Index

A

Abate Marchena . See Marchena Ruiz y Cueto, José

Abates (unbeneficed clergymen of minor orders), 99 , 129 , 252 n56

Abstraction, deaf-mutes' capacity for, 134 -35, 138 -39, 140 , 256 -57n99, 257 n102, 258 nn115,116, 263 n191.

See also Reason

Academic Circle of Marseilles, 154

Academy of Fine Arts of San Carlos (Valencia), 124 , 249 -50n15

Academy of Science (Paris), 74

Afrancesados (French sympathizers), 152 , 153 , 154 , 159 , 174 , 267 n69

Agricola, Rudolph, 18 , 209 n25

Alberti, Salomon, 208 n17

Albert y Martí, Juan, 95 , 110 , 234 n71, 242 n46

Albosía de la Vega, Jayme. See Alea, JoséMiguel

Alcalá Galiano, Antonio, 102 , 238 n17, 239 n19

Alea, José Miguel, 154 , 227 -28n97, 263 -64n196, 265 n21;

on art of criticism, 133 -34, 255 -56n89;

background/education of, 128 , 251 n52, 252 n55;

on Bonet, 135 , 247 -48n96;

on Campos's theory, 137 -38, 141 -42, 257 -58n112, 258 n126;

and deaf education, 99 -100, 109 , 134 , 141 , 258 n124;

dedications to Godoy, 131 , 240 n25, 254 nn73, 74 , 255 n81;

and Economic Society, 118 , 134 , 246 n88, 256 n97, 262 n188;

on de l'Epée's methods, 153 -54, 236 -37n6, 263 n190;

as French collaborator, 152 -53, 262 nn184, 186 ;

on equality, 143 , 259 n134;

on French contribution, 132 , 255 n87;

as grammarian, 132 , 255 n81;

and Tiburcio Hernández, 157 -58, 159 ;

at Instituto Militar Pestalozzi, 131 , 254 -55n79;

languagethought experiments of, 109 , 134 -35, 136 -37, 138 -40, 256 -57n99, 257 nn101, 102 ;

on lipreading, 104 -6, 220 -21n30;

on Loftus, 144 , 259 -60n140;

as Loftus's replacement, 11 , 143 , 259 n135;

on Navarrete's school, 99 -100, 237 n8;

pastoral appointment of, 129 -30, 253 nn63, 64 , 66 ;

postwar years of, 154 -55, 263 n195, 264 n197;

as royal librarian, 130 , 253 n69;

and Gregorio de Santa Fe, 101 -2, 103 -6, 109 ;

on speech vs. methodical signs, 140 -41, 258 n119;

translations by, 131 , 132 -33, 134 , 252 -53n62, 254 n72, 256 nn96, 97 , 262 n189;

on translation, 129 , 252 nn58, 59

Alfonso X (king of Spain), 18

Aliaga, duke of, 243 -44n55, 247 -48n96

Alonso de Medina, Juan, 50

Alvarez de Cienfuegos, Nicasio, 102 , 238 -39n18

Alvarez v Grande, Juan Miguel, 161 , 162 , 245 n76

American Sign Language, 247 n93

Amman, Johann Conrad, 70 , 72 , 79 , 82

Andrés Morell, Juan, 232 n50;

on Feijóos, 247 n95;

on oralism, 83 -84, 226 n90, 232 nn53, 54 , 233 n55;

sordomuti term of, 233 n59

Angulo, Francisco, 104 , 118

Antonio, Nicolás, 69 , 225 -26n83, 228 n3, 231 n43

Arabic language, 258 n126

Aragón, 203 n19

converso documentation in, 108 , 241 -42n37, 242 nn38, 40

Aranese language, 8 , 203 -4n21

Arbués de Epila, Pedro, 107 , 241 nn32-34

Aristotle, 17 , 18 , 208 nn19, 20 , 209 n26, 215 n75

Arjona y de Cubas, Manuel María de, 102 , 238 -39n18

Arriaza y Superviela, Juan Bautista, 102 , 238 -39n18

Art:

in deaf education curriculum, 123 , 186 , 248 n4, 271 n110;

Prádez's study of, 124 , 125 -26, 249 -50n15, 250 nn16, 20, 250 nn23, 31

"Arte de hacer hablar los mudos" (Moyano), 66

Arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos (Bonet). See Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos

Articulation. See Speech

Assarotti, Otravio, 236 n5

Asturias, 203 n19

Augustine, Saint, 17 -18, 204 -5n2, 209 n23

Autonomous regions:

and linguistic diversity, 6 , 7 -8, 203 nn14, 19

Ayala, Roque de, 66

B

Balearic Islands, 7 , 203 n19

Ballesteros y Santa María, Juan Manuel, 189 , 191 , 192 , 227 -28n97, 272 n8, 273 -74n16

Barakat, Robert A., 211 -12n48

Barat, Gonzalo, 235 n2

Barat, Rafaela, 235 n2

Barberá Martí, Faustino, 213 -14n62, 225 n79, 229 n12, 231 -32n47, 233 n56

Barcelona, 3 , 115 , 245 n75, 273 n12

Basque Country, 5 , 6 , 7 , 203 nn14, 19 , 20

Basque language, 5 , 7 , 203 n19

Batllori, Miquel, 240 n27

Bautista de Morales, Cristóbal, 39

Bautista de Morales, Juan, 39

Bazot, M., 154

Beaumarin, Aaron, 74

Bébian, Roch-Ambroise, 93 , 154 , 181 , 263 n192, 269 n93

Bede, the Venerable, 220 n22

Bejarano y Sánchez, Eloy, 212 -13n51, 214 n65, 220 n22, 227 n94

Bender, Ruth E., 209 n21, 234 n63

Benedictines, 21 , 211 n41

Beobachtungen über Stumme (Observations on the deaf and dumb, Heinicke), 80

Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri, 131 , 254 n72

Bernardo de Quiros, Julio, 228 n99

Berthier, Ferdinand, 212 -13n51

Biblioteca hispana nova (Antonio), 69 , 228 n3

Black people, 143 , 259 n134

Blanco White, José María, 102 , 238 -39n18;

on conversos' notoriety, 108 , 241 -42n37, 242 n41;

at Instituto Militar Pestalozzi, 131 , 254 -55n79;

on Moratín, 239 -40n23;

on Quintana, 103

Blind students, 189

Bloodline purity, 108 , 241 -42n37

Boix, Estaban, 125 -26, 250 nn22, 23

Bonaparte, Joseph (king of Spain), 146 , 152 , 173 , 174

Bonet, Juan Pablo:

Alea on, 135 , 247 -48n96;

Andrés Morell's defense of, 83 , 84 , 232 -33n54;

on articulation, 45 -46, 54 , 223 n54, 229 n16;

background of, 42 , 220 nn25, 26 ;

on causes of muteness, 44 -45, 187 , 271 n1;

deaf education book of, 9 , 42 -44, 49 ;

Digby's misinformation on, 65 -66, 227 n94;

de l'Epée on, 79 ;

Feijóo's attack on, 81 -82, 231 nn43, 46 ;

Hernández's methods and, 158 , 159 -61, 163 , 164 , 265 n18;

historical tribute to, 185 , 271 n109;

on lipreading, 47 , 165 , 220 -21n30;

on manual alphabet, 45 , 48 ;

phonic method of, 44 ;

political career of, 55 -56,

223 nn56-58;

Ponce's methods and, 52 -53, 222 n44;

