glabrata ), 48 ;

creek, 637 ;

mountain (C . nuttallii ), 447 ;

red osier (C . occidentalis ), 48 , 365 , 900

Dominance (predominance), 15 , 115 , 116 , 162 , 191 , 193 , 194 , 253 , 318 , 319 , 324 , 343 , 354 , 399 , 521 , 675 , 695 , 884

Dormancy, 166

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ), 86 , 88 , 669 , 730 , 787 , 939

Dove, 193 , 628 , 740 , 741 , 743 , 767 ;

Mourning (Zenaidamacroura ), 194 , 206 , 485 , 493 , 621 , 622 , 623 , 701 , 702 ;

White-winged (Z . asiatica ), 621 , 622 , 702

Dowitcher, Long-billed (Limnodromusscolpaceus ), 600

Draeculacephalaminereva , 977

Dragonflies (Odonata), 162 , 177 , 180 , 849

Drainage basins, 847

Dredge spoil, 242 , 244 -245, 249 , 250 , 252 , 259 , 438 -443, 575 , 628

Dredging, 68 -74, 88 , 142 -146, 147 , 148 , 275 , 281 , 311 , 368 , 677 , 879 , 889 , 896 , 899

Dropseed (Sporobolus virginicus ), 401

Drought, 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 24 , 63 , 112 , 113 , 118 , 124 , 130 , 135 , 158 , 200 , 243 , 643 , 939 , 972

Dry Creek (Sonoma Co., Calif.), 110 -119, 861 -865

Dry Creek Swale (Fresno Co., Calif.), 371

Dryland, 376

Dryocopuspileatus , 662 , 788

Duck, 767 ;

diving, 873 ;

Fulvous (Dendrocygna bicolor ), 461 ;

puddle (Anatidae), 210 ;

Ring-necked (Aythya collaris ), 599 ;

Ruddy (Oxyurajamaicensis ), 599 ;

Wood (Aixsponsa ), 205 , 484 , 485 , 493 , 595 , 599 , 788 , 906

Duckweed (Azolla filiculoides ), 152

Dudleya , 401 ;

viscida , 638 , 639

Dugesia , 517

Dumps. See Waste disposal

Dunes, 246 , 762 -763

Dunlin (Calidrisalpina ), 205 , 600

Dutchman's pipe vine (Aristolochiacalifornica ), 23 , 48 , 348

Dytiscidae, 180

E

Eagle, 670 ;

Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus ), 513 , 592 , 788 ;

Golden (Aquilachrysaetos ), 205 , 789

Earthquake fault, 80 , 82 , 83

Earworm, corn (Heliothiszea ), 972 , 975 -976

Easement, 266 , 267 , 283 , 459 , 539 , 575 , 679 -680, 713 , 812 , 861 , 895 , 896 , 960 ;

conservation, 791 , 831 , 861 , 864

East Cronese Lake (San Bernardino Co., Calif.), 689 -690

Echinochloacrusgalli , 561 , 651 , 976

Economoic analysis, 221 -225, 226 , 228 , 234 , 237 , 263

Economy Light and Power Co. v. United States (1921), 243 , 875 -876

Ecoregions, 466

Ecotones, 370 , 377 , 404 , 483 , 487 , 490 , 568 , 606 , 665 , 775 , 830 , 852 , 937

Ecotypes, 937 , 938

Eddies, 140

Edge effect, 404 , 447 , 461 , 663 , 841 . Seealso Ecotones

Educational programs, 385 , 435

Eelgrass (Zosteramarina ), 395

Eel River (Calif.), 88 , 637 , 661 , 666 -669, 729 , 761 ;

delta, 660 , 667

Egret:

Great (Casmerodiusalbus ), 599 ;

Snowy (Egrettathula ), 205 , 599 , 665

Egrettathula , 205 , 599 , 665

Ehrenberg (Ariz.), 190

Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, 250 -251

Eisenhower Consortium for Western Environmental Forestry Research, 417 -419

Elaeagnusangustifolia , 76 , 77 , 81 , 82 , 83

Elanusleucurus , 493 , 573 , 666

Elderberry (Sambucus ), 916 ;

S . mexicana , 48 , 61 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 152 , 153 , 348 , 459 , 606 , 609 ;

blue (S . caerulea ), 364 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 449 , 908 , 909 ;

blue (S . mexicana ), 921

Elder, Pacific red (Sambucus callicarpa ), 87 , 660

El Dorado Co. (Calif.) Board of Superevisors, 505 , 509 , 513

El Dorado Co. (Calif.) Water Agency, 505

El Dorado Irrigation District, 505

El Dorado National Forest, 510

El Dorado Wine Grape Growers, 507

Eleanor Creek (Tuolumne Co., Calif.), 185 -186

Electricity. See energy headings

Eleocharis , 560 ;

acicularis , 561 ;

coloradoensis , 561 ;

macrostachys , 71 , 561 ;

palustris , 210 , 561 ;

parishii , 521 , 522 ;

pauciflora , 93

Elevation, tidal, 643

Elk Creek (Del Norte Co., Calif.), 86 , 661 , 665 -666

Elk (Cervuselaphus ), 943 , 972 ;

tule (C . e . nannodes ), 80 , 774 , 944 , 946

Elm, 112 , 971

Elymus , 614 ;

cinereus , 525 ;

condensatus , 610 ;

glaucus , 764 , 765 ;

triticoides , 556 , 651

Eminent domain, 283

Empetrichthysmerriami , 717 , 718

Empidonax :

difficilis , 493 , 592 , 594 ;

oberholseri /hammondii , 493 ;

traillii , 206 , 207 , 208 , 493 , 592 , 594 , 595 ;

wrightii , 206

Enceliopsisnudicaulis var. corrugata , 718

Encephalitis, 968

Endangered habitat, 323 , 325 , 404 , 533 , 718 -719

Endangered species, 275 , 278 , 322 -323, 425 , 512 , 605 -611, 617 , 638 , 639 , 645 , 670 , 680 , 717 , 718 , 730 , 743 , 763 , 788 , 801 , 884 , 915 -919, 929 , 930 , 939 , 950 -956;

criteria for, 323 , 617 , 918

Endangered subspecies, 951

Endangered Species Act, 243 , 281 , 283 , 335 , 840 , 951

Endemism, 30 , 390 , 512 , 709 , 710 , 716 , 717 , 718 , 763 , 786 , 789 , 934 , 935 , 936

Energy:

biofuel, 661 , 744 -746;

combustion, 744 ;

conservation, 507 ;

and dissolved organic matter, 160 , 168 , 177 , 183 ;

flow, 453 , 850 -851;

and fluvial processes, 847 ;

hydraulic, 483 ;

hydroelectric, 51 , 82 , 169 , 233 , 236 , 237 , 257 , 260 , 267 , 330 , 333 , 334 , 379 , 384 , 484 , 505 , 506 , 534 , 535 , 675 , 896 , 917 , 984 ;

nuclear, 744 ;

photosynthetic, 16 , 18 , 162 , 497 , 520 , 522 ;

potential, 110 -111;

solar, 507 , 744 , 847 ;

wind, 507

Engelhardtia , 7

Enhancement, riparian, 459 -464. Seealso Revegetation

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzi ), 32 , 33

Environmental assessment, 339 , 805 -806

Environmental Council of Sacramento (Calif.), 507 , 833 , 834

Environmental Data System (EDS), 335 -339

Environmental design, 460 -462, 465 -470

Environmental education, 385 , 435 , 536 , 640 , 666 , 670 , 730 , 748 , 790 , 835 , 844 , 846 -847, 850 , 874 , 894 , 958 , 961

Environmental health protection, 968

Environmental impact, 236 , 244 , 247 , 263 , 336 , 339 , 459 , 500 , 506 , 514 , 636 , 639 , 677 , 693 , 787 , 851 , 886 -887;

criteria for, 500 , 503 ;

mitigation of, 283 , 500 , 526 , 639 , 652 -659, 669 , 670 , 677 , 679 , 746 , 748 , 754 , 804 , 812 , 813 , 827 , 845 , 861 , 886 -887, 896 ;

off-site vs. on-site, 761 -765;

report, 771 , 834 , 839 ;

socioeconomic, 513 ;

statement, 495 , 507 , 659 , 803 , 804 , 861 , 868 , 883

Environmental Law Institute, 408

Environmental movement, 231 -232, 335 , 356 , 379 , 380 , 386 , 407 , 408 -409, 806 , 833 , 837 , 844 , 869 , 871 , 939 , 960 ;

vs. anti-regulatory movement, 281 -286;

future of, 284 -286, 880

Environmental planning, 784 , 969

Environmental Planning and Information Council (El Dorado Co., Calif.), 507

Environmental protection, defined, 968

Environmental quality, 222 , 238 , 258 , 270 , 276 , 282 , 405 , 551 , 898

Environmental regulation, 265 -268, 274 -280, 281 -286;

enforcement of, 278 -279;

future of, 284 -286;

inefficiency of, 275 , 278 , 279 , 280 ;

recommendations for reform of, 279 -280;

resistance to, 274 , 278 , 279 , 281 -286.

Seealso Conservation measures; governmentheadings ; Legislation; Riparian systems, laws protecting

"Enviro-obstructionists," 509 -510

Ephemeroptera, 162 , 177 , 180 , 849

Epilimnion, 185

Epilobiumciliatum , 650

Epiphytes, 660

Eptesicusfuscus , 943

Equisetaceae, 649

Equisetum :

arvense , 649 ;

hyemale , 649

Eremophilaalpestris , 493 , 701

Erethizondorsatum , 943

Eriodictyon , 609 ;

trichocalyx , 884

Eriogonum , 93 , 365 , 522 , 707 ;

fasciculatum , 99 , 448 , 884

Eriophyllum , 401

Erodium :

botrys , 650 ;

cicutarium , 650

Erosion, 9 , 38 , 52 , 56 , 59 , 66 , 83 , 84 , 88 , 89 , 115 , 120 , 125 , 130 , 134 , 142 , 146 , 162 , 168 , 169 -170, 200 , 252 , 358 , 371 , 404 , 405 , 414 , 426 , 427 , 452 , 460 , 510 , 535 , 538 , 551 , 553 , 555 , 640 , 751 , 761 , 763 , 771 , 781 , 787 , 795 , 800 , 810 , 826 , 848 -849;

control of, 130 -132, 148 , 166 , 177 , 226 , 227 , 261 , 275 , 276 , 469 , 477 , 549 , 555 , 558 , 636 , 652 -659, 667 , 745 , 761 , 795 -796, 827 , 829 , 897 ;

ecological importance of, 662 , 808 , 917 ;

factors increasing, 654 , 751 , 836 ;

hazard rating system, 986 ;

and hydraulic mining, 54 ;

and liability, 659 ;

measurement of, 797 ;

and vegetation, 124 -133, 166 , 455 -458, 477 , 538 -565, 571 , 574 , 795 , 827 , 966 .

Seealso Bank stabilization; Sediment

Eryngiumarticulatum , 648

Erythrobalanus (subgenus), 11

Erythroneuraelegantuala , 978 -979

Eschrichtiusgibbosus , 396 , 397 , 398 , 399

Escondido Creek (San Diego Co., Calif.), 460

Estoppel, equitable, 267

Estuaries, 250 , 393 , 405 , 660 , 871 -872

Ethnobotany, 780 -782

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus ), 365 , 445 , 446 , 460 , 616 ;

blue gum (E . globulus ), 764

Euchloeausonides , 935

Eudermamaculatum , 943

Eumeces :

gilberti , 33 ;

skiltonianus , 34

Eumopsperotis , 943

Eupatoriumshastense , 784 , 786 , 789 , 790 , 793

Eupatory, Shasta (Eupatorium shastense ), 784 , 786 , 789 , 790 , 793

Euphaguscyanocephalus , 206 , 494

Euphydryaschalcedona , 937

Euptoietaclaudia , 936

Euremamexicana , 936

Eurotopy, 88

Evapotranspiration, 16 -17, 184 , 339 , 406 , 407 , 463 , 523 , 630 , 707 , 723 , 725 , 823 ;

actual (AE) vs. potential (PE), 16 -17, 419

Evolution, 288 , 322 , 717 , 934

Executive Order (U. S. Presidential):

11296 , 387 ;

11593 , 774 ;

11988 , 387 , 388 , 802 , 803 , 826 , 839 ;

11990 , 387 , 388 , 802 , 803 , 826 , 839 ;

12291 , 281

Executive Order (California State), 826

Exotics. See Introduced species

Externalities, 235

Extinction, 30 , 33 , 35 , 229 , 322 , 326 , 385 , 592 , 593 , 594 , 617 , 711 , 712 , 718 , 787 , 916 , 929 , 935 , 936 , 938 , 939 , 940 , 950 , 951 , 955 , 973

Extirpation. See Extinction

F

Fabaceae, 649

Fabrics, for erosion control, 561

Fagaceae, 4 , 11

Fagales, 4 , 10 , 11

Falco :

mexicanus , 205 ;

peregrinus , 205 , 666 ;

p . anatum , 617 ;

sparverius , 461 , 493

Falcon (Falco ):

American Peregrine (F . peregrinusanatum ), 617 ;

Peregrine (F . peregrinus ), 205 , 666 ;

Prairie (F . mexicanus ), 205

Falconidae, 89

False-willow (Baccharis douglasii ), 48 , 610 , 648

Farming. See Agriculture

Fazio legislation, 46 , 307 , 314 , 356 , 357

Feather River (Calif.), 24 , 56 , 578 , 613 , 899 , 906 , 907

Federal agencies. See U. S. headings

Federal Flood Insurance Act, 145 , 147 , 149

Federalism, new, 388

Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976), 237

Federal Register, 876

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972; PL 92-500), 236 , 242 , 244 , 257 -264, 388 , 462 , 811 , 828 , 840 , 842 , 889 , 899 , 900 , 986 ;

exemptions, 242 , 247 , 249 , 252 , 890 ;

opposition to, 247 -248, 253 , 868 , 869 ;

section 208, 431 , 728 , 802 , 811 , 828 , 986 ;

section 402, 259 , 880 ;

section 404, 236 , 242 -256, 259 , 281 , 840 , 868 -869, 874 , 879 , 889 , 890 , 899 ;

and state water rights, 253 -255

Federal Water Project Recreation Act (1965), 407

Feedlots, 169 , 319

Felis :

catus , 943 , 946 ;

concolor , 789 , 943 , 951 , 962 ;

concolorbrowni , 952 , 954 ;

rufus , 943

Fenn-carr ecosystem, 763

Fens, 178 , 179

Fern, 363 , 916 ;

California holly (Polystichum lonchitis ), 511 ;

sword, 954

Fertilizer, 745 , 810

Fescue, rattail (Vulpia myuros ), 651

Fiber, 744 , 745

Ficus , 399 ;

carica , 61 , 65 , 153 , 365 , 650

Field Studies Center, 357

Fig (Ficus ), 61 , 65 , 153 , 365 , 399 , 650

Filaree (Erodium ), 972 ;

long-beaked (E . botrys ), 650 ;

red-stemmed (E . cicutarium ), 650

Fill, 136 -137, 147 , 257 , 258 , 260 , 262 , 642 , 836 , 842 , 874 , 875 , 889 , 899

Filter feeders, 162 , 168

Fimbristylisvahlii , 18

Finch, House (Carpodacus mexicanus ), 206 , 494 , 593 , 701 , 702

Fir, 94 , 953 , 983 ;

grand (Abiesgrandis ), 669 ;

red, 164 ;

white (A . concolor ), 786 .

Seealso Douglas-fir

Fire, 33 , 66 , 81 , 83 , 94 , 130 , 134 -141, 196 -197, 200 , 341 , 361 , 368 , 438 , 484 , 517 , 552 , 619 , 743 , 761 -762, 763 , 805 , 853 , 917 , 985

Fish, 51 , 134 , 136 , 138 , 149 , 160 , 169 , 173 , 275 , 406 , 424 , 453 , 497 , 500 , 502 , 515 , 535 , 636 , 716 , 732 ;

anadromous, 136 , 257 , 425 , 445 , 534 , 660 , 664 , 683 , 786 , 787 , 850 , 959 ;

communities, 183 -187;

as economic resource, 217 , 218 , 219 , 221 , 226 , 233 , 235 , 236 , 238 , 250 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 261 , 275 , 405 , 534 , 800 , 849 -850;

life stages of, 184 ;

management, 930 -932;

nongame, 162 , 184 , 186 ;

and public trust, 272 ;

stocking, 966 , 967 ;

and temporal desert habitats, 692 ;

tropical, 718

Fish and Wildlife Act (1956), 262

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 236 , 243 , 244 , 262 , 281 , 839 , 868 , 871 , 872 , 873

Fisher (Martespennanti ), 788 , 789

Fishflies (Megaloptera), 179

Fish Slough (Inyo/Mono Co., Calif.), 517 , 519 , 523 , 929 -933

Fish Springs Lake, 516

Flannel bush (Fremontodendron californicum ), 447

Flatworms, 517

Fleabane, salt marsh (Pluchea camphorata ), 648

Flicker, Common, 593 ;

Colaptesauratus , 206 ;

C . cafer , 493

Flies, 162 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 ;

fruit-, 971 ;

pararsitic, 975 , 979 -980

Flocculation, 162

Flood, 9 , 15 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 33 , 54 , 55 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 66 , 72 , 76 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 105 , 110 , 121 , 126 -127, 132 , 140 , 142 , 143 , 156 , 235 , 358 , 393 , 459 , 498 , 542 , 723 , 838 , 882 ;

defined, 893 ;

ecological importance of, 438 , 487 -491, 642 , 644 , 661 , 689 -690, 761 , 787 , 852 , 984 ;

economic aspects of, 143 -145, 148 -149;

effects of, on wildlife, 512 ;

flash, 688 , 762 ;

liability for, 709 -799;

tolerance, 488 -489, 644 ;

vegetation changes following, 353 , 361 , 459 , 486 , 573 , 667 , 886

Flood basin, 24 , 52 , 896 , 897

Flood control, 54 , 55 -56, 120 -123, 131 -132, 142 -149, 208 , 226 , 227 , 230 -232, 233 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 243 , 257 , 266 , 330 , 356 , 371 , 379 , 393 , 405 , 406 , 446 , 447 , 465 , 484 , 495 , 534 , 538 -547, 548 -550, 551 -557, 558 -565, 568 , 605 , 613 , 617 , 635 , 661 , 664 , 666 , 673 , 675 , 677 , 682 , 693 , 729 , 803 , 833 , 842 , 844 -860, 882 -888, 895 , 896 ;

vs. aesthetics, 546 , 548 -550, 551 , 554 -556;

costs of, 830 , 851 , 854 ;

engineering, 853 ;

goals of, 844 ;

impacts of, 844 -860, 886 -887;

limitations of, 143 -145, 148 , 149 , 406 , 546 ;

methods of, 406 , 534 , 803 , 836 , 853 , 896 ;

and vector control, 969

Flood Control Act (1936), 236 , 484 , 538

Flood gradient, 559

Floodplain, 27 , 28 , 52 , 54 , 58 , 61 , 63 , 66 , 88 -89, 197 , 358 , 368 , 483 , 809 ;

human use of, 149 , 237 , 320 , 358 , 409 , 833 , 838 ;

management of, 237 , 275 , 278 , 375 , 386 -389, 803 -804, 829 , 836 , 837 , 838 ;

100-year, 145 , 446 , 803 , 809 , 829 , 837 ;

plant distribution on, 351 -355, 614 , 838 ;

vs. riparian system, 900 ;

terraces, 110 -111, 112 , 115 -117, 128 , 469 ;

vs. wetland, 900 ;

zoning, 375 , 379 , 826

Flood storage, 233 , 236 , 238

Flood tolerance, 66 , 559 , 643 -644, 885 , 887 , 890 , 937 , 953

Floodway, 683

Floristics, 361 , 363 , 368 -371, 568 , 645 , 884 -886

Fluvial process, 51 -53, 58 , 59 , 60 , 66 , 110 -111, 320 , 358 , 568 , 571 , 844 , 847

Flycatcher, 484 , 572 ;

Ash-throated (Myiarchus cinerascens ), 206 , 493 , 583 , 600 , 621 , 622 , 742 ;

Dusky/Hammond's (Empidonax oberholseri /hammondii ), 493 ;

Gray (E . wrightii ), 206 ;

Olive-sided (Myiarchus tuberculifer ), 493 ;

Western (Empidonax difficilis ), 493 , 592 , 594 ;

Wied's Crested (Myiarchus tyrannulus ), 493 , 621 , 622 , 624 , 742 ;

Willow (Empidonaxtraillii ), 206 , 207 , 208 , 493 , 592 , 594 , 595

Fog belt, California coastal, 939

Folsom Reservoir, 505

Fontilicella , 710

Food chain, 168 , 183 , 243 , 252 , 253 , 405 , 851 , 973

Food web, 168 , 851

Foothill Woodland, 86

Forbs, 210 , 212 , 349 , 362 , 363 , 607 . 667 , 972

Ford, Gerald (President), 880

Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1974), 236 , 804

Forestieraneomexicana , 76 , 77

Forest products, 984 -985. Seealso Logging; Silviculture

Forest Service Act, 986

Forni Diversion Dam (Calif.), 505 , 510

Fort Hunter Liggett, 196

Fossil record, 466 , 709 , 786 , 789

Fouquieria :

diguete , 398 ;

splendens , 695 , 702

Fox:

gray (Canis /Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), 499 , 731 -732, 920 -928, 943 , 945 ;

red (Canis /Vulpes fulva ), 924 ;

red (V . vulpes ), 943 , 945

Foxtail, 972 ;

farmer's (Hordeumleporinum ), 651

Frankeniagrandifolia , 643

Frass, 160 , 161

Fraxinaster (section), 7

Fraxinus , 6 , 7 , 17 , 65 , 66 , 112 ;

americana , 7 ;

anomala , 7 , 696 ;

cuspidata , 6 , 7 ;

dipetala , 7 ;

excelsior , 7 ;

gooddingii , 7 ;

latifolia , 7 , 8 , 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 110 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 152 , 153 , 309 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 372 , 447 , 448 , 466 , 511 , 568 , 588 , 650 , 669 , 749 , 900 , 908 , 909 , 912 ;

nigra , 7 ;

ornus , 6 , 7 ;

pennsylvanica , 7 ;

quadrangulata , 7 ;

velutina , 7 , 99 , 102 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107

Fremontodendroncalifornicum , 447

Freshwater Lagoon (Calif.), 660

Fresno River (Calif.), 24

Fresno Slough, 25

Friends of the River, 507 , 832

Fringillids, 583

Frog, 732 ;

bull- (Ranacatesbeiana ), 394 , 397 ;

Cascades (R . cascadae ), 32 ;

foothill yellow-legged (R . boylei ), 32 , 35 ;

leopard (R . pipiens ), 32 ;

mountain yellow-legged (R . muscosa ), 32 ;

red-legged (R . aurora), 32 , 33 , 35 , 394 ;

spotted (R . pretiosa ), 32 ;

tailed (Ascaphustruei ), 32 , 33 .

