APPENDIX
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF SOME INDIVIDUALS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT

ADAMI, Pietro Augusto (born 11 July 1812 in Livorno; died 17 December 1898 in Pisa). From a commercial family A. received a practical education and eventually opened his own firm, which prospered. In 1848, though virtually unknown, A. was selected by Guerrazzi to serve as minister of finance. He proved to be a person of integrity, energy, and capacity, managing to construct and administer an imaginative set of policies at a time of fiscal emergency and political crisis. Following the collapse of the provisional government and the return of the grand duke, A. suffered a brief imprisonment and witnessed the collapse of his financial affairs (he was eventually forced into bankruptcy). He ended his career working for the state's tobacco monopoly.

BALDASSERONI, Giovanni (born 27 November 1795 in Livorno; died 19 October 1876 in Florence). Although his father wanted B. to become a lawyer, he abandoned his legal studies in 1812 and went into public administration. In 1824, B. entered the ministry of finance; in 1838 he was named administrator of the Royal Revenues; and in 1845 he became a minister without portfolio. B. believed in enlightened, responsible administration, principles that were rooted in the political tradition of the eighteenth century. He defined him-

self as a moderate conservative and as such remained somewhat detached from the more progressive ideological currents of his time. Largely self-taught, B. was not a participant in the vibrant university culture at Pisa, and his religiosity and moral rigorism tended to distance him from the liberals. B. believed, though, that the dynasty would survive only if it could win the support of the moderate liberals. Following the return of the grand duke in 1849, B. became the head of the government. He sought to preserve the autonomy of the state and its constitution and argued for the establishment of an Italian league to stabilize the political situation in the peninsula. The refusal of the regime to support any of this program eroded its political support and eventually produced the collapse of the dynasty in 1859.

BASTOGI, Pietro (born 15 March 1808 in Livorno; died 21 February 1899 in Florence). B. came from a commercial family, originally from Civitavecchia, which enriched itself by engaging in the spice and colonial trades during the continental blockade. Like many of his peers, B. was educated at the Istituto dei Padri Barnabiti in Livorno. As a young man B. was active in the Mazzinian movement: during the early 1830s he was treasurer of the Livorno branch of the society and, with Enrico Mayer, traveled abroad to alleviate the economic difficulties of the exiles. In the late 1830s he withdrew from the movement and concentrated primarily on his business affairs. Gradually the focus of his affairs moved from commercial and maritime activities to the realm of public and private finance. In 1847, B. advanced 12 million lire to the grand ducal regime and, as a pledge on the return, was granted the revenues from the Azienda delle Miniere e Fonderie, which controlled the mining of iron ore on the island of Elba and the manufacture of iron at Follonica. During the revolution of 1848, B. was a deputy in the Tuscan parliament and openly opposed the financial policies of the Guerrazzi government. In the 1850s, B. continued his close financial association with the grand ducal regime, was president of Livorno's chamber of commerce, and played an important role in the fusion of the discount banks in Livorno and Florence into the Banca

Nazionale Toscana. Following unification B. was a deputy and minister of finance under Cavour and Ricasoli and was actively involved in organizing the new nation's fiscal structure. In 1862, B. set up the Societa[Società] Italiana per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali to construct a rail network in southern Italy, winning the concession over the Rothschilds. In 1862, B. was condemned by a parliamentary commission for bribery and questionable profit-taking associated with the company, and he withdrew from active political life. At the end of his career B. devoted himself to his business affairs and to encouraging the study of economics by helping to found the Associazione Adamo Smith and the weekly journal L'Economista . In 1890 he was named a senator of the realm, with the title of count.

BINI, Carlo (born 1 December 1806 in Livorno; died 12 November 1842 at Carrara). Bini's father was a merchant in victuals originally from Fivizzano (a small town in Tuscany). He attended the College of S. Sebastiano in Livorno, where he associated with the sons of the local elite. Forced by his father to work in the family business (which he hated), B. nevertheless spent as much time as he could on his literary pursuits. B. also tended to divide his time between mixing with progressive members of the city's elite and with members of the working classes. His deep sympathy for the sufferings of this group remains an important source of his continuing appeal. Knife wounds received while returning home from an inn contributed to his early death. In the late 1820s, B. collaborated on the Indicatore livornese and helped diffuse radical ideas among the city's masses. In 1832, B. was arrested along with Guerrazzi and placed in mild confinement at Portoferraio.