Ramírez de Carrión confused with, 62 -63, 65 -66, 225 n79, 226 n90, 227 n94;

on use of signs, 47 -49, 221 n31;

on Luis de Velasco, 219 n10

Borbón Soissons, María de, 58

Bouilly, Jean Nicolas, 248 n100

Braidwood, Thomas, 70

Buffon, Georges-Louis, 74

Bulwer, John, 69 , 228 n4

Bureau of Interpretations (Madrid), 129

Burgos, Gaspar de, 29 , 32 , 215 n74

C

Cabello y Madurga, Pedro, 274 n18

Calafell i Pijoan, Angel, 197

Calvete Tovar, Basilio, 245 n76

Campos, Ramón, 157 n111;

Alea's rebuttal of 135 , 137 -38, 141 -42, 257 -58n112, 258 nn124, 126 ;

on class, 142 -43;

on deaf schools, 141 ;

Inquisition and, 142 , 259 n130;

Menéndez y Pelayo on, 258 -59n127

Cannocchiale aristotelico (Tesauro), 69

Canon law:

on salvation, 17 -18, 35 , 209 n23;

on transubstantiation, 24 , 27 , 214 n66

Capmany, Antonio de, 102 , 238 -39n18

Caramuel de Lobkowitz, Juan, 62 , 225 n82

Cardano, Girolamo, 19 , 34 , 209 -10n31, 210 n32

Carrión, Manuel de. See Ramírez de Carrión, Manuel

Cartas eruditas (Feijóo), 81 -82

Cartegena, Teresa de, 204 n1

Cartilla menor para enseñar a leer en romance (Robles), 222 -23n51

Castañiza, Juan de, 34

Castilian Spanish, 5 -6, 160 , 203 n19;

sign version of, 119 , 121

Castro, Pedro de, 51 -52, 69 , 221 nn39, 40 , 227 n93

Catalan language, 5 , 6 , 203 n19

Catalogo delle lingue conosciute e notizia della loro affinitá e diversitá (Hervás y Panduro), 233 n60, 234 n65

Catalonia, 5 , 6 , 199 , 203 n19, 277 n24

Catholic church:

canon law restrictions of, 17 -18, 24 , 27 , 35 , 209 n23, 214 n66;

on deaf education, 187 , 271 -72n4

Centro Público de Educación Especial de Sordos, 4 , 202 -3n10, 203 n11

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 212 -13n51

Charles, prince of Wales, 63

Charles III (king of Spain), 6 , 83 , 232 n51

Charles IV (king of Spain):

deaf education directive of, 98 -100, 235 -36n3;

and Madrid school appointments, 115 , 244 -45n65;

scholarships by, 125 , 250 n20

Charles V, emperor, 32

Chirologia, of the Natural Language of the Hand (Bulwer), 228 n4

Ciges, M., 202 n8

Cistercians, 211 -12n48

Class:

Campos on, 142 -43;

deaf community as, 112 -13, 244 n57;

schools' differentiation of, 117 .

See also Linguistic minorities

Clerc, Laurent, 211 n46, 247 n93, 269 n93

Coeducation prohibitions, 171 -72, 266 -67n58

Collège Royal (Marseilles), 154 , 263 n195

Collegio Romano (Rome), 87 , 88 , 96

Commune sensorium,16 , 208 n17

Concepcionistas de Berlanga convent, 14

Condillac, Etienne de, 104 , 255 n80

Congress of Verona (1822), 179

Consanguineous marriage, 2 , 14 , 37 , 205 n4, 218 n2

Constable of Castile, office of, 205 n3

Constitutional regime:

counterrevolutionary plots in, 175 -79, 267 -68n76, 268 n81;

education goals under, 188 ;

fall of, 179 -80;

formation of, 174 , 175 ;

Landaburian Society's support of, 178 , 268 n82

Constitution of 18 12, 174 , 188

Constitution of 1978, 7 -8, 198 , 203 n18

Córdoba, Juana de (duchess of Frías), 37 -38, 56 , 223 -24n59

Corporal punishment, 45 , 61 , 181 -82, 269 -70n97

Counterrevolutionary plots, 175 -79, 267 -68n76, 268 n81

Cours d'instruction d'un sourd-muet denaissance (Sicard), 256 n96

Crouch, Barry A., 244 n58

Cueva, Dionisio, 240 n27

Curriculum:

art in, 123 , 248 n4;

class-based, 117 ;

of hearing students, 117 ,

Curriculum (continued )

246 nn83, 84 , 248 n102;

oralism and, 194 -95

Curso de Orientación Universitaria (COU), 193

D

Dalgarno, George, 70

Deaf:

meanings of term, 201 -2n1.

See also Deafness

The Deaf and Dumb Man's Discourse (Deusing), 70

Deaf children:

class-based treatment of, 117 ;

of consanguineous marriages, 14 , 37 , 205 n4, 218 n2;

current education level of, 193 , 275 n2;

educational integration of, 195 -97, 276 nn10, 13 , 15 ;

educators on unschooled, 135 -37, 138 -39, 165 , 243 -44n55;

Goya's engravings of, 150 , 151 fig., 152 ;

home sign system of, 21 -22, 91 -92;

occupational training for, 117 , 149 , 170 -71, 191 , 261 n170, 266 n53, 273 n15;

schools' abuse of, 144 -45, 181 -82, 259 -60n140, 261 n161;

stigma of, 13 -14, 204 nn1, 2;

in student rebellion, 182 -84.

See also Deaf community; Deaf education; Deaf-mutes

Deaf community, 204 n22;

anti-integration protest by, 197 , 276 -77n18;

current education level of, 193 , 275 n2;

integration and, 195 -97, 276 nn8, 10 , 13 ;

linguistic discrimination against, 8 , 204 n22;

as linguistic minority, 2 -4, 198 , 199 , 202 nn2, 4 ;

in Paris, 244 n58;

public schools' creation of, 112 -13, 244 nn57, 58 ;

sign language in, 2 -3;

Velasco Family as, 48 .

See also Deaf children; Deaf-mutes

Deaf education:

acknowledged benefits of, 112 , 243 -44n55;

current developments in, 198 -99, 277 nn20, 24;

decline in Spain of, 68 -69, 229 n12;

European expansion of, 10 , 68 -70;

in France, 10 , 74 -80, 120 , 248 n98;

harsh tactics of, 45 , 61 , 181 -82;

integration policy on, 195 -97, 276 nn8, 10 , 13 ;

Jewish conversos and, 109 , 242 n43;

in monasteries, 9 , 13 -14;

preprofessional era in, 1 -2, 187 -88;

as private instruction, 36 -37, 98 , 235 n1;

by professional educators, 12 ;

publications promoting, 69 -70, 228 n4;

in public schools, 10 -11, 77 -78, 80 , 98 -100, 112 -13, 190 -91, 235 -36n3, 236 n4;

Spanish Church on, 187 , 271 -72n4;

use of deaf students' signs in, 91 -92.

See also Deaf children; Manual alphabet; Methodical signs; Oralism; Sign language; Speech; Writing

Deaf ex accidente,18 , 26

Deaf-mutes (sordomudos ):

abstraction skill of, 134 -35, 138 -39, 140 , 256 -57n99, 257 n102, 258 n115, 116 ;

canon law on, 17 -18, 24 , 27 , 35 , 209 n23, 214 n66;

distinguished as mute, 17 , 208 n18;

as ineducable, 16 , 17 , 208 n16, 209 n21;

legal treatise on rights of, 25 -26, 27 -28, 213 -14n62;

medical experimentation on, 51 -52, 161 -63, 265 nn21, 28 ;

popularization of term, 85 , 233 n59;

replaced by sordos term, 194 ;

speech of, 24 -25;

succession rights for, 23 -24, 213 nn56, 57 ;

teaching profession's exclusion of, 186 , 191 , 192 , 271 n110, 273 -74n16, 274 nn19-21;

vs. deaf ex accidente,18 , 26 .