Seealso Toad; Treefrog

Frugivores, 629 -630, 702 , 740 , 741

Fruitfly, Mediterranean (Ceratitiscapitata ), 971

Fuchsia, California (Zauschneriacalifornica ), 448

Fuel, 726 , 727 ;

bio-, 661 , 739 -743, 744 -746, 828 ;

petro-, 744 .

Seealso Energy; Logging

Fulicaamericana , 493 , 599 , 602 , 603

Funding:

allocation of, 806 , 961 ;

reductions in government, 386 , 388 , 432 , 465 , 535 , 685 , 729 , 759 , 772 , 966 ;

sources of, 671 , 792 , 796 , 811 -813, 844 , 864 , 875 , 898 , 963 , 965 , 966 -967

Fungi, 10 , 162 , 197

Fur harvest, 731 -738

G

Gabions, 805

Gadwall (Anasstrepera ), 205 , 599

Galium , 6 ;

aparine , 909

Gallinulachloropus , 599

Gallinule, Common (Gallinula chloropus ), 599

Gambusiaaffinis , 692 , 930

Game. See Birds; Fish; Wildlife

Garambullo (Lophocereus schottii ), 398

Garcia River (Calif.), 661

Gasterosteusaculeatus , 184 ;

williamsoni , 15

Gaviaimmer , 599

Gentian, 93

Gentianaceae, 650

Gentianales, 6

Geococcyxcalifornianus , 194 , 629 , 697

Georyssidae, 180

Geothlypistrichas , 206 , 207 , 494 , 572 , 594 , 600 , 602

Geraniaceae, 650

Geraniumpilosum , 71

Germination, 60

Gerrhonotus , 33 ;

coeruleus , 34 ;

multicarinatus , 34 ;

panamintinus , 34

Gianelli, William (Assistant Secretary of the Army), 255 -256

Gibraltar Reservoir (Santa Barbara Co., Calif.), 605

Gila :

bicolorsnyderi , 930 ;

orcutti , 692

Gila River (Ariz.), 97 , 101 , 103 -104, 107 , 405 ;

valley (New Mexico), 377 , 408

Gilliam, Hall, 40 -41

Glaciation, 93 , 94 . Seealso Pleistocene

Glasswort, 400 ;

Salicorniabigelovii , 395 , 396 , 397 ;

S . subterminalis , 399

Glaucopsychelygdamus , 936

Glen Canyon Dam, 405

Glides, 140

Global Resource, Environment, and Population Act (1981), 41

Globe mallow (Sphaeralcea ), 99 , 102 , 103

Glycyrrhizalepidota , 521 , 522

Gnaphalium :

chilense , 648 ;

luteo-album , 648

Gnat:

biting, 968 -969;

Leptoconops , 968 ;

Culicoides , 968

Gnatcatcher (Polioptila ):

Black-tailed (P . melanura ), 621 , 622 , 623 , 703 ;

Blue-gray (P . caerulea ), 592 , 594

Gnomoniaplatani , 10

Godwit, Marbled (Limosa fedoa ), 600

Goldeneye, Common (Bucephala clangula ), 599

Goldenrod, western (Solidago occidentalis ), 648

Golden State Island, 121

Golden Trout Wilderness, 483

Goldfinch:

American (Carduelistristis ), 206 , 591 , 593 , 595 , 600 ;

Lawrence's (Spinus lawrencei ), 494 ;

Lesser (S . psaltria ), 494 , 593

Gold Rush, 27 , 53 , 54 , 223 , 712 , 786 , 828 , 972

Goleta Valley Mosquito Abatement District, 680

Goodale Creek, 515

Goodwin Dam, 895

Goose:

Canada (Brantacanadensis ), 205 , 210 , 574 , 599 ;

Snow (Chencaerulescens ), 599

Gooseberry (Ribes ), 348

Goose Lake, 25

Gopher, 544 ;

Amargosa pocket (Thomomys bottaeamargosa ), 706 , 709 , 711 ;

pocket (T . bottae ), 368 ;

southern pocket (T . bottae ), 943

Gordonialasianthus , 16

Gorton, Slade, 41

Goshawk (Accipitergentilis ), 788

Government, role of, in riparian protection, 226 -227, 230 -232, 236 -237, 267 , 269 -273, 330 , 335 , 385 , 386 -389, 405 , 408 -409, 430 -435, 514 , 533 , 634 -641, 652 , 661 , 665 , 670 , 673 , 684 , 752 -755, 758 -761, 772 , 792 , 807 , 811 -813, 826 -832, 864 , 868 -881, 889 -890, 897 , 898 , 899 -903, 955 , 960 -961;

California, 826 -829;

changing interpretations of, 274 , 281 -286, 388 , 899 ;

future scenarios for, 284 ;

local, 755 , 829 -830, 843 , 844 , 859 , 864 , 897 , 963 ;

nonregulatory, 285 ;

state, 388 , 754 -755, 826 -829, 844 -845, 955

Governor of California, 231 , 232 , 684 -685

Grackle, Great-tailed (Quiscalusmexicanus ), 600

Grade control, 965

Gradient, 127 -128, 143 , 145 -146, 162 , 559 , 848 -849

Grading, 121 , 142 , 275

Graminae, 490

Graminoids, halophytic, 9

Granivores, 193 , 598 , 600 -602, 627 , 628 , 629 , 694 , 701 , 702 , 740 , 741

Grant deeds, 283

Grant Lake Reservoir (Calif.), 528 , 529 , 531

Grape, 976 -980;

Arizona wild (Vitis arizonica ), 99 ;

California wild (V . californica ), 445 , 447 ;

wild (= California wild), 23 , 48 , 61 , 71 , 72 , 309 , 364 , 365 , 372 , 511 , 579 , 749 , 908 , 909 , 978 ;

wild (V . girdiana ), 979

Grapeleaf skeletonizer, western (Harrisinabrillians ), 979 -981

Graphocephalaatropunctata , 977

Grass, 152 , 153 , 161 , 197 , 362 , 363 , 371 , 459 , 490 , 499 , 511 , 522 , 552 , 579 , 588 , 600 ;

alkali, 519 ;

alkali rye- (Elymus triticoides ), 651 ;

annual, 2 , 579 , 675 ;

barnyard (Echinochloa crusdalli ), 651 ;

bear (Nolinamicrocarpa ), 99 ;

Bermuda (Cynodondactylon ), 98 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 121 , 122 , 439 , 553 , 571 , 651 , 740 , 908 , 976 ;

brome (Bromus ), 552 , 573 , 606 , 614 ;

bunch-, 934 , 935 ;

California hair- (Deschampsia caespitosa ), 651 ;

creeping rye (= alkali rye-), 556 ;

dallis (Paspalumdilatatum ), 651 ;

deer (Muhlenbergiarigins ), 765 ;

ditch (Ruppiamaritima ), 399 ;

giant squirreltail (Sitanion jubatum ), 765 ;

introduced, 644 , 935 , 972 ;

Italian rye- (Lolium multiflorum ), 651 ;

Johnson (Sorghumhalopensis ), 552 ;

knotroot bristle (Setaria geniculata ), 651 ;

lawn, 152 ;

nodding needle- (Stipa cernua ), 765 ;

perennial, 23 , 579 , 675 ;

perennial pepper- (Lepidium latifolium ), 649 ;

perla (Phalaristuberosa 'Hurtiglumis'), 556 ;

purple needle- (Stipa pulchra ), 765 ;

rabbit's-foot (Polypogon monspeliensis ), 651 ;

reed, 573 ;

ripgut (Bromusdiandrus ), 650 ;

rye (Elymus ), 614 ;

rye- (Lolium ), 614 ;

rye (taxon not given), 121 , 122 , 153 ;

saw- (Cladiummariscus ), 707 ;

tropical, 401 ;

tufted hair-, 93 ;

water (Echinochloa crusgalli ), 561 , 976 ;

wire (Juncusbalticus ), 521

Grasshopper, 972

Grass Lake (Calif.), 809

Grassland, 12 , 16 , 23 , 68 , 72 , 79 , 80 , 164 , 197 , 211 , 288 , 310 , 358 , 414 , 466 , 483 , 642 , 643 , 667 , 765 , 838 , 896 , 921 , 938 , 972

"Grass roots," 386 , 432 , 874

Gravel, 9 , 59 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 117 , 128 , 130 , 134 , 141 , 151 , 223 , 427 , 517 , 607 , 781 , 849 ;

commercial use of, 204 , 257 , 266 , 275 , 276 -277, 278 , 311 , 319 , 432 , 771 , 854 , 864 , 984 ;

defined, 138

Gravelbar, 58 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 88 , 158 , 310 , 469 , 499 , 708 , 787 ;

and salmonids, 136

Grazing, livestock, 38 , 65 , 80 , 92 , 94 , 101 , 104 -105, 158 , 160 , 180 , 186 , 191 , 196 , 197 , 199 -200, 203 , 208 -209, 210 , 212 , 227 , 314 , 318 , 356 , 358 , 361 , 363 , 366 , 371 , 384 , 404 , 407 , 413 -423, 426 -427, 432 , 459 , 460 , 477 , 483 , 484 , 488 , 553 , 605 , 661 , 665 , 675 , 681 , 763 , 802 , 803 , 972 , 984 ;

benefits of, to pronghorn, 212 ;

impact of, 407 , 414 -415, 424 -428, 483 , 763 ,

764 , 805 , 810 , 916 , 962 , 965 ;

management options, 415 ;

research on, 415 -418, 424 -428;

restrictions on, 197 , 275 , 277 , 385 , 409 , 484 , 805 ;

and riparian regeneration, 198 , 368 , 414 -415, 958 ;

strategies of, 413 , 414 -427, 805 ;

suitability of riparian zones for, 320 -321, 358 , 414 , 418 , 424 , 667 , 712 , 720 , 810

"Great American Interchange," 936

Great Basin Desert, 695 , 702 , 706

Great Basin Floristic Province, 211

Great Plains region, 413 -423

Grebe:

Eared (Podicepsnigricollis ), 599 ;

Pied-billed (Podilymbus podiceps ), 599 ;

Western (Aechmophorus occidentalis ), 461 , 599

Green Act (1868), 28

Greenbrier (Similax californica ), 48

Grevillia, Noel (Grevillia noellii ), 556

Greythorn (Condalia ), 98 , 102

Grindelia :

cuneifolia , 953 ;

fraxino-pratensis , 718 ;

paludosa , 645 , 648

Grinnell, Josepoh, 529

Grosbeak:

Black-headed (Pheucticus melanocephalus ), 206 , 207 , 209 , 494 , 591 , 593 , 594 , 595 ;

Blue (Guiracacaerulaea ), 484 , 494 , 595 , 621 , 622 ;

Evening (Hesperiphona vespertina ), 593 ;

Rose-breasted (Pheucticus ludovicianus ), 484 , 494 , 697

Groundcover, 61 , 65 , 359 , 362 -363, 372

Groundsel, threadleaf (Senecio longilobus ), 99 , 102

Ground squirrel. See Squirrel, ground

Groundwater, 9 , 13 , 15 , 53 , 75 , 80 , 83 , 112 , 158 , 160 , 233 , 257 , 276 , 357 , 358 , 442 -443, 445 , 463 , 485 , 495 , 496 , 501 , 503 , 528 , 630 , 683 , 693 , 723 , 725 , 827 , 893 ;

pumping, 82 , 124 , 150 , 275 , 277 , 278 , 356 , 371 , 399 , 401 , 404 , 405 , 424 , 515 -527, 534 , 605 , 676 , 706 , 711 , 713 , 718 , 930

Grouse:

Ruffed (Bonasaumbellus ), 789 ;

Sage (Centrocercus urophasianus ), 210 , 212

Grover City (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 677 -678

Grus:

americana , 254 ;

canadensis , 205 , 384 , 432 , 574 , 599

Guadalupe Dunes (Santa Barbara Co., Calif.), 678

Gueribo tree (Populus brandegeei ), 400

Guilds, 599 -600, 603 ;

feeding, 190 , 191 , 193 , 487 , 579 , 581 , 583 ;

nesting, 593

Guiracacaerulea , 484 , 494 , 595 , 621 , 622

Gull (Larus), 498 ;

Bonaparte (L . philadelphia ), 599 ;

California (L . californicus ), 206 , 599 ;

Herring (L . argentatus ), 206 , 599 ;

Ring-billed (L . delawarensis ), 206 , 599

Gulogulo , 789 , 790

Gum, blue (Eucalyptus globulus ), 764

Gutierrezia , 99 , 102 , 884

Gyrinidae, 179

H

Habitat:

breadth, 620 , 621 , 624 , 645 , 646 ;

classification, 566 -568;

defined, 893 ;

destruction, 322 , 385 , 487 -491, 501 , 512 , 605 , 612 , 619 -625, 645 , 709 , 711 , 912 , 915 , 917 -918, 929 , 938 , 939 , 950 , 951 , 955 ;

enhancement, 636 , 739 -743, 804 -805;

islands, 594 -595, 662 -663, 664 , 707 ;

manipulation, 486 , 554 ;

micro-, 518 ;

preference, 212 , 518 , 523 , 553 , 554 , 603 ;

quality, 583 , 627 , 628 ;

as resource, 566 , 829 ;

sensitive, 637 , 638 , 639 , 661 , 673 , 677 , 809 , 839 ;

simplification, 89 , 405 , 970 , 973

Hackberry (Celtisdouglasii ), 696 ;

desert (C . pallida ), 98 , 102 , 378 ;

netleaf (C . reticulata ), 98 , 102 , 106

Hairstreak, California (Satyriumcalifornica ), 938 , 939

Haliaeetusleucocephalus , 513 , 592 , 788

Hamamelidae, 7

Hamamelidales, 8 , 10

Hardhead, 186

Hardin, Garrett, 258

Hare (Lepus):

black-tailed (L . californicus ), 943 , 944 ;

Oregon snowshoe (L . americanusklamathensis ), 952 , 953 ;

Sierra Nevada snowshoe (L . a . tahoensis ), 952 , 953

Harper's Well (Imperial Co., Calif.), 722 -727

Harrisinabrillians , 979

Harvest:

defined, 732 ;

rotation, 742 -743, 745

Hatfield, Marc O. (Sen.), 41

Hawk, 572 , 662 ;

Cooper's (Accipitercooperi ), 461 , 592 ;

Marsh (Circuscyaneus ), 205 , 207 , 208 , 461 , 600 ;

Red-shouldered (Buteo lineatus ), 484 , 493 , 572 , 595 , 665 ;

Red-tailed (B . jamaicensis ), 205 , 493 , 572 , 697 ;

Sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus ), 461 , 789 ;

Swainson's (Buteoswainsoni ), 205 , 572 , 612 -618

Hawthorne, 971

Hazel, California (Corylus cornuta var. californica ), 917

Headwaters, 88 , 173 , 901

Heartworm, dog, 968

Heat. See Temperature

Hederahelix , 348

Hedgerows, 326 , 841

Helenium :

bigelovii , 648 ;

puberulum , 610

Helianthusgiganteus , 207

Heliothiszea , 972 , 975

Heliotrope (Heliotropium curassavicum ), 607 , 649 , 691

Helodidae, 180

Hemiptera, 177 , 178

Hemlock, 971 ;

poison (Coniummaculatum ), 573 , 648 ;

western (Tsugaheterophylla ), 665 , 669

Hemp, Indian (Apocynum cannabinum var. glaberrimum ), 648

Herbaceous cover, 84 , 97 , 101 , 117 , 152 , 153 , 161 , 169 , 197 , 210 , 310 , 362 , 414 , 445 , 490 , 499 , 511 , 519 , 628 , 629 , 642 , 675 , 740

Herbicides, 81 , 385 , 448 , 449 , 450 , 543 , 552 -553, 683 , 745 , 802 , 805 , 973 ;

phenoxy, 987

Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS), 329 , 330

Heritage programs, 322 -323

Heron, 603 , 604 , 767 ;

Black-crowned Night (Nycticoraxnycticorax ), 205 , 599 ;

Great Blue (Ardeaherodias ), 205 , 484 , 491 , 493 , 599 , 637 , 665 , 697 , 788 ;

Green (Butoridesstriatus ), 599

Hesperiajuba , 935

Hesperiidae, 934 , 935

Hesperiphonavespertina , 593

Heteroceridae, 180

Heterogeneity, 347 ;

genetic, 33

Heteromelesarbutifolia , 48 , 153 , 365 , 394 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 459 , 675

Heteromyidae, 518 , 522

Heteroplectroncalifornica , 180

Heterothecagrandiflora , 648

Hibiscuscalifornicus , 18

Hickel, Walter (Secretary of Interior), 873

Highland, 376

High-tide line, 244 , 246 , 660 , 889

High-water mark, 244 , 246 , 261 , 265 , 271 , 276 , 277 , 876 -878, 889 , 901 , 902

Himalaya-berry (Rubus discolor ), 651

Himantopusmexicanus , 205 , 600

Hippocastanaceae, 3

Hirundinidae, 89 , 191

Hirundorustica , 206 , 493

Historic Preservation Act (1966), 774

Hog, feral (Susscrofa ), 943 , 944 , 946

Hoh River, south fork (Wash.), 111

Holly, desert, 691

Home range, 524 , 544 , 662 , 920 , 926 -927, 945

Homogeneity, 340 n, 347

Honcut Creek (Yuba Co., Calif.), 12

Honeysuckle (Lonicera ):

chaparral (L . johnstonii ), 606 ;

twinberry (L . involucrata ), 48 ;

wild (L . hispidula var. vacillans ), 48

Hop tree (Pteleacrenulata ), 48

Hordeum , 614 ;

geniculatum , 71 , 651 ;

leporinum , 651

Horehound (Marrubiumvulgare ), 99 , 102 ;

common (= horehound), 650 ;

cut-leaved water-(Lycopus americanus ), 650

Horsechestnut, red (Aesculus carnea ), 448

Horses, 763 ;

feral, 210 -213, 692

Horsetail, 637 ;

common (Equisetumarvense ), 649

H. R. 907 , 41

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (New Hampshire), 30

Huckleberry (Vaccinium ), 87 ;

California (V . ovatum ), 447

Human impact, 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 -15, 18 -19, 25 -28, 37 -43, 51 , 53 -56, 78 -83, 95 , 134 , 142 -149, 158 , 168 , 169 , 180 -181, 183 , 186 , 211 , 216 -220, 224 -225, 227 , 233 , 239 , 262 , 309 , 314 , 321 , 331 , 356 , 358 , 361 , 369 , 371 -372, 380 , 384 , 401 , 413 , 491 , 645 , 711 -713, 719 , 749 , 770 , 778 , 787 , 808 , 810 -811, 839 , 855 , 856 , 863 , 954

Humboldt Co. (Calif.):

Planning Department, 667 ;

Superior Court, 986

Humboldt Redwoods State Park (Humboldt Co., Calif.), 761

Hummingbird, 191 ;

Anna's (Calypteanna ), 493 ;

Black-chinned (Archilochus alexandri ), 206 , 207 , 208 , 493 , 592 , 593 ;

Rufous (Selasphorusrufus ), 206 , 208

Humus, 726

Hungry Valley State Vehicular Recreation Area (Ventura Co., Calif.), 764 , 765

Hunting Creek, 873 , 874

Hybridization, 5 , 10 , 12 , 745 , 944

Hydraenidae, 180

Hydraulic principles, 853

Hydrobiidae, 709 , 710

Hydrocotyleverticillata var. triradiata , 644 , 648

Hydrographs, 656 , 657

Hydrology, defined, 893

Hydromantes :

brunus , 32 ;

platycephalus , 32 ;

shastae , 32 , 784 , 786 , 789 , 790 , 793

Hydroperiod, 361 , 488 , 499 , 500

Hydrophytes, 210 , 893 ;

herbaceous, 841 ;

obligate, 900 ;

vascular, 179

Hydroriparian subsystem, 379 , 380

Hydrosere, 94

Hyla :

cadaverina , 32 ;

regilla , 32 , 692

Hylocichla :

guttata , 494 ;

ustulata , 592 , 594 , 595

Hymenocleamonogyra , 99 , 101 , 102 , 105 , 106

Hypochoerisglabra , 71 , 648

Hypolimnion, 185

Hypsiglenaplaniceps , 34

Hysterocarpus :

lagunae , 184 ;

pomo , 184 ;

traski , 184 -185

I

Ibis, white-faced (Plegadis chihi ), 599

Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum chilense ), 401

Iceryapurchasi , 975

Ictalurasmelas , 692

Icteriavirens , 206 , 207 , 208 , 484 , 494 , 595 , 788

Icterus :

bullocki , 494 ;

galbula , 206 , 583 , 621 , 622 , 743

Ilex :

cassine , 16 ;

coriacea , 16 ;

myrtifolia , 16 ;

opaca , 16 ;

vomitoria , 16

Illinois Central Railroad Company v. Illinois, 261

Image analysis, 317 -318

Imperial Valley (Calif.), 395

Importance values, 98 , 105 -107, 884

Incentives, 279 , 283 , 285 , 730 , 958 , 959 , 960 , 961

Increasers, 94

Indians. See Amerindians

Indicator species, 86 , 310 , 378 , 468 , 517 , 521 , 524 , 637 , 642 -643, 767 , 811 , 889 , 890 , 894 , 900

Indritz, Phineas, 874

Inkweed (Suaedatorreyana ), 193 , 624 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 740 , 741

Insecticides, 19 , 977 , 978 , 980 . Seealso Pesticides

Insectivores (birds), 191 , 193 , 581 , 583 , 598 , 602 , 627 , 628 , 629 , 662 , 701 , 702 , 740 , 741

Insectivores (mammalian order), 943 , 952 , 953

Insects, 18 , 160 , 162 , 166 , 169 , 177 -182, 183 , 194 , 326 , 408 , 581 , 609 , 706 , 709 , 716 , 849 , 917 , 935 , 968 -969, 970 -982

Institutes of Justinian, 260 , 261

Insurance, flood, 237 , 837

Interface effect, 194

Internal Revenue Code, 283

International Biological Programme Studies, 419

Interstate Council on Water Problems, 254

Intertidal zone, 642 -646

Introduced species, 65 , 72 , 717 , 763 -764;

animals, 80 -81, 185 , 186 , 500 , 692 , 710 , 718 , 787 , 849 , 930 , 935 , 943 , 944 , 971 -972, 979 ;

plants, 81 -82, 152 , 153 , 310 , 348 , 350 , 397 , 445 , 460 , 465 , 573 , 606 , 607 , 619 , 624 , 626 , 630 , 642 , 644 , 646 , 648 -651, 675 , 679 , 693 , 696 , 703 , 706 , 745 , 884 , 935 , 938

Inundation. See Flooding; Mud; Sand

Invaders, 94 , 117

Invertebrates:

aquatic, 160 , 164 , 166 , 169 , 849 ;

benthic, 500 , 810 ;

macro-, 166 , 168 , 169 , 170 ,

173 , 636 ;

neglect of, 915 , 917 , 930 ;

protected riparian, 915 -919.