BONAINI, Francesco (born 20 July 1806 in Livorno; died 28 August 1874 near Pistoia). B. came from a family of converted Jewish descent. His father, Domenico, was a mezzano di cambi (an agent dealing in currency exchanges) and his mother was the daughter of the captain of the port. Following his father's suicide, B. was able to obtain scholarships to study theology

and civic and canon law at the University of Pisa. After graduation he obtained a chair at the Collegio Teologico Fiorentino. Later B. left the clergy and devoted much of his time to historical studies, particularly those involving medieval Pisa. In 1848 he was a captain in the university battalion and went to Lombardy with the Tuscan volunteers. Struck by a mental affliction, he was sent to recover at a hospital in Perugia, where he was able to continue his historical investigations and publications. In 1852 he guided the official commission that established the state archive in Florence, which opened in 1855 with B. as its first superintendent. From 1851 to 1868, B. was secretary and a director (arciconsolo ) of the Academy of the Crusca. He labored unsuccessfully at the end of his career to assure the establishment of a solid archival administration in central Italy under the new regime.

CAPPONI, Gino (born 1792 in Florence; died 1876 in Florence). C. sprang from an ancient and noble Florentine family. In 1799 while his father followed the court into exile, C. remained with his mother in Florence. C. studied Latin and Greek and was a consummate historian; his work on the history of the Florentine Republic is still consulted. C. was married at nineteen to the daughter of another Florentine noble, but his wife died several years later in childbirth. From then on C. concentrated on his travels, his intellectual pursuits, and his political activities. He journeyed throughout Europe, studying the customs and institutions of the places he visited. He worked with Vieusseux to establish the Antologia (a liberal cultural and political journal modeled on the Edinburgh Review ) and endeavored to further the work of liberal reform in Tuscany. He opposed violence and believed that a truly liberal society must be based on custom and tradition. From this came his belief in the importance of education and in a gradual process of improvement. In 1848, though he was by then totally blind, C. agreed to serve as prime minister following the resignation of Ridolfi. His ministry lasted for only seventy days and, in initiating discussion on a customs union and a constituent assembly, demonstrated more success in pushing the Italian cause abroad than

in maintaining order at home. Upon his resignation C. recommended as a practical necessity the formation of a democratic ministry. Following the collapse of the provisional government, he served on the governing commission that welcomed back the grand duke but was extremely saddened when the Austrians entered Florence in May 1849. In 1859 he participated in the vote that deposed the Lorenese dynasty. He was later named senator of the realm.

CIPRIANI, Leonetto (born 16 May 1812 in Corsica; died 1888 in Corsica). C. came from an old Tuscan family. His father, Matteo, was a staunch Bonapartist who, with the fall of Napoleon, settled in Livorno, where he owned property. C. attended the Collegio di S. Caterina in Pisa for four years and then was placed in charge of the family's Tuscan properties. In 1830, C. participated in the French expedition to Algiers; in 1834 he spent time both sorting out the family's affairs in Trinidad after the abolition of slavery in the British possessions and traveling in America and Europe. C. became increasingly attached to the economic and political fortunes of the Bonapartes, while at the same time he began breaking his earlier ties to the Mazzinian movement, particularly after the failed insurrection of 1843 and the subsequent death of his brother Alexander. With the outbreak of the first war for Italian independence in 1848, C. convinced the Tuscan prime minister, Ridolfi, to dispatch Livornese volunteers into the Lunigiana. He also participated at the battle of Curtatone under General De Laugier and was decorated for valor. With the Piedmontese defeat at Custoza and the declaration of an armistice, C. returned to Tuscany. Capponi, following his failure to restore order in Livorno, dispatched C. to Turin to seek the intervention of Piedmontese troops and then to Paris to buy arms. With the installation of a democratic regime under Guerrazzi and Montanelli, C. renounced his mission and stayed in Paris. He returned to Italy to participate in the second campaign against Austria as an officer in the Sardinian army. With the defeat and the restoration of the grand ducal regime in Tuscany, C. left for the western United States, where he served as the Sardinian consul in San Francisco and

engaged in the livestock trade. In 1855 he returned to Italy and helped facilitate negotiations between Napoleon III and Victor Emanuele (particularly regarding the proposed marriage between Gerolamo Napoleon and the Princess Clotilde of Savoy). In 1859 he served as a colonel in the Sardinian army and later was named governor of the Romagna. His suspected ties with Napoleon III and his hatred of the democrats and the papacy complicated his mission, and with the vote for annexation to Piedmont he was forced to leave office. In 1864 he was named at once senator, count, and general.