See also Deaf children; Deaf community

Deafness:

and muteness, 16 , 25 , 44 -45, 50 -51, 187 , 208 n17, 271 n1;

as infirmity, 3 -4, 160 , 202 n7, 204 n23;

medical experiments on, 51 -52, 161 -63, 265 nn21, 28

Deafschools:

of Albert y Martí, 95 , 110 , 242 n46;

Campos's attack on, 141 ;

as deaf community assemblage, 112 -13, 244 n58;

of dc l'Epée, 77 -78, 80 ;

Hervas and, 85 , 95 ;

Moyano Law on, 190 ;

Spain's closing of, 195 -97, 276 n8.

See also Royal School for Deaf-Mutes

Deaf students. See Deaf children

Deaf teachers. See Teachers of the deaf

Defaye, Etienne, 74

De la desigualdad personal en la sociedad civil (Campos), 142 , 259 n130

Dell'origine, progressi e stato attuale d'ogni letteratura (Andrés Morell), 232 n50

Demonstrations:

anti-integration, 197 , 276 -77n18;

press coverage of 199 , 277 n23

Dérozier, Albert, 263 -64n196

Descobar, Hernando, 211 n37

Desloges, Pierre, 244 n58

Destutt de Tracy, 135 , 256 -57n99

Deusing, Anthony, 70

Diario de Madrid,99 , 106 , 109 , 112 , 133 , 136 , 243 n50

Díaz, Alonso, 33

Díaz Morante, Pedro, 62 , 225 n82

Dictamen y Proyecto de Decreto sobre el arreglo general de la enseñanza pública (1814), 272 n9

Didascalocophus, or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor (Dalgarno), 70

Digby, Kenelm, 64 -66, 221 n32, 226 n91, 227 n94

Dirección General de Estudios, 180

"Disasters of War" (Goya), 150 , 151 fig., 152 , 262 n179

Docampo y Benavides, Antonio, 50

El don de la palabra (The gift of the word, Campos), 137 , 257 n111

Drawing. See Art

Du Marsais, César Chesneau, 132 , 255 n81

E

El duque de Viseo (Quintana), 134

Echevarría, Manuel, 161 , 169 -70, 269 n92

Economic Society. See Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country

Educación General Básica (EGB), 193

Education:

and coeducation prohibitions, 171 -72;

Economic Society and, 111 -12, 243 n54;

financial constraints on, 114 , 147 , 171 , 260 nn155, 159 ;

of hearing students, 117 , 246 nn83, 84 , 248 n102;

19th-century law on, 188 , 190 , 272 nn6, 9 , 11 ;

of Spanish teachers, 190 , 252 n55.

See also Deaf education; Deaf schools; Public schools

Eguiluz Angoitia, Antonio:

on lipreading, 227 n96;

on Ponce, 206nn9, 12 , 14 , 207 -8n15, 222 -23n51;

and Ponce's manuscript, 216 n82, 222 n44;

on Velasco family, 205 nn4, 5 , 214 n64

Eléments de grammaire générale (Sicard), 118

Elements of Speech (Holder), 69

Emmanuele Filiberto Amadeus II, 61 -62, 225 n7;

and Ramírez de Carrión, 58 -60, 224 n68

Enríquez de Rivera, Juana, 14 , 205 n4

Enríquez de Rivera y Cortés, Juana, 37 , 218 n3

Enríquez de Rivera y Girón, Juana, 37

Epée, Charles-Michel de l':

Alea on, 153 -54, 236 -37n6, 263 n90;

Andrés Morell on, 83 , 84 , 232 n53;

Angulo's ties to, 104 ;

dramatized tribute to, 120 , 248 n100;

first students of, 230 n34;

Heinicke vs., 81 ;

on language, 10 , 78 ;

methodical sign system of, 78 -79, 93 , 153 -54;

as public school founder, 77 -78, 80 ;

and Sicard, 80 , 231 n40

Escalona, Romualdo, 16 , 206 nn9, 14 , 231 n43

Escudero y Azara, Francisco, 274 n21

Escuela española de sordomudos, o arte para enseñarles a escribir y hablar el idioma español (Hervás y Panduro), 85 , 233 n57;

Godoy on, 119 , 248 nn97, 104 ;

influence of, 95 , 234 n70;

pedogogy of, 93 , 94 , 95 , 163 , 265 -66n32

Essai raisonné de monographie universelle (Rouyer), 243 n50

Estala, Pedro, 102 , 103 , 239 n22

Este, Maria Caterina d,' 60

Estrada, Juan de, 248 n100

Etavigny, Azy d,' 74 , 75 , 230 n25

Etavigny, M. d,' 74

Evans, A. Donald, 202 n8

F

Falk, William W., 202 n8

El Faro del silencio,277 n23

Farrar, A., 212 -13n51

Feijóo y Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo, 229 n13;

available writings of, 119 , 247 n95;

on Ponce's invention, 71 -72, 81 -83, 229 n16;

and Ponce's manuscript, 213 n61, 216 n82;

on Rodríguez Pereira's claims, 82 -83, 231 -32n47, 232 n48

Fenollet, Antonio, 67 , 229 n12

Ferdinand (king of Aragon), 5 , 107

Ferdinand VII (king of Spain), 174 , 176 , 179 -81, 188 , 272 n6

Fernández de Béthencourt, Francisco, 218 n3

Fernández de Córdoba y Alvarado, Alonso Gaspar (marquis of Celada), 58

Fernández de Córdoba y Figueroa, Alonso (marquis of Priego), 37 , 38 , 57 -58, 213 n57, 218 nn2, 6 , 219 n13, 224 n62

Fernández de Córdoba y Figueroa, Ana, 37 , 218 n4

Fernández de Córdoba y Figueroa, Pedro, 37 , 218 n3

Fernández de Velasco, Bernardino, 38 , 41 , 42 , 50 , 55 , 56 , 58

Fernández de Velasco, Luis, 56 , 219 n10;

Bonet and, 42 , 82 ;

Digby on, 64 -65, 226 n91;

and Ramírez de Carrión, 37 -38, 49 , 56 , 63 , 221 n32, 223 -24n59, 226 n87

Fernández de Velasco, Mariana, 219 n12

Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, Francisco, 27 , 214 nn64, 65 ;

at Oña, 13 -15, 22 , 205 nn5, 6 ;

succession rights for, 23 -24, 213 n56

Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, Iñigo, 24 , 27 , 33 , 38 , 222 -23n51, 231 n46

Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, Juan, 13 -14, 23 -24, 26 -27, 205 n4, 213 n56

Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, Pedro de (constable of Castile), 14 , 24 , 205 n3

Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, Pedro: death and bequest of, 28 -29, 215 n70;

disputed teacher of, 82 , 231 n46;

as first deaf priest, 27 , 32 , 214 n66;

on learning process, 30 -31, 54 ;

at Oña, 13 -15, 22 , 205 nn5, 6 ;

speaking ability of, 28 , 215 n69

Fernández Navarrete, Juan (El Mudo), 19 -20, 23 , 210 nn34-36, 211 n37

Fernández Navarrete de Santa Bárbara, José:

and deaf education, 235 -36n3;

Rouyer and, 113 -14, 244 n60;

and Gregorio Santa Fe, 104 ;

students of, 100 , 110 , 237 n8, 242 n45;

training of, 99 , 236 n5

Fernández Viader, María Pilar, 277 n20

Fernández Villabrillee Francisco, 184 , 190 , 270 n104, 272 nn7, 8

Fernández Villabrille, Miguel, 213 -14n62, 227 -28n97

Fifth Symposium of the International Sign Linguistics Association (Salamanca, 1992), 198

Finger alphabet. See Manual alphabet

First National Conference on Deaf History (Granada, 1995), 198

Fontainebleau, Treaty of, 146

Fontenay, Saboureux de, 75 , 77 , 230 nn25, 28 , 33

France:

deaf education in, 10 , 74 -80, 120 , 248 n98;

wartime collaboration with, 152 , 153 , 262 n186

Franco, Francisco, 6 -7

Frenado, Francisco, 29

French language:

finger spelling and, 76 , 230 n30;

methodical signs for, 78 -79

French method:

Alea on use of, 153 -54, 236 -37n6, 263 n190;

as alternative to oralism, 10 , 78 , 81 ;

methodical signs of, 78 -79;

postwar rejection of, 154 -55, 158 ;

at Royal School, 118 -19, 191 -92, 246 n90, 274 n18;

Spain's preference for, 120 -21, 248 n98.