Seealso specific invertebrate taxa

Iodine bush (Allenrolfea occidentalis ), 397 , 399

Iridoprocnebicolor , 206 , 493 , 583 , 593 , 595

Iris , 561 ;

Irispseudacorus , 559

Iron, 810

Ironoquia :

lyrata , 179 ;

parvula , 179 ;

punctatissima , 179

Ironwood (Olneyatesota ), 400 , 694 ;

desert (= ironwood), 695

Irrigation, 2 , 28 , 51 , 54 , 81 , 82 , 130 , 150 , 210 , 218 , 235 , 236 , 310 , 315 , 330 , 395 , 399 , 404 , 438 , 441 -442, 445 , 447 -448, 449 , 457 , 459 -464, 471 -476, 484 , 485 , 506 , 529 , 605 , 630 , 693 , 718 , 740 , 819 , 838 , 841 , 896 , 897 , 965 , 968 , 972 , 973 ;

efficiency, 442 ;

technical aspects of, 471 -476

Isabella Lake/Reservoir (Kern Co., Calif.), 482 -491, 896 , 897

Isolation, 33 , 716 , 717 , 936

Ivanhoe Irrigation District v. All Parties (1957), 266

Ivesiaeremica , 718

Ivy:

English (Hederahelix ), 348 ;

poison (Rhusradicans ), 99

Ixobrychusexilis , 205 , 529 , 599

Ixodids, 969

Ixoreusnaevius , 593

J

Jack and Simmerly Sloughs project, 231

Jackrabbit, black-tailed (Lepus californicus ), 943 , 944

Jatropha , 398 , 400

Jaumea, 637

Jay:

Scrub (Aphelocoma coerulescens ), 89 , 493 , 593 ;

Steller's (Cyanocitta stelleri ), 593

Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park (Calif.), 665

Jeopardized species. See Endangered species;

Rare species;

Threatened species

Jimson weed (Datura meteloides ), 98 , 102 , 103

John Muir Institute, 544 , 560 , 563

Johnson, Huey, 40 , 42 , 384 , 828

Johnson, Lyndon B. (President), 880

Jones, Robert E. (Rep.), 873

Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia ), 483 , 695 , 702

Jouveapilosa , 401

Juglandaceae, 7 , 650

Juglandales, 7

Juglans , 7 -8, 11 , 588 ;

californica , 8 ;

cinerea , 8 ;

hindsii , 4 , 8 , 15 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 65 . 86 , 110 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 152 , 153 , 158 , 309 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 352 , 354 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 445 , 449 , 559 , 650 , 799 , 900 , 908 , 909 , 921 ;

major , 99 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ;

nigra , 8 ;

regia , 65 , 348

Juncaceae, 650

Juncaginaceae, 650

Junco (bird), Dark-eyed (Junco hyemalis ), 581 , 582 , 589 , 692 , 701

Junco (plant, Juncusacutus ), 394

Juncus , 78 , 310 , 559 , 675 , 707 ;

acutus , 394 ;

balticus , 71 , 78 , 521 , 522 , 650 ;

chlorocephalus , 511 ;

effusus , 71 , 72 ;

orthophyllus , 93 ;

phaeocephalus , 650

Juniper (Juniperus ), 617 ;

J . californica , 884 ;

J . monosperma , 99 , 102 ;

Utah (J . osteosperma ), 695 ;

western (J . occidentalis ), 210 , 211 , 212

Jurisdiction, 889 -890

Just v. Marinette County (1972), 271

K

Kalmiapoliofolia , 900

Kaweah River (Calif.), 24 , 25 , 75 , 362 -363

Kellogg Creek (Contra Costa Co., Calif.), 33

Kern Co. (Calif.) Wildlife Resources Commission, 963

Kern Lake (Calif.), 25

Kern River (Calif.), 10 , 24 , 25 , 75 , 385 , 483 ;

Investigation, 897 ;

Preserve, 467 , 962 -964;

South Fork, Wildlife Area (SFWA), 482 -494

Kern River/California Aqueduct Intertie, 484 , 485

Kestrel, American (Falco sparverius ), 461 , 493

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus ), 205 , 493 , 599

Killifish, Ash Meadows (Empetrichthysmerriami ), 717 , 718

Kingbird, Western (Tyrannus verticalis ), 206 , 493 , 583

Kingfisher, 572 ;

Belted (Megacerylealcyon ), 206 , 493 , 573 , 600

Kinglet, Ruby-crowned (Regulus calendula ), 494 , 582 , 592 , 595 , 600 , 621 , 623 , 701

Kingsnakes. See Snakes

Kings River (Calif.), 24 , 25 , 75

Kinosternonsonoriense , 34

Kite, White-tailed (Elanus leucurus ), 493 , 573 , 666

Klamath Basin, 617

Klamath National Forest, 804

Klamath River (Calif.), 661 , 729

Knight's Landing (Sacramento Co., Calif.), 27

Knotweed (Polygonum ), 178 , 445 ;

common (P . aviculare ), 651

Koonce, Judge, 869 , 870 , 871

L

Lactuca , 71 ;

serriola , 648

Ladd Creek (Madera Co., Calif.), 370

Lady, painted (Vanessa cardui ), 935

Lagomarsino, Robert (Sen.), 231 -232

Lagoons, 113 , 114 , 495

Laguna Maquata (B.C., Mex.), 395

Lagunculariaracemosa , 396 , 397 , 400

Lakes, 211 , 228 , 259 , 261 , 375 , 378 ;

and meadows, 94 -95

Lake Arrowhead Dam, 693

Lake Coeur d'Alene (Idaho), 875

Lake Earl (Calif.), 660 , 666

Lake George (N.Y.), 875

Lake Long Tract (La.), 251 , 253

Lake Mead, 405

Lake Michigan, 260 , 261 , 262 , 272

Lake Minnetonka (Minn.), 250

Lake Moquebay (Wisc.), 271

Lake Oswego (Ore.), 875

Lake Sonoma Ethnobotanical Preserve, 780 -782

Lake Tahoe (Calif./Nev.), 95 , 265 , 808 -813

Lake Tahoe Basin Water Quality Plan, 811 , 812

Lake Talawa (Calif.), 660 , 666

Lake Windgra (Wisc.), 272

Lamiaceae, 650

Lampropeltis , 33 ;

getulus , 34 ;

zonata , 789

Land capability, 808 -809

Land exchange, 791 , 932

Landforms, 59 -60, 66

Land grants (Spanish), 27 , 356

Landsat, 315

Landscaping, 152 , 350 , 446 , 460 , 464 , 465 -470, 575 , 696 , 703 , 830

Landslides, 169 , 171

Land status designations, 792

Land trust, 861 , 864 -865

Land use:

categories of, 315 , 320 , 984 ;

management, 170 , 180 -181, 236 , 243 , 260 , 282 , 330 , 385 , 575 , 635 , 670 -671, 694 , 703 , 706 -715, 745 , 755 , 758 -766, 800 -807, 829 , 955 , 962 -964, 965 -967, 981 ;

resource-dependent, 638 -639, 661 ;

restrictions, 283 , 430 , 637 -638, 670 , 676 -684, 750 -751, 754 , 755 , 760 , 790 , 791 -794, 864

Laniusludovicianus , 194 , 206 , 629

Lark, Horned (Eremophila alpestris ), 493 , 701

Larrea , 724 ;

divaricata , 99 , 102 ;

tridentata , 400 , 695 , 707

Larus :

argentatus , 206 , 599 ;

californicus , 206 , 599 ;

delawarensis , 206 , 599 ;

philadelphia , 599

Lasionycterisnoctivagans , 943

Lasiurus :

borealis , 943 ;

cinereus , 943

Las Trampas Creek (Calif.), 348

Laterallusjamaicensis , 599

Lathyrusjepsonii californicus , 649

Laurel:

American (Kalmiapoliofolia ), 900 ;

California, see Bay, California

Lavandulaangustifolia , 448

Lavender, English (Lavandula angustifolia ), 448

Law of nations, 260

Laws. See Legislation

Lawyer, role of, 267 -268, 680

Leaching, 162

Leafhopper, 976 , 978 ;

grape (Erythroneura elegantuala ), 972 , 978

Leaf litter, 177 , 726 , 743 , 917

League of Cities, 652

Leases, agricultural, 763 , 799

Leatherroot (Psoralea macrostachya ), 650

Lee Vining Creek (Calif.), 528 , 531

Legal tools, for riparian protection, 680 , 684 , 861

Legislation, 265 -268, 274 -280, 281 -286, 385 , 405 , 407 , 430 -435, 459 , 462 , 533 , 652 , 826 , 868 -881, 932 , 985 -987;

enforcement of, 836 , 838 , 839 , 840 , 842 -843, 871 , 874 ;

vs. environmental education, 844

Legumes, 398 , 722 , 975

Lemna , 518 , 521 , 522 ;

perpusilla , 518

Lemnaceae, 518

Lenarchusrillus , 180

Lepidiumlatifolium , 649

Lepidospartum , 882 -883;

squamatum , 886

Lepidostoma , 179

Lepidostomatidae, 179

Lepomis :

cyanellus , 692 , 849 ;

macrochirus , 849

Leptoconops , 968

Leptotyphlopshumilis , 34

Lepus :

americanusklamathensis , 952 , 953 ;

a . tahoensis , 952 , 953 ;

californicus , 944 , 945

Lerodeaeufala , 935

Lethocerusangustipes , 710

Lettuce:

prickly (Lactucaserriola ), 648 ;

wire (Stephanomeria pauciflora ), 99 , 102 , 103

Leuce (section), 10

Levees, 13 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 52 , 54 , 59 , 121 , 310 , 363 , 559 , 569 , 669 ;

artificial, 28 , 51 , 55 -56, 65 , 142 , 143 , 148 , 257 , 266 , 277 , 331 , 358 , 406 , 446 , 469 , 534 , 569 , 642 , 776 , 799 , 842 , 853 , 895 , 898 , 902 ;

factors causing damage to, 555 ;

guidelines for construction of, 539 , 549 -550;

history of, 539 -540, 548 -549, 570 -571;

maintenance of, 540 -544, 548 -550, 551 , 552 , 555 -556, 575 ;

multiple-purpose, 544 -545, 550 ;

revegetation of, 385 , 538 -547, 548 -550, 551 -557, 558 -565, 568 , 571

Lewisia (Lewisia ):

Cantelow's (L . cantelowii ), 788 ;

Howell's (L . cotyledon howellii ), 788 ;

serrate-leaved (L . serrata ), 512

Lewiston Dam, 184

Lianas, 18 , 23 , 62 , 573 , 909

Lichens, 363

Life forms, vegetative, 47 , 642 -646

Light, 60 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 86 , 114 , 115 , 152 , 164 ;

and productivity, 2 , 15 , 16 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 168 , 169 , 184 ;

and riparian vegetation, 168 , 177 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 406 ;

tolerance, 782 ;

and undergrowth, 152 , 153 ;

and water quality, 160 , 660

Lignin, 162

Ligustrumlucidum , 448

Lilaeopsismasonii , 645 , 648

Liliaceae, 650

Limenitislorquini , 935 , 937

Limestone, 17 , 784 , 787 , 790

Limnephilidae, 178 , 179

Limnephiluspeltus , 179 , 180

Limnodromusscolopaceus , 600

Limoniumcalifornicum , 401

Limosafedoa , 600

Limosellaaustralis , 651

Lion, mountain (Felis concolor ), 786 , 789 , 943 , 951 , 962 ;

Yuma (F . c . browni ), 952 , 954

Lithocarpusdensiflorus (-a ), 88 , 447 , 669 , 917

Litigation, 285 , 286 , 533 , 789 , 798 , 841 , 842 -843, 868 , 872 -873, 879

Little Black Rock Spring (Inyo Co., Calif.), 515 -527

Littoral drift, 763

Littoridinidae, 709 , 710

Liverworts, 169

Livestock. See Grazing

Lizard:

California legless (Anniella pulchra ), 34 ;

long-tailed brush (Urosaurus graciosus ), 34 ;

northern alligator (Gerrhonotuscoeruleus , 34 ;

Panamint alligator (G . panamintinus ), 34 ;

sagebrush (Sceloporus graciosus ), 34 ;

southern alligator (Gerrhonotusmulticarinatus ), 34 ;

western fence (Sceloporus occidentalis ), 34 ;

western whiptail (Cnemidophorustigris ), 34

Loam, 151

Lobbying, 226 , 388 , 841

Lobipeslobatus , 600

Locust, black (Robinia pseudoacacia ), 153 ,

696 , 787

Logging, 27 , 30 , 33 , 38 , 65 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 86 , 115 , 142 , 143 , 146 , 160 , 164 -166, 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 173 , 180 , 181 , 184 , 186 , 203 , 223 , 226 , 227 , 228 -229, 235 , 237 , 239 , 251 , 252 , 266 , 273 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 310 , 330 , 356 , 361 , 366 , 384 , 385 , 393 , 432 , 459 , 483 , 484 , 488 , 510 , 619 , 630 , 637 , 660 , 661 , 663 -664, 666 , 667 , 669 , 728 , 739 -742, 744 -746, 761 , 763 , 784 , 787 , 802 , 803 , 810 , 827 , 958 , 985 , 983 -987

Lolium , 614 ;

multiflorum , 651

Lomboy (Jatropha ), 398 , 400

Lonely Gulch Creek (Calif.), 811

Long Valley Dam, 82

Lonicera :

hispidula var. vacillans , 48 ;

involucrata , 48 , 649 , 665 ;

johnstonii , 606

Loon, Common (Gaviaimmer ), 599

Loosestrife, California (Lythrumcalifornicum ), 650

Lophocereusschottii , 398

Lophodytescucullatus , 205

Lophortyx :

californicus , 205 , 493 , 581 , 593 , 701 ;

gambeli , 621 , 622 , 623 , 627 , 701 , 702 , 741

Los Angeles Aqueduct, 80 , 82 -83, 529 ;

Second, 82

Los Angeles (Calif.) Department of Water and Power, 531 , 533 , 930

Los Angeles River (Calif.), 838

Los Flores Canyon (Los Angeles Co., Calif.), 637

Los Gatos Creek, 24 , 25

Los Osos Creek (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 677

Los Padres Dam, 124 , 134

Los Padres National Forest, 134 , 196

Los Padres Reservoir, 136

Los Penasquitos Creek, 658

Los Penasquitos Lagoon (San Diego Co., Calif.), 652 , 653

Los Vaqueros Reservoir, 33 -35

Los Virgenes Municipal Water District, 636

Lotus :

corniculatus , 649 ;

purshianus 71 , 649 ;

scoparius , 649 , 884

Lower San Joaquin River and Tributaries Project, 538 , 539

Lowland, 376

Ludwigiapeploides , 650

Lutracanadensis , 788 , 943 , 946

Lycaena :

editha , 938 ;

xanthoides , 938 -939

Lycaenidae, 934 , 939

Lycium , 99 , 102

Lycopusamericanus , 650

Lygus bug, 972 , 975 -976

Lymantriadispar , 971

Lythraceae, 650

Lythrum :

californicum , 71 , 644 , 650 ;

hyssopifolia , 650

M

Machaerocereusgummosus , 394

MacKerricher State Park (Mendocino Co., Calif.), 763

Maclurapomerifera , 153

Macoma , 778

Macrophytes, aquatic, 160 , 161 , 164 , 169 , 177 , 183 , 184 , 517 , 520 , 521

Madison (Wisc.), 272

Mad River (Calif.), 660 , 661

Madrone (Arbutusmenziesii ), 86 , 88 , 135 , 197 , 447

Madro-Tertiary Geoflora, 3 , 89 , 935

Magna Carta, 879

Magnoliavirginiana , 16

Magpie, Black-billed (Pica pica ), 206

Magrath Beach State Park (Ventura Co., Calif.), 684

Magrath Lake (Ventura Co., Calif.), 683 -684

Mahogany, mountain (Cercocarpus betuloides ), 394

Mahonia, red (Berberis haematocarpa ), 102

Malaria, 968

Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (Ore.), 432

Malibu Creek (Calif.), 636 ;

State Park, 764

Mallard (Anasplatyrhynchos ), 205 , 432 , 493 , 599

Mallon v. City of Long Beach (1955), 266

Mallow, globe (Sphaeralcea ), 99 , 102 , 103

Mammals, 166 , 414 , 491 ;

furbearing, 731 -738, 907 , 944 ;

riparian, 942 -949, 950 -956;

threatened, 950 -956

Mangle, 396 ;

blanco (Laguncularia racemosa ), 396 ;

dulce (Tricerma phyllanthoides ), 396 , 399 ;

negro (Avecenniagerminans ), 396 ;

rojo (Rhizophoramangle ), 396

Mangrove, 396 , 875 ;

black (Avecenniagerminans ), 396 , 399 , 400 ;

button (Conocarpuserecta ), 396 , 399 ;

red (Rhizophoramangle ), 396 , 397 , 399 , 400 ;

white (Laguncularia racemosa ), 396 , 397 , 399 , 400

Manzanita (Arctostaphylos ), 364 ;

east wood (A . glandulosa ), 675 ;

Parry (A . manzanita ), 447 ;

shagbark, 678

Maple (Acer ), 3 -4, 971 ;

bigleaf (A . macrophyllum ), 87 , 88 , 111 , 197 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 637 , 660 , 887 , 917

Mapping projects, 25 -27, 46 -48, 307 -313, 325 -326, 331 , 341 , 345 , 357 , 568 , 963

