Latin American Vanguards "d0e10974"

Index

A

Academia Brasileira de Letras, 224

Acción (periodical), 13

Achebe, Chinua, 262

Activism:

aesthetic, 8 , 14 ;

of artists, 80 , 81 , 82 ;

political vs. cultural, 7

Actual (periodical), 15

Adán, Martín:

La casa de cartón,2 , 17 , 72 , 83 , 103 -15, 270 nn25-28

Aestheticism:

Bürger on, 212 ;

in depiction of artists, 76 , 106 , 268 n2;

and intellectual engagement, 75 , 240 ;

of Latin American vanguards, 264 n5;

literary, 265 n15;

of Oswald de Andrade, 197 , 200 ;

poetic language of, 254 ;

role of language in, 210 ;

and socially engaged art, 7 , 263 n5

Aesthetics:

Afro-Cuban, 66 ;

avant-garde critiques of, 38 ;

in La casa de cartón,105 ;

and fascism, 35 ;

of Huidobro, 195 , 197 ;

manifestos concerning, 26 , 27 ;

in modernista novels, 100 , 101 ;

of Nicaraguan Anti-Academy, 61 ;

of Oswald de Andrade, 197 , 200 ;

Pérez Firmat on, 105 ;

as performance, 70 ;

of Spanish American modernismo,101 , 250 ;

in vanguard theatrical projects, 173 -74

"Agú" manifesto (Chile), 214 -15, 216 , 233

Albizu Campos, Pedro, 7

Albuquerque, Severino João, 273 n15, 275 n35

Alcântara Machado, Antônio, 243 , 280 n27

Almeida, Guilherme de, 33

Alonso, Carlos, 143 , 232

Alva de la Canal, Ramón, 15 , 51 , 266 n8

Alvear, Marcelo T., 11

Amaral, Tarsila do, 13 , 131 , 272 n11

Amauta (periodical), 6 , 24 , 79 , 122 ;

aesthetic goals of, 82 ;

Americanist concerns of, 129 , 272 n6;

and González Prada, 226 , 279 n15;

and indigenous culture, 16 ;

linguistic concerns of, 226 ;

on modernity, 128 ;

on theater, 172

America:

as collection of images, 164 -65;

inaugural impulse in, 153 ;

in manifestos, 127 -34;

originary discourse concerning, 141 -50, 168 ;

totality of, 160 , 161 ;

in vanguardist discourse, 134 -41.

See also New World; United States

Ande (poetry collection), 128

Anderson, Benedict, 222 , 223 , 224 , 231 , 235 -36

Andes:

cosmology of, 158 , 166 ;

indigenous underworld of, 140 ;

poetry of, 162 ;

vanguard movements of, 17 , 34 , 136

Andrade, Carlos Drummond de, 13 , 24 , 76 -77

Andrade, Mário de, 13 , 27 , 33 , 155 ;

on Americanism, 133 ;

on Brazilian Portuguese, 224 -25, 234 , 246 -47, 261 , 278 n13;

concept of totality, 160 -61;

― 302 ―

Andrade, Mário de (continued )

on dissonance, 248 ;

linguistic concerns of, 215 , 232 , 237 , 240 -41;

musicology of, 46 -47, 138 ;

and originary discourse, 145 -47;

on polyphony, 243 , 245 ;

on role of artist, 79 , 82 ;

on Spanish-American modernismo,272 n9;

theatrical writings of, 172 ;

use of ethnography, 157 , 158 ;

use of folkore, 146 , 157. Works: Clã do Jaboti,225 ;

"A Escrava que não é Issaura," 79 , 82 ;

"Jorobabel," 247 ;

"Lundu do escritor dificil," 261 ;

"Prefacio interessantissimo," 43 , 46 -47, 215 , 223 , 232 , 243 , 248

— "As enfibraturas do Ipiranga, 32 , 35 , 69 , 75 , 161 ;

depiction of artist in, 79 ;

lyricism of, 47 ;

multiple voices in, 240 , 244 , 280 n29;

orchestration of, 44 -46;

as performance manifesto, 43 -49

—Macunaíma,2 , 118 , 125 -26;

Alcântara Machado on, 280 n27;

Americanist concerns in, 128 , 130 ;

bibliography of, 273 n15;

collections in, 165 ;

critique of cultural essence in, 234 ;

cultural nationalism in, 133 ;

discovery motifs in, 155 , 157 -58;

emergence of language in, 145 -46;

indigenous language in, 238 -39, 271 n1;

linguistic invention in, 218 , 225 , 241 -42, 249 , 274 n21;

lists in, 163 , 166 ;

narrative structure of, 141 , 146 -47;

neologisms in, 218 ;

New World in, 135 -36;

polyphony in, 245 ;

primitivism in, 138 ;

rhapsodic qualities of, 162 ;

totality in, 160 -61;

translations of, 271 n1, 274 n29

—Paulicéia desvairada,43 -44, 46 -47, 49 , 75 , 240 ;

Brazilian Portuguese in, 224 -25;

preface of, 215 , 232 ;

São Paulo in, 80

Andrade, Oswald de, 2 , 13 , 120 ;

on Americanism, 132 , 133 ;

concept of antropofagia,115 , 130 ;

depiction of artist, 114 -22;

on grammar, 240 ;

linguistic concerns of, 199 , 203 -4, 225 , 248 -49;

political activities of, 6 , 197 , 198 ;

pseudonyms of, 272 n11, 273 n13;

on role of poet, 81 ;

theatrical writings of, 27 , 172 , 197 ;

on translation, 245

Works:

"Manifesto antropófago," 37 , 41 , 130 , 158 , 166 , 177 , 238 ;

"Manifesto da poesia Pau-Brasil," 77 , 81 , 151 , 225 , 248 ;

Pau Brasil (poems), 128 , 130 , 151 -52, 225 , 239 , 246

—Memórias sentimentais de João Miramar,72 , 83 , 114 -22, 132 , 271 n33

—A morta,175 , 197 -205, 240 , 277 n20

—Serafim Ponte Grande,83 , 114 -22

Los annales de los Xahil,138

Antelo, Raúl, 272 n9

Antena (periodical), 14 , 80

Anthropology, 139 , 274 n24

Anti-Academy, Nicaraguan, 18 , 61 , 128 ;

"Cartelón de vanguardia," 57 , 249 ;

and Chinfonía burguesa,31 -32, 57 , 58 ;

linguistic concerns of, 228 ;

theatrical projects of, 172

Antiromanticism, 76 -77

Antropofagia,115 , 122 , 158 , 274 n30, 275 n36

Antropofagia group, 131 , 166 , 238 ;

leadership of, 272 n11;

linguistic concerns of, 225 , 232 , 234 ;

and Macunaíma,158

Apollinaire, Guillaume, 75 , 139 , 161 , 245

APRA (Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana), 5

Arellano, Jorge, 31 , 265 n17, 275 n4

Argentina, 10 , 11 -12, 227 -28, 264 n9.

See also Boedo group; Florida group

Arguedas, José María, 2 , 161

Arlt, Roberto, 2 , 12 , 27 ;

idiom of, 228 , 279 n20;

influence of Künstlerroman on, 85 ;

on language, 240 -41, 279 n21;

organicism in, 269 n16;

prose of, 112 ;

theatrical works of, 171 , 172 ;

treatment of Baudelaire, 87 , 88 , 92 , 93.