CORSINI, Neri (born 13 July 1805 in Florence; died 1 December 1859 in London). From a distinguished Tuscan family, C. showed early a special aptitude for public affairs, and in 1840 he obtained the post of governor of Livorno. In 1847 he was removed from his post for his willingness to cooperate with the liberal movement in the city. Shortly thereafter he had a frank conversation with the grand duke in which he indicated that to assure order and maintain control over the political situation it was necessary to grant a constitution and to initiate a truly national policy. With the granting of a constitution, C. agreed to serve both as minister of foreign affairs and minister of war. He fell into disgrace under the provisional government and was accused of high treason for advocating the armed intervention of Piedmontese troops to restore the grand ducal regime. In 1859 he attempted to save the dynasty by getting it to support a national liberal policy and also by getting the grand duke to abdicate in favor of the hereditary prince. In the period between the fall of the Lorenese and the annexation of the region to Piedmont, C. represented Tuscan interests at the courts of France and England.

DOVERI, Giuseppe (born 14 July 1792 in Siena; died 1858 in Livorno). Though not born in Livorno, for his many contributions to the city D. was awarded Livornese nobility. He received his early education in Florence and a degree in mathematics from the University of Pisa. At the end of the Napoleonic regime he held a chair in mathematics and nautical science at a college in Livorno. In addition to his educa-

tional pursuits D. administered a glassworks and a pharmacy. D. possessed a lifelong commitment to philanthropy and education. He helped to promote a savings bank and kindergartens in the city and for seven years ran an Istituto dei Padri di Famiglia.

GIOBERTI, Vincenzo (born 5 April 1801 in Turin; died 25 October 1852). With the death of his father and the family's ensuing financial straits, G., with the encouragement of his religious mother, decided to enter the clergy. In 1816 he became court chaplain, and in 1823 he received a doctorate in theology from the University of Turin. Despite his delicate health, G. traveled widely in Italy and studied history, philosophy, and literature in addition to theology. From an early age G. was suspect for his liberal sympathies and was an implacable opponent of the Jesuits. With the death of the archbishop of Turin, G. found himself deprived of his principal protector precisely at the time when the court was becoming more reactionary. In 1833, G. was charged with conspiring with a Mazzinian element in the army and nourishing liberal, republican, and Saint-Simonian sentiments. As a result he was dismissed from the court, expelled from the theological college, and thrown into prison. Before the completion of his trial G. was allowed to go into exile. In France, G.'s initial attraction to the Mazzinian movement ended as he saw the futility of Mazzini's policy of insurrection, and he came to believe that the regeneration of Italy could come only through a general European crisis. In 1834, he accepted a teaching position at a secondary school in Brussels, where he remained until 1845. In 1843, G. published his most famous work, Del primato morale e civile degl'Italiani , which condemned conspiracy and violence and predicted the eventual regeneration of the Italians. His view that the papacy represented the principal unitary element in the peninsula attracted a large part of the clergy to the Italian cause. In 1847, G. published Il Gesuita moderno , a documented expose[exposé] of the company, its pedagogy, and its politics. In 1848 he returned to Italy and assumed the post of deputy in the Piedmontese chamber. In December he became prime minister. His proposal to invade

Tuscany and restore the grand ducal regime met staunch opposition within the government and led to his resignation. In 1849 he returned to private life and to voluntary exile in Paris. In 1851 he wrote Il Rinnovamento civile d'Italia , in which he definitively embraced a Piedmontese solution to the problem of Italian unification.