Marah :

fabaceus , 610 , 649 , 909 ;

macrocarpus , 839

Marble, large (Euchloe ausonides ), 935

Marble Canyon Dam, 407

Marble-Cone Fire (1977), 130 , 134 -141

Marigold, bur (Bidenslaevis ), 648

Marks v. Whitney, 261 , 265 , 270 , 273

Marrubiumvulgare , 99 , 102 , 650

Marsh, 24 , 25 , 28 , 55 , 76 , 152 , 203 , 207 , 246 , 248 , 310 , 396 , 397 , 431 , 461 , 483 , 490 , 491 , 495 , 498 , 499 , 515 -527, 528 , 558 , 571 , 598 -604, 653 , 665 , 710 , 711 , 767 , 776 , 808 , 809 , 876 , 877 , 953 ;

age of, 935 ;

destruction of, 718 , 810 , 875 , 972 ;

faunal richness of, 935 ;

as habitat, 603 -604, 716 , 930 , 938 ;

manmade, 604 , 838 ;

salt, 395 , 396 , 398 , 399 , 400 , 445 , 495 , 498 -499, 642 , 878 , 882 , 934 , 951 , 953 , 968 ;

types of, 600

Marsh-pennywort, whorled (Hydrocotyleverticillata var. triradiata ), 648

Marsh-rosemary (Limonium californicum ), 401

Marsileavestita , 71 , 72

Martespennanti , 788 , 789

Martin, Purple (Prognesubis ), 206 , 592

Martis Creek (Calif.), 811

Masticophislateralis , 34

Mathias, Charles, 41

Mating, insect, 178 , 179 -180

Matsunaga, Spark, 41

Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), 162 , 177 , 180 , 849

Mayweed (Anthemiscotula ), 648

McCloskey, Paul N., Jr. (Rep.), 873

McCloud Dam (Calif.), 789 , 790

McCloud River (Calif.), 24 , 784 -794;

Preserve, 784

McClure, James (Sen.), 875

Meadow, 92 -96, 358 , 425 , 505 , 802 , 808 , 809 , 810 ;

dry, 211 ;

montane, 164 , 200 , 425 , 477 -479, 965 ;

restoration of, 477 -479, 805 ;

wet, 203 , 207 , 211 , 385 , 431 , 511 , 528 , 805

Meadowlark, Western (Sturnella neglecta ), 206 , 494

Meandering, 52 , 55 , 59 , 66 , 111 , 113 , 118 , 120 , 208 , 216 , 228 , 452 , 797 , 849 , 965

Meat production, 424 -425

Medicago :

arabica , 71 ;

sativa , 490

Mediterranean climate, 2 , 3 , 9 , 13 -14, 16 , 111 , 357 , 588 , 655 , 675 , 838 , 935

Megacerylealcyon , 206 , 493 , 573 , 600

Megaloptera, 177 , 179 , 180 , 849

Melanerpes :

formicivorus , 89 ;

uropygialis , 621 , 622 , 623 , 624

Melanoidestuberculatum , 718

Melilot, Indian (Melilotus indicus ,-a ), 71 , 649

Melilotus , 99 ;

albus (-a ), 607 , 610 , 649 ;

indicus (-a ), 71 , 649

Melospiza :

georgiana , 494 ;

lincolnii , 595 , 600 ;

melodia , 207 , 209

Mendocino Co. (Calif.), riparian regulations of, 277 , 669

Menthacitrata , 650

Mentone Dam (Calif.), 882 , 886

Mentzelia , 99 , 102 , 103 ;

leucophila , 717 , 718

Mephitismephitis , 943 , 945

Merced County (Calif.) Streams Project, 896

Merced River (Calif.), 24 , 25 , 68 -74

Merganser:

Common (Mergusmerganser ), 205 , 592 , 595 , 599 ;

Hooded (Lophodytes /Merguscucullatus ), 205 , 599 ;

Red-breasted (M . serrator ), 599

Mergus :

cucullatus , 599 ;

merganser , 205 , 592 , 595 , 599 ;

serrator , 599

Mescal Creek (Ariz.), 97 , 101 , 104 , 107

Mesembryanthemumchilense , 401

Mesoriparian subsystem, 379 , 380

Mesquite (Prosopis ), 397 , 398 , 400 , 407 , 582 , 691 , 707 , 953 ;

P . juliflora , 99 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 105 , 106 , 107 ;

growth rate of, 742 ;

honey (P . glandulosa ), 191 , 193 , 604 , 619 , 620 , 630 , 695 , 696 , 722 , 740 , 741 , 742 ;

screwbean (P . pubescens ), 191 , 620 , 628 , 695 ;

velvet (P . velutina ), 378 ;

water use by, 725 -726

Metabolism, 166

Mexicali Valley, 395

Mexico, government of, 402

Microbes, 162 , 183

Microclimate, 319

Micropterussalmoides , 849 , 930

Microtus :

californicus , 943 , 945 ;

c . scirpensis , 711 , 950 ;

montanusnevadensis , 718

Midges, 162

Midlevel riparian communities, 88

Midstory, 907 , 908 , 912

Migration:

bird, 191 , 194 , 582 -583, 587 , 593 , 594 , 699 ;

fish, 800 , 801 , 966 ;

insect, 178

Milkweed, narrow-leaved (Asclepiasfascicularis ), 648

Milling, 529

Milwaukee v. State (1927), 272 -273

Milwaukee (Wisc.), 272 -273

Mimosabiuncifera , 99

Mimosa, catclaw (Mimosa biuncifera ), 99

Mimulus :

guttatus , 99 , 103 , 490 , 651 ;

primuloides , 93 ;

tilingii , 900

Mineral development, 281 , 282 , 719

Mineral nutrition, 17 , 425

Mining, 38 , 68 -70, 79 -80, 160 , 227 , 257 , 311 , 319 , 330 , 384 , 404 , 529 , 703 , 712 , 713 , 716 , 718 , 719 , 720 , 854 , 879 , 917 , 984 ;

hydraulic, 53 -54, 828 ;

ordinance, 275 .

Seealso Quarrying

Mink (Mustelavison ), 731 -738, 943 , 945

Minnehaha Creek (Minn.), 250

Minnehaha Creek Watershed District v. Hoffman, 250 -251

Minnows (Cyprinidae), 184 ;

carp, 502 ;

fathead (Pimephales promelas ), 692

Mint:

bergamot (Menthacitrata ), 650 ;

San Diego mesa (Pogogyne ambramsii ), 840

Mission Creek (Calif.), 199

Missouri River, 59 , 62 , 335 , 338

Mistletoe (Phoradendron ):

P . californicum , 624 , 630 , 740 , 741 ;

P . flavescens , 488

Mitchell Creek (Contra Costa Co., Calif.), 12

Mitchell's General Rule, 878

Mites, 971 , 978

Mniotiltavaria , 599

Models, of ecosystems, 534 -535, 558

Modoc Forest Reserve (Calif.), 965

Modoc National Forest, 210 , 965

Modoc National Wildlife Refuge, 210

Modoc Wetlands Study, 210

Mojave Desert, 695 , 702 , 706 , 712

Mojave Forks Dam, 693

Mojave River (Calif.), 688 -693

Mokelumne River (Calif.), 12 , 24 , 25

Mole, broad-handed (Scapanus latimanus ), 943

Molluscs, 706 , 707 , 709 , 710 , 716 ;

clams, 732 , 778 ;

mussels, 778 ;

snails, 709 , 710 , 717 , 718 , 915 -917

Molothrusater , 19 , 206 , 494 , 583 , 592 , 594 , 600 , 605 , 608 , 621 , 663 , 711

Monadenia :

churchi , 917 ;

setosa , 915 -917

Monanthochloelittoralis , 395 , 396 , 397 , 399

Monkeyflower (Mimulus ):

M . guttatus , 490 ;

M . tilingii , 900 ;

common (M . guttatus ), 99 , 103 , 651

Mono Basin (Calif.), 82 , 528

Mono Co. (Calif.), 931

Mono Lake (Calif.), 80 , 267 , 528 -533

Montana de Oro State Park (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 764

Monte Nido Valley (Calif.), 636

Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency, 495

Mooney Island (Tehama Co., Calif.), 370 -371

Moraceae, 650

Moretti, Bob, 42 -43

Morgan Co. (Colo.), 254

Moronesaxatilis , 185

Morrison Creek (Calif.), 231 , 896

Morrison Creek Stream Group Project, 231

Morro Bay (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 677

Morse v. Oregon Division of State Lands, 262

Morus , 153 ;

microphylla , 99

Mosquito control, 680 , 827 , 968 -969

Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis ), 692 , 710 ;

western (= mosquitofish), 930

Mosses, 169 , 179 , 363

Moth, 177 ;

codling, 971 ;

corn earworm (Heliothiszea ), 972 , 975 -976;

gypsy (Lymantriadispar ), 971 ;

oriental fruit, 971

Mother Lode, 27 , 69

Mountain beaver. See Beaver, mountain

Mount Tamalpais State Park (Marin Co., Calif.), 764

Mouse, 732 ;

deer (Peromyscus maniculatus ), 943 , 944 , 945 ;

house (Musmusculus ), 943 , 944 , 945 ;

salt marsh harvest (Reithrodontomysraviventris ), 950 ;

San Joaquin pocket (Perognathusinornatus ), 943 , 944 ;

southern marsh harvest (Reithrodontomysmegalotislimicola ), 952 , 954 ;

western harvest (R . megalotis ), 943 , 945

Mud, 186 , 246 ;

-flats, 498 , 602 , 604 ;

-flows, 761 -762

Mugwort (Artemisia douglasiana ), 23 , 48 , 152 , 309 , 572 , 588 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 648 , 839 , 900 , 909

Muhlenbergia :

richardsonis , 93 ;

rigins , 765

Muhly, pullup, 93

Muir, John, 384 -385, 529

Mulberry, 153 ;

Texas (Morusmicrophylla ), 99

Mulefat (Baccharis ):

B . glutinosa , 886 ;

B . viminea , 23 , 48 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 197 , 199 , 445 , 483 , 490 , 499 , 648 , 839

Multiple-use management, 406 -407, 417 , 424 , 432 , 556 , 720 , 800 , 803 , 804 , 806 , 930 , 958

Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act (1960), 236 -237

Murphy Slough, 120 -123

Muskrat (Ondatrazibethicus ), 572 , 731 -738, 749 , 943

Musmusculus , 524 , 943 , 944 , 945

Muskie, Edmund (Sen.), 244 , 245 , 247 , 249

Mussel, freshwater (Anadonta ), 778 ;

marine (Mytilus ), 778

Mustard:

Descurainia , 490 ;

hedge (Sisymbrium officinale ), 649 ;

Mediterranean (Brassica geniculata ), 649 ;

Rorrippa , 490 ;

Thelypodiumlasiophyllum , 935 ;

wild (Brassicacampestris ), 607

Mustela :

frenata , 943 ;

vison , 731 -738, 943 , 945

Myiarchus :

cinerascens , 206 , 493 , 583 , 600 , 621 , 622 , 742 ;

tuberculifer , 493 ;

tyrannulus , 493 , 621 , 622 , 624 , 742

Myocastorcoypus , 943 , 944

Myotis (Myotis ):

Arizona (M . occultus ), 952 , 953 ;

Arizona cave (M . velifervelifer ), 952 , 953 ;

California (M . californicus ), 943 ;

fringed (M . thysanodes ), 944 ;

little brown (M . lucifugus ), 944 ;

long-eared (M . evotis ), 944 ;

long-legged (M . volans ), 944 ;

small-footed (M . subulatus ), 944 ;

Yuma (M . yumanensis ), 943

Myrica :

californica , 14 , 86 , 448 , 660 , 665 ;

cerifera , 16 ;

hartwegii , 511 ;

heterophylla , 16

Myrtle, crepe, 575

Mytilus . 778

N

Nacimiento Dam (Calif.), 196 ;

Reservoir, 495

Nacimiento River (Calif.), 196 -202, 495

Najas , 518 , 522 ;

flexilis , 518 ;

marina , 521

Napa Co. (Calif.), watercourse ordinances of, 829

Napa River (Calif.), 829

Nasuanarica , 913

National Agricultural Lands Study, 39

National Aquaculture Act (1980), 824

National Audubon Society, 485 , 695 , 834 , 896 ;

Blue List, 484

National Audubon Society, et al . v. Department of Water and Power, etal ., 267

National Commission on Water Quality, 386

National Environmental Policy Act (1969), 236 , 237 , 243 , 262 , 335 , 407 , 462 , 506 , 771 , 774 , 784 , 839 , 868 , 899

National Environmental Protection Act, 244

National Estuarine Pollution Study, 258

National Estuary Study, 258

National Flood Insurance Program, 237 , 386 , 388

National Forest Management Act (1976), 39 , 236 , 431 , 802 , 803 , 804

National Governors' Association, 254

National Governors' Conference, 879

National Historic Preservation Act (1966), 243

National Ocean Services, 869

National Parks and Conservation Association, 408

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 259 , 462 , 812 , 880

National Recreation Service, 408

National Register, 720 , 774 , 776 , 801

National Science Foundation, 419

National Water Commission, 386

National Wetlands Technical Council, 408

National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. See Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, 329 , 334 , 430

Nationwide Rivers Inventory, 329 -334

Native Americans. See Amerindians

Native Plant Protection Act, 729

Native Species Conservation and Enhancement Act, 729

Natural law, 268

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 246 -247, 259

Natural Resources Defense Council v. Calloway, 247 -248, 250 , 259 , 869 , 899

Nature Conservancy, The, 10 , 283 , 322 , 405 , 408 , 409 , 467 , 784 , 962 ;

California Critical Areas Program, 792 ;

goals of, 793 ;

McCloud River Protection Plan, 791 -794

Naucoridae, 709 , 717

Naval Ocean Systems Center, 459

Navarro River (Mendocino Co., Calif.), 661

Navigation, 233 , 236 , 237 , 243 -248, 257 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 265 , 269 , 869 , 872 , 875 -877, 889 , 896 , 899

Negundo , 4

Nematodes, 972

Nemoura , 170

Nemouridae, 179

Neotoma :

fuscipes , 522 , 943 , 944 ;

f . riparia , 952 , 954 ;

lepida , 522 , 525

Neotropical-Tertiary Geoflora, 936

Nettle, 675 ;

hedge- (Stachysalbens ), 607 , 610 ;

stinging (Urtica ), 483 , 572 ;

stinging (U . holosericea ), 610 , 675 , 839 , 976 ;

white

hedge- (= hedge), 650

Neuroptera, 177 , 179 , 180

Nevada Fish and Game Department, 415

New Melones Dam, 895

New Melones Lake Project, 895

Newt (Taricha ):

California (T . torosa ), 32 ;

red-bellied (T . rivularis ), 32 ;

rough-skinned (T . granulosa ), 32

New York State Conservation Department, 872

Niche, ecological, 578 , 602 , 973

Nicolaus (Calif.), 1955 flood, 542

Nicotiana :

glauca , 48 , 99 , 102 , 103 , 106 , 365 ;

trigonophylla , 99 , 102 , 103

Nighthawk (Chordeiles ):

Common (C . minor ), 206 ;

Lesser (C . acutipennis ), 629

Nightshade, small-flowered (Solanumnodiflorum ), 651

Niles Canyon (Alameda Co., Calif.), 4

Nitrates, 519 , 764

Nitrogen, 169 , 497 , 517 , 723 , 726 , 810 ;

fixation, 4 , 385 , 722 , 726 , 727 ;

forms of, 497

Nitrophilamohavensis , 717 , 718

Nixon, Richard M. (President), 880

Noise, 639 , 666 , 830

Nolinamicrocarpa , 99 , 103

Nonattainment Air Quality Plan (Calif.), 811

Nonparametric statistics, 191

North Coast Coniferous Forest, 4

North Coast/Cascade Zone, 89

North Valley Coastal Foothills, 315 , 319

North Valley Depositional Flatland, 315 , 316 , 319 , 320

North Valley Sierran Foothills, 315

North Valley Sutter Buttes, 315

Northwest Ordinance, 269

Nothofagus , 936

Nuisance law, 266 , 283 , 285 , 286 , 871

Numenius :

americanus , 205 , 207 , 208 , 599 ;

phaeopus , 600

Nuthatch (Sitta):

Red-breasted (S . canadensis ), 206 ;

White-breasted (S . carolinensis ), 89 , 494

Nutmeg, California (Torreya californica ), 669

Nutria (Myocastorcopypus ), 943 , 944

Nutrients:

cycling of, 183 , 238 , 746 , 810 ;

and disturbed watershed, 810 ;

leaching of, 17 , 810 ;

and productivity, 162 , 164 , 462 ;

and reservoirs, 405 ;

and riparian zone, 405 , 691 , 692 ;

from rivers, 17 , 358 , 438 , 497 , 500 , 856 ;

soil, 15 , 38 , 60 , 161 , 200 , 443 ;

and water quality, 166 , 261 , 517 , 518 , 808

Nycticoraxnycticorax , 205 , 599

Nymphalisantiopa , 940

Nyssa , 8

O

Oak (Quercus ), 11 -12, 60 , 63 , 66 , 112 , 135 , 364 , 365 , 393 , 464 , 469 , 502 , 512 , 575 , 614 , 615 , 799 , 826 , 971 ;

adaptive strategies of, 16 ;

Arizona white (Q . arizonica ), 99 ;

and bird distribution, 89 , 90 ;

black (Q . kelloggii ), 17 , 88 , 365 , 447 , 448 , 917 ;

blue (Q . douglasii ), 46 , 86 , 152 , 153 , 197 , 307 , 314 , 357 , 364 , 588 , 912 ;

canyon live (Q . chrysolepis ), 88 , 839 ;

California live (= coast live), 365 ;

coast live (Q . agrifolia ), 48 , 110 , 116 , 117 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 447 , 448 , 459 , 606 , 609 , 675 , 676 , 678 , 679 , 695 , 839 ;

evergreen, 583 ;

garry (Q . garryana ), 12 , 88 ;

holly (Q . ilex ), 448 ;

interior live (Q . wislizenii ), 48 , 73 , 86 , 365 , 445 , 449 , 938 ;

live, 152 , 153 , 155 ;

Oregon (= garry), 365 ;

Oregon white (= garry), 88 ;

scrub (Q . dumosa ), 365 , 393 , 447 ;

turbinella (Q . turbinella ), 695 ;

valley (Q . lobata ), 11 , 23 , 33 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 86 , 116 , 117 , 152 , 153 , 158 , 309 -310, 348 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 368 , 372 , 445 , 447 , 449 , 559 , 568 , 579 , 582 , 612 -613, 616 , 695 , 761 , 763 , 902 , 908 , 909 , 921 , 934 , 938 ;

white, 12

Oak, poison:

Rhusdiversiloba , 23 , 48 , 197 , 348 , 364 , 365 , 372 , 445 , 579 , 606 , 908 , 909 ;

Toxicodendrondiversilobum , 648

Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 408

Oak, tanbark (Lithocarpus densiflorus , -a ), 447 , 917

Oasis, 716

Oat, wild (Avena ), 614 ;

A . fatua , 552 , 553 , 573 , 606 , 650 , 972

Oceanside (San Diego Co., Calif.), 638 -639

Ochlodesyuma , 935

Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens ), 695 , 702

Odocoileus :

hemionus , 210 , 850 , 943 , 944 ;

virginiana , 950

Odonata, 162 , 177 , 180 , 849

Oenanthesarmentosa , 648

Oenothera , 401

Off-road vehicles, 384 , 385 , 638 , 706 , 713 , 751 , 763 , 765 , 863

Oil drilling, 265 , 678

Old Spanish Trail, 712

Oleaceae, 6 , 650

Oleales, 6

Olive:

desert (Forestiera neomexicana ), 76 , 78 ;

Russian (Elaeagnus angustifolia ), 76 , 78 , 81 , 82 , 83

Olneyatesota , 400 , 695

Olorcolumbianus , 574

Onagraceae, 650

Oncorhynchus :

kisutch , 663 , 786 ;

tshawytscha , 425 , 786

Ondatrazibethicus , 731 -738, 749 , 943 , 945

Onocosmoecus , 179

Onychomystorridus , 522 , 525

Operating Engineers Training Trust, 818

Oporornistolmiei , 206 , 207 , 494

Opossum, Virginia (Didelphis virginiana ), 943 , 944

Opportunism, 194

Opuntia , 99 , 398 ;

cylindropuntia , 394 ;

littoralis , 894

Orange County Flood Control District, 636

Ordinances, local, 829 -830

Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission, 377

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 431 , 967

Oregon Legislature, 430

Oregon Supreme Court, 262

Oregon/Washington Interagency Wildlife Committee, 431

Oreomunnea , 7

Oreonanaclementis , 93

Oreortyxpictus , 701

Oreoscoptesmontanus , 206

Orestimba Creek (Stanislaus Co., Calif.), 9 , 767 -772

Organic Act (1807), 869

Organic matter, 160 -164, 518 , 849 ;

autochthonous vs. allochthonous, 160 , 183 ;

coarse particulate (CPOM), 162 , 164 , 183 ;

dissolved (DOM), 160 , 164 , 166 ;

fine particulate (FPOM), 162 , 164 , 183 ;

leaching of, 162 ;

processing of, 161 -162, 166

Oriole, 488 ;

Northern (Icterusbullocki ), 494 ;

Northern (I . galbula ), 206 , 583 , 621 , 622 , 743 ;

northern (taxon not specified), 591 , 593

Orme Dam (Ariz.), 406 , 409

Ornus (section), 7

Orthophosphates, 518 , 519 , 522

Oryzopsiskingii , 93

Osage orange (Maclura pomerifera ), 153

Oscillatoria , 517

Osgood Swamp (Calif.), 94

Oso Flaco Lake (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 763

Osprey (Pandionhaliaetus ), 205 , 484 , 485 , 491 , 493 , 670 , 788

Ostrya , 4

Ostryopsis , 4

Otter, river (Lutra canadensis ), 788 , 943 , 946

Ottinger, Richard, 41

Otusasio , 789

Our Lord's candle (Yucca whipplei ), 394

Overflow lands, 55

Overstory, 60 , 347 , 354 , 393 , 499 , 660 , 675 , 697 , 698 , 702 , 907 , 978 , 979

Overuse, symptoms of, 371

Owens River (Inyo Co., Calif.), 75 -84

Owens Valley (Calif.), 75 -84, 515 -527, 929 ;