Works:

Aguafuertes porteñas,89 , 279 n21;

Los lanzallamas,182 , 228 ;

Los siete locos,84 , 182 , 228 , 276 n8

—El juguete rabioso,72 , 83 , 84 -94, 101 , 113 , 124 , 268 n11, 269 n15

—Trescientos millones,175 -84, 194 ;

dream world of, 203 , 205 , 276 n8

Armaza, Emilio, 132

Arráiz, Antonio, 20

Art, 7 , 69 , 189:

antimimetic elements of, 22 , 219 ;

autonomy of, 123 , 183 ;

dehumanization of, 21 -26, 72 , 108 , 173 ;

dichotomies in, 38 -39;

as form of activity, 26 ;

loss of aura, 182 , 212 , 276 n7, 277 n3;

nonorganic, 159 -60, 169 , 173 , 210 , 269 n16;

Torres Bodet on, 94 -95;

― 303 ―

vanguardists' conceptualization of, 3 -4, 21 -26, 70 , 79 , 93 , 159 -61, 167

Artaud, Antonin:

Derrida on, 28 , 174 ;

journey to New World, 133 ;

on theater, 180 , 204 , 266 n11

Artist, depiction of, 71 -124, 274 n32;

as aesthete, 76 , 106 , 268 n2;

as fabricator, 91 ;

as hero, 75 -76, 92 , 116 , 123 ;

in manifestos, 75 -83, 120 ;

as reader, 104 ;

in Spanish American modernismo,100 ;

as vagabond, 89 , 97 , 102 , 105 , 109 -10;

in vanguardist expression, 71 -74, 77 ;

in works of Adán, 105 -13;

in works of Arlt, 84 -94;

in works of Oswald de Andrade, 114 -22;

in works of Torres Bodet, 94 -105

Artists:

concept of self among, 75 -83;

role in modern life, 122 -23

Asturias, Miguel Angel, 20 -21, 134 , 160 , 273 n18;

on cultural identity, 271 n2;

discovery in works of, 154 -55;

human body in works of, 167 ;

linguistic concerns of, 209 , 231 ;

on Mayan culture, 258 , 260 , 282 n43;

New World in works of, 27 , 135 ;

Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 259 , 260 ;

as Parisian correspondent, 281 n41;

political activities of, 6 ;

and Popul Vuh,136 -37, 231 , 251 , 255 , 257 , 259 , 282 n45;

studies of folklore, 138 ;

symphonic motifs of, 162 ;

theatrical writings of, 173 , 267 n14

—Cuculcán,209 , 218 , 251—68, 273 n18, 281 nn40, 42 , 43 , 282 n44

— Leyendas de Guatemala,2 , 128 , 135 , 165 , 273 n18;

creation myths in, 143 -44;

criticism of, 273 n19;

discovery in, 154 -55;

human body in, 167 ;

indigenous culture in, 140 ;

and language, 138 , 145 , 208 -9, 231 , 252 ;

linguistic invention in, 218 , 222 ;

lists in, 163 , 166 ;

narrative structure of, 147 -48;

narrator of, 160 , 208 ;

originary discourse in, 232 , 233 ;

pre-Columbian folklore in, 136 -37;

publication of, 208 , 281 n40;

symphonic motifs in, 162

Atalayismo (Puerto Rico), 7 , 19 ;

on Columbus, 151 ;

on dissonance, 248 ;

manifestos of, 37 , 42 ;

performance manifestos of, 34 ;

view of technology, 81

Autochthonism, cultural, 129 -34, 264 n5;

agenda of, 142 , 242 , 248 ;

in Cuculcán, 258 -59;

Vallejo on, 132 , 251 , 281 n39.

See also Culture

Autonomy: of art, 123 , 183 ;

cultural, 223 , 227

Avant-gardes, 150 , 219 ;

divergences among, 6 , 263 n4, 264 n5;

historical, 2 -3, 22 , 264 n7;

linguistic experiments of, 209 , 210 ;

Mariátegui's studies of, 38 -39;

theatrical experiments of, 170 -71.

See also Vanguard movements

Avant-gardes, European, 6 , 7 , 38 ;

ethnographic studies of, 252 ;

influence of, 3 , 9 ;

and Latin American culture, 131 ;

linguistic concerns of, 210 -13, 216 ;

performance phase of, 32 , 265nl;

theatrical experiments of, 276 n14;

use of primitivism, 139 -40, 159 , 169

Avelino, Andrés, 20

Aymara language, 226 , 227 , 238

B

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 85 -86, 93 , 115 , 235 , 269 n12;

on language, 219 -21, 242 , 243 , 248 , 254 , 255 , 257 , 270 n31, 278 n10

Bandeira, Manuel, 13 , 33 , 225 , 249 , 274 n21

Barbusse, Henri, 12

Barletta, Leónidas, 171 , 175 , 275 n2

Baroja, Pío, 92

Barrios Cruz, Luis, 20 , 128

Bary, Leslie, 238

Bataille, Georges, 134

Batlle y Ordónez, José, 19

Baudelaire, Charles, 87 , 88 , 92 , 93 , 182

Beck, Vera F., 276 n10

Belitt, Ben, 280 n36

Bello, Andrés, 223 , 278 n12

Benavente, Jacinto, 107

Benjamin, Walter, 35 , 66 , 98 , 163 ;

on aura of art, 182 , 276 n7, 277 n3;

on translation, 242 -43

Bildungsroman,269 n12;

La casa de cartón as, 106 , 108 ;

characteristics of, 117 ;

¡Écue-Yamba-Ó! as, 136 , 138 ;

La educación sentimental as, 95 -96, 104 ;

influence on Latin American fiction, 83 ;

El juguete rabioso as, 85 , 91 , 92 , 94 ;

Memórias sentimentais de João Miramar as, 115 -17, 120 ;

Serafim Ponte Grande as, 115 -17, 120

Bilingualism, 245 -46

― 304 ―

Blau, Herbert, 28 , 173 , 174 , 179 , 180 , 183 , 189

Body, human, 113 , 166 -67

Boedo group (Argentina), 11 -12, 84 , 171

Bolaños, Federico, 132

Boletín Titikaka (periodical), 17 , 129 , 226

Bombal, María Luisa, 14 , 265 n21

Bopp, Raul, 13 , 128 , 225 , 232 , 234 , 272 n11, 274 n21

Borges, Jorge Luis, 12 , 81 , 130 , 142 , 151 , 215 , 272 n7;

on vernacular language, 226 , 227 -28, 247 -48

Botempelli, Massimo, 141

Bourgeois society, 7 , 56:

Brazilian, 114 , 122 ;

in "As enfibraturas do Ipiranga," 44 , 45 -46, 48 -49;

in Chinfonía burguesa,58 , 60 -61, 240 ;

in A morta,199

Brandan Caraffa, B., 268 n9

Brazil:

Americanist concerns in, 130 ;

linguistic concerns in, 224 -25;

in Mário de Andrade, 45 , 126 ;

in Oswald de Andrade, 121 -22;

vanguard movements in, 12 -13, 73

Bréheret, Vítor, 33

Brecht, Bertolt, 22 , 174

Breton, André, 2 , 133 , 140 , 204 -5;

on discovery, 151 -52;

on language, 211 , 276 n15

Brull, Mariano, 15 , 217 , 278 n8

Brushwood, John S., 50 , 52 , 266 n10, 270 n20, 274 n23

Buenos Aires:

in Arlt, 84 , 85 , 89 -90, 182 , 269 n14;

language of, 234 , 241

Bürger, Peter, 2 -3, 89 , 91 , 93 ;

on discovery, 151 ;

on language, 211 , 212 ;

on nonorganicism, 159 -60, 169 , 269 n16;

Theory of the Avant-Garde,7 , 22 , 142 , 159 , 168 , 173 , 270 n22

Burgess, Ronald, 277 n20

Burgos, Fernando, 264 n7

C

Caballero, Férnan, 107

Caballo Verde para la Poesía (periodical), 13

Cabral, Leonor Scliar, 278 n13

Cabrales, Luis Alberto, 232

Cabrera Infante, Guillermo, 2

Calinescu, Matei, 2 , 6 , 141 , 168 , 263 n4

Callan, Richard, 252

Camargo, Suzana, 273 n15

Campos, Augusto de, 272 n11, 273 n13

Campos, Haroldo de, 9 , 115 , 151 , 169 , 224 -25;

and antropofagia,275 n36;

on Macunaíma,271 n1, 273 n15;

on Memórias sentimentais de João Miramar,271 n33;

on oral culture, 237 ;

on Serafim Ponte Grande,270 n32

Cândido, Antônio, 73 , 115 , 140 , 270 n32

Caracciolo Trejo, Enrique, 277 n1

Carballido, Emilio, 2

Cardenas, Lázaro, 15

Cardoza y Aragón, Luis, 21 , 27 , 218

—Pequeña sinfonía del nuevo mundo,160 , 162 , 215 -16;

discovery in, 153 -54;

human body in, 166 -67;

inventories in, 163 ;

New World in, 135 , 137 , 141 ;

originary discourse in, 144 -45, 148 , 233 ;

prose of, 138 ;

structure of, 274 n20

Carpentier, Alejo, 14 -15, 27 , 161 , 167 ;

discovery motifs in, 155 -56, 158 ;

and ethnography, 149 -50;

ethnomusicology of, 138 ;

on European theater, 267 n15;

and European vanguards, 134 , 273 n14;

on film, 266 n17;

González Echevarría on, 273 n17, 274 nn23, 25 ;

and indigenous language, 229 , 279 n25;

on nationalism, 168 ;

prose style of, 163 ;

symphonic motifs of, 162 ;

theatrical works of, 173 .

Works:

Manita en el suelo,64 , 229 , 245 ;

Los pasos perdidos,2 , 142 , 261

—¡Écue-Yamba-Ó!,64 , 128 , 168 , 169 , 267 n16;

Afro-Cuban culture in, 136 , 144 ;

as Bildungsroman,136 , 138 ;

collections in, 165 ;

discovery motifs in, 155 -56;

emergence of language in, 145 , 229 ;

Havana in, 138 ;

human body in, 167 ;

indigenous culture in, 140 -41;

New World in, 135 ;

originary discourse in, 144 , 149 -50;

symphonic motifs in, 162 ;

totality in, 161

—El milagro de Anaquillé,61 -69

Carrera Andrade, Jorge, 17

Cartel (periodical), 20

Carvalho, Ronald de, 13 , 33 ;

Toda a América,80 , 130 , 135 , 160 , 164 -65

Casanovas, Martí, 14 , 24 , 79 , 131 , 272 n6

Castagnino, Raúl, 275 n5

Castellanos, Rosario, 2

― 305 ―

Castelnuovo, Elias, 171

Cendrars, Blaise, 107 , 133 , 139 , 151 -52, 274 n21

Chilam Balam,251 , 282 n46

Chile, 13 -14, 190 -92, 264 n11.

D

Dada, 32 , 35 , 38 , 139 ;

linguistic concerns of, 211 , 213 , 216

Dauster, Frank, 276 n9

Dávila, Elsa, 273 n20

Dehumanization (of art), 21 -26.

See also Ortega y Gasser, José

Derrida, Jacques, 28 , 174

Desnos, Robert, 134

Diário Nacional (periodical), 130

Díaz, Jorge, 1 , 2 , 277 n17

Díaz Dufóo, Carlos, 172

Diaz Falconi, Julio, 279 n18

Diego-Padró, J. I. de, 19 , 161 , 230 , 244 , 245

Diepalismo (Puerto Rican movement), 19 , 161

Dínamo (periodical), 80

Discovery:

artistic, 168 ;

role of madness in, 152 ;

vanguardist discourse of, 150 -59

Dissonance, linguistic, 248 -51, 259 , 260 , 262

Domínguez, Francisco, 33

Dominican Republic, 20 , 82 , 129 , 248.

E

Echeverría, Esteban, 92 , 93

Ecuador, 17 -18, 265 n16

Educational reform, 15 -16

Eguren, José María, 17

Elán (periodical), 129 , 131

Elipse (periodical), 14

Elite (periodical), 20

Ellis, Keith, 280 n30

Emar, Juan, 14

Empowerment, role of language in, 235 -37, 260

Engagement, intellectual, 22 -23, 26 , 79 , 267 n2

Engagement of art with life, 22 -23, 26 , 52 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 205 ;

and aestheticism, 7 , 263 n5;

in La casa de cartón,106 ;

in La educación sentimental,102 ;

in En la luna,195 -96;

in Huidobro, 189 ;

in El juguete rabioso,89 ;

Mariátegui on, 123 ;

in A morta,240 ;

in Parece mentira,186 , 187 , 188 , 189 ;

in theatrical projects, 174 , 197 ;

in Trescientos millones,179 -80.

See also Art and human experience

Erro, Carlos Alberto, 272 n5

Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 5 , 6

Estrangement:

and clash of cultures, 159 , 210 ;

linguistic, 210 , 235 -51, 259

Estridentismo (Mexico), 7 , 15 , 33 -34, 265 n14;

and Diego Rivera, 51 ;

linguistic concerns of, 215 ;

manifestos of, 36 -37, 41 , 266 nn4, 6;

symphonic metaphors of, 161 , 244 ;

theatrical projects of, 171 , 275 n3;

in works of Icaza, 52

Ethnicity, 224 -34.

See also Culture: autochthonous

Ethnography:

Asturias's use of, 251 ;

Carpcntier's use of, 149 -50;

European avant-gardes' use of, 139 , 252 , 264 n7;

Mário de Andrade's use of, 157 , 158 ;

in study of oral traditions, 231 .