GUERRAZZI, Francesco Domenico (born 12 August 1804 in Livorno; died 23 September 1873 near Cecina [Tuscany]). G. was born in a family with strong ties to the people. His father was a wood-carver and his mother had a rough, no-nonsense character. By training and inclination, though, G. was more elitist. G. studied law at the University of Pisa, where he fell under the influence of the most progressive political currents circulating in Tuscany during the Restoration and was touched by the charisma of Lord Byron, who had taken up residence in Pisa in 1821. Following graduation, G. seemed more interested in his literary and political enterprises than in launching a professional legal career. In 1827 he published his first major work, La Battaglia di Benevento , and initiated work that resulted in the Indicatore livornese , a journal dedicated to fostering progress in literature, society, and politics. In 1830 a commemorative discourse at the Labronica Academy for General Cosimo del Fante gave Guerrazzi a natural outlet for his patriotic revolutionary sentiments and resulted in his enforced confinement in the small town of Montepulciano for six months. In 1833, G. was forced to spend several months actually in prison for participating in a conspiracy to force the grand duke to grant a constitution. During this time of enforced leisure G. wrote a good portion of L'Assedio di Firenze , a novel of patriotic resistance against the foreigner, which placed Guerrazzi at the very center of the patriotic movement in Tuscany. Though quick to express popular, patriotic fervor, G. was not a party man. In the 1830s, Mazzini recognized G.'s abilities but saw the futility of trying to keep him within a disciplined party organization. By 1848, G. was closely identified with the radical movement in the city. In January he was forced to spend more time in prison for allegedly having sparked a popular movement against the

authority of the central government. Under enormous popular pressure G. was eventually brought into the government, first as minister of the interior and a member of the ruling triumvirate and finally as virtual dictator. His effort to steer a moderate political course while in power failed to win him the support of the moderates and eroded his support among the radicals. With the collapse of the provisional government, G. was arrested and tried for lese[lèse] majeste', and after spending four years in prison he was allowed to go into exile. In the postunification period, G. sat among the opposition in the Italian chamber of deputies.

LAMBRUSCHINI, Raffaello (born 14 August 1788 at Genoa; died 8 March 1873 at S. Cerbone di Figline [Tuscany]). L. came from a wealthy family with close ties to the church: one uncle was a cardinal; the other, bishop of Orvieto. L. studied the ecclesiastical disciplines and classical languages. The family opposed Napoleon, and L. was forced to spend two years in confinement in Corsica. Following the Restoration, L. appeared destined for an ecclesiastical career, but ultimately he preferred evangelical simplicity to the worldliness of the Roman church. He retired to a family farm at S. Cerbone and devoted himself to the education and economic and moral improvement of the peasantry. He studied botany in Florence and helped found the Giornale agrario toscano and (himself) organized the journal Guida dell'educatore (1836–1845), which presented to a wider public the educational insights of himself and others. A moderate-liberal, L., along with others of a similar persuasion, promoted the founding of the political journal La Patria in 1848 and disapproved of the Montanelli Guerrazzi ministry and likewise of the reimposition of absolutism in 1849. L. spent much of the 1850s at S. Cerbone. In 1859, though, he was a deputy in the Tuscan assembly that voted to depose the grand duke. In 1860, L. was made a senator of the realm.

LARDEREL, Francesco [De] (born in France [date unknown]; died 15 June 1853 in Florence). L.'s family migrated to Livorno at the end of the eighteenth century to escape the revolu-

tionary turmoil in France. In 1818, L. recognized the economic potential of the sulfuric fumaroles in the Maremma plain and developed a boric acid industry that brought him enormous profits. During the revolution of 1848, L. was mayor of the city and a member of an emergency governing commission designed to restore order. For his achievements L. was made a senator of the realm.

MALENCHINI, Vincenzo (born 8 August 1813; died 21 February 1881 at Collesalvetti [near Livorno]). M.'s family came originally from Lombardy, where his father exercised a merchandising trade. The father was awarded Livornese nobility for numerous acts of philanthropy. M. received his secondary education at the Ducal College in Lucca and a law degree from the University of Pisa. Due to the family's patrimony, however, he never had to practice a profession. In 1848, M. served as a captain in the infantry and was elected to the Tuscan parliament from Livorno. During the democratic regime he commanded a battalion of volunteers but came to oppose government policies, renounced his commission, and served as a simple soldier at the battle of Novara. In 1859 he organized a new battalion of volunteers, served as a member of the provisional government, and was elected to the constituent assembly, where he favored the annexation of Tuscany to Piedmont. A member of the Italian parliament until 1876, M. vigorously represented the interests of his Livornese constituency.