Aqueduct, 531

Owens Valley Native Fish Sanctuary, 929 , 930

Owens Valley Pupfish Sanctuary, 517

Owl:

Barn (Tytoalba ), 493 ;

Burrowing (Speotyto cunicularia ), 461 ;

Great Horned (Bubo virginianus ), 206 , 493 ;

Long-eared (Asiootus ), 206 , 592 ;

Screech (Otusasio ), 789 ;

Short-eared (Asioflammeus ), 573 ;

Spotted (Strixoccidentalis ), 788

Ownership, land, 120 , 679 -680, 784 , 791 , 983 ;

and management, 958 -961, 965 -967

Oxalispilosa , 71

Oxbow, 53 , 58 , 61 -63, 310

Oxnard (Ventura Co., Calif.), 683 -684

Ox-tongue, bristly (Picris echioides ), 648

Oxygen, 6 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 60 , 111 , 170 , 251 , 488 , 497 , 502 , 520 , 522 , 709 , 848 , 849 , 890

Oxyurajamaicensis , 599

P

Pacheco Creek (Santa Clara Co., Calif.), 9

Pachycereuspringlei , 396

Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 507 , 784 , 787

Pacific Northwest, 7 , 413

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 431

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 210

Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee, 406

Paeoniacalifornica , 607

Palm Creek (San Diego Co., Calif.), 12

Palm, 694 , 698 ;

blue (Braheaarmata ), 395 ;

California fan (Washingtonia filifera ), 393 , 395 , 695 , 696 , 702 ;

date (Phoenixdactylifera ), 397 , 400 ;

Mexican fan (Washingtonia robusta ), 400 ;

palma de taco (Brahea brandegeei ), 400

Palo adan (Fouquieria diguete ), 398

Palo colorado (Colubrina viridis ), 398

Palo Verde (Imperial Co., Calif.), 190 , 438

Paloverde (Cercidium), 398 , 400 , 694 , 724 ;

C . floridum , 695 , 698 ;

yellow (C . microphyllum ), 98

Palustrine systems, 379

Pandects of Justinian, 879 . Seealso Institutes of Justinian

Pandionhaliaetus , 205 , 484 , 485 , 491 , 493 , 670 , 788

Papilionidae, 936

Papilio :

multicaudatus , 937 ;

rutulus , 937 , 940

Parasitism:

brood, 19 , 594 , 605 , 608 , 621 , 663 , 711 ;

insect, 970 , 972 , 973 , 975 , 978 , 979 ;

mistletoe, 488 , 624 , 630 , 740 , 741

Paratrytonemelane , 939

Parker (Ariz.), 190

Parker Creek (Calif.), 528 , 531

Parsley, water (Oenanthe sarmentosa ), 648

Parsnip, hemlock water (Sium suave ), 648

Parusinornatus , 89 , 493

Paspalumdilatatum , 651

Passerculussandwichensis , 207 , 494 ;

beldingi , 461 , 680

Passerdomesticus , 206 , 701 , 702

Passerellailiaca , 494

Passerina :

amoena , 206 , 494 , 593 , 595 , 703 ;

cyanea , 484 , 494

Pasture. See Grazing

Patagonia (South America), 936

Pathogens, 10 , 197 , 972 , 976 . Seealso Disease

Pea, buff (Lathyrusjepsoniicalifornicus ), 649

Peat, 716 , 718

Peatlands, 178 , 180

Pebbles, 140 , 141

Pelecanus :

erythrorhynchos , 205 , 599 ;

occidentalis , 599 , 692

Pelican (Pelecanus ):

Brown (P . occidentalis ), 599 , 692 ;

White (P . erythrorhynchos ), 205 , 599

Peltiphyllumpeltatum , 787

Pennsylvania Constitution, 272

Penstemon (Penstemon ), 99 , 102 ;

P . heterodoxus , 93 ;

P . heterophyllum , 610

Peony (Paeoniacalifornica ), 607

People ex rel San Francisco Bay etc. Com. v. Town of Emeryville (1968), 272

Pepper-grass, perennial (Lepidiumlatifolium ), 649

Pepperwood, 276

Perch, tule (Hysterocarpus traski ), 184 -185

Periphyton , 808

Perlodidae, 179

Permit requirements:

federal, 242 , 244 , 246 , 247 -248, 249 , 251 , 254 , 255 , 259 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 274 , 276 -277, 283 , 455 , 805 , 826 , 839 , 841 , 868 , 870 , 872 , 879 , 890 , 899 , 901 ;

local, 275 , 277 , 829 , 857 ;

proposed reforms in, 279 , 388 ;

state, 276 , 277 , 430 , 636 -637, 673 , 676 -684, 729 , 812 , 817 -818

Perognathus :

amplus , 518 ;

formosus , 522 , 523 , 525 ;

inornatus , 943 , 944

Peromyscus , 523 ;

boylii , 522 , 525 ;

crinitus , 522 , 525 ;

leucopus , 524 ;

maniculatus , 522 , 525 , 943 , 944 , 945 ;

truei , 522

Persea :

borbonia , 16 ;

palustris , 16

Perturbation. See Disturbance

Pesticides, 194 , 326 , 385 , 497 , 502 , 552 , 554 , 556 , 681 , 810 , 864 , 960 , 968 , 971 , 972 , 973 , 975 , 977 , 978 , 987

Pests:

control of, 194 , 551 -557, 680 , 764 , 827 , 968 -969, 970 -982, 985 , 987 ;

defined, 973

Petrochelidonpyrrhonota , 206

Petroglyphs, 720

Pewee, Western Wood (Contopus sordidulus ), 206 , 207 , 493 , 591 , 592 , 593

Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens ), 494 , 621 , 623 , 624 , 629

Phalacrocoraxauritus , 205 , 592 , 599

Phalaristuberosa 'Hurtiglumis,' 556

Phalarope:

Northern (Lobipeslobatus ), 600 ;

Wilson (Steganopustricolor ), 600

Pheasant, 767

Pheucticus :

ludovicianus , 484 , 494 , 697 ;

melanocephalus , 206 , 207 , 209 , 494 , 591 , 593 , 594 , 595

Phoebe (Sayornis ):

Black (S . nigricans ), 493 , 593 , 595 , 600 , 621 , 623 , 624 ;

Say's (S . saya ), 206

Phoenixdactylifera , 397 , 400

Phoradendron :

californicum , 624 , 630 , 740 , 741 ;

flavescens , 488

Phosphorus, 169 , 497 , 517 , 518 , 764 , 810 , 821

Photosynthesis, 16 , 18 , 162 , 497 , 520 , 522

Phragmites (Phragmites ), 522 ;

australis , 559 , 598 , 599 , 600 ;

communis , 525 , 935

Phreatophytes, 377 , 379 , 405 , 406 -407, 408 , 752

Phryganeidae, 180

Phyciodescampestris , 937 -938, 939 , 940

Phylostachosbambosoides , 48

Physiognomy, 62 -63, 193 , 309 , 572 , 599 , 606 -607, 642 , 664 , 886 , 908 , 913

Physiography, 59 -60, 88 -89, 93 , 288 , 329 , 330 -331, 357 , 466 , 570

Phytomass, 19

Picapica , 206

Piceasitchensis , 86 , 111 , 660 , 661 , 663 , 664 , 665 , 667

Pickleweed (Salicornia virginica ), 395 , 445 , 498 , 637 , 675

Picoides :

nuttallii , 89 , 572 ;

pubescens , 206 , 572 , 595 ;

scalaris , 621 , 622 , 623 ;

villosus , 206

Picrisechioides , 648

Pierce's Disease, 976 -978

Pieris :

napi , 935 , 936 , 937 ;

protodice , 935

Piers, 257 , 260 , 262 , 870

Pigeon, Band-tailed (Columba fasciata ), 591 , 593

Pig, wild (Susscrofa ), 943

Pike (fish), 774

Pimephalespromelas , 692

Pimpernel:

false (Centunculusminimus ), 651 ;

water (Samolusparviflorus ), 651

Pine (Pinus ), 152 , 464 , 971 , 983 ;

allepo (P . halepensis ), 448 ;

Coulter (P . coulteri ), 675 ;

digger (P . sabiniana ), 46 , 86 , 197 , 307 , 314 , 357 , 364 , 675 ;

Jeffrey (P . jeffreyi ), 392 , 528 , 531 ;

knobcone (P . attenuata ), 448 ;

limber (P . flexilis ), 695 ;

lodgepole (P . contorta ), 180 ;

lodgepole (P . c . murrayana ), 93 , 94 , 95 ;

lodgepole (P . murrayana ), 392 , 511 ;

Monterey (P . radiata ), 447 ;

ponderosa (P . ponderosa ), 211 , 365 , 415 , 965 ;

single-leaved pinyon (P . monophylla ), 695 ;

sugar (P . lambertiana ), 392 ;

yellow (= ponderosa), 94 , 392 , 784 , 965

Pintail (Anasacuta ), 205 , 493 , 599

Pinus , 464 , 971 ;

attenuata , 448 ;

balfouriana , 5 , 93 ;

contorta , 180 ;

c . murrayana , 93 , 95 ;

coulteri , 675 ;

flexilis , 695 ;

halapensis , 448 ;

jeffreyi , 392 , 528 , 531 ;

lambertiana , 392 ;

monophylla , 695 ;

murrayana , 392 , 511 ;

ponderosa , 365 , 392 , 415 , 784 , 965 ;

radiata , 447 ;

sabiniana , 46 , 86 , 197 , 307 , 314 , 357 , 364 , 675

Pioneer species, 63 , 72 , 112 , 114 , 153 , 469 , 660 , 688 , 691 , 882 -883

Pipilo :

aberti , 600 , 621 , 622 , 623 , 629 , 703 ;

erythrophthalmus , 206 , 579 , 581 , 600 ;

fuscus , 494 , 581 , 703

Pipistrelle, Western (Pipistrellushesperus ), 943

Pipit, Water (Anthus spinoletta ), 600 , 602

Piranga :

ludoviciana , 206 , 494 ;

rubra , 194 , 494 , 621 , 622

Pismo Beach (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 677 ;

Land Use Plan, 677

Pismo Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 763 , 765

Pismo Lake Ecological Reserve (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 676 , 677

Pismo State Beach (San Luis Obispo Co., Calif.), 15

Pitaya agria (Machaerocereus gummosus ), 394

Pit River (Shasta Co., Calif.), 24 , 186 ;

Valley, 210

Pituophis , 33 ;

melanoleucus , 34

PL:

83-566 , 236 ;

88-29 (1963), 329 ;

90-542 , 258 , 329 n;

92-500 (see Federal Water Pollution Control Act);

93-251 , 538 ;

94-587 , 538 ;

95-217 (see Clean Water Act [1977])

Placerville (El Dorado Co., Calif.), 505

Plague, 969

Planaria, 517

Plankton, 691 ;

phyto-, 163 , 808 .

Seealso Algae

Plantaginaceae, 650

Plantain, Mexican (Plantago australis ), 650

Plant diversity, 361 , 368 , 369 -371, 372 , 526

Plant Quarantine Act (1912), 971

Plants. See Riparian vegetation; Vegetation

Platanaceae, 8

Platanus , 8 -10, 17 , 63 , 66 , 186 , 414 , 464 , 572 , 679 ;

occidentalis , 8 , 9 ;

orientalis , 9 ;

racemosa , 9 , 10 , 15 , 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 89 , 152 , 196 -202, 309 , 364 , 366 , 372 , 393 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 459 , 559 , 568 , 579 , 606 , 609 , 614 , 675 , 695 , 759 , 764 , 767 , 839 , 841 , 884 , 885 , 900 , 908 ;

wrightii , 9 , 99 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107

Platte River, 335 , 414

Platycarya , 7

Playa, 688 , 691

Pleasant Valley Dam, 82

Plecoptera, 162 , 166 , 177 , 180 , 849

Plecotustownsendii , 943

Plegadischihi , 599

Pleistocene, climatic changes during, 689 , 707 , 716 , 935

Plethodon :

dunni , 32 ;

elongatus , 32 ;

stormi , 31 , 32 , 33

Plethodontidae, 32

Pliocene, climatic changes during, 2

Plover:

Black-bellied (Mniotilta varia ), 599 ;

Semipalmated (Charadrius semipalmatus ), 599 ;

Snowy (C . alexandrinus ), 599

Pluchea , 393 , 394 ;

camphorata , 648 ;

sericea , 191 , 619 , 620 , 624 , 696 , 707

Plum (Prunus ), 153

Poaceae, 650

Podicepsnigricollis , 599

Podilymbuspodiceps , 599

Pogogyneambramsii , 840

Point bars, 63 , 65 , 112 , 113 -115, 117

Point Mugu State Park (Calif.), 764

Poison ivy (Rhusradicans ), 99

Poison oak. See Oak, poison

Police power, 266 , 267 , 271

Polioptila :

caerulea , 592 , 594 ;

melanura , 621 , 622 , 623 , 703

Pollen diagrams, 95

Pollutants, 168 , 169 -170, 218 -219, 229 , 235 , 242 , 245 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 262 , 271 , 272 , 639 , 710 , 808 , 809 , 810 , 811 , 821 , 874 , 889 ;

defined, 245 , 246 , 250 -251, 874 ;

noise, 639 , 830 ;

point vs. non-point sources of, 276 , 802 , 828 , 986 ;

and stream environment zone, 809 -810

Poly, grass (Lythrum hyssopifolia ), 650

Polygonaceae, 651

Polygoniasatyrus , 937 , 939

Polygonum , 445 ;

aviculare , 651 ;

bistortoides , 178 ;

punctatum , 651

Polypogonmonspeliensis , 651

Polystichumlonchitis , 511

Pomerado Creek (San Diego Co., Calif.), 655 -656

Ponds, 368 , 968 , 969

Pools, 140 , 166 , 184 , 186 , 453 , 847 , 916 ;

vernal, 688 , 840 , 879 , 935

Poplar, 971 ;

balsam, 112

Population:

age distribution, 197 -199, 366 -368, 372 , 488 ;

control, 41 , 42 , 80 , 970 -976;

decline, 612 -618;

density, 190 , 191 , 193 , 194 , 361 , 368 , 427 , 486 , 488 , 489 , 498 , 499 , 578 -586, 587 , 616 , 626 , 629 , 663 , 694 -705, 739 , 740 , 810 , 906 , 912 -913, 937 , 945 , 972 -975;

diversity, 486 , 694 -705;

growth of human, 37 -43, 534 , 712 , 839 , 973

Populus , 10 -11, 17 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 112 , 153 , 186 , 193 , 203 , 310 , 367 , 368 , 406 , 407 , 408 , 414 , 464 , 469 , 499 , 571 , 574 , 578 , 606 , 614 , 749 , 761 , 841 , 882 , 883 , 962 ;

angustifolia , 10 , 11 ;

arizonica , 11 ;

balsamifera , 11 ;

brandegeei , 400 ;

deltoides , 11 ;

fremontii , 4 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 70 , 71 , 76 , 77 , 86 , 89 , 99 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 118 , 152 , 191 , 196 -202, 203 , 207 , 309 , 319 , 341 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 372 , 393 , 438 -443, 445 , 459 , 483 , 488 , 489 , 490 , 491 , 499 , 511 , 559 , 568 , 579 , 581 , 588 , 606 , 609 , 613 , 616 , 620 , 626 , 630 , 651 , 695 , 696 , 698 , 707 , 739 , 742 , 759 , 839 , 885 , 900 , 908 , 909 , 912 , 921 ;

monilifera , 207 ;

nigra , 11 , sargentii , 10 , 11 ;

tremuloides , 10 , 398 , 528 , 805 , 965 ;

trichocarpa , 4 , 5 , 10 , 11 , 15 , 87 , 89 , 111 , 207 , 499 , 511 , 528 , 609 , 660 , 661 , 666 , 667 , 675 , 839 , 885 , 900

Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum ), 943

Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, 276 , 462 , 811 , 987

Port Hueneme (Ventura Co., Calif.), 683

Porzanacarolina , 205 , 207 , 493 , 599

Positive law, 268

Potamogeton , 518 , 522 ;

crispus , 517 ;

pectinatus , 517 , 521 , 522

Potentilla :

anserina , 651 ;

glandulosa , 609

Power plants, 51 , 82 , 169 , 233 , 236 , 237 , 257 , 260 , 267 , 273 , 330 , 333 , 334 , 379 , 384 , 484 , 505 , 506 , 534 , 535 , 720 . Seealso energy headings

Prado Dam basin, 882 , 883

Prairie Creek (Humboldt Co., Calif.), 4

Preadaptation, 936

Precipitation. See Rain; Snow

Predators, 31 , 162 , 164 , 166 , 168 , 169 , 177 , 178 , 184 , 185 , 194 , 326 , 432 , 553 , 573 , 660 , 662 , 663 , 666 , 710 , 717 , 732 , 930 , 954 , 968 , 970 , 972 , 973 , 975 . Seealso Insectivores (birds)

Presa Rodriquez (dam, B. C., Mex.), 393

Preservation. See Conservation measures

President's Environmental Message (1979), 330 , 332 , 334

Prickly pear (Opuntia ), 99

Primulaceae, 651

Princeton (Glenn Co., Calif.), 58

Privet, glossy (Ligustrum lucidum ), 448

Procyonids. See Coati; Raccoon; Ringtrail

Procyonlotor , 499 , 731 -732, 851 , 943 , 945

Productivity (biol.), 2 , 15 -19, 160 , 162 , 385 , 497 , 510 , 520 , 636 , 661 , 666 , 673 , 808 , 812 , 906 , 974 ;

and biomass, 724 ;

factors influencing, 16 , 60 , 162 , 164 , 183 , 184 , 502 , 523 , 739 , 744 ;

measures of, 170 -171, 723 ;

potential, 726 ;

of riparian vegetation, 2 , 193 , 372 , 379 , 404 , 413 , 482 , 722 -727, 744 , 801 , 827 , 912 ;

and transpiration, 726 ;

of uplands, 379 ;

and valuation of natural systems, 238

Productivity (econ.), 216 -220, 221 -225, 238 , 744 -746, 981

Professional Foresters Law (1972), 986

Prognesubis , 206 , 592

Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana ), 210 -213, 972

Property rights, 226 , 228 , 235 , 266 , 267

Proposition 13 (Calif.), 232 , 448

Proposition 20 (Calif.), 634 , 652 , 673 , 831

Prosopis , 397 , 398 , 400 , 407 , 691 , 707 , 953 ;

glandulosa , 191 , 193 , 604 , 619 , 620 , 630 , 695 , 696 , 722 -727, 740 , 741 , 742 ;

juliflora , 99 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 106 , 107 ;

pubescens , 191 , 620 , 628 , 695 ;

tamarugo , 726 ;

velutina , 378

Prosopiumwilliamsoni , 425

Protobalanus (subgenus), 11

Prune (Prunus ), 60 , 65

Prunus , 60 , 65 , 153 ,

ilicifolia , 609 ;

serotina , 99

Psaltriparusminimus , 494 , 581 , 593

Pseudoscorpions, 789

Pseudotsuga :

macrocarpa , 675 ;

menziesii , 86 , 88 , 669 , 730 , 787 , 939

Psoraleamacrostachya , 650

Psychoglypha , 179

Psychology, and riparian management, 846 , 851 , 961

Pteleacrenulata , 48

Pterocarya , 7

Ptychocheilus grandis , 184 , 186

Public goods, 235 -236

Public health and safety, 263 , 271 , 275 , 462 , 463 , 498 , 635 , 668 , 830 , 836 , 842 , 844 , 845 , 968 -969

Public opinion, role of, 226 , 235 , 239 , 247 , 254 , 256 , 261 , 263 , 281 -286, 332 , 333 , 385 , 432 -435, 446 , 447 , 506 , 507 -510, 514 , 533 , 534 , 535 , 536 , 637 , 652 , 665 , 670 , 748 , 750 , 765 , 773 , 789 , 792 , 793 , 803 , 804 , 807 , 833 -837, 838 , 842 , 843 , 861 , 872 , 873 , 880 , 895 , 898 , 918 , 930 , 958 -961, 962 , 975

Public property, 260 -264, 713 , 754 , 798 , 799 ;

vs. private interest, 260 , 261 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 282 , 285 , 430 , 431 , 432 , 477 , 507 , 513 , 533 , 539 , 664 -665, 667 , 770 , 808 , 815 , 830 -831, 836

Public Trust Doctrine, 257 -264, 265 -268, 269 , 270 , 283 , 285 , 286 , 828 ;

and commerce, 269 , 270 ;

and compromise, 267 , 268 , 272 , 273 ;

historic changes in interpretation of, 271 ;

implementation of, 270 -273, 828 ;

and recreation, 270 ;

shortcomings of, 262 , 265 , 266 , 270 ;

significance of, 260 ;

value of, 270 -271

Public Works Omnibus Bill, 875

Pumps, types of, 471 -476

Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris ), 552

Pupation, 178 , 179

Pupfish (Cyprinodon ), 517 ;

Amargosa (C . nevadensisamargosae ), 706 , 709 , 710 , 717 ;

C . n . mionectes , 717 , 718 ;

C . n . pectoralis , 717 , 718 ;

Devil's Hole (C . diabolis ), 717 , 718 ;

Owens (C . radiosus ), 929 -933;

Tecopa (C . n . calidae ), 710

Purslane, sea:

Sesuviumportulacastrum , 397 , 401 ;