See also Folklore

Etymology, 240 -42

Euforismo (Puerto Rico), 19 ;

linguistic concerns of, 215 , 221 , 247 , 248 ;

manifestos of, 37 , 38 , 78 , 129 , 266 n4

F

La Falange (periodical), 16

Fatconí Villagómez, José Antonio, 76 , 221 , 237

Faro (periodical) 19 , 80

Fascism, 35

Favorables Paris Poema (periodical), 17

Ferreiro, Alfredo Mario, 19 -20

Festa (periodical), 130

Fiction, vanguardist, 71 -75;

antecedents of, 93 ;

as antecedents of contemporary literature, 2 ;

antimimetic qualities of, 83 , 137 ;

concept of self in, 78 ;

experimentalism in, 138 , 218 ;

Giraudoux's influence on, 269 n19;

New World in, 135 -38;

originality in, 146 -47;

Pérez Firmat on aesthetics of, 105 ;

portraits of artist in, 82 -83, 123 -24, 160 , 267 n2, 274 n32;

regional diversity in, 83 , 143

Filmmaking, Hollywood, 62 -63, 65 -67, 70 , 267 n17

Flaubert, Gustave, 100

Flechas (periodical), 129

Florida group (Argentina), 11 -12, 34 , 84

― 307 ―

Florit, Juan, 268 n9

Folklore:

in Mário de Andrade, 135 , 138 ;

pre-Columbian, 136 , 145 ;

in vanguard movements, 3 , 138 .

See also Ethnography

Forster, Merlin H., 8 , 9 , 11 , 263 n1, 264 nn8, 10 , 14 , 269 n19, 277 n1, 280 n34

Foster, David William, 178 , 182 , 275 n5

Foucault, Michel, 88 , 235

Franco, Jean, 250 , 281 n38

Frank, Nino, 134

Frank, Waldo, 127 , 129 , 133 , 161 , 271 n5, 272 n6

Frazer, James George, 139

Freud, Sigmund, 139

Fuente Bcnavides, Rafael de la. See Adán, Martín

Fuentes, Carlos, 2

Fusco Sansone, Nicolás, 19

Futurism, 146 , 216 ;

in Chile, 14 ;

impact in Spanish America, 35 , 266 n3;

and Latin American vanguards, 35 , 196 ;

of manifestos, 55 ;

parades of, 32 ;

portrayal of artist, 75 ;

serates of, 38

G

Galizia, Luis Roberto, 277 n20

Gallardo, Salvador, 15

Gallego, Gerardo, 272 n6

Gambaro, Griselda, 2

García Márquez, Gabriel, 216 , 278 n6

García Monge, Joaquín, 130

Garmendia, Julio, 20

Garro, Elena, 2

Garro, J. Eugenio, 272 n6, 279 nn15, 17

Gazolla de García, Ana Lúcia, 200 , 277 n20

Giraudoux, Jean, 269 n19

Girondo, Oliverio, 12 , 78 , 80 , 134 , 237 , 245 , 268 n10

Gnutzmann, Rita, 92 , 268 n11, 270 n30, 279 n20

Goldberg, RosaLee, 265 n1

Gomes, José M. Barbosa, 278 n13

Gomes de Faria, João Roberto, 278 n13

Gómez, Juan Vicente, 5 , 20

Gong (periodical), 80

González, Aníbal, 73 , 74 , 100 , 268 n3, 270 n21

González, Carlos, 33

González Cruz, Luis F., 280 n34

González Echevarría, Roberto, 126 , 138 , 235 , 271 n3, 274 n24;

on Carpentier, 149 , 267 n15, 273 n17, 274 nn23, 25 ;

on origins, 142

González Lanuza, Eduardo, 12 , 268 n9

González Prada, Manuel, 225 -26, 229 , 278 n14, 279 nn15, 18

Goodland, E. A., 274 n29

Gordon, Mel, 266 n1

Gorostiza, Celestino, 16 , 172

Gorostiza, José, 16

Graça Aranha, José P. da, 33 , 224 , 234

Grammar, 236 -42

Granada (Diario nicaragüense ), 57

"Granizada" manifesto, 234 , 237

Greiff, León de, 20 , 215 , 216 , 218 , 220 , 233 , 244

Grid, artistic (Krauss), 218 -20, 221 , 233 , 254

Grupo Minorista (Cuba), 6 , 14 , 64 , 82 , 129 , 229

Grupo Orkopata (Peru), 34 , 266 n2, 273 n16

Guatemala:

indigenous culture of, 140 , 147 , 222 , 258 ;

in vanguardist fiction, 136 -37;

vanguard movements in, 20 -21

Guerrilla (periodical), 129

Guillén, Nicolás, 15 , 64 , 249 ;

cultural specificity in, 218 , 229 -30, 234 , 237 , 239 , 280 n28;

language of, 229 -30, 245 ;

on language, 234 , 237 , 239 ;

musical models for, 244 , 280 n30.

Works:

"Llegada," 230 , 233 , 237 -38, 279 n25;

Motivos de son,244 ;

Sóngoro cosongo,31 , 128 , 230 , 237

Güiraldes, Ricardo (Don Segundo Sombra ), 12

Gutiérrez de la Solana, Alberto, 275 n5

H

Halperin Donghi, Tulio, 19 , 263 n2

Harlem:

Renaissance, 264 n7;

in works of Cardoza y Aragón, 153

Harrison Regina, 265 n16, 278 n11

Hauser, Arnold, 159 , 274 n31

Havana, 14 , 138 , 156

Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl, 5 -6, 272 nn6, 8

Hayes, Aden, 86 , 268 n11, 269 n14

Hedges, Inez, 277 n2

Henríquez Ureña, Pedro, 127

Hernández, Felisberto, 20

Hernández Aquino, Luis, 265 n18

― 308 ―

Herrera y Reissig, Julio, 73

Hidalgo, Alberto, 17 , 34 , 37 , 129 , 220 , 243 , 268 n9

Hierarchies of style, 101 , 212 , 270 n22

Hirsch, Marianne, 269 n12

Horizonte (periodical), 15

Hostos (periodical), 19

Huidobro, Vicente, 13 , 129 , 142 , 151 :

astronomical imagery of, 190 , 276 n13;

creaciónismo manifestos of, 189 , 221 , 231 -32;

depiction of artist, 79 , 119 , 196 -97;

on impure poetry, 249 ;

linguistic concerns of, 207 , 213 , 216 , 221 , 233 , 236 , 242 ;

manifestos of, 34 , 37 , 74 , 75 , 81 , 213 , 276 n12, 277 n18;

and parody, 190 -92, 209 ;

on poetic language, 247 , 249 ;

political engagement of, 6 , 189 ;

on polyphony, 243 -44;

theatrical writings of, 27 , 172 , 277 n17;

view of science, 81 , 190.