MAYER, Enrico (born 3 May 1802 in Livorno; died 29 May 1877 in Livorno). Son of a German father and a French mother, M. studied languages, literature, and mathematics at the College of San Sebastiano in Livorno. He was actively involved in the reform efforts of moderate liberals in Florence and wrote numerous articles on educational and philanthropic institutions for the Guida dell'educatore . M. traveled widely and had important contacts with the exile community living abroad, including Mazzini. In 1840, M. was arrested in Rome for sedition and held in prison for two months. M. supported the reform efforts of Pius IX as well as his oppo-

sition to the Austrian occupation of Ferrara, but he never considered himself a neo-Guelf ("We are all supporters of the Pope and will continue to be so as long as the Pope remains Italian.") M. enrolled as a volunteer in the first campaign against Austria and served as secretary to General De Laugier. As a foreigner, M. was not able to run for public office but was offered the post of minister of public instruction in the Tuscan government. In 1860, when M. was granted Italian citizenship, he refused to stand for public office so as, he said, to make way for the younger generation.

MICHON, Carlo (born 19 September 1771; died 14 November 1839). Son of a lawyer and a noblewoman, M. studied at the Cicognini College in Prato. He received a law degree and after the death of his father was admitted to the bar in Florence, but he never practiced. Instead, he devoted himself to agrarian studies and to administering his patrimony. His acts of public charity and his arrest and exile during the French occupation enhanced his reputation. In 1825, M. completed what he considered to be his principal civic achievement, the founding of a school of architecture and design. M. was known for his openhanded public charity. Perhaps the most dramatic case of this was his wish to adopt all the children in his parish who had been orphaned in a cholera outbreak in the 1830s.

MONTANELLI, Giuseppe (born 21 January 1813 at Fucecchio [in Tuscany]; died 17 June 1862 in Fucecchio). M. graduated in law from the University of Pisa and wrote philosophical articles for the Antologia , along with some sentimental poems of a vaguely Christian flavor. At twenty-seven years of age, M. was named professor of civil and commercial law at the University of Pisa. In 1844 he founded the secret society Fratelli Italiani [Italian brotherhood]. He considered himself part of the general movement for reform, but at the same time he prepared clandestine writings to stimulate nationalist agitation. In 1845 he participated in a protest against the establishment in Pisa of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart, which reputedly was attached to the Jesuits. M. was initially an

important proselytizer of the Saint-Simonian movement in Tuscany but later transferred his support to the neo-Guelfs. In 1848, M. enrolled as a volunteer and was wounded at the battle of Montanara and taken captive by the Austrians. He was repatriated after the Salasco armistice and was elected a deputy in the Tuscan parliament. He advocated a conciliatory policy towards Livorno and was named governor of the city. With the fall of the Capponi ministry, M. was asked to head a new government, which he did on the condition that Guerrazzi be named minister of the interior. A member of the provisional government, M. broke with Guerrazzi over the issues of the constituent assembly and M.'s wish to fuse Tuscany and Rome. To resolve a difficult situation, M. was sent as Tuscany's representative to London and France in an effort to build diplomatic support against an Austrian invasion. Following the return of the Lorenese dynasty, M. remained in France, and in 1859 he enrolled in a voluntary brigade led by Garibaldi. He was elected to the Italian parliament shortly before his death.

ORLANDINI, Francesco Silvio (born 11 May 1805; died 25 December 1865 in Florence). O. studied law at the University of Siena but was forced for personal reasons to leave the university before graduation. He spent the rest of his life as a teacher. In 1836 he moved to Livorno. He was active in educational and philanthropic institutions and served as secretary to the Labronica Academy. In addition, he collaborated on educational journals, especially the Guida dell'educatore and the Letture di famiglia . In 1848, a delicate constitution kept O. from enrolling as a volunteer, but he established a journal, Il Cittadino italiano , which advocated a moderate political program. In 1859 he was named to the municipal council in Livorno; later he was called to direct the Liceo Fiorentino and was active in promoting a subscription for the erection of a monument to Dante in Florence.

ORLANDO, Giuseppe (born 14 March 1820; died 23 September 1893 in Livorno).

Luigi (born 2 March 1814; died 14 June 1896 in Livorno).

Paolo (born 8 July 1824; died 1 July 1891).