S . verrucosum , 691

Putah Creek (Yolo Co., Calif.), 24 , 86 , 920 , 921

Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccinea ), 152 , 153

Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation, 209

Q

Quail, 743 , 767 ;

California (Lophortyx californicus ), 205 , 493 , 581 , 593 , 701 ;

Gambel (Lophortyx /Callipeplagambeli ), 193 , 194 , 621 , 622 , 623 , 627 , 701 , 702 , 741 ;

mountain (Oreortyxpictus ), 701

Quail-bush (Atriplex lentiformis ), 48 , 191 , 193 , 448 , 626 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 739 , 740 , 741 , 743

Quarantine, agricultural, 971

Quarrying, 142 , 146 , 204 , 432 , 784 , 787 , 790 , 810 , 882

Quaternary, climatic changes during, 7 , 9 , 15 , 89 , 689 , 707 , 716

Quercus , 11 -12, 17 , 60 , 63 , 66 , 112 , 135 , 152 , 153 , 364 , 365 , 393 , 464 , 469 , 502 , 512 , 575 , 614 , 615 , 799 , 826 , 971 ;

agrifolia , 48 , 110 , 116 , 117 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 365 , 447 , 448 , 459 , 606 , 609 , 675 , 676 , 678 , 679 , 695 , 839 ;

arizonica , 99 ;

chrysolepis , 88 , 839 ;

douglasii , 12 , 16 , 86 , 152 , 153 , 197 , 307 , 314 , 357 , 364 , 588 ;

dumosa , 12 , 365 , 393 , 447 ;

engelmannii , 12 ;

garryana , 12 , 88 , 365 ;

ilex , 448 ;

kelloggii , 17 , 88 , 365 , 447 , 448 , 917 ;

laurifolia , 16 ;

lobata , 11 , 15 , 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 86 , 116 , 117 , 152 , 153 , 158 , 309 -310, 348 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 368 , 372 , 445 , 447 , 449 , 559 , 568 , 579 , 582 , 612 -613, 616 , 695 , 761 , 763 , 902 , 908 , 909 , 921 , 934 , 938 ;

turbinella , 695 ;

wislizenii , 16 , 48 , 73 , 86 , 365 , 445 , 449 , 938

Quercus (subgenus), 11 , 12

Quiscalusmexicanus , 600

R

Rabbit, 443 , 448 , 450 , 732 , 767 ;

brush (Sylvilagusbachmani ), 943 , 944 , 952 , 953 ;

cottontail, 499 ;

desert cottontail (S . audubonii ), 943

Rabbitbrush, -bush (Chrysothamnus ), 805 ;

C . nauseosus , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 531 ;

C . viscidiflorus , 953 ;

black-banded (C . paniculatus ), 695 ;

rubber (C . nauseosus ), 98

Rabbit-brush (Sporobolus airoides ), 517 , 521

Raccoon (Procyonlotor ), 499 , 731 -732, 851 , 943 , 945

Racer (Coluberconstrictor ), 34 ;

striped (Masticophis lateralis ), 34

Radish, wild, 572

Ragweed, western (Ambrosia psilostachya ), 648

Rail:

Black (Laterallus jamaicensis ), 599 ;

Clapper (Rallus longirostris ), 599 ;

Light-footed Clapper, 680 ;

Virginia (Ralluslimicola ), 205 , 493 , 599 ;

Yuma Clapper (R . longirostrisyumanensis ), 598 , 603

Railroads, 712 , 786 , 972 , 983 , 984

Rain, 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 -10, 16 , 24 , 135 , 143 , 146 , 160 , 357 , 654 -655, 688 , 690 -961, 707 , 761 , 823 , 935

Rain forest, 18 , 23

Rallidae, 89

Rallus :

limicola , 205 , 493 , 599 ;

longirostris , 599 ;

l. yumanensis , 598 , 603

Rana , 32 ;

aurora , 32 , 33 , 35 , 394 ;

boylei , 32 , 35 ;

cascadae , 32 ;

catesbeiana , 394 , 397 , 692 , 710 , 718 ;

muscosa , 32 ;

pipiens , 32 ;

pretiosa , 32

Randolph, Jennings (Sen.), 249 , 879

Rangeland, 320 . Seealso Grazing

Ranunculusaquatilis , 518 , 521 , 522

Raptors, 191 , 513 , 660 , 663 , 666 , 669 , 670 . Seealso Hawks

Rare habitat, 323 , 325

Rare species, 323 , 484 , 511 , 512 , 645 , 716 , 730 , 784 , 788 , 884 , 915 -919, 930 , 950 -956, 962 , 963

Rare subspecies, 951

Rat, 827 ;

black (Rattusrattus ), 943 , 944 , 945 ;

California kangaroo (Dipodomys californicus ), 943 ;

Colorado River cotton (Sigmodonarizonaeplenus ), 952 , 954 ;

Heermann's kangaroo (Dipodomys heermanni ), 943 , 944 ;

Norway (Rattusnorvegicus ), 943 , 944 , 945 , 969 ;

roof, 969 .

Seealso Woodrat

Rattlesnake Creek, 210

Rattlesnake. See Snake

Rattus :

norvegicus , 943 , 944 , 945 , 969 ;

rattus , 943 , 944 , 945 , 969

Raven, Common (Corvuscorax ), 493

Reagan, Ronald:

Governor of California, 231 , 232 , 874 ;

President, 256 , 281 -282, 388

Reclamation projects, 27 , 28 , 405 , 459 -464

Recreation, in riparian zones, 23 , 28 , 38 , 51 , 57 , 81 , 92 , 134 , 160 , 217 , 218 , 221 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 228 , 233 , 236 , 238 , 257 , 259 , 270 , 272 , 329 , 330 , 338 , 356 , 375 , 379 , 384 , 404 , 405 , 406 , 432 , 469 , 484 , 507 , 510 , 529 , 554 , 675 , 693 , 703 , 712 , 720 , 729 , 786 -787, 789 -790, 800 , 801 , 802 , 803 , 810 , 828 , 836 , 862 -863, 895 , 896 , 916 , 958 , 959 , 984 -985;

costs of, 837 ;

management of, 750 -751, 763 , 765 ;

planning, 748 -757, 758 -761, 767 -772, 968 , 969

Recurvirostraamericana , 205 , 207 , 600

Redbank-Fancher Creeks Project, 897

Red Bluff (Tehama Co., Calif.), 150 , 799 ;

Dog Island, 587 -597

Redding (Shasta Co., Calif.), 5

Redds, 139 . Seealso Spawning, fish

Redhead (Aythyaamericana ), 599

Red heart (Ceanothus spinosus ), 606

Red River (La.), 251

Red Rock Canyon State Park (Kern Co., Calif.), 756

Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens ), 3 , 86 , 88 , 142 , 660 , 661 , 663 , 665 , 667 , 983 , 984 ;

coast, 276 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 761 ;

as habitat, 660 , 939 ;

second-growth, 669

Redwood Creek (Humboldt Co., Calif.), 661 , 664 , 761

Redwood National Park (Humboldt Co., Calif.), 2 , 273 , 660

Reed, 519 ;

Phragmitesaustralis , 559 ;

common (P . communis ), 935 ;

giant (Arundo donax), 445 , 573 , 650 , 841 , 886

Reed grass, 573

Reforestation. See Revegetation

Refuge. See Cover

Refuges, biogeographic, 3 , 8

Refuse Act (1899), 874

Regulatory zones, 830 -832

Reguluscalendula , 494 , 582 , 592 , 595 , 600 , 621 , 623 , 701

Reithrodontomys :

megalotis , 522 , 523 , 943 , 945 ;

m . limicola , 952 , 954 ;

raviventris , 950

Relictual distribution, 6 , 7 , 15 , 483 , 706 -715, 764 , 786 , 935 , 938 , 940

Remote Sensing Research Program, 48

Renewable resources, 385 , 401

Reproductive strategies, 63 , 184 -185, 197 , 367 , 645 , 646 , 781 , 891 , 937

Reptiles, 30 -36, 194 , 414 , 573

Research:

limited effectiveness of, 563 -564;

proposed or current, 201 , 415 -420, 424 -428, 535 , 563 , 568 -569, 710 , 711 , 790 , 806 , 942 , 944 -946, 963 , 981

Research Natural Area, designation, 792

Reserved Rights Doctrine, 285

Reservoirs, 30 , 33 -35, 211 , 251 , 405 , 406 , 445 , 482 , 484 , 485 , 486 , 495 , 505 , 528 , 534 , 853 , 896

Resor, Stanley (Secretary of the Army), 872

Resource allocation and management, 216 -220, 221 -225, 233 -240, 323 , 375 , 459 -464, 505 -514, 668 , 676 -684, 746 , 761 -766, 800 -807, 815 -824, 826 -832, 844 -860, 954 -955;

best management practices (BMPs) for, 802 , 811 , 845 , 854 ;

costs of, 805 -806;

cultural, 774 -776;

faulty, 234 -235, 237 , 262 , 322 , 405 , 431 -432, 505 , 508 , 509 , 511 , 514 , 535 , 563 , 661 , 684 , 760 , 793 , 826 ;

goals of, 237 , 385 , 387 , 744 , 758 -761, 800 , 802 , 844 , 954 , 958 ;

historic changes in, 265 ;

implementation of, 858 ;

methods of, 234 , 237 -239;

nomadic, 219 ;

preservation- vs. use-oriented, 958 ;

and public trust, 271 ;

requirements for, 235 , 424 , 703 , 720 , 754 , 755 , 756 -757, 766 ;

role of communication in, 846 , 851 , 987

Resources:

area-dependent vs. area-independent, 803 ;

critical or limiting, 5 -10, 407 -408, 500 , 688 , 691 , 702 , 725 , 726 , 744 , 850 , 912 , 954 , 968 , 972 , 973

Respiration, 162

Restoration. See Revegetation

Retention basins, 853

Reuss, Henry S. (Rep.), 873 , 874 , 880 , 881

Revegetation, 121 -123, 131 , 204 , 438 -443, 445 -451, 446 , 452 , 459 -464, 465 , 471 -476, 484 , 485 , 510 , 533 , 545 -546, 558 -565, 624 , 626 -631, 668 , 669 , 671 , 677 , 679 , 681 , 682 , 730 , 739 , 754 , 761 , 763 , 769 , 799 , 805 , 812 , 827 , 841 , 853 , 863 , 887 , 895 , 896 , 963 , 966 , 985 , 987 ;

changing views of, 465 , 469 ;

constraints on, 447 , 465 -466, 539 -544, 548 -550, 563 -564, 572 , 574 , 575 ;

and erosion control, 654 -656;

factors influencing, 446 , 657 ;

and habitat enhancement, 739 -743;

laws concerning, 448 -449;

vs. landscaping, 449 , 465 ;

and pest control, 551 -557;

proposed guidelines for, 564 , 575

Revetment, 121 , 434 , 456 , 548 , 549 , 550 , 563 . Seealso Riprap

Revlon Slough, 682 -683

Rhamnus :

alaternus , 448 ;

californica , 393 , 447 , 448 ;

purshiana , 87 , 669

Rhinichthysosculus , 185 , 706 , 709 , 710 , 930 ;

nevadensis , 710 , 717 -718

Rhizomes, 642 , 643 , 644 , 645 , 646 , 781

Rhizophoramangle , 396 , 397 , 399 , 400

Rhododendronoccidentale , 900

Rhus , 394 ;

diversiloba , 23 , 48 , 197 , 348 , 364 , 365 , 372 , 445 , 579 , 606 , 609 , 908 , 909 ;

laurina , 675 ;

ovata , 447 , 884 ;

radicans , 99 ;

trilobata , 606 , 609

Rhyacotriton , 32 ;

olympicus , 32 , 33

Ribes :

divaricatum , 348 ;

menziesii , 348

Rickettsia, 969

Riffle, 111 , 112 -113, 136 , 137 , 138 -140, 166 , 184 , 185 , 847

Rimlands, 54 -55

Ringlet, California (Coenonymphatulliacalifornia ), 935

Ringtail (Bassariscus astutas ), 789 , 906 -914, 921 , 943 , 945

Rio Grande, 404 , 583

Ripariariparia , 206 , 788

Riparian:

vs. phreatophyte, 406 ;

semi- vs. pseudo-, 377 -378;

terminology, 893 -894;

usage and definition, 375 , 377 , 378 , 390 , 433

Riparian corridors, 637 -639, 660 , 663 , 669 , 670 , 677 , 795 , 798 -799, 827 , 829 , 838 , 865 -866;

and gene flow, 936 -937;

width of, 799 , 803 , 838 .

Seealso Buffer strips

Riparian ecology, 375 -382, 406 , 407 -408, 847 -850;

scope of, 375

Riparian forests, 2 -29, 61 -63, 86 , 88 -89, 97 -107, 150 -159, 211 , 495 ;

age of, 62 , 117 , 153 , 158 , 483 , 642 , 646 ;

Arizona, 97 -107;

assessment of condition of, 321 , 325 , 371 -372, 431 , 806 ;

broadleaf vs. scrub, 98 -101, 104 , 107 ;

complexity of, 23 , 913 ;

destruction of, 3 , 23 , 27 -28, 30 , 38 , 142 -149, 173 , 203 -204, 208 , 224 , 227 , 230 , 251 , 257 , 277 , 278 , 314 , 320 , 326 , 356 , 358 , 371 -372, 379 , 384 , 405 , 406 , 413 , 438 , 484 , 505 , 511 , 528 -533, 534 , 558 , 571 , 587 , 605 , 612 , 613 , 616 , 634 , 673 , 682 , 684 , 752 , 771 , 810 , 831 , 833 , 899 , 915 , 950 , 952 , 954 , 959 , 965 , 981 ;

as dispersal corridors, 33 , 35 ;

diversity of, 23 , 288 , 404 , 413 , 482 , 588 , 660 , 801 , 847 ;

eastern vs. western, 378 ;

establishment of, 60 , 128 , 499 , 691 ;

extent of, 25 -28, 46 -50;

gallery, 4 , 9 , 11 , 87 , 88 ;

heterogeneity of, 66 , 347 , 353 , 404 , 413 ;

human uses of, 85 , 216 -220, 221 -225, 384 , 404 , 684 , 703 , 720 , 984 -985;

indicator species, 86 , 309 -310, 468 ;

interface of, with agricultural ecosystems, 190 -195;

list of, 26 -27;

management of, 38 , 158 , 160 , 216 -220, 703 ;

market vs. nonmarket benefits of, 222 -223;

origin of, 3 , 15 , 89 -90, 153 -156, 358 ;

pre-settlement, 25 -26, 78 -79, 356 , 358 , 466 , 483 , 528 -529, 558 , 566 , 570 , 617 , 667 , 768 , 883 , 899 , 909 , 930 , 934 , 972 ;

public vs. private, 371 ;

regeneration of, 58 -67, 196 -202, 207 , 208 -209, 229 , 358 , 380 , 414 , 431 , 435 , 446 , 466 , 483 , 490 , 501 , 614 , 962 ;

remnant, 28 , 314 -321, 356 , 405 , 558 , 571 -572, 573 , 613 , 661 , 667 , 767 , 863 , 909 , 962 ;

reproductive failure in, 366 -368, 371 , 372 ;

stages of, 60 ;

toposequences in, 111 ;

transitional, 85 -91;

and wildlife, 18 -19, 28 , 30 , 51 , 160 , 190 , 210 -213, 217 , 223 , 257 , 356 , 385 , 404 , 406 , 408 , 413 -414, 446 , 459 , 461 , 483 , 484 , 490 , 502 , 511 , 572 , 578 -586, 587 , 595 , 605 -611, 660 , 663 , 677 , 726 , 749 , 771 , 799 , 802 , 827 , 847 , 850 , 906 -914, 915 , 920 -928, 942 -949, 950 -956, 959

Riparian influence, area of, 216 -220

"Riparian movement," 379

Riparian ordinance, 275

Riparian rights, 822 , 972

Riparian surrogates, 559 , 566 -576, 703 ;

types of, 572 -573

Riparian systems, 216 -220, 274 , 377 , 380 , 390 ;

and archaeological sites, 773 -779;

artificial, 511 , 696 n, 703 -704, 940 , 981 ;

cismontane, 694 -705;

classification of, 288 -306, 758 -761;

correlation of, with agriculture, 320 ;

and cultural resources, 773 -779;

desert, 97 -107, 694 -705, 720 , 762 ;

dynamic nature of, 288 ;

economic analysis of, 221 -225;

ephemereal, 378 ;

extent of disturbance of, 371 , 384 ;

high vs. low elevation, 415 ;

human relationship to, 216 , 217 , 380 , 384 , 405 , 711 -713, 720 , 748 , 774 , 777 , 778 , 780 -782;

influence of, on aquatic systems, 238 ;

intermittent, 378 ;

interrelationships in, 534 -535, 639 -640;

laws and policies protecting, 265 -268, 274 -280, 281 -286, 385 , 404 , 634 -641, 666 -670, 676 -684, 728 , 748 -757, 771 -772, 801 -807, 809 , 826 -832, 838 -843, 844 -860, 868 -881, 895 -898;

management of, 758 -766, 800 -807, 844 -860, 958 -961, 962 -964, 965 -967, 968 ;

modified, 371 , 566 -576, 663 , 959 ;

overstory vs. understory of, 347 , 354 , 614 ;

perennial, 378 , 696 ;

physical vs. biotic components of, 847 ;

prehistoric, 777 ;

productivity of, 404 , 413 , 667 , 722 -727, 801 , 852 , 912 , 984 ;

protection vs. management of, 802 , 806 , 844 -860;

public ownership of, 283 ;

public regulation and subsidy of, 283 ;

and Public Trust Doctrine, 265 ;

resiliency of, 229 , 414 -415, 426 , 559 , 800 , 958 ;

species composition in, 488 ;

spring, 515 -527;

stream vs. desert, 407 ;

subsystems of, 379 ;

temporal desert, 688 -693;

terms related to, 847 ;

as transitional zone, 688 ;

uniqueness of, 362 , 372 , 535 , 852 ;

valuation of, 226 -227, 233 -240, 282 , 356 , 380 , 384 , 385 , 404 , 434 , 452 , 459 , 511 , 528 , 595 , 634 -635, 638 , 661 , 668 , 703 , 720 , 728 , 737 , 758 -761, 767 -768, 789 , 792 , 800 -801, 802 , 827 , 829 , 840 -841, 864 , 868 , 899 , 958 , 959 , 965 , 981 ;

and vector control, 968 -969;

vulnerability of, 274 , 379 , 385 , 426 , 711 , 748 , 958 ;

vs. wetland, 900

Riparian-use zone, 216 -220

Riparian vegetation:

adaptations of, 725 , 856 ;

alluvial scrub, 882 -883;

changes in, 207 , 307 , 314 , 321 , 326 , 347 , 571 -574;

and channel bank stabillity, 124 -133, 166 , 477 , 795 , 827 , 966 ;

classification of, 309 -312, 319 , 338 , 347 -355, 606 ;

as condition estimator, 359 , 371 ;

defined, 637 , 663 , 674 ;

desert, 695 -696, 722 -727;

and dissolved organic matter, 160 -164;

eastern vs. western, 378 -379, 407 ;

effects of flooding on, 488 -490;

effects of, on levees, 539 -546, 548 -550, 551 -557, 558 -565, 571 , 574 ;

effects of removal of, 142 -149, 164 -166, 181 , 183 , 233 , 406 , 414 , 424 , 552 -553, 594 , 654 , 745 , 802 , 839 , 852 , 853 , 886 , 959 , 966 ;

and fish communities, 183 -187;

as fodder or forage, 320 , 443 , 461 , 660 , 723 , 726 , 727 , 805 ;

growth rate of, 661 , 739 , 745 , 856 ;

as habitat, 166 , 184 , 235 , 261 , 319 , 326 , 360 , 446 , 461 , 660 , 663 , 666 , 720 ;

hardwood, 745 ;

management of, 660 -672, 744 -746, 748 -757, 795 -799, 800 -807, 896 ;

negative perceptions of, 540 , 549 , 827 , 829 , 831 , 846 , 853 , 959 , 968 , 969 , 977 ;

protective value of, 164 -166, 261 , 477 , 828 , 829 ;

as resource, 275 , 360 , 660 , 661 , 670 , 703 , 722 , 727 , 742 , 744 -746, 806 ;

and stream ecosystems, 160 -167, 177 ;

stringers, 369 -370;

structure of, 469 , 702 , 802 , 884 -886;

valuation of, 223 , 261 , 360 , 477 , 660 , 742 , 744 -746, 983 ;

as wetland criterion, 890 .

Seealso Riparian forests; Riparian woodland

Riparian woodland, 115 , 116 , 152 , 459 , 498 , 499 , 642 -646, 808 , 840 -841, 882 ;

conditions favoring, 483 , 838 ;

defined, 642 ;

functions of, 461 ;

regulation of, 728 -730

Riprap, 130 , 158 , 180 , 181 , 250 , 260 , 262 , 275 , 277 , 320 , 446 , 452 , 454 , 455 , 469 , 560 , 561 , 563 , 572 , 574 , 617 , 661 , 675 , 761 , 795 , 966 ;

brushy, 572 ;

economic life of, 797 ;

effects of, 320 , 604 , 637 , 645 ;

inadequacy of, 797 -798.