Works:

"Arte poética," 23 , 73 ;

"La poesía," 75 -76

—Altazor,1 , 73 -74, 75 , 76 , 78 , 119 , 193 , 196 -97, 207 -9;

imagery of, 268 n4, 277 n19;

theme of language in, 213 -18, 220 -21, 252 , 260 , 277 n1;

translations of, 268 n8, 278 nn4, 5

—En la luna,170 -71, 175 , 189 -97, 240 , 276 n14;

play within a play of, 203 , 205 , 276 n14;

specular relationships in, 276 n17

Huyssen, Andreas, 38 , 87

I

Icaza, Xavier, 15 , 172 ;

Magnavox 1926,32 , 50 -55, 69 ;

Panchito Chapopote,128 , 231 , 245 ;

"La revolución y la literatura," 52 ;

Trayectoria,266 n9

Ichaso, Francisco, 14

Iman (periodical), 273 n14

Indice (periodical), 19

Indice de la nueva poesía americana (anthology), 129

Indigenismo:

Ecuadorian, 265 n16;

Guatemalan, 136 -37, 140 , 143 -44, 154 -55, 251 -60;

Peruvian, 16 , 34 , 129 , 136 , 140 -41, 144 , 148 , 155 , 226 -27;

poetry collections of, 128 ;

use of Quecha language, 238 ;

in works of Adán, 106

Instituto Histórico del Perú, 226

Integralist party (Brazil), 7

Ipuche, Pedro Leandro, 19

Irradiador (periodical), 15

Issacharoff, Michael, 275 n6

J

Jackson, Elizabeth, 277 n20

Jackson, K. David, 8 , 263 n1, 264 nn8, 10, 268 n3, 271 n32;

on antropofagia, 158 ;

on Oswald de Andrade, 115 , 118 , 270 n32, 271 n33, 274 n30, 277 n20

Janney, Frank, 64 , 138 , 273 n17

Jara, Luis de la, 268 n9

Jarry, Alfred (Ubu Roi),191 , 276 n14

Jitrik, Noé, 264 n7, 269 n11

Johnson, Randal, 264 n6

Johnson, Samuel, 262

Joyce, James, 85 , 116

Juxtapositions, in vanguardist discourse, 165 -66, 168

K

Kadir, Djelal, 142

Karsen, Sonja, 269 n19

Keyserling, Hermann, 127 , 272 n5

Kinsella, John, 106 , 112 , 270 n25

Kirby, Michael, 266 n1

Kirby, Victoria Ncss, 266 n1

Kirkpatrick, Gwen, 73 , 100

Klaxon (pcriodical), 13 , 37 , 77 , 80 , 81 , 172 , 266 n6

Koch-Grünberg, Theodor, 135

El kollao (poetry collection), 128

Krauss, Rosalind, 2 , 142 , 146 , 221 , 243 , 254 ;

on high modernism, 275 n34;

on origins, 218 -20

Kuehne, Alyce de, 276 n10

Künstlerroman,96 , 106 ;

El juguete rabioso as, 85 ;

Oswald de Andrade's fiction as, 116 -17;

transformation in vanguardist fiction, 83

L

Labrador Ruiz, Enrique, 15 , 83 , 264 n13

Lange, Norah, 12 , 265 n21

Language, 69 , 189 , 276 n15;

autochthonous, 28 , 57 , 229 , 238 ;

and cultural estrangement, 210 , 235 -51;

and cultural identity, 130 , 210 , 218 , 222 -34, 270 n31;

dissonance in, 248 -51, 262 ;

emergence of, 145 -46, 208 , 213 ;

and empowerment, 235 -37, 260 ;

heteroglossic, 115 , 256 , 259 , 270 n31;

impure, 247 -51, 259 , 260 , 262 , 280 n32;

invented, 1 , 217 , 218 ;

normarive, 236 -42;

primal, 213 -22, 231 -34, 242 , 254 ;

recreation of, 199 , 209 , 220 -21;

as social construct, 212 -13;

and surrealism, 211 ;

translation of, 242 -43;

universal, 221 -24, 247 , 259 , 260 , 261 -62

― 309 ―

Language, poetic:

Bakhtin on, 219 -20, 242 , 254 , 255 , 257 , 278 n10;

Huidobro on, 247

Language, spoken, 238 , 248 ;

vanguardists' studies of, 209 , 232 -33.

See also Portuguese, Brazilian; Spanish language

Larra, Raul, 275 n2

Larrea, Juan, 17

Lasso, Ignacio, 272 n10

Latin America:

cultural identity of, 29 , 126 , 127 -34, 271 n2, 272 n11;

cultural pluralism of, 159 ;

history of, during vanguard years, 3 -7;

political conditions of, 4 -7

Lauer, Mirko, 106 , 110 , 112 , 265 n15, 270 n26

Lebensphilosophie,271 n3

Léger, Fernand, 139

Leguía, Augusto B., 5 , 6 , 16

Leland, Christopher Towne, 12 , 90 , 264 n9, 268 n11, 269 n13

Lenin, Vladimir, 51 , 53

León Hill, Eladia, 273 n19, 281 n43

Lessa, Luiz Carlos, 278 n13

Iévy-Bruhl, Lucien, 139

Lima, 16 -17, 105 , 108 , 110 , 112

Linguistic identity, 224 -31;

and nature, 232 ;

and originary discourse, 236 ;

Revista de Antropofagia on, 130 , 233

Linguistic issues:

vanguard movements on, 3 , 28 -29, 208 -9, 213 -22, 231 -33, 236 , 242 , 281 n38.

See also Language

Linguistic pluralism, 243 -51, 260 -62

Linguistic purity, 213 -22, 248 -50;

in Cuculcán,259 -60

Lins, Osman (Avalovara ), 2

List Arzubide, Germán, 15 , 76

List making, 163 , 166 , 275 n33

Little magazines, 3 , 11 , 32 , 80 ;

Americanist views of, 126 , 130 , 135 ;

depiction of artist in, 79 -80;

on theater, 172 .

See also Periodicals, vanguardist

Lizaso, Félix, 272 n5

Loayza, Luis, 106

Lodge, David, 270 n23

Lopez, TelêPorto Ancona, 273 n15

Lugones, Leopoldo, 34 , 73 , 86 , 269 n13

Lukács, Georg, 143

Lyday, Leon, 275 n1

M

Machado, Gerardo, 5 , 6 , 14

El Maestro (periodical), 16

Magalhães, R. Jr., 274 n28

Malevich, Kasimir, 216 , 278 n7

Malfatti, Anita, 13 , 33

Mallea, Eduardo, 12

Mañach, Jorge, 14

Mandlove, Nancy, 277 n1

Manifestos, 8 , 26 , 28 ;

America in, 127 -34;

Americanist, 126 , 135 , 168 ;

antiromanticism in, 76 -77;

audience of, 32 , 36 -41;

depiction of artist in, 75 , 120 ;

dichotomies in, 39 ;

futurist, 35 , 55 ;

hyperbole in, 76 , 160 ;

linguistic concerns of, 209 , 210 -11;

list making in, 162 -64, 275 n33;

in little magazines, 32 ;

narrators of, 36 -41;

on normative language, 236 -37;

rhetorical devices of, 26 , 39 , 40 -42, 126 ;

structure of, 35 -37;

symphonic metaphors in, 161 ;

in vanguard movements, 3 , 10 ;

view of art, 79 , 205.