Salvatore (born 29 July 1818; died 10 October 1881). The four brothers were sons of Giuseppe Orlando, a landowner from Syracuse (Sicily) who settled in Palermo and established a machine shop. The father died in 1825, and the company was then directed by Luigi, later aided by Salvatore. Luigi, who was political, enrolled in Mazzini's Giovine Italia and, under cover of his business affairs, helped prepare the insurrection of 1837. Following the failure of that revolt, the firm diversified its operations, manufactured steam engines for mills, extended its operations to Rome, and helped prepare for the initial insurrections of 1848. After the failure of the revolution the family transferred its operations to Genoa, building ships for the Rubbatino Company, founding a navigation society, and running the Ansaldo Company, which manufactured cannons and projectiles. The family was staunchly republican but was willing to support the Savoiard dynasty, provided that it worked for Italian unity and independence. The family supported the Mazzinian uprising of 1857, and Giuseppe supported Garibaldi's invasion of Sicily. Giuseppe was the engineer on Garibaldi's ship, the Lombardo , and after the landing Giuseppe sank the ship to prevent its falling into the hands of the Bourbons. Meanwhile, Paolo went to England to elicit support; Salvatore went to France to find ships; and Luigi stayed in Genoa gathering arms and other materials. In 1865 the family leased the government shipyard of S. Rocco in Livorno, which became the center of its renewed activity, especially for the construction of steamships.

PIGLI, Carlo (born 9 July 1802 in Arezzo; died 3 November 1860 in Florence). P. was a doctor, an eloquent speaker, and a radical. As a young man he was active in the secret societies. In 1831 he was named professor of physiology at the University of Pisa, where he was enormously popular with students for his eloquence and his patriotism. Suspected of liberalism and materialism, P. was suspended from his post briefly in 1832. In 1840 he was named professor of the history of medicine (considered a subject less inflammatory than physiology). In 1846 he retired from the university altogether.

In June 1848 he was elected to the Tuscan parliament and sat with the opposition. In November he was appointed governor of Livorno. His inflamed oratory and his refusal to tame the popular movement in the city made him unpopular with Guerrazzi (then minister of the interior), and P. was forced to resign. Though he opposed the provisional government, he was excluded from the amnesty of November 1849. Condemned in absentia to fifteen years in prison, P. spent the 1850s in exile in southern France and Corsica. In 1859 he returned to Tuscany, but because of poor health he was unable to take part in politics.

RICCI, Giuliano (born 1803 in Livorno; died 24 September 1848). R. distinguished himself intellectually at an early age. He attended secondary school in Volterra and later went to the University of Pisa, where he studied law, languages, history, and philosophy. In the course of his studies he was expelled from the university for insubordination but was later readmitted on a pardon from the grand duke. He published works on philosophy, economics, and history. He was particularly known for his work on the Tuscan economy and on municipal traditions in Italy. Of particular importance are his Saggio del municipio considerato come unita[unità] elementare della citta[città] e della nazione italiana , in which he argued that the basis for Italian resurgence lay in the tradition of freedom and public well-being provided by the country's municipal traditions, and his Cenni sopra le basi del sistema municipale toscano , which served as a basis for discussion on a proposed bill in the Tuscan chamber. Of staunch moderate-liberal principles, R. was active in pushing institutional reforms. Tragically, he drowned while returning home after being sworn in as a member of the Tuscan parliament.

UZIELLI, Sansone (born 30 October 1797 in Livorno; date and cause of death unknown). Though he was a member of a Livornese Jewish banking family, U. spent most of his career in literary and pedagogical pursuits. At twenty-four he traveled to England and Scotland, including New Lanark, to study architecture and educational institutions. For the Indica -

tore livornese , U. wrote a series of three articles discussing the importance of Benjamin Franklin's writings for social improvement. U. was also active in promoting suitable texts for popular education. With the death of his father in a cholera epidemic in 1835, U. was forced to direct the family firm. At the same time, though, he and his wife actively promoted the kindergarten school movement in Livorno, Pisa, and Florence and were the principal founders of the society in Livorno. U. was also active in administering the discount bank and engaged in a bitter legal dispute with Guerrazzi over the competence of the bank's administrators.

VIVOLI, Giuseppe (born 1786; died 11 February 1853). V. was initially destined for a commercial career like that of his father, but he demonstrated little inclination for this field and instead studied literature and science and became a Florentine notary. In 1815 he was named vice secretary of the sanitary office (Ufficio di sanita[sanità] ) in Livorno. Within a year he was named secretary of that office. V. made regular study tours through the Italian peninsula, and in 1842 he published his Annali di Livorno , which traced the history of Livorno until the end of the Medici regime. Later, V. published guides and biographies of the city and its important residents. In 1849 V. published a proposal to enlarge the port. In 1850 he was made a member of the noble order of Santo Stefano.