See also Epée, Charles-Michel de l'; Methodical signs

French revolution, 102 -3

French Sign Language, 247 n93, 269 n93;

vs. methodical signs, 78 -79

Fresno Rico, Dídimo, 206 n12

Frézet, Jean, 225 n77

Friends of the Country. See Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country

Frígola, Juan, 198

Fuente, Vicente de la, 227 -28n97

G

Gaceta de Madrid,152 , 262 n184

Galicia, 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 203 nn14, 19

Galician language, 3 , 5 , 7 , 203 n19

Gallardo, Bartolomé José, 216 n82

Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, 211 n46, 247 n93, 269 n93, 271 n109

Gallaudet University (Washington, D.C.),197

Gallego, Juan Nicasio, 102 , 238 -39n18, 254 n76

Galvanism, 265 n21

Gato, Ignacio, 173 , 174

German method. See Oralism

Ghini, marquis of, 87

Godoy, Manuel, 116 ;

Alea's dedications to, 131 , 240 n25, 254 nn73, 74, 255 n81;

on deaf community, 244 n57;

on Hervás's book, 119 , 248 nn97, 104;

Moratín's play and, 103 , 239 -40n23;

public schools idea of, 98 , 235 nn2, 3;

and Quintana, 103 , 131

Goiffeux, Théodore, 179

Golfín, Lorenzo, 110 , 242 n45

Gómez Monterde, Lourdes, 203 n11, 275 n1

Gómez y Hermosilla, José Mamerto, 102 , 103 , 239 n22

González Moll, Gloria, 204 n23

Goya, Francisco, 150 , 151 fig., 152 , 262 n179

Grammar:

Alea's study of, 132 , 255 nn81, 83, 85;

Hernández's teaching of, 166 ;

Hervás's study of, 88 , 89 -90;

of home sign, 22 ;

sign language and, 90 , 141 , 258 n120

Grammatica linguae Anglicanae (Wallis), 69

Granell y Forcadell, Miguel, 240 n28, 242 -43n47, 245 n73, 266 -67n58, 270 n102, 274 n18

Guardiola, J. B., 207 -8n15

Gueler, Fany S., 228 n99

Gurrea, Gaspar de, 29

Gutiérrez, María del Carmen, 191 , 273 n14

Guyot, C., 212 -13n51, 233 n56, 234 n70

Guyot, R. T., 212 -13n51, 233 n56,234n70

Guzmán, Josefa de, 67 , 227 -28n97

H

Hearing:

and learning, 17 , 208 -9n20;

through reading, 19 , 209 -10n31

Hearing students:

curriculum of, 117 , 246 nn83, 84, 248 n102;

deaf students' integration with, 195 -97, 276 nn10, 15;

instructional methods for, 38 -39, 139 , 257 n109;

legislation for, 188 , 272 nn6, 9, 11

Heinicke, Samuel, 10 , 80 , 81

Helmont, Francis Van, 70

Hernández Blancas, Antonio, 157 -58, 181 -84, 269 nn91, 92, 270 n100

Hernández Blancas, Jacoba, 191 , 273 n14

Hernández Rueda, José, 145 , 152 , 245 n76

Hernández y Hernández, Tiburcio:

on articulation, 163 -64, 265 -66n32;

Bonet's methods and, 158 , 159 -61, 163 , 164 , 265 n18;

children of, 157 -58, 264 n4;

deaf education plan of, 158 -59, 264 n11;

death of, 180 , 264 n5;

Echevarría and, 169 -70;

and Economic Society, 149 , 157 , 173 , 264 n2;

during French occupation, 173 -74;

legal background of, 157 , 175 -76, 178 -79, 264 n3, 267 n74;

on lipreading, 165 , 266 n35;

manual/methodical sign combination of, 168 ;

medical experiments of, 161 -63, 265 n28;

as politically motivated, 11 , 158 , 175 , 267 n72;

on Prádez, 123 , 249 n7;

"purification agreement" with, 174 , 267 n69;

on rote learning, 165 -66;

speech priority of, 11 , 167 -68, 169 , 170 , 171 ;

on teachers' salaries, 259 -60n159

Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo, 10 , 85 -88, 96 , 234 nn62, 63;

articulation method of, 163 , 265 -66n32;

on Bonet, 231 n46;

Bonet's methods vs., 159 -61;

limited influence of, 95 , 120 -21, 234 n70;

linguistic studies of, 85 , 88 , 233 nn56, 57 , 233 nn58, 60, 234 n65;

on native vs. methodical signs, 91 -93;

on Ramírez de Carrión, 225 n79, 227 n94;

on signs as language, 89 -90;

sordos term of, 85 , 208 n18, 233 n59;

on writing's importance, 90 -91, 94 -95

Híjar, duke of, 156 -57, 180 -81, 269 n89

Historia de la última guerra entre la Inglaterra, los Estados Unidos de América, la Francia, España y Holanda (Alea, trans.), 252 -53n62

Hodgson, Kenneth W., 209 n21

Holder, William, 69 -70

Holy Alliance, 179

Home signs, 21 -22.

See also Sign language

Hospicio of San Fernando, 149 -50, 152

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 234 n65

Hurtado, Luis (parish priest), 20 , 211 n39

I

Ibarrondo, Juan Bautista de, 205 n4

Idea dell'universo (Hervás y Panduro), 88 , 234 n65

Illegitimacy, 16 , 207 -8n15

Imola, Alexander de, 208 n16

Imperial Canal of Aragon, 123 , 249 n9

Infirmity model, 3 -4, 28 , 160 , 202 nn7, 8, 204 n23

Informe de la Junta creada por la Regencia para proponer los medios de proceder al arreglo de los diversos ramos de instrucción pública (1813), 272 n9

Inquisition, the:

and assassination conspiracy, 107 -8, 241 nn33-36;

and Campos, 142 , 259 n130;

and forbidden books, 103 , 239 -40n23;

and Jewish

Inquisition (continued )

conversos, 72 , 107 , 108 , 240 -41n29, 241 nn32, 37, 242 nn38, 40;

Papal vs. Castilian model of, 241 n31

Institution des sourds-muets par la voie des signes méthodiques (de l' Epée), 79

Instituto de Niños Anormales y Defectuosos del Lenguaje (Institute for abnormal children and those with speech defects, Seville), 228 n99

Instituto Militar Pestalozzi, 131 , 254 -55n79

Integración policy, 195 -97, 276 nn8, 10, 276 nn13, 18

Intermarriage. See Consanguineous marriage

Isabel (queen of Castile), 5

Itard, Jean-Marc, 162 -63

J

Jesuits. See Society of Jesus

Jewish conversos :

Aragon's documentation of, 108 , 242 nn38, 40;

in assassination conspiracy, 107 -8, 241 nn33-36;

Blanco White on, 241 -42n37, 242 n41;

Inquisition threat to, 72 , 107 , 241 n32;

as teachers of the deaf, 109 , 242 n43

Jordan, I. King, 197

Joseph II, emperor, 104

Joseph I (king of Portugal), 259 n134

Juan, Juana, 273 -74n16

L

Landaburian Society, 178 , 179 , 268 n82

Landáburu, Mamerto, 178

Lane, Harlan, 4 ;

on methodical signs, 246 n90;

on Ramírez de Carrión, 222 nn45, 47;

on Rodríguez Pereira, 229 nn21, 23, 230 nn25, 27, 30;

translations of Aristotle, 208 n19

Language:

de l'Epée on, 10 , 78 ;

and grammar, 132 , 255 nn81, 83;

and thought, 134 -35, 136 -37, 138 -40, 256 -57n99;

translation of, 129 , 252 n59;

visual-signing mode of, 21 -22;

vs. speech, 4 , 16 -17;

and writing, 90 .