See also Performance manifestos

Maples Arce, Manuel, 15 , 268 n9

Marechal, Leopoldo, 80

Mariani, Roberto, 12 , 266 n6

Mariátegui, José Carlos, 5 , 16 , 17 ;

on Americanism, 132 , 272 n12;

on dehumanization of art, 24 -25;

on González Prada, 279 n15;

linguistic concerns of, 226 ;

on modern artists, 271 n34;

nationalism of, 128 , 129 ;

political activism of, 6 -7, 79 ;

and Riva Agüero, 279 n16;

on role of artist, 79 , 82 , 106 , 122 -23;

study of avant-gardes, 38 -39;

on travelers to New World, 133 , 134 ;

on Vallejo, 268 n5

Marín, Juan, 14 , 268 n9

Marinello, Juan, 14 , 127 , 148 , 274 n23

Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 35 , 38 , 75 , 139 , 146

Márquez, Robert, 280 n28

Martí, José, 14 , 126 -27, 229 , 271 n5, 279 n23

Martínez de la Torre, Ricardo, 272 n6

Martín Fierro (periodical), 11 , 12 , 82 ;

on cultural nationalism, 129 , 130 , 132 ;

linguistic concerns of, 227 , 234 ;

manifestos of, 37 , 40

Martins, Wilson, 225

Marxism, in Latin America, 5 , 6 -7

Masiello, Francine, 10 , 36 , 227 , 264 n12, 279 n19;

on Argentine vanguards, 111 , 264 n9;

on Arlt, 86 , 88 , 268 n11;

― 310 ―

Masiello, Francine (continued )

concept of self, 78 ;

on masculine avantgatdes, 265 n21;

on women in vanguards, 265 n22

Mass culture:

and high art, 38 -39, 61 , 70 , 179 , 182 ;

in Latin American fiction, 1 -2;

North American, 66 ;

in Trescientos millones,182 .

See also Culture

Matthews, J. H., 276 n15

Mayo, Hugo, 17 , 221 , 233

McHale, Brian, 169

McMurray, David Arthur, 280 n28

Meireles, Cecília, 13

Mendoza-López, Margarita, 276 n11

Mestizaje, 127 , 148

Mexican Revolution, 5 , 7 , 15

Mexico, 15 -16, 123 .

See also Contemporáneos; Estridentistas

Mexico City, 97

Mignolo, Walter, 77 , 78 , 268 n7

Miller, Francesca, 263 n3

Mimesis:

in drama, 170 , 174 , 203 ;

in En la luna,191 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 296 -97;

in A morta,202 ;

in Tresciento millones,180 , 183

Miranda Archilla, Graciany, 19

Modernism, Euro-American:

linguistic concerns of, 212 ;

and primitivism, 143

Modernismo, Brazilian, 12 , 33 , 73 , 278 n13;

Americanist concerns of, 128 ;

antiacademic spirit of, 224 ;

bibliography of, 264 n10;

and "As enfibraturas do Ipiranga," 46 , 49 ;

linguistic concerns of, 234 ;

manifestos of, 43 , 44 ;

in Mário de Andrade, 272 n9;

and oral culture, 237 ;

in Oswald de Andrade, 116 , 121 , 130 ;

parodies of, 56 ;

reception of, 47 , 69

Modernismo, Spanish American, 95 , 103 , 268 nn2,3;

aesthetic goals of, 101 , 250 ;

architectural metaphors of, 270 n21;

artist-heroes in, 73 , 74 ;

in La educación sentimental,124 ;

in manifestos, 40 ;

musical metaphors of, 244

Modernity:

and alienation, 85 ;

in El milagro de Anaquillé,65 ;

in vanguard movements, 25 -26, 141 , 167 , 264 n7;

in works of Adán, 106 , 107 , 109 ;

in works of Carpentier, 2 , 65

Monguió, Luis, 265 n14

Moreno Jimenes, Domingo, 20

Moro, César, 17 , 134

Morse, Richard, 275 n36

Motocicleta (periodical), 17 , 80

Mullen, Edward J., 275 n3

Müller-Bergh, Klaus, 9 , 247 , 264 nn11,13, 266 n3, 268 n9, 273 n14

Mundial (periodical), 128

Myths:

of creation, 140 , 143 -45;

Mayan, 140 ;

Mesoamerican, 138 , 158 ;

of organicism, 128 , 168 ;

of Taulipang, 135 , 158

N

Nagel, Susan, 269 n19

Ñáñigo rituals (Afro-Cuban), 61 , 66 , 67 , 136 , 141.

See also Culture, Afro-Cuban

Nationalism, 7 , 51 ;

cultural, 12 , 14 , 16 -17, 18 -19, 25 -26, 127 -34;

linguistic, 222 -31, 235 -36, 239

Nature:

and humanity, 127 ;

and linguistic identity, 232 ;

and origins of Latin American literature, 126

Navarro Luna, Manuel, 15

Neologisms, 1 , 220 -21;

in Arlt, 92 ;

in Chinfonía burguesa,57 , 58 , 59 -61;

Huidobro's use of, 193 ;

of Mário de Andrade, 218 ;

in El pez de oro,166 ;

of Vallejo, 217

Neruda, Pablo, 13 -14, 215 , 249 -50, 274 n22, 280 nn34,36.

Works:

El hondero entusiasta,78 ;

Residencia de la tierra,249 , 280 nn34,35;

Tentativa del hombre infinito,75 , 119

New World, 25 , 41 , 160 , 203 ;

European concept of, 127 , 133 -34;

originary discourse of, 141 -50;

as symphony, 161 -62;

in vanguardist texts, 27 , 126 , 135 -38.

See also America

Nguillatún (periodical), 14 , 266 n6

Nicaragua:

linguistic concerns in, 228 -29;

vanguardist movements in, 17 , 18 , 55 , 57 , 128 , 142 , 239 , 265 n17

Noísmo (Puerto Rico), 19 , 37 , 82 , 129 , 131 -32, 221

Nouhaud, Dorita, 253 , 273 n19, 282 n44

Novelas de la tierra,127 , 138 , 232

Novo, Salvador, 16 , 76 , 83 , 172 , 247

Los Nuevos (periodical), 20

Nunes, Benedito, 44 , 158 , 274 n30

O

Olea, Héctor, 271 n1

Olivares, Jorge, 267 n2

― 311 ―

Oquendo de Amat, Carlos, 2 , 17 , 80 , 128 , 134 , 215 , 233 , 245 , 246

Organicism, 126 , 134 , 168

Originality, 146 -47, 150 , 218 -19

Origins:

linguistic, 213 -22

Origins, discourse of, 141 -50, 203 , 232 ;

in ¡Écue-Yamba-Ó!, 144 , 148 ;

in Leyendas de Guatemala,147 -48;

and linguistic identity, 236 ;

in Macunaíma,145 -47;

and origin of words, 208 ;

in Pequeña sinfonía del nuevo mundo,144 -45, 148 ;

in El pez de oro,143 , 144 , 148 ;

in ultraísmo,142

Orrego, Antenor, 127 , 272 n6, 279 n15

Ortega, Julio, 264 n7, 281 n38

Ortega y Gasset, José, 94 , 101 , 267 n1, 269 n18, 271 n3.

Works:

"Carta a un joven argentino," 127 ;

La deshumanización del arte,21 -26, 72 , 77 , 78 , 94 , 105 , 108 , 173

Orthography, vanguardist, 182 , 226 , 279 n18

Ortíz, Fernando, 229

Ortíz de Montellano, Bernardo, 16 , 172 , 220

Osorio, Nelson, 4 , 8 , 9 , 263 n2;

on futurism, 35 , 266 n3;

on Huidobro, 74 ;

on student movements, 271 n4;

on Venezuela, 20 , 265 n20

Owen, Gilberto, 83

P

Pagden, Anthony, 278 n11

Palacio, Pablo, 17 , 173

Palazzolo, Octavio, 171

Palés Matos, Luis, 19 , 161 , 230 , 234 , 244 , 280 n26

Palés Matos, Vicente, 19 , 78 , 218 , 280 n26

Pan-Americanism, 133

Pardo Bazán, Emilia, 107

Parnassianism, Brazilian, 73 , 244

Parra, Marco Antonio de la, 2

Parra, Teresa de la, 20 , 265 n21

Pasos, Joaquín, 18 , 31 , 172 , 218 , 228 , 229 .