Seealso Bank stabilization; Revetment

River Continuum Concept, 162 -164, 173

Riverine forests. See riparian headings

River mile system, 336 -337, 338

Rivers, 52 -53, 162 , 163 , 261 -262, 358 , 496 , 847 ;

laws protecting, 226 , 236 , 242 -256, 257 -264, 275 , 330 , 430 -435;

as natural resource, 257 , 320 .

Seealso Streams

Rivers and Harbors [Appropriations] Act (1899), 236 , 257 -258, 260 , 262 , 868 -881;

changing interpretations of, 872 -873;

1890 Act, 870 , 871 ;

limitations of, 877 -878;

opposition to, 868 , 871 ;

Section 9, 868 , 870 ;

Section 10, 243 -244, 259 , 260 , 263 , 868 , 870 -871, 874 , 889

Riverside Irrigation District v. Stipo, 254

River training, 131 -132, 133

Road construction, 38 , 126 , 146 , 160 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 184 , 186 , 262 , 272 , 275 , 319 , 404 , 432 , 638 , 661 , 685 , 771 , 784 , 787 , 801 , 803 , 805 , 810 , 879 , 917 , 983 , 985 , 987

Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus ), 629 , 697 ;

Greater (= Roadrunner), 194

Robin, American (Turdus migratorius ), 206 , 494 , 582 , 593 , 692

Robiniapseudoacacia , 153 , 696 , 787

Rockrose (Cistus ):

crimson spot (C . ladanifer ), 448 ;

sageleaf (C . salvifolius ), 556

Rocky Mountain region, 413 -423

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 969

Rodents, 194 , 197 , 368 , 450 , 518 , 522 , 524 , 544 , 549 , 551 , 552 , 553 -554, 573 , 706 , 711 , 732 , 767 , 827 , 943 , 944 , 945 , 948 , 950 , 952 , 954 , 968 -969

Rodoliacardinalis , 975

Roosevelt, Theodore (President), 965

Root pressure, 18

Roots, 442 -443, 501 , 781 , 916 ;

growth capacity of, 112 , 739 ;

tap, 725

Rorrippa , 490 ;

nasturtium-aquatica , 445

Rosa , 953 ;

californica , 23 , 48 , 197 , 348 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 449 , 572 , 579 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 651 , 749 , 765 , 805 , 908 ;

minutifolia , 393 ;

woodsii , 76 , 77 , 78

Rosaceae, 651

Rose, wild (Rosacalifornica ), 23 , 48 , 197 , 348 , 365 , 393 , 549 , 572 , 579 , 749 , 805 , 908 , 953 ;

California (= wild rose), 445 , 447 , 449 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 651 , 765

Rubiaceae, 6 , 651

Rubiales, 6

Rubioideae, 6

Rubus , 23 , 87 , 153 , 309 , 365 , 511 , 572 , 573 , 588 , 749 , 827 , 916 , 953 , 969 , 978 ;

discolor , 48 , 152 , 645 , 651 ;

procerus , 71 , 72 ;

ursinus , 48 , 152 , 348 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 651 , 675 ;

vitifolius , 48 , 152 , 348 , 445 , 447 , 579 , 908 , 909 , 976 , 978

Ruderal lands, 573 , 575

Rumex , 99 , 102 , 103 , 490 , 938 ;

conglomeratus , 71 , 651 ;

crispus , 71 , 607 , 651 , 938

Runoff, 2 , 9 , 25 , 75 , 81 , 82 , 134 , 135 -136, 146 , 152 , 160 , 166 , 169 , 200 , 252 , 367 , 654 , 688 , 690 -691, 810 ;

control of, 652 -659, 827 ;

estimation of, 655 , 823 ;

factors influencing, 853 , 902 , 965 ;

filtering of, 812

Ruppiamaritima , 399

Rural Clean Water Program, 283

Rush, 511 , 954 ;

baltic (Juncusbalticus ), 650 ;

brown-headed (J . phaeocephalus ), 650 ;

Juncus , 71 , 72 , 78 , 93 , 210 , 310 , 445 , 559 , 707 ;

Scirpus , 445 , 518 ;

scouring, 573 ;

three-square (S . americana ), 516 ;

western scouring (Equisetum hyemale var. affine ), 649

Rush Creek (Calif.), 528 , 531

Russian River (Calif.), 110 , 184 , 862

Rutales, 8

Ryegrass (Elymus ), 614 ;

creeping (E . triticoides ), 556 ;

Lolium , 614

S

Sacramento Co. (Calif.), 829 , 833 -837

Sacramento Municipal Utility District, 507

Sacramento River (Calif.), 17 , 23 -25, 51 -57, 59 -60, 88 , 120 -123, 150 , 229 , 642 -646, 761 , 908 ;

riparian vegetation of, 307 , 379 , 613 , 642 -646, 795 -799, 899

Sacramento River and Tributaries Bank Protection and Erosion Control Investigation, 895 , 897

Sacramento River Atlas, 325

Sacramento River Bank Protection Program, 550 , 895

Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel Project, 897

Sacramento River Flood Control Project, 56 , 120 , 538 , 539 , 543 , 985

Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, 24 , 566 -576;

Investigation, 897 -898;

Wildlife Habitat Protection and Restoration Plan, 566 , 568 , 573

Sacramento Valley (Calif.), 185 , 357 , 413 , 538 ;

changes in, since Miocene, 934 -935;

hydrologic system of, 23 -25

Sage (Salvia ):

Cleveland (S . clevelandii ), 556 ;

purple (S . leucophylla ), 447 ;

white (S . apiana ), 675

Sagebrush (Artemisia ), 211 , 416 , 425 , 531 , 617 , 691 , 838 ;

basin (A . tridentata ), 606 ;

big (= basin), 210 , 953 ;

California (A . californica ), 448 ;

low (A . arbuscula ), 210 , 211 , 212 ;

silver (A . cana ), 210 , 211 , 212

"Sagebrush rebellion," 282

Sagehen Creek Field Station (Univ. of California, Berkeley), 178

Salamander:

arboreal (Aneideslugubris ), 32 ;

black (A . flavipunctatus ), 32 ;

California slender (Batrachosepsattenautus ), 32 ;

clouded (Aneidesferreus ), 32 ;

Del Norte (Plethodon selongatus ), 32 ;

desert slender (Batrachoseps aridus ), 32 , 33 ;

Dunn's (Plethodondunni ), 32 ;

eastern stream (Desmognathus fuscus ), 31 ;

Inyo Mountains (Batrachoseps campi ), 32 , 33 ;

limestone (Hydromantes brunus ), 32 ;

long-toed (Ambystoma macrodactylum ), 32 ;

lungless, 32 ;

Mount Lyell (Hydromantes platycephalus ), 32 ;

northwestern (Ambystoma gracile ), 32 ;

Olympic (Rhyacotriton olympicus ), 32 , 33 ;

Pacific giant (Dicamptodon ensatus ), 31 , 32 ;

Pacific slender (Batrachoseps pacificus ), 32 ;

plethodontid , 32 , 33 ;

Shasta (Hydromantesshastae ), 32 , 784 , 786 , 789 , 790 , 793 ;

Siskiyou Mountain (Plethodon stormi ), 31 , 32 , 33 ;

slimy, 790

Salicaceae, 10 , 13 , 651

Salicales, 10 , 13

Salicornia , 400 , 498 , 953 , 954 ;

ambigua , 953 ;

bigelovii , 395 , 396 , 397 ;

subterminalis , 399 ;

virginica , 395 , 445 , 637 , 675

Salinas Lagoon, 495

Salinas Reservoir, 817 , 818

Salinas River (Calif.), 196 , 199 , 901 ;

lower, 495 -504;

Wildlife Refuge, 496

Salix , 4 , 10 , 13 -15, 17 , 23 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 70 , 87 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 152 , 153 , 161 , 193 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 310 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 367 , 372 , 393 , 394 , 398 , 407 , 445 , 457 , 464 , 469 , 499 , 511 , 516 , 522 , 559 , 560 , 571 , 572 , 573 , 574 , 578 , 579 , 588 , 614 , 616 , 660 , 665 , 666 , 669 , 695 , 696 , 749 , 762 , 765 , 780 , 787 , 805 , 839 , 841 , 863 , 882 , 883 , 887 , 900 , 908 , 909 , 916 , 953 , 962 , 965 , 971 , 976 ;

bonplandiana , 13 , 14 , 99 ;

coulteri , 13 ;

exigua , 13 , 14 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 528 , 607 , 609 ;

fluviatilis , 14 ;

gooddingii , 4 , 13 , 15 , 48 , 60 , 71 , 76 , 77 , 99 , 106 , 191 , 309 , 483 , 488 , 489 , 561 , 573 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 620 , 626 , 630 , 651 , 707 , 739 , 740 , 742 , 840 , 885 ;

hindsiana , 13 , 14 , 15 , 48 , 60 , 63 , 66 , 71 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 459 , 499 , 573 , 651 , 781 , 782 , 900 , 921 ;

hookeriana , 13 , 15 ;

laevigata , 4 , 13 -14, 48 , 60 , 76 , 77 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 447 , 483 , 499 , 606 , 609 , 651 , 885 , 921 ;

lasiandra , 4 , 13 , 14 , 48 , 60 , 71 , 87 , 89 , 348 , 349 , 351 , 447 , 483 , 606 , 609 , 651 , 675 , 885 , 900 , 902 ;

lasiolepis , 4 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 89 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 499 , 573 , 606 , 607 , 609 , 637 , 645 , 651 , 675 , 676 , 677 , 885 , 900 , 902 ;

lucida , 14 ;

lutea , 528 ;

mackenziana , 13 ;

melanopsis , 14 , 48 ;

nigra , 13 ;

n . vallicola , 13 ;

rigida , 13 ;

scouleriana , 13 ;

sessilifolia , 14 ;

sitchensis , 13 , 15 ;

taxifolia , 399 ;

tracyi , 13 , 15

Salmo , 966 ;

campi , 784 , 788 , 791 ;

clarki (i ), 425 , 663 ;

gairdneri , 185 , 186 , 425 , 534 , 663 , 784 , 786 , 788 , 790 , 821 , 849 , 862 ;

trutta , 425 , 529

Salmon, 257 , 434 , 637 , 896 , 985 ;

chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), 425 , 786 ;

king, 227 ;

silver (O . kisutch ), 663 , 786 ;

as stream condition indicator, 384

Salmon Falls Reservoir, 505 , 506

Salmonids, 136 , 138 , 184 , 534 , 852 . Seealso Salmon; Trout

Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius ), 649

Salsolaiberica , 78 , 439 , 443 , 628 , 649 , 740 , 741

Salt, 9 , 13 , 81 , 396 , 405 , 442 , 463 -464, 496 , 518 , 533 , 559 , 642 , 643

Saltbush (Atriplex ), 23 , 556 , 675 , 682 , 683 , 707 , 972 ;

Australia (A . semibaccata ), 556 , 649 ;

Nevada (A . torreyi ), 76 , 77 , 78

Salt cedar (Monanthochloe littoralis ), 395 , 396 , 397 , 399

Salt cedar (Tamarix ), 76 , 77 , 78 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 99 , 101 , 102 , 106 , 107 , 191 , 193 , 407 , 619 , 691 , 693 , 696 ;

T . chinensis , 406 , 438 , 471 , 600 , 620 , 624 , 626 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 743 ;

T . gallica , 457 , 764

Salt Creek (Calif.), 35

Salt flats, 653

Salt grass (Distichlis spicata ), 445 , 498 , 521 , 556 , 675 , 707

Salton Sea (Calif.), 722

Salt Point State Park (Sonoma Co., Calif.), 760

Salt River (Ariz.), 405 , 409

Salt tolerance, 675

Saltwort (Batismaritima ), 395 , 396 , 397 , 399 , 400

Salvelinus :

confluentus , 425 , 784 , 786 , 788 , 791 , 793 ;

fontinalis , 425

Salvia , 882 ;

apiana , 609 , 675 ;

clevelandii , 556 ;

leucophylla , 447 , 609 ;

mellifera , 609

Sambucus , 348 , 916 ;

caerulea , 364 , 365 , 445 , 447 , 449 , 908 , 909 ;

callicarpa , 87 , 660 ;

mexicana , 48 , 61 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 152 , 153 , 459 , 606 , 609 , 921

Samolusparviflorus , 651

Sampling procedures, 345 , 347 , 349 -350, 357 , 359 , 360 , 467 -468, 486 -487, 496 , 519 , 524 , 579 , 588 , 598 , 694 -697, 723 , 884

San Andreas Fault (Calif.), 395 -396

San Antonio Creek (Santa Barbara Co., Calif.), 15

San Antonio Reservoir (Calif.), 495

San Antonio River (Calif.), 196 , 495

San Buenaventura (Ventura Co., Calif.), 683

San Clemente Dam (Calif.), 124 , 127 , 128

Sand, 9 , 52 , 59 , 114 , 128 , 130 , 134 , 136 , 138 -139, 148 , 186 , 246 , 517 , 607 , 636 , 763 , 781 , 849 ;

commercial use of, 266 , 854 ;

defined, 138 ;

flats, 88 ;

hummocks, 569

Sandbars, 14 , 153 , 310 , 469 , 499 , 602 , 604

Sanderling (Calidrisalba ), 600

Sand Hill Lake (Mendocino Co., Calif.), 763

San Diego (Calif.), 653 , 659

San Diego Co. (Calif.), 652 -659, 838 -843;

Department of Health Services, 461 ;

Department of Public Works, 463

San Diego River (Calif.), 838 , 840 -841

Sandpiper:

Baird (Calidrisbairdii ), 600 ;

Least (C . minutilla ), 600 ;

Pectoral (C . melanotos ), 600 ;

Solitary (Tringasolitaria ), 205 , 600 ;

Spotted (Actitismacularia ), 205 , 207 , 592 , 595 , 600 ;

Western (Calidrismauri ), 205 , 600

San Elijo Lagoon (San Diego Co., Calif.), 460

San Francisco Bay, 272 , 826 , 868 , 872 , 873 -874, 875 , 877 ;

Conservation and Development Commission, 874

San Francisco River (Ariz.), 97 , 101 , 103 -104, 106 -107

San Joaquin River (Calif.), 23 -25, 362 -363, 613

San Joaquin Subbasins, 25

San Joaquin Valley (Calif.), 23 -25, 186 , 357 , 538 , 952

San Juan Creek (Orange Co., Calif.), 636

San Lorenzo Basin (Calif.), 143

San Lorenzo River (Calif.), 142 -149;

Watershed Management Plan, 146

San Luis National Wildlife Refuge (Merced Co., Calif.), 944

San Luis Obispo Co. (Calif.), 676 -678;

Local Coastal Plans, 677

San Luis Rey River (Calif.), 638 , 839 , 841 -842

San Mateo Co. (Calif.), 637 -638

San Pedro River (Ariz.), 409

Santa Ana River (Calif.), 882 -888

Santa Barbara Co. (Calif.), 640 , 678 -682;

Local Coastal Plans, 680 -682

Santa Clara River (Calif.), 682 , 683 , 847 , 848

Santa Clara Valley (Calif.), 445 -446;

Water District, 445 , 446 , 467

Santa Cruz (Calif.), 143

Santa Lucia Mountains (Calif.), 134 -141, 196

Santa Margarita Lake (Calif.), 495 , 817

Santa Margarita River (Calif.), 839

Santa Maria River (Santa Barbara Co., Calif.), 678 -679

Santa Monica Mountains (Calif.), 652

Santini-Burton program, 812

Sapindales, 3 , 8

Sapindineae, 3

Saratoga Horticultural Foundation, 449

Sarcobatusvermiculatus , 77 , 78 , 525

Satyridae, 936

Satyrium , 936 ;

californica , 938 , 939

Savannah, 358 , 934 , 972

Save Chicken Ranch Slough Association, 833 , 834

Save Our Bay Action Committee, 874

Save San Francisco Bay Association, 874

Save the American River Association, 834

Sawgrass (Cladiummariscus ), 707

Sawyer Decision (1884), 54

Saxifragaoregana , 178

Sayornis :

nigricans , 493 , 593 , 595 , 600 , 621 , 623 , 624 ;

saya , 206

Scale:

citrus red, 971 ;

cottony-cushion (Icerya purchasi ), 975 ;

olive, 972

Scapanuslatimanus , 943

Scaup:

Greater (Aythyamarila ), 599 ;

Lesser (A . affinis ), 599

Scavengers, 970

Sceloporus :

graciosus , 34 ;

occidentalis , 34

Scenic landscapes, 758 -759

Scenic Waterways program (Oregon), 430

Scientist, role of, 385 , 405 , 408 , 409 , 415 , 560 -561, 563 , 679 , 684 , 826 , 841 , 855 , 856

Scirpus , 23 , 78 , 179 , 310 , 445 , 518 , 560 , 571 , 574 , 675 , 776 , 934 , 938 ;

acutus , 559 , 561 , 598 , 599 , 600 , 643 , 645 , 649 ;

americana (-us ), 516 , 517 , 521 , 522 ;

californicus , 559 , 643 -644, 649 , 953 ;

cernuus , 649 ;

olneyi , 649 , 707 ;

robustus , 561

Sciurus :

carolinensis , 943 , 944 , 945 ;

griseus , 943 , 945 ;

niger , 943 , 944 , 945

Scott, Nauman (Judge), 251

Scotty Spring, 515

Scour, 66 , 86 , 88 , 89 , 111 , 113 , 136 , 142 , 144 , 510 , 653 , 787 , 798 , 863 ;

fill and, 136 -137, 140 , 141

Scrapers, algal, 162 , 164 , 168

Scrophulariaceae, 651

Scrophulariales, 6

Scrubland, 76 , 78 , 377

Sculpin (Cottus ), 185 , 425 ;

riffle (C . gulosus ), 185

Seasonality, in bird habitat use, 578 -586, 587 -604, 699 -704

Sedge (Carex ), 310 , 445 , 780 , 781 ;

basket (C . barbarae ), 112 , 115 ;

C . nudata , 781 ;

Santa Barbara (C . barbarae ), 649 , 781

Sedge (Eleocharisparishii ), 521

Sedge (taxon not given), 362 , 371 , 511 , 916 , 954 ;

aquatic, 519 ;

beaked, 93 ;

Nebraska, 93 ;

peat, 984 ;

short-hair, 93

Sediment, 24 , 25 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 61 , 66 , 88 , 89 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 115 , 122 , 127 , 130 , 134 , 136 , 142 , 144 -147, 166 , 168 , 171 , 200 , 235 , 252 , 257 , 261 , 358 , 452 , 510 , 528 , 640 , 678 , 763 , 787 , 795 , 851 ;

basins, 148 ;

coarse vs. fine, 139 , 140 ;

control, 652 -659, 666 ;

and delta formation, 151 ;

and fire, 130 , 134 , 138 -141;

rate of transport of, 171 , 653 , 654 , 795 ;

suspended, 169 , 795 , 810 -811, 852 ;

traps, 656

Sedum, Purdy's (Sedum spathulifoliumpurdyi ), 788

Seed, 83 , 194 , 347 , 354 , 367 , 414 , 438 , 450 , 466 , 518 , 526 , 583 , 972

Seedling:

establishment, 60 -61, 111 , 112 , 114 , 347 , 414 , 645 , 691 , 782 ;

sensitivity, 5 -6, 61 , 80 , 89 ;

survival, 103 , 111 , 112 , 355 , 366 , 438 -443, 447 -448

Seepage, 52 , 53 , 56 , 75 , 82 , 371

Seeps, perennial, 310

Seep-willow (Baccharis glutinosa ), 48 , 98 , 101 , 102 , 105 , 106 , 607 , 609

Selasphorusrufus , 206 , 208

Senate Bill:

41 (97th Congress), 719 ;

139 , 232 ;

397 (Oregon, 1981), 430 -435, 830 , 831 ;

1018 , 231 -232;

1771 , 41 ;

2469 , 763

Senate Select Committee, 386

Senecio :

hydrophilus , 648 ;

layneae , 512 ;

longilobus , 99 , 102 ;

scorzonella , 93

Sensitive species, 950 -956

Septic tanks, 637 , 681

Sequoia, giant (Sequoia gigantea ), 366

Sequoia :

gigantea , 366 ;

sempervirens , 3 , 86 , 88 , 142 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 660 , 661 , 663 , 665 , 667 , 669 , 761 , 939 , 983 , 984

Servitude (legal), 266 , 285

Sesuvium :

portulacastrum , 397 , 401 ;

verrucosum , 691

Setariageniculata , 651

Sevin, 978

Sewage. See Waste disposal

Shade. See Light

Shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia ), 695 , 930

Sharpshooters (insects), 976 -977;

blue-green (Graphocephala atropunctata ), 977 ;

green-headed (Draeculacephala minerva ), 977 ;

red-headed (Carneocephala fulgida ), 977

Shasta Dam (Calif.), 56 , 66 , 787

Shasta Lake (Calif.), 24

Shasta Reservoir (Calif.), 56

Shasta-Trinity National Forest, 793 , 804

Sheep, 80 , 425 , 426 -427

Shellfish, 259 , 402 . Seealso Crayfish; Molluscs; Shrimp

Shepherdiaargentea , 203 , 207 , 208

Sherman Diversion Dam, 505

Shorebirds, 498 , 598 , 602 . Seealso Birds

Shoreline, 876

Shoreline Management Act (Washington, 1971), 283

Shorezone, 265 , 271

Shoveler (Anasclypeata ), 205 , 599

Shredders, 162 , 164 , 168 , 178

Shrew (Sorex ):