See also Home sign; Sign language

Lasso, Licenciado, 213 n58;

on deafness, 187 , 210 n34;

legal treatise on deaf-mutes, 25 -27, 213 nn53, 62, 214 n66;

on Ponce, 24 -25, 31 , 213 n60, 215 n69

Latin language, 5

Law of Public Instruction (1857), 190 , 272 n11

Legal rights:

of deaf ex accidente vs. deaf-mutes, 18 ;

Lasso's treatise on, 25 -27, 213 nn53, 62, 214 n66;

to succession, 23 -24, 26 -27, 213 nn56, 57, 218 n1

Legislation:

on corporal punishment, 181 -82, 269 -70n97;

on public education, 188 , 190 , 272 nn6, 9, 11

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 243 n50

Lettera sopra l'origine e la vicenta dell'arte d'insegnar a parlare ai sordomudi (Andrés Morell), 83 , 85 , 119 , 232 n52, 233 nn56, 58

Liberals, 102 -3, 174 , 175 , 188 .

See also Constitutional regime

Liberal Triennium (1820-23). See Constitutional regime

Libro verde de Aragón,108 , 109 , 242 n38, 242 n40

"El Licenciado Vidriera" (Cervantes), 212 -13n51

Linguistic minorities:

constitutional safeguards for, 7 -8, 198 , 203 n18;

deaf community as, 2 -4, 198 , 199 , 202 nn2, 4.

See also Deaf community; Minority languages

Lipreading:

Bonet on, 47 , 220 -21n30, 226 n91, 227 n96;

Hernández on, 165 , 266 n35;

Moyano on, 66 ;

of Prádez, 123 ;

of Gregorio Santa Fe, 104 -6;

of Luis de Velasco, 64 -65

Llaguno Amirola, Eugenio de, 226 n90, 232 -33n54

Locke, John, 255 n80

Loftus y Bazán, Juan de Dios, 11 , 114 -15;

and Economic Society, 128 , 143 -45, 173 -74, 251 n48, 267 n67;

sign system of, 118 -19, 246 n91;

student abuse by, 144 -45, 259 -60n140

Logique, on Réflexions sur les principales opérations de l'esprit (Du Marsais), 132 , 255 n83

López de Zárate, 62 , 225 n82

López Núñez, Alvaro, 213 -14n62

Lorca, Gustavo Angel, 202 -3n10

Louis de Rouvroy, duke of Saint-Simon, 225 n77

Louis XV (king of France), 75

Louis XVI (king of France), 80

Lucas, M., 75

M

Machado, Angel, 115 , 123 , 146 , 161 , 173 , 245 n73

Machado, Juan, 114 , 116 , 118 -19, 127 -28, 146 , 260 n152, 274 n19

Madrid, 101 , 102 -3, 147 , 237 nn11, 12;

anti-integration protest in, 197 , 276 -77n18

Madrid, José María de la, 245 n76

Madrid school. See Royal School for Deaf-Mutes

Manual alphabet:

Bonet on, 45 , 48 ;

Bulwer's reference to, 228 n4;

description/uses of, 40 , 41 , 48 , 220 nnz1, 23, 240 n26;

Hernandez and, 163 ;

origins of, 40 -41, 220 n22;

of Ponce, 31 , 216 n83, 271 n109;

of Ramírez de Carrión, 39 -40, 53 -54;

Rodríguez Pereira and, 76 , 230 n30;

Sachs on, 52 ;

Yebra's book on, 40 , 216 n83, 219 -20n20

Manualism. See French method

Manual signs. See Sign language

Manuel de l'enfance (Sicard), 118

Maravillas de naturaleza (Ramírez de Carrión), 49 -51, 52 , 211nn33, 34

Marchena Ruiz y Cueto, José, 102 , 238 -39n18, 254 n76

Marchesi, Alvaro, 247 n93, 276 nn11, 13

Marois, Marie, 230 nn25, 33

Martínez Hervás, Josef, 118

Massieu, Jean, 211 n46

Mata Blanco, Juan de, 245 n76

Mathematical ability, 138 -39

Medical experiments:

on deafness, 51 -52, 161 -63, 265 nn21, 28

Medical model. See Infirmity model

Melón, Juan Antonio, 102 , 103 , 239 n22

Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino, 238 -39n18, 239 n22, 258 -59n127, 263 -64n196

Mengs, Anton Raphael, 125 , 250 n24

Methodical signs:

Alea on speech vs., 140 -41, 258 n119;

as general instruction model, 153 -54;

grammatical structure of, 78 -79;

Madrid school's use of, 118 -19, 246 n90;

sign language vs., 93 ;

students' signs used with, 119 , 168 , 247 n93.

See also Home sign; Sign language

Methodical Spanish, 119 , 121 , 248 n105

Milan Conference (1880), 194

Minerva seu de causis linguae latinae (Sánchez de las Brozas), 132 , 255 n85

Ministry of Education and Culture, 199

Ministry of Social Affairs, 204 n22

Ministry of the Interior, 148

Minority languages:

identity role of, 2 -3;

Spain's history of, 5 -8, 203 nn14, 18, 203 nn19-21, 204 nn22, 23.

See also Sign language; Spanish Sign Language

La Mojigata (Moratín), 103 , 239 nn22, 23

Molinoeus (French jurist), 208 n16

Monasteries:

deaf education in, 9 ;

"defective" children in, 13 -14, 204 n1;

speech prohibitions in, 21 , 22 , 211 nn41, 42, 48, 212 n50

Monastic signs, 21 , 22 , 211 nn41, 42, 48, 212 n50

Monfort, Manuel, 124

Monterrey, duke of, 218 n1

Morales, Ambrosio de, 34 , 72 , 215 n70

Moratín, Leandro Fernández, 102 -3, 239 nn21, 23

Mor de Fuentes, José, 263 -64n196

Moreno, Jacobo, 161

Morning Herald (London), 179

Moyano, Rodrigo, 66 , 227 n96

Moyano Law (1857), 190 , 272 n11

El Mudo. See Fernández Navarrete, Juan

Muñoz López, Manuel, 152 , 161 , 162 , 245 n76

Muteness:

causes of, 16 , 25 , 44 -45, 50 -51, I87, 208 n17, 271 n1;

as identifying trait, 17 , 208 n18

N

National Confederation of the Deaf, 197 , 204 n22

National Institute for Deaf-Mutes (Paris), 80 , 118 , 120 , 246 n90, 251 n44, 256 -57n99

National School for Deaf-Mutes and the Blind (formerly Royal School for Deaf-Mutes), 189 .

See also Royal School for Deaf-Mutes

National Symposium on Sign Language and the Deaf Community (Valencia, 1994), 198

Navarre, 7 , 203 nn19, 20

Navarrete, Juan. See Fernández Navarrete, Juan

Navarrete de Santa Bárbara, José. See Fernández Navarrete de Santa Bárbara, José

Navarro Tomás, Tomás, 212 -13n51, 218 n1, 221 n32, 222 nn44, 46, 227 n94

Nebreda y López, Carlos, 216 n82, 235 -36n3

Nebrija, Antonio, 39

Negrín Fajardo, Olegario, 245 n73, 274 n18

New Christians. See Jewish conversos

Niños Doctrinos (San Ildefonso school), 147 -49, 261 n161

O

Oña. See San Salvador at Oña

One Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, 179

Oralism, 10 , 80 -81, 81 -84, 172 ;

claims to invention of, 231 nn43, 46, 232 nn53, 54;

first publication on, 9 , 37 ;

and Madrid school, 119 -20, 156 , 158 -59, 192 , 274 n18;

Ponce's initiation of, 23 , 25 , 213 nn52, 53, 60, 271 n109;

and sign language suppression, 9 , 49 , 160 ;

Spanish origins of, 71 -72;

20th century revival of, 194 -95.