Works:

Chinfonía burguesa,32 -33, 55 -61, 161 ;

"Un ensayo de poesía sinfónica," 59 .

Q

Quechua language, 226 , 227 , 238

Quigley, Austin, 65 , 180

Quintanilla, Luis, 15 , 33 , 171

R

Rama, Angel, 237 , 264 n5

Ramos, Julio, 278 n12

Ramos Sucre, José Antonio, 20 , 242

Raynaud, Georges, 138

Real Academia Española, 90

Reed, Ishmael, 262

Renan, Ernest, 222 -23

Repertorio Americano (periodical), 130 , 272 n8

A Revista (periodical), 13 , 24 , 79 , 82 , 130

Revista de Antropofagia (periodical), 13 , 130 , 233 , 243 , 261 ;

on linguistic identity, 130 , 233 ;

on theater, 172

Revista de Avance (periodical), 6 , 16 , 79 , 82 , 229 , 264 n12;

Americanist concerns of, 129 , 131 , 271 n4;

on dehumanization of art, 24 ;

founders of, 14 ;

on theater, 172

Revista de Occidente (periodical), 23 , 127

Revista do Brasil (periodical), 225

Revista Histórica (periodical), 226

Reyes, Alfonso, 51

Ribemont-Dessaignes, Georges, 134

Ribera Chevremont, Evaristo, 19 , 24 , 77 , 272 n10

Ripoll, Carlos, 264 n13, 279 n23

Riva Agüero, José de la, 226 , 279 n16

Rivas, Próspero, 247

Rivas Mercado, Antonieta, 16 , 172

Rivera, Diego, 51 , 52 , 53 -55, 69 , 266 n10

Robles, Humberto, 17 , 18 , 265 n16

Rocambole (Portson du Terrail's character), 87 , 88 , 90 , 175 -78, 181 , 182

Rocha, Octavio, 18 , 31

Rokha, Pablo de, 14 , 83 , 128 , 135 , 231

Rolland, Romain, 51

Román, José, 80 , 245

Romanticism:

Argentine, 73 , 93 ;

in manifestos, 76 -77;

in Oswald de Andrade, 119 , 199 , 201 ;

in Torres Bodet, 98 , 99 , 124

"Rosa Náutica" (manifesto), 14 , 37 , 76 , 81

Rulfo, Juan (Pedro Páramo),2

Runrunistas (Chilean poets), 14

S

Sabas Alomá, Matiblanca, 272 nn8,10

Sabat Ercasty, Carlos, 19 , 20

Sadlier, Darlene J., 268 n3

Said, Edward, 168 , 169

Saides Báez, Sergio, 277 n17

― 313 ―

Salgado, Plínio, 33 , 233

Sánchez, Luis Rafael, 2

Sandino, Augusto, 7 , 18

São Paulo:

language of, 238 -39;

in Mário de Andrade, 125 , 146 , 156 -57, 162 , 167 , 240 ;

in Oswald de Andrade, 114 , 122 ;

role in vanguard movements, 12 , 70 , 80

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 92 , 93 , 223 , 227 , 278 n12, 279 n18

Savage, concept of, 130 , 158 , 274 n30

Scarry, Elaine, 113 , 166

Schechner, Richard, 43 , 170 -71, 173 , 267 n18

Schneider, Luis Mario, 33 , 265 n14, 275 n3

Schulman, Ivan, 268 n2

Schulte-Sasse, Jochen, 212

Schwartz, Jorge, 8 , 9 , 264 n8, 268 n10

Scroggins, Daniel, 279 n21

Segala, Amos, 271 n2, 281 n14

Self, concept of:

among artists, 75 -83;

in works of Arlt, 86 , 88 -89, 91 , 92

Semana de Arte Moderna (São Paulo, 1922), 12 , 33 , 46 , 49 , 215 , 224

Shaw, Donald, 276 n10

Sheridan, Guillermo, 265 n14

Shklovsky, Victor, 21

Sigfried, Aildrí, 133

Silverman, Kathleen, 270 nn27,29

Simplismo, 17 , 220

Síngulus (periodical), 17

Skidmore, Thomas E., 263 n2

Smith, David, 278 n9, 281 n37

Smith, Peter H., 263 n2

Snaidas, Adolfo, 276 n10

Snead, James, 262

Socialism, 5 , 7

Solis, Abclardo, 279 n17

Sommers, Joseph, 148

Somoza, Anastasio (first), 7

Sones, Cuban, 244 , 245

Soto Vélez, Clemente, 7 , 19

Soupault, Philippe, 134 , 276 n15

Souza, Gilda de Mello e, 273 n15

Space:

mimetic, 180 , 275 n6;

theatrical, 65 , 112 -13, 177 , 198 , 267 n18;

and time, 220 -21

Spanish language:

of Argentina, 227 -28;

of Chile, 231 ;

of Cuba, 229 -30;

of Mexico, 230 , 231 ;

of Nicaragua, 228 -29;

of Peru, 225 -27;

of Puerto Rico, 230 .

See also Language, spoken; Linguistic issues

Spengler, Oswald, 4 , 25 , 127 , 130 , 133

Spires, Robert C., 269 n18

Student movements, 5 , 16 , 128 , 271 n4

Surrealism:

Carpentier on, 24 ;

discourse of origins in, 142 ;

ethnographic, 139 , 164 ;

influence on manifestos, 35 ;

Parisian, 32 , 273 n14;

and primitivism, 140 ;

role of language in, 211 ;

in works of Adán, 106 , 112

Symbolism, Brazilian, 73 , 74 , 244 , 268 n3

T

Tablada, José Juan, 268 n9

Tamayo, Franz, 127 , 272 n6

Teatrito Lope (Nicaragua), 172

Teatro del Murciélago (Mexico), 15 , 171 -72

Teatro del Pueblo (Argentina), 12 , 171 , 175 , 275 n2

Teatro Experimental Argentino, 171

Teatro Libre (Buenos Aires), 171

Teatro Orientación (Mexico), 16 , 172 , 184 , 276 n11

Teatro Ulíses (Mexico), 16 , 172 , 184

Technology:

in Mário de Andrade, 146 , 157 ;

in vanguardist discourse, 80 -81, 122 , 268 n9

Terán, Enrique, 129

Terra Roxa e Outras Terras (periodical), 13 , 39

Theater, 2 ;

"culinary," 60 , 267 n14;

mimetic qualities of, 170 , 174 , 180 , 183 , 202 , 205 -6

Theater, vanguardist, 27 -28, 170 -75, 189 , 275 n2;

aims of, 205 ;

Argentine, 12 , 171 ;

contrary-to-fact aspect of, 174 , 179 -80;

diegetic space in, 177 , 180 , 275 n6;

Mexican, 16 , 33 -34, 171 -72, 188 ;

Nicaraguan, 172 , 275 n4;

spectators of, 173 , 175 , 205 .