Buena Vista Lake (S . ornatusrelictus ), 952 , 953 ;

ornate (S . ornatus), 943 ;

salt marsh wandering (S . vagranshalicoetes ), 952 , 953 ;

San Bernardino dusky (S . monticolusparvidens ), 952 , 953 ;

Santa Catalina (S . willetti ), 952 , 953 ;

southern California salt marsh (S . ornatussalicornicus ), 952 , 953 ;

Suisun (S . o . sinuosus ), 952 , 953

Shrike, Loggerhead (Lanius ludovicianus ), 194 , 206 , 629

Shrimp, 253 ;

California freshwater (Syncaris

pacifica ), 915 -916

Shrubs, defined, 362 , 363

Sialiamexicana , 206 , 494 , 692

Sialidae, 179

Sialis , 166

Sierra Club, 37 , 231 , 407 , 507 , 509 , 834

Sierra Club v. Department of the Interior, 273

Sierra Kayak School, 507

Sierra National Forest, 804

Sigmodonarizonae plenus , 952 , 954

Silt, 23 , 53 , 117 , 142 , 151 , 158 , 223 , 224 , 358 , 367 , 395 , 712 , 849 ;

curtains, 857

Silverweed, Pacific (Potentilla anserina ), 651

Silviculture, 242 , 247 , 745 , 801 , 985

Silybummarianum , 648 , 764 , 921 , 926

Similaxcalifornica , 48

Simuliidae, 180

Simulium , 849

Sinuosity, 127

Siskin, Pine (Spinuspinus ), 593

Sisymbriumofficinale , 649

Sisyridae, 179

Sitanionjubatum , 765

Sitta :

canadensis , 206 ;

carolinensis , 89 , 494

Siumsuave , 648

Six Rivers National Forest, 804 , 806

Skink (Eumeces ):

Gilbert's (E . gilberti ), 33 , 34 ;

western (E . skiltonianus ), 34

Skipper:

marsh, 935 ;

umber (Paratrytonemelane ), 939 ;

Yuma (Ochlodesyuma ), 935

Skunk:

striped (Mephitismephitis ), 943 , 945 ;

western spotted (Spilogale gracilis ), 943 , 944 , 945

Skunk cabbage (Veratrum californicum ), 511

Slider, pond (Chrysemys scripta ), 397 , 398 , 399

Slough, 52 , 207 , 228 , 253 , 310 , 871

Sly Park, 506 , 509

Smartweed, 572 ;

water (Polygonumpunctatum ), 651

Smith River (Calif.), 660 , 661 , 666 , 729

Smoketree (Daleaspinosa ), 695

Smotherweed (Bassia hyssopifolia ), 439 , 628 , 629 , 740 , 741

Snags (dead trees), ecological importance of, 603 , 604 , 629 , 630 , 665 , 666 , 670 , 671 , 743 , 917 , 968

Snail, 717 ;

Amargosa spring (Fontilicella ), 710 ;

Amargosa tryonia (Tryonia ), 710 ;

assimineid, 709 ;

hydrobiid, 709 ;

introduced, 718 ;

littoridinid, 709 ;

Nevada Spring, 717 , 718 ;

Trinity bristle (Monadenia setosa ), 915 -917

Snake, 30 ;

California mountain king-(Lampropeltiszonata ), 34 , 789 ;

checkered garter (Thamnophis marcianus ), 34 ;

common garter (T . sirtalis ), 34 ;

common king- (Lampropeltis getulus ), 34 ;

gopher (Pituophis melanoleucus ), 34 ;

night (Hypsiglenaplaniceps ), 34 ;

northwestern garter (Thamnophisordinoides ), 34 ;

ringneck (Diadophis punctatus ), 31 , 33 , 34 ;

sharp-tailed (Contiatenius ), 33 , 34 ;

western aquatic garter (Thamnophiscouchi ), 34 ;

western black-headed (Tantilla planiceps ), 34 ;

western blind (Leptotyphlops humilis ), 34 ;

western rattle- (Crotalus viridis ), 34 ;

western terrestrial garter (Thamnophiselegans ), 34

Snakeweed (Gutierrezia ), 99 , 102

Sneezeweed, Bigelow's (Helenium bigelovii ), 648

Snelling (Calif.), 68 ;

dredge field, 68 -74

Snipe, Common (Capella gallinago ), 599

Snow, 2 , 9 , 10 , 25 , 75 , 135 , 161 , 184 , 211 , 358 , 485 , 528

Snowberry (Symphoricarpos ), 197 ;

S . mollis , 606 , 607 , 609 ;

S . rivularis , 48 , 348 ;

river, 348

Society for California Archaeology, 775

Society of American Foresters, 41 -42, 324

Socioeconomic values, 216 -220, 222 -223, 226 -227, 233 -240, 513 , 572 , 720 , 803

Sodium, 463

SOFAR Project, 505 -514

Soil, 59 , 72 , 140 , 151 -152, 153 , 200 , 211 , 275 , 358 , 439 , 442 , 630 , 781 ;

alluvial, 151 , 348 , 404 , 452 , 569 , 661 , 799 , 809 , 862 , 984 ;

conservation, 855 ;

density, 740 ;

disturbance, 311 , 987 ;

and ecosystem classification, 288 , 325 ;

formation, 798 , 799 ;

and grazing, 414 ;

hydrologic groups, 654 ;

hydromorphic, 901 ;

moisture-holding capacity of, 111 , 151 -152, 377 , 442 -443, 483 , 519 , 521 , 573 , 574 , 643 , 654 , 665 , 688 , 725 , 816 -817;

permeability of, 496 , 723 , 901 ;

riparian-indicator, 26 , 216 , 371 , 376 , 377 , 468 ;

salt content of, 442 -443, 498 , 642 , 643 ;

saturation, as wetland criterion, 248 , 253 , 376 , 890 , 891 , 892 -893, 900 -901;

and timber production, 661 , 984 , 987

Solanaceae, 651

Solanumnodiflorum , 651

Solar radiation. See Light

Solidagooccidentalis , 648

Sonchus :

asper , 649 ;

oleraceus , 649

Sonoma Co. (Calif.), 916

Sonoma State University (Calif.), 775 , 780

Sonoran Desert, 722 -727

Sora (Porzanacarolina ), 205 , 207 , 493 , 599

Sorex :

monticolusparvidens , 952 , 953 ;

ornatus , 943 ;

o . relictus , 952 , 953 ;

o . salicornicus , 952 , 953 ;

o . sinuosus , 952 , 953 ;

vagranshalicoetes , 952 , 953 ;

willetti , 952 , 953

Sorghumhalopensis , 552

Sound absorption, 226

South Carolina Coastal Plain, 16 , 17

South Carolina Wildlife Federation v. Alexander, 251

South Central Region Coastal Commission (Calif.), 673 , 674 , 684

Southern Sierra Power Company, 529

South Valley Coastal Foothills, 315

South Valley Depositional Flatland, 315

South Valley Sierran Foothills, 315

Soybeans, 234 , 235 , 251

Sparrow, 193 ;

Black-throated (Amphispiza bilineata ), 207 , 701 , 702 ;

Brewer's (Spizellabreweri ), 207 , 701 ;

Chipping (S . passerina ), 207 ;

Fox (Passerellailiaca ), 494 ;

Golden-crowned (Zonotrichia atricapilla ), 494 , 580 , 582 , 701 ;

House (Passerdomesticus ), 206 , 701 , 702 ;

Lark

(Chondestesgrammacus ), 207 ;

Lincoln (Melospiza lincolnii ), 595 , 600 ;

Sage (Amphispizabelli ), 207 , 621 , 623 , 624 ;

Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis ), 207 , 461 , 494 , 680 ;

Song (Melospizageorgiana ), 494 ;

Song (M . melodia ), 207 , 209 , 600 , 602 ;

song (taxon not given), 594 , 595 ;

White-crowned (Zonotrichia leucophrys ), 194 , 494 , 580 , 582 , 600 , 621 , 623 , 701

Spartinafoliosa , 395 , 396 , 397 , 399 , 445 , 900 , 953

Spawning, fish, 136 , 138 , 139 -140, 169 , 184 , 223 , 243 , 252 , 640 , 663 , 787 , 790 , 800 , 801 , 821 , 849 , 852

Special Treatment Area, 729 , 986

Speciation, 322 , 393 , 709

Species abundance, 205 -207, 518

Species composition, 340 , 341 , 347 , 361 , 488 , 499 , 642 -646, 882 , 908 , 958 , 974 ;

and brood parasitism, 594 ;

changes in, 90 , 112 , 166 , 168 , 170 , 183 , 185 , 186 , 193 , 203 -209, 319 , 353 , 354 , 378 , 490 , 502 , 510 , 521 , 523 , 552 -553, 571 -572, 575 , 594 , 600 , 619 , 624 , 668 , 769 , 934 , 972 ;

and grazing, 358 , 414 , 477 , 764 ;

and salinity, 643 ;

stability of, 194 , 702

Species density, 338

Species diversity, 322 , 326 , 361 , 385 , 407 , 500 , 523 , 589 , 594 , 664 , 709 , 810 , 970 ;

amphibian and reptile, 30 -31, 33 ;

bird, 19 , 326 , 488 , 489 , 498 , 499 , 579 , 580 , 581 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 591 , 626 , 662 , 694 , 695 , 739 ;

and habitat patch size, 662 ;

index of, 695 ;

invertebrate, 166 , 170 ;

plant, 64 , 72 -73, 76 , 86 , 488 , 518 , 520 ;

vs. plant diversity, 361 ;

riparian vs. desert, 709 ;

and succession, 72 -73

Species richness, 15 , 73 , 190 , 191 , 193 , 194 , 205 -207, 208 , 360 , 361 , 368 , 371 , 379 , 406 , 483 , 484 , 487 , 488 , 489 , 494 , 500 , 520 , 522 , 523 , 580 , 587 , 594 , 602 , 628 , 629 , 644 , 662 , 694 -705, 786 , 849 , 934 , 970 ;

and habitat patch size, 662 , 698 , 703 ;

and salinity, 643 ;

temporal patterns of, 697 ;

and vegetation, 701 -702

Species turnover, 78 , 190 , 191 , 194 , 594

Speedwell (Veronica anagallis-aquatica ), 607

Speotytocunicularia , 461

Spermophilusbeecheyi , 943 , 945

Spaeralcea , 99 , 103

Spiders, cave, 789

Spikerush (Eleocharis ), 560 , 561 ;

E . palustris , 210 , 212 ;

fewflowered (E . pauciflora ), 93

Spilogalegracilis , 943 , 944 , 945

Spinus :

lawrencei , 494 ;

pinus , 593 ;

psaltria , 494 , 593

Spirea, Douglas (Spireaea douglasii ), 665

Spizella :

breweri , 207 , 701 ;

passerina , 207

Spongillaflies, 179

Spoonbill, Roseate (Ajaia ajaja ), 599

Sporobolus :

airoides , 78 , 521 , 525 ;

virginicus , 401

Sport Fishing Institute, 408

Springfield, The, 516 -517, 523

Springs, 515 -527, 716 , 930 ;

dewatering of, 710

Spruce, 971 ;

bigcone (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa ), 675 ;

Sitka (Piceasitchensis ), 86 , 111 , 660 , 661 , 663 , 664 , 665 , 667 ;

white, 112

Squawbush (Rhustrilobata ), 606 , 609

Squawfish, Sacramento (Ptycho cheilusgrandis ), 184 , 186

Squaw Valley Creek (Calif.), 786 Squirrel, 448 , 767 ;

California ground (Spermophilusbeecheyi ), 943 , 945 ;

eastern gray (Sciurus carolinensis ), 943 , 944 , 945 ;

fox (S . niger ), 943 , 944 , 945 ;

ground (Spermophilus = Citellus ), 197 , 368 , 450 , 544 , 551 , 553 -554, 573 ;

northern flying (Glaucomys sabrinus ), 943 ;

western gray (Sciurus griseus ), 943 , 945

Stachysalbens , 607 , 610 , 650

Stand, 341 n

Stanislaus River (Calif.), 17 , 24 , 25 , 363 , 467 ;

controversy, 330 , 895 ;

lower, 895

Starling (Sturnusvulgaris ), 206 , 488 , 494 , 592

State Attorney General (Calif.), 267

State Forest Practices Act (Oregon), 431

State v. Public Service Commission (1957, Wisconsin), 272

State Water Project (Calif.), 56

Statistical analysis, 191 , 349 -350, 360 , 417 -418, 439 , 467 -468, 579 , 598 , 723 , 877 -878

Steamer Daniel Pall v. U. S. (1871), 875 -876

Steelhead (Salmogairdneri ), 136 , 257 , 425 , 445 , 534 , 663 , 786 , 821 , 849 , 862

Steganopustricolor , 600

Stelgidopteryxruficollis , 206 , 493

Stenelmiscalidae calidae , 718

Stephanomeriapauciflora , 99 , 102 , 103

Steppe, 418 , 936 , 953

Sterna :

albifrons , 461 , 683 ;

caspia , 600 ;

forsteri , 600 ;

hirundo , 600

Stewardship, 259 , 260 , 262 , 772 , 790 , 792 , 844

Stickleaf (Mentzelia ), 99 , 102 , 103

Stickleback, threespine (Gasterosteusaculeatus ), 184 ;

unarmored (G . a . williamsoni ), 15

Stilt, Black-necked (Himantopus mexicanus ), 205 , 207 , 600

Stipa , 23 ;

cernua , 765 ;

pulchra , 72 , 765

Stockton Ship Channel Project, 896

Stoneflies (Plecoptera), 162 , 166 , 177 , 178 , 180 , 849

Stone Lagoon (Calif.), 660

Stonewort (Chara ), 893

Stony Creek, 24 , 35

Storms, 654 -656, 696 , 723 , 810 , 841 , 863 , 902

Strand, 377

Stream(s):

autotrophic, 161 , 164 , 168 ;

chemical reactions in, 166 ;

coastal, 634 -635;

and development, 983 -984;

dewatering, impact of, 500 -502;

ecosystems, 160 -167;

effects of grazing on, 424 , 426 ;

environment zones (SEZ), 808 -813;

ephemeral, 358 ;

headwater, 160 -161, 162 , 164 , 901 ;

heterotrophic, 160 , 164 , 168 ;

improvement of, 966 ;

legal limits of, 261 , 375 ;

order of, 162 -164, 663 , 809 ;

perennial, 97 -107, 320 , 408 ;

preservation zones, 830 -832;

resistant vs. non-resistant, 800 ;

restoration of, 856 , 966 ;

and riparian systems, 216 , 259 , 378 ;

sheet vs. channel flow in, 810 ;

"textbook," 848 -849;

urban, 833 -837, 897 ;

width, and braiding, 847

Streambank Erosion Control Evaluation and

Demonstration Act (1974), 538

Streambeds, 261 -262

Streamside Management Zone (SMZ), 802 , 806

Stress, environmental, 2 , 5 -6, 15

Strigidae, 89

Strixoccidentalis , 788

Stumpage values, 728

Sturnellaneglecta , 206 , 494

Sturnusvulgaris , 206 , 488 , 494 , 592

Styles, Frederick G., 38 -39

Suaeda :

californica , 400 ;

torreyana , 193 , 624 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 740 , 741

Subsidence, 358

Subsidies, 218 , 226 , 227 , 230 -232, 237 , 279 , 283 , 506 , 544 , 550 ;

insurance, 237 ;

price supports, 237 ;

of waste treatment, 259

Substrate, 16 , 134 , 138 , 140 , 162 , 452 , 510 , 583 ;

and animal distribution, 136 -140, 164 , 166 , 183 , 184 ;

and plant distribution, 9 , 11 , 14 , 59 , 72 , 89 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 151 -152, 607 ;

and salmonid reproduction, 136 , 138 , 139 -140;

and seedling establishment, 83 , 88 , 111 , 112 , 117 ;

and species richness, 368

Succession, ecological, 13 , 18 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 -62, 66 , 68 -74, 94 , 124 , 158 , 310 , 325 , 353 , 354 , 377 , 407 , 420 , 446 , 459 , 465 , 466 , 467 , 469 , 518 , 522 , 523 , 568 , 572 , 573 , 574 , 662 , 663 , 746 , 841 , 864 , 882 , 973 ;

allogenic vs. autogenic, 112 , 114 ;

and avifauna, 581 -582;

and fluvial processes, 110 -119, 488 , 499 , 518 ;

and soil type, 111 ;

stages of, 469 , 571 , 661

Sucker (Catostomidae), 184 , 185 , 774 ;

Owens (Catostomus fumeiventris ), 930 ;

Sacramento (C . occidentalis ), 185 , 186

Sugar bush (Rhus ovata), 447

Suisun Bay (Calif.), 877

Suisun Marsh Preservation Act, 830

Sulphur, orange (Colias eurytheme ), 935

Sumac, laurel (Rhuslaurina ), 675

Sunfish, green (Lepomis cyanellus ), 692 , 849

Sunflower (Helianthus giganteus ), 207

Sunlight. See Light

Susscrofa , 943 , 946

Sustained yield principle, 236 -237, 803

Sutter Bypass, 56 , 120

Swales, 61 , 66 , 70 -71, 113 , 117 , 368 , 369 , 371

Swallow (Hirundinidae), 191 , 484 , 572 , 573 , 591 ;

Bank (Ripariariparia ), 206 , 788 ;

Barn (Hirundorustica ), 206 , 493 ;

Cliff (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ), 206 ;

Rough-winged (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ), 206 , 493 ;

Tree (Iridoprocnebicolor ), 206 , 493 , 583 ;

Violet-green (Tachycineta thalassina ), 206 , 493

Swallowtail, hairy pipevine (Battusphilenorhirsuta ), 936 , 937

Swamp, 52 , 55 , 248 , 271 , 358 , 378 , 569

Swan, Whistling (Olor columbianus ), 574

Sweet-bay, Sierra (Myrica hartwegii ), 511

Sweetwater Creek (El Dorado Co., Calif.), 368

Swift (Apodidae), 191 ;

Vaux's (Chaeturavauxi ), 206 , 493 ;

White-throated (Aeronautes saxatalis ), 206 , 493

Sycamore (Platanus ), 8 -10, 63 , 66 , 186 , 414 , 464 , 572 , 679 , 908 ;

Arizona (P . wrightii ), 99 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ;

California (P . racemosa ), 23 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 89 , 152 , 196 -202, 364 , 366 , 372 , 393 , 445 , 447 , 448 , 459 , 559 , 579 , 614 , 695 , 759 , 764 , 767 , 839 , 841 , 884 , 885

Sylvilagus :

audubonii , 943 ;

bachmani , 943 , 944 , 952 , 953

Symphoricarpus , 197 ;

mollis , 606 , 607 , 609 ;

rivularis , 48 , 348

Syncaris :

pacifica , 915 -916;

pasadenae , 916

T

Tacamahaca (section), 10 , 11

Tachycinetathalassina , 206 , 493

Tadaridabrasiliensis , 943

Taeniopterygidae, 179

Taft, Peter P. (Assistant U. S. Attorney General), 879

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 808 , 809 -810

Tamaricales, 10

Tamarisk (Tamarix ), 365 , 395 , 397 , 707 , 720 , 953 ;

athel (T . aphylla ), 191 , 457 ;

T . gallica , 921 ;

T . parviflora , 48

Tamarix , 9 , 193 , 365 , 395 , 397 , 407 , 609 , 619 , 691 , 693 , 696 , 707 , 720 , 953 ;

aphylla , 191 , 457 ;

chinensis , 191 , 406 , 438 , 471 , 600 , 620 , 624 , 626 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 743 ;

gallica , 457 , 764 , 921 ;

parviflora , 48 ;

pentandra , 99 , 101 , 102 , 106 , 107 ;

ramosissima , 76 , 77 , 78 , 81 , 82

Tanager (Piranga ):

Summer (P . rubra ), 194 , 494 , 621 , 622 ;

Western (P . ludoviciana ), 206 , 494

Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus ), 88 , 669

Tantillaplaniceps , 34

Taricha , 32 ;

granulosa , 32 ;

rivularis , 32 ;

torosa , 32

Taxes, and environmental programs, 237 , 283 , 285 , 433 -434, 799 , 830 , 831 , 839 , 864 , 958 , 960 , 967 , 986

Taxideataxus , 943 , 945

Tea, Mexican (Chenopodium ambrosioides ), 578 , 649 , 908

Teal:

Blue-winged (Anasdiscors ), 205 , 599 ;

Cinnamon (A . cyanoptera ), 205 , 493 , 599 ;

Green-winged (A . creccacarolinensis ), 599

Tecopa Hot Springs (San Bernardino Co., Calif.), 706 , 707

Tehama Co. (Calif.), 185 , 799

Telegraph weed (Heterotheca grandiflora ), 648

Telemetry, 920 , 921 -924

Tellico Dam (Tenn.), 330

Temperature:

and community composition, 185 ;

diel changes in, 164 , 185 ;

and distribution, 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 -10, 13 , 18 , 33 , 399 ;

and fish survival, 169 , 534 ;

and productivity, 2 , 15 , 16 ;

and seedling mortality, 112 ;

water, 160 , 162 , 164 , 173 , 177 , 510 , 801 ;

and water quality, 261

Ten Mile estuary and dunes (Mendocino Co., Calif.), 660 , 763

Ten Mile River (Mendocino Co., Calif.), 661

Tennessee Valley Authority, 408

Tenth Circuit Court of Appeal, 254

Tern, 498 ;

Black (Chlidoniasniger ), 600 ;

California Least (Sterna albifrons ), 461 , 683 ;