See also Speech

Order of Alcántara, 50 , 56 , 221 n37

Order of Saint Jerome, 23 , 212 n50, 51

Order of Santiago, 55 , 223 n57

Order of the Golden Fleece, 57 , 224 n64

Origine formazione ed armonía degl'idiomi (Hervás y Panduro), 234 n65

P

Pablo Bonet, Juan. See Bonet, Juan Pablo

Pachomius, Saint, 211 n41

El País (Madrid), 199 , 277 n23

Le paladin de la Meuse (Rouyer), 243 n50

Palencia, Alonso de, 214 n63

Paralipomenis (Cardano), 210 n32

Paris:

deaf community in, 244 n58

París institute. See National Institute for Deaf-Mutes

Parreño, Doña Isabel, 232 n52

Pascha, Joachim, 212 -13n51

Pascual, Agustín, 183

Paternoy, Sancho, 241 n33

Paul et Virginie (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 131 , 254 n72

Peet, Harvey, 209 n21, 227 n94

Peláez, Agustín, 169

Peláez, Felipe (bishop of Lugo), 130 , 253 nn63, 64, 66

Pellicer y Tovar, José:

on Bonet, 231 n43;

on Ramírez de Carrión, 59 , 62 -63, 226 nn84, 86, 90, 232 -33n54

Perea, Daniel, 271 n110, 273 -74n16

Pereira, Jacobo. See Rodríguez Pereira, Jacobo

Perelló, Jorge, 198

Pérez, Antonio, 52 , 218 n99, 222 n43, 225 n81

Pérez de Montalbán, Juan, 62 , 225 n82

Pérez de Urbel, Justo, 206 nn12, 14, 207 -8n15, 215 n70, 226 n90

Pérez González, Domingo, 152 , 161 , 162 , 235 n1

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 131 , 254 -55n79

Philip III (king of Spain), 55

Philip IV (king of Spain), 55 , 56 , 57 , 58

Philocophus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Man's Friend (Bulwer), 69

Philosophical grammar. See Grammar

Phonic approach, 38 -39, 44 , 54 , 222 -23n51

Piarist schools:

of Castile, 235 -36n3;

of San Fernando (Madrid), 99 -100, 236 n4, 237 n8;

of Santo Tomás (Saragossa), 100

Pietro, Pasquale Di, 88 -89

Pinedo Peydró, Félix-Jesús, 198 , 233 n59, 273 n12, 276 n6

Pirámide baptismal (Pellicer y Tovar), 59 , 62 , 63 , 226 n90

Pius VII, 96

Plan de enseñar a los sordomudos el idioma español (Plan to teach deaf-mutes the Spanish language, Hernández):

on articulation, 163 -64, 265 -66n32;

on lipreading, 165 ;

Madrid school's acceptance of 158 -59, 160 , 265 n16;

recorded submission of, 264 n11;

on rote learning, 165 -66;

on speech requirement, 167 -68, 169 , 170

Plan y reglamento de escuelas de primeras letras del reino (1825), 272 nn6, 9

Pliny the Elder, 208 n17

Ponce de León, Ana, 37 , 218 n4

Ponce de León, Juan, 206 -7n14

Ponce de León, Pedro, 15 -16, 33 -34, 205 n7, 206 nn10-12, 14, 217 nn91, 92;

Andrés Morell's defense of, 83 , 84 , 232 -33n54;

Bonet's methods and, 52 -53, 82 , 222 n44, 231 n43;

deaf edu-

cation renown of, 9 , 13 , 23 , 34 -35, 185 , 212 -13n51, 222 n43, 271 n109;

deaf students of, 29 , 215 nn72, 74, 76;

Feijóo's vindication of, 71 -72, 81 -83, 229 n16;

influences on, 19 , 21 , 210 nn33, 34;

manual alphabet of, 31 , 53 -54, 216 n83;

Pellicer on, 226 n84;

and phonic method, 54 , 222 -23n51;

posthumous references to, 62 , 225 n81;

Ramírez de Carrión's methods and, 53 -54, 222 nn45-47;

in sign exchange, 22 , 211 n46;

speech instruction by, 23 , 25 , 213 nn52, 53, 60;

unpublished manuscript of, 31 , 216 n82;

Velasco family's ties to, 14 -15, 22 , 28 -29, 205 n6;

writing emphasis of, 29 -30, 31 -32, 34 -35, 54

Ponce de León y Baeza, Lorenzo, 233 n57

Portocarrero, Juan, 213 n57

Prádez, Pedro, 123 , 249 nn9, 10

Prádez, Roberto Francisco, 12 , 123 , 124 , 125 -26, 172 -73, 185 , 249 nn8-10, 15, 250 nn16, 20 , 22 , 23 , 31 , 271 n107, 108 ;

communication abilities of, 123 , 249 n7;

and Goya, 262 n179;

185, as school teacher, 122 -23, 127 , 184 , 248 n4, 260 -61n159, 270 nn104, 105;

marriage of, 185 , 270 -71n106;

"purification agreement" with, 267 n69;

on San Ildefonso, 148 ;

and Gregorio Santa Fe, 124 , 250 n17

Prince of Peace. See Godoy, Manuel

Pronunciaciones generales de lenguas (Bautista de Morales), 39 -40

Public examination:

at Madrid school, 127 -28, 169 -70, 251 nn43, 44

Public schools:

class-based treatment at, 117 ;

for the deaf, 80 , 95 , 110 , 112 -13, 242 n46, 244 n58;

deaf classes in, 10 -11, 80 , 98 -100, 110 , 235 -36n3, 236 n4;

19th century law on, 188 , 190 , 272 nn6, 9, 11.

See also Deaf schools; Royal School for Deaf-Mutes

Puppi, Ignacio, 93 -94

Q

Querol, 101 , 237 n13

Quevedo y Quintano, Pedro de, 128 , 251 -52n53

Quin, Michael J., 268 n82

Quintana, Manuel José, 102 , 103 , 120 , 131 , 180 , 237 n16, 254 n76

R

Ramírez Camacho, Rafael A., 202 n8

Ramírez de Carrión, Diego, 67 , 227 -28n97

Ramírez de Carrión, Manuel, 41 , 61 ;

Andrés Morell on, 83 , 232 -33n54;

Nicholás Antonio on, 225 -26n83;

Bonet's methods and, 44 , 53 ;

on deafness-muteness relationship, 50 -51;

Digby's misinformation on, 65 -66, 227 n94;

Feijóo's omission of, 82 ;

as Emmanuele Filiberto's tutor, 58 -60;

first student of, 37 , 219 n8;

historical confusion over, 62 , 225 n79;

Maravillas de naturaleza,49 -51, 52 , 221 nn33, 34;

as oralist, 9 , 54 -55, 81 ;

Pellicer's tribute to, 59 , 62 -63, 226 n87, 90 , 226 nn84, 86, 232 -33n54;

phonic approach of, 38 -39, 54 ;

Ponce's methods and, 52 , 53 -54, 222 nn44-47;

as Luis de Velasco's tutor, 37 , 38 , 56 , 82 , 219 n13, 223 -24n59

Ramírez de Carrión, Miguel, 60 , 67 , 227 -28n97

Ramírez y las Casas Deza, Luis María, 227 n94

Raphel, George, 70

Reading:

hearing and, 19 , 209 -10n31;

phonic approach to, 38 -39, 44 , 54 , 222 -23n51

Reason:

expressed via signs, 21 -23, 89 -90, 212 n49;

speech and, 17 , 18 -19, 45 , 209 nn21, 29.