See also Transformations, theatrical

Torgovnick, Marianna, 139 , 143

Torres Bodet, Jaime, 15 , 102 ;

in Contemporáneos, 94 , 97 ;

on dehumanization of art, 24 -25, 94 , 267 n1, 269 n18;

on discovery, 152 ;

on dissonance, 248 ;

influence of Ortega y Gasser on, 72 ;

modernism in, 124 ;

on nature of art, 94 -95, 99 ;

Pérez Firmat on, 95 , 269 n17;

on poets, 77 .

Works:

Margarita de niebla,71 , 94 , 269 nn16, 19 ;

"Música," 215 ,

― 314 ―

Torres Bodet, Jaime (continued )

248 , 280 n31;

"Reflexiones sobre la novela," 103 ;

Tiempo de arena,269 n18

—La educación sentimental,72 , 83 , 94 -105, 122 ;

and metonymy, 102 , 270 n23;

Pérez Firmat on, 269 n19;

readers of, 104 , 270 n20

Totality, in vanguardist discourse, 159 -61

Tower of Babel, motif of, 247

Trampolí-Hangar-Rascacielos-Timonel (periodical), 80 , 129

Transformations, theatrical, 174 -75, 181 -82, 184 , 205 ;

in En la luna,193 -94;

in A morta,203 ;

in Oswald de Andrade, 200 ;

in Parece mentira,184 , 186.

See also Theater

Translation:

Benjamin on, 242 -43;

cultural, 248 , 260 -62;

Oswald de Andrade on, 245

Triana, José, 2

Troiano, James, 178 , 275 n5

Turner, Victor, 43 , 173 , 174 , 179

Tutuola, Amos, 262

Tzara, Tristan, 38 , 139 , 167 , 211 , 276 n15

U

Ulíses (periodical), 15

Ultraísmo,14 , 35 , 142 , 248 ;

linguistic concerns of, 215 , 220 -21, 227 , 247

United States:

influence in Cuba, 64 , 68 ;

influence in Puerto Rico, 18 , 19 ;

intervention in Nicaragua, 18 ;

linguistic interventions, 245 -46.

See also America

University reform movements, 6 , 128

Unruh, Vicky, 265 n15, 266 n2, 273 n16, 279 n16

Uruguay, 17 , 19 -20

Uslar Pietri, Arturo, 20

Utopias, linguistic, 223 , 231 , 235 , 260

V

Valcárcel, Luis, 131 , 272 n6

Valenzuela, Luisa (Cambio de armas),2

Valle, Félix del, 272 n6

Valle, Rosamel del, 14 , 215 , 268 n9

Valle Inclán, Ramon del, 64

Vallejo, César, 17 , 23 -24, 76 , 216 ;

on cultural nationalism, 132 , 281 n39;

Mariátegui on, 268 n5

—Trilce,77 , 268 n6, 281 n38, 286 n6;

linguistic difficulty in, 250 -51;

linguistic-invention in, 76 , 215 , 217 ;

translations of, 278 n9, 281 n37

válvula (periodical), 20 , 37 , 80 , 215 , 216

Vanguardists, 5 , 74 ;

anthologies of, 8 -9;

as collectors, 164 ;

conceptualization of art, 3 -4, 21 -26, 79 ;

cosmogony in works of, 143 -44;

cultural nationalism of, 127 -34;

ethnographic studies by, 138 -39, 149 ;

journeys to New World, 133 ;

Parisian, 21 , 117 , 121 , 149 ;

political engagement of, 6 , 7 , 23 , 35 ;

recreation of language, 199 , 209 , 220 -21;

on role of art, 7 -8;

and technology, 268 n9;

theatrical experiments of, 27 -28, 170 -75;

women as, 12 , 13 , 17 , 28 , 265 n22.

See also Avant-gardes; Vanguard movements

Vanguard movements, 7 , 8 , 22 , 173 ;

Americanist concerns of, 126 , 127 -41, 168 ;

Andean, 136 ;

antecedents of, 1 -4;

in Argentina, 10 , 11 -12, 264 n9;

audience of, 70 ;

Brazilian, 12 -13, 44 ;

Chilean, 13 -14, 264 n11;

and Christopher Columbus, 151 -53;

chronology of, 263 n1;

Columbian, 20 ;

as continental phenomenon, 9 -11;

Cuban, 14 -15, 64 , 264 n13, 279 n23;

discovery in, 150 -59;

Ecuadorean, 17 -18, 265 n16;

in En la luna,196 ;

European, 40 , 133 -34;

futurism in, 35 , 196 , 266 n3;

Guatemalan, 20 -21;

histories of, 263 n2;

international, 6 , 10 , 22 , 81 ;

in interwar era, 2 , 4 ;

linguistic concerns of, 3 , 28 -29, 208 -9, 213 -22, 231 -33, 236 , 242 , 281 n38;

literary, 1 , 4 ;

and manifestos, 32 -33;

Mexican, 15 -16, 123 ;

Nicaraguan, 17 , 18 , 55 , 57 , 142 , 239 , 265 n17;

Peruvian, 16 -17, 106 , 265 n15;

primitivism in, 143 , 158 -59;

Puerto Rican, 18 -19, 230 , 265 n18;

regional, 11 , 264 n8;

totalizing motifs of, 159 -61;

Uruguayan, 19 -20;

utopian spirit of, 174 ;

Venezuelan, 20 , 265 n20;

view of technology, 80 -81.

See also Avant-gardes

Varallanos, José, 273 n16

Vargas Llosa, Mario, 2 , 110

Vasconcelos, José, 15 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 127

Vásquez, Emilio, 273 n16

Vela, Arqueles (El café de nadie ), 15

Venezuela, 17 , 20 , 265 n20

― 315 ―

Verani, Hugo, 8 , 9 , 263 n1, 264 n8, 272 n7, 280 nn33,35

Verde (periodical), 13 , 37 , 40 , 128

Verdevoye, Paul, 271 n2

Vernacular language, 224 -31;

Jorge Luis Borges on, 226 , 227 -28, 247 -48;

Roberto Arlt on, 228 .

See also Language; Linguistic issues

Vicente Gómez, Juan, 20

Vidales, Luis, 20

Videla de Rivero, Gloria, 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 263 n5, 265 n19

Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 33

Villaurrutia, Xavier, 16 , 27 , 83 , 172 , 184 , 186 , 276 n9;

Parece mentira,175 , 184 -89, 193 , 203 , 205 , 276 nn9,11

Von Buelow, Christiane, 250 , 251 , 268 n6, 281 n38

Vortice (periodical), 19 , 80

W

Weinberger, Eliot, 268 n8, 278 nn4,5

Westphalen, Emilio Adolfo, 17

Whitman, Walt, 130 , 161

Wiesse, María, 17

Williams, Raymond, 210 , 211

Wise, David O., 266 n2

Women:

suffrage of, 5 , 263 n3;

as vanguardists, 12 , 13 , 17 , 28 , 265 n22

Woodyard, George, 275 n1

Workers' movements, 4 , 5

Y

Yrigoyen, Hipólito, 11

Yúdice, George, 190 , 268 n4, 277 nn1,19

Yunque, Alvaro, 171

Yurkievich, Saúl, 9 , 73 , 76 , 216 , 264 n7, 280 n34, 281 n38

Z

Zayas, Alberto, 14

Zum Felde, Alberto, 20