See also Abstraction

Recio, M. Iglesias, 271 n109

Recuerdos de un anciano (Galiano), 238 n17, 239 n19

Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos (Reduction of the letters and art for teaching mutes to speak, Bonet), 229 n16;

on articulation method, 54 , 223 n54;

availability of, 119 , 247 -48n96;

on cause of muteness, 44 ;

Digby's allusion to, 65 -66;

Ramírez de Carrión's methods in, 9 , 43 -44, 81 ;

reference to Ponce in, 52 , 222 n43

Refugium infirmorum (Yebra), 40 , 219 -20n20

Reglamento general de instrucción pública(1821), 188 , 27zn9

Reglamento (governing rule):

on corporal punishment, 269 -70n97;

on deaf adults' role, 172 ;

on student admissions, 116

Religious education, 117 , 246 n84

Ribca Rodríguez Pereira, Abigail, 73

Rispa y Segarra, Miguel, 146

Robles, Juan de, 222 -23n51

Rodríguez González, María Angeles, 198

Rodríguez Pereira, Abraham, 73

Rodrìguez Pereira, Jacobo, 10 ;

deaf instruction by, 74 -75, 76 , 229 -30n23, 230 nn27, 30 ;

fame of, 75 , 84 , 230 n25, 233 n55;

family of, 73 , 229 n21;

Feijóo on, 82 -83, 231 -32n47, 232 n48;

religious persecution of, 72 , 229 -30n23

Rome, 88 -89

Rosselio, Cosme, 220 n22

Roth, Cecil, 241 n35

Rouyer, Antoine-Joseph:

on Albert y Martí, 234 n71, 242 n46;

deaf school plan of, 111 , 242 -43n47, 243 n54;

and Economic Society, 114 , 244 -45n65;

and Sicard, 113 , 114 , 118 , 244 n64;

and universal writing system, 111 , 243 n50

Rouyer, Juan Bautista, 243 n49

Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, 124 , 125 -26, 250 nn16, 22

Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (Madrid), 10 -11;

Alea's membership in, 118 , 134 , 246 n88, 256 n97, 262 n188;

and Barcelona school, 245 n75;

deaf education goals of, 111 -12, 149 , 243 n54, 261 nn169, 170;

dissolution of, 180 ;

under duke of Hijar, 269 n89;

Fernández Navarrete and, 235 -36n3;

firing of Hernández Blancas by, 181 , 184 , 270 n100;

governing board of, 116 , 245 n79;

Hernández's education plan for, 158 -60, 264 nl1, 265 n16;

Hernández and, 157 , 173 , 264 n2;

Loftus and, 128 , 143 -45, 251 n48;

postwar composition of, 159 ;

Prádez's offer to, 122 -23;

precursor to, 243 n52;

Rouyer's proposal to, 111 , 113 , 242 -43n47;

Rouyer's resignation from, 114 , 244 -45n65;

war's financial impact on, 147 , 260 nn155, 159 .

See also Royal School for Deaf-Mutes

Royal Medical School (Madrid), 130 , 253 n68

Royal School for Deaf-Mutes (Madrid):

abuse of students at, 144 -45, 181 -82, 183 , 259 -60n140;

under Ballesteros, 189 -92, 273 nn13, 16;

class based treatment at, 117 ;

crown's funding of, 181 , 267 n71, 269 n90;

curriculum at, 1I7, 12 -37, 248 n4;

deaf artists at, 186 , 271 n110;

as deaf community, 112 -13, 244 n58;

deaf instructors banned at, 191 -92, 273 -74n16, 274 nn19-21;

under duke of Hijar, 180 -81, 269 n89;

enrollment at, 171 -72, 246 n80, 266 n55;

Ferdinand VII's visit to, 174 , 267 n71;

financial difficulties of, 114 , 147 , 171 , 260 nn155, 159;

girls' education at, 171 -72, 191 , 266 -67n58, 273 n14;

medical experiments at, 161 -63, 265 n21;

methodical sign system at, 118 -20, 121 , 191 -92, 246 n90, 274 n18;

occupational training at, 17 , 149 , 170 -71, 191 ,261n70, 266 n53, 273 n15;

opening of, 115 -16, 245 nn74, 76;

oralism at, 11 , 156 , 158 -59;

postwar reopening of, 155 , 156 -57, 264 n1;

public examination at, 127 -28, 169 , 170 , 251 n43, 44 ;

relocation of, 147 -48;

Spanish Sign Language at, 119 , 191 ;

student rebellions at, 182 -84, 270 n101;

tuition at, 116 -17;

under Villanova, 180

Royo Fernández, Atanasio, 235 n1, 245 n72

Rudolph Agricola, 18 , 209 n25

Ruiz Berrio, Julio, 248 n102, 269 -70n97, 271 n108

Ruiz-Fischler, Carmen T., 210 n34

S

Sachs of Lewenheim, 51 -52, 69

Sacks, Oliver, 204 n22

De sacra philosophia (Vallés), 69

Saggio prattico delle lingue (Hervás y Panduro), 234 n65

Sala de Alcaldes, 173 , 174 , 267 n70

Sales Entero, Francisco de, 259 -60n140

Sánchez, Gabriel, 241 n33

Sánchez de las Brozas, Francisco, 132 , 255 n85

San Ildefonso school, 147 -49, 261 n161

San Salvador at Oña, 9 , 14 , 15 fig., 19 , 32 -35, 207 -8n15, 210 n33, 217 n91

Santa Clara de Medina de Pomar convent, 14

Santa Fe, Francisco, 107 -8, 241 n36, 242 n40

Santa Fe, Gregorio de:

Alea's story of, 100 , 124 ;

comprehension testing of, 101 -2, 103 -4;

on his father, 107 , 108 -9;

lipreading skill of, 104 -6;

Prádez and, 124 , 250 n17;

and Diego Vidal, 100 , 106 , 240 n28

Santa Fe, Jerónimo de, 107 , 108 , 241 n33, 242 n40

Santa Fe, Pedro, 100 , 107 , 108 -9, 240 -41n29

Santa Fe (surname):

as converso,108

Santángel, Luis, 241 n33

Santo Domingo, Vicente de, 19 , 23 , 212 -13n51

Saragossa, 107 , 241 n32

Séguin, Edouard, 230 n28

Selma, Fernando, 125 -26, 271 n108

Semanario de agricultura y artes, dirigido a los párrocos,239 n22

Seminar for Sign Language Teachers (Madrid, 1991), 198

Seminario de Nobles (Madrid), 87 , 117

Seventh of July, 178 -79

Sicard, Roch-Ambroise:

Alea on, 236 -37n6, 263 n191;

Alea's translations of, 134 , 256 nn96, 97;

Economic Society and, 118 , 243 n54;

de l' Epée and, 80 , 231 n40;

in manual sign exchange, 211 n46;

Rouyer and, 111 , 113 , 114 , 244 n64;

on unschooled deaf children, 135 -36, 139

Signing community. See Deaf community

Sign language:

acquired at school, 195 , 276 n9;

Alea on speech vs., 140 -41;

Bonet's prohibition of, 47 -49, 53 , 221 n31;

as communication system, 4 , 32 , 91 , 93 , 140 ;

and conveyed prepositions, 141 , 158 n120;

de l'Epée on, 10 , 78 -79;

to express abstraction, 21 -23, 89 -90, 138 -40, 212 n49, 258 n115, 263 n191;

Hernández on, 160 , 168 ;

Hervás on, 88 , 89 -90, 91 -93;

identity role of, 2 -3;

infirmity model's view of, 3 -4, 28 , 202 nn7, 8;

integration's marginalization of, 196 , 276 n13;

methodical signs vs., 93 ;

oralism's suppression of, 9 , 49 , 80 -81, 160 ;

Ponce's use of, 31 -32, 53 ;

prepositions in, 141 , 249 n7, 258 n120;

20th-century survival of, 194 , 276 nn5, 6;

Vallés on, 35 , 217 -18n96.

See also Home sign; Methodical signs; Monastic signs; Spanish Sign Language

Silence:

monastic observation of, 21 , 22 , 211 n41, 212 n50

Silva, Agustín de, 235 n1

Silvestri, Tommaso, 88 , 99 , 236 n5

Society of Jesus:

expulsion of, 83 , 87 , 96 , 100 , 232 n51;

Diego Vidal and, 106 , 240 n27

Solá, Francisco de Paula, 240 n27

Somoza y Muñoz, José, 102

Sordomudos. See Deaf-mutes

Spain:

anti-integration protests in, 197 , 276 -77n18;

Castilian's dominance in, 5 -6;

deaf education's decline in, 68 -69, 229 n12;

deaf population in, 104 n22;

deaf teachers in, 275 n1;

French method in, 118 -21, 248 n98;

French Sign Language in, 247 n93;

minority languages in, 5 -8, 203 nn14, 18, 203 nn19-21, 204 nn22, 23;

oralism in, 71 -72, 81 -84;

Spanish Sign Language in, 191 , 198 -99, 273 n12

Spanish language. See Castilian Spanish

Spanish Sign Language (LSE), 198 -99;

first dictionary of, 247 n93;

at Madrid school, 119 , 191 ;

signed Spanish vs., 277 nn20, 24;

users of, 8 , 191 , 204 n22, 273 n12

Speech:

academic instruction vs., 170 -71;

Amman on, 70 ;

as basis of legal rights, 26 , 27 ;

Bonet on, 45 -46, 54 , 160 , 223 n54, 229 n16;

deaf students and, 77 , 230 n33;

engravings to illustrate, 163 , 265 -66n32;

de L'Epée's alternative to, 78 -79;

Hernández and, 160 , 163 -64, 167 -68, 169 , 170 , 171 , 265 n18;

Hervás on, 90 ;

as uniquely human capacity, 17 , 25 -26, 70 , 208 nn19, 21, 214 n63;

intelligence vs.,

Speech (continued)

169 -70;

language vs., 4 , 16 -17;

Ponce and, 23 , 213 nn52, 53;

as purveyor of reason, 17 , 18 -19, 45 , 209 1nn21, 29;

Rodríguez Pereira and, 74 -76, 229 -30n23, 230 nn25, 27, 30;

sign language vs., 140 -41, 258 n119;

societal assimilation through, 28 , 74 -75, 169 ;

through writing, 19 , 34 -35, 209 -10n31;

20th-century exaltation of, 194 -95.

See also Oralism

Suárez, Constantino, 263 -64n196

Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, Lorenzo Gaspar, 57 -58

Succession rights, 23 -24, 26 -27, 213 nn56, 57, 218 n1

Surdus loquens (Amman), 70

Surdus loquens sive dissertatio de loquela (Amman), 70

Susias, Constantino, 62 , 225 n82

T

Tapia, Eugenio de, 102 , 238 -39n18, 254 n76

Tavoada, Vicente Rafael, 130

Teachers of the deaf, 277 n24;

chroniclers' confusion about, 64 -66, 227 n94, 228 n3;

deaf persons as, 275 n1;

deaf persons excluded as, 12 , 172 , 186 , 191 , 192 , 271 n110, 273 -74n16, 274 nn19-21;

historical tributes to, 185 , 271 n109;

invention claims by, 62 , 81 -84, 231 nn46, 46, 232 nn53, 54, 233 n55;

Jewish conversos as, 109 , 242 n43;

and native signs, 91 -92;

as private tutors, 36 -37, 98 , 235 n1;

training of, 190 , 252 n55.

See also individual teachers

Teatro crítico universal (Feijóo y Montenegro), 71 , 73 , 82

Teatro de la Cruz (Madrid), 237 n13

Tertulias (social gatherings), 102 -3

Tesauro, Emanuele, 69

Thomas, duke of Savoy, 58 , 224 n69

Tineo, Juan, 102 , 239 n22

Tizón de España (brand of Spain), 242 n38

Torquemada, Tomás de, 241 n3

Torrecilla, Antonio, 161

Torres, José Ignacio de, 229 n12, 231 -32n47

Tractado de orthographia (Venegas), 222 -23n51

Tratado legal sobre los mudos (Lasso), 25 -26, 213 -14n62

Des Tropes (Du Marsais), 132 , 255 n81

Turibio, Brother, 228 n99, 229 n12

Tutors, 36 -37, 98 , 235 n1.

See also Teachers of the deaf

Two Treatises: In the one of which, the Nature of Bodies, in the other, the Nature of Mans Soule, is looked into: In a way of discovery of the Immortality of Reasonable Soules (Digby), 63 -65, 69

U

Ugena, Antonio, 147 , 150 , 260 nn157, 159

Uniforms, 117

Universal writing system, 111 , 243 n50

Urquijo, Mariano, 259 n130

V

Valencia, 7 , 203 n19

Vallés, Francisco, 34 , 35 , 54 , 69 , 72 , 217 -18n96

Valley of Aran, 8 , 203 nn19, 21

Van Cleve, John Vickrey, 244 n58, 276 n5

Vanegas, Alejo de, 21

Variedades de ciencias, literatura y artes,131 , 134 , 137 , 254 n76, 257 n111

Vega Carpio, Lope de, 20 , 43 , 62 , 225 n82

Velasco family names. See Fernández de Velasco family names

Velasco y Ayula, Catalina de, 56

Velázquez, Mateo, 225 n79

Venegas, Antonio, 222 -23n51

La véritable manière d 'instruire les sourdsmuets, confirmée par une longue expérience (de l' Epée), 79

Victorero, Agustín, 252 n57

Vidal, Diego, 100 , 104 , 106 , 109 , 124 , 240 nn27, 28

Vidal, Ramón, 161

Vidal Durango, 107

Vidal (surname):

origin of, 109

Vieta, Salvador, 245 n75

Vilá, Claudio, 240 n27

Villanova y Jordán, Vicente, 180 , 181 -82, 184 , 270 n102

Viña, Manuel de la, 159

Vinuesa, Matías, 175 , 176 -78, 267 -68n76

Visual spatial language. See Sign language

Vives, Juan Luis, 18 , 21 , 209 n29

Vocabulario poligloto con prologomeni sopra piu de 150 lingue (Hervás y Panduro), 234 n65

W

Wallis, John, 69 -70, 72 , 82 , 106

War of Independence, 146 -47, 152 -53, 260 nn155, 159

War of the Oranges, 234 -35n74

Werner, Hans, 210 n34, 213 n52, 218 n2, 220 n23

When the Mind Hears (Lane), 4

William, abbot of St. Thierry, 212 n49

Writing:

Hernández on, 167 ;

as Hervás's goal, 90 -91, 94 -95;

language and, 90 ;

Ponce on, 29 -30, 31 -32, 54 ;

speech and, 19 , 31 , 34 -35, 209 -10;

universal system of, 111 , 243 n50

Y

Yebra, Melchor, 40 , 41 , 216 n83, 219 -20n20, 220 n21

Yepes, Antonio, 69 , 72 , 213 n60

Z

Zarauz, Luis de, 214 n66

Zúñiga, Baltasar de, 28 , 205 n6, 215 nn69, 70, 219 n13