Index

A

'Abd al-Malak, Fuad (councillor), 236 n.63, 257 n.55

Abdulaziz, Sultan (1861-1876), 197

Abdulhamid II, Sultan (1876-1909), 42 , 49 , 120 , 197 , 231 n.61;

authoritarian rule of, 68 , 72 , 202 , 223 n.81, 236 n.56;

and Mount Lebanon governors, 45 , 64 , 71 , 224 n.84, 251 n.33;

and native interests, 65 , 78 , 226 n.24, 230 n.58;

and notables, 156 ;

and Patriarch Huwayyik, 171

Abdullah Pasha (governor of Akka), 19 , 20 , 21 , 22

Abdulmecid, Sultan (1839-1861), 34

Abi-l-Lama', Khalil, 217

Abi-l-Lama', Qabalan, 236 n.63

Abi-l-Lama' family, 14 , 16 , 155 , 156 , 157

Abu Nakad family, 19

'Abud, Wadi', 123 -25, 243 n.70

Administrative Council, 2 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 64 , 72 , 115 -16, 120 -21;

and the budget crisis of 1913, 121 -23, 126 -28;

in charge of Mount Lebanon, 58 , 91 -92, 99 , 101 , 174 , 215 n.4;

composition and duties of, 82 -84, 92 , 94 , 99 -100;

deputy chairman of, 68 , 71 , 80 , 83 , 94 , 96 , 99 , 100 , 124 , 236 n.63, 255 n.34, 257 n.55;

dismissal of, 92 , 129 , 174 , 234 n.44;

and election system, 86 -87, 89 , 92 , 93 -94, 100 , 185 , 189 , 190 ;

and elections, 52 , 71 , 88 -92, 94 , 96 -97, 100 , 117 , 158 , 172 , 238 nn. 76, 77;

and fiscal administration, 53 , 60 , 68 , 80 , 83 -86, 91 , 97 , 101 , 103 , 108 , 111 -23 passim, 125 , 130 -31, 186 , 227 n.37;

and French mandate project, 175 , 177 -82;

and Maronite Church, 53 , 87 -91, 172 -74, 180 -81;

and mutiny of the security force, 124 -25, 128 , 129 , 185 ;

persecution of liberal members of, 75 -76, 94 -100, 174 , 179 -81, 235 n.56, 237 nn. 65, 66, 258 n.62;

the Règlement on, 82 -84, 86 , 88 , 92 , 94 , 103 , 123 , 130 ;

as representative of Lebanese interests and autonomy, 68 , 74 , 80 , 82 , 93 -101, 121 , 157 -61, 172 -74,

Administrative Council (continued )

189 -90;

and Syrian-Arab nationalists, 175 -76, 179 , 182 .

See also under Judiciary

Ahmed Cevad Pasha, Grand Vizier, 169 -70, 171 , 254 n.24

'Ain Dara, battle of (1711), 14 , 16

Akka (Acre), 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23

'Akkar, 6 , 14 , 180

'Alam al-Din family, 13 -14

Albania, 195

Aleppo, 12 , 20 , 22 , 40 , 71 , 166 , 194 , 196 , 207 n.3, 211 n.41

Ali Münif Bey, Governor (1915-1916), 199

Âli Pasha (Ottoman statesman), 31 , 36 , 149 , 199

Amirate regime:

under Ma'ns (1593-1697), 11 -13, 108 ;

under Shihabs (1697-1841), 13 -22, 24 -27, 28 -31, 164 .

See also Ma'n, Amir Fakhr al-Din

'Ammun, Daud (councillor), 175 , 238 n.77, 255 n.34, 257 n.55

'Ammun, Salim, 96 , 236 n.63

'Ammun family, 157

Anatolia (peninsula), 11 , 41 , 117 , 174

Antilias, 53 , 220 nn.69-70, 237 n.65

'Aql, Khalil (councillor), 96 , 98 , 234 n.39, 236 n.63, 237 n.65

'Aql, Shadid (councillor), 94 -96, 98 , 99 , 234 n.39, 235 n.56, 237 n.65, 257 n.55, 258 n.62

'Aql family, 157

Arslan, Malham, 153 , 154

Arslan, Muhammad, 153

Arslan, Mustafa, 245 n.4, 251 n.24;

as district governor of Shuf, 44 , 59 , 154 , 224 n.5;

opposition to Vasa and Junblats of, 53 -57, 156 , 217 n.44, 221 n.76, 223 nn. 79, 80; 224 n.82;

support for Kusas of, 93 , 159

Arslan, Shakib, 71 , 223 n.79, 249 n.133

Arslan, Tawfik, 257 n.55

Arslan family, 13 -14, 68 -71, 154 -57, 160 , 170 , 252 n.41;

and Junblats, 69 , 70 , 154 , 160

'Aun, Bishop Tubiya, 153

Austria-Hungary (Dual Monarchy), 23 , 27 -28, 31 , 43 , 71

'Awad, Bishop Istafan, 165 , 253 n.10

al-'Azar, Fuad, 96 , 236 n.62

al-'Azar, Jirjus (councillor), 96

B

Ba'bda, 89 , 123 , 124

Ba'lbak, 6 , 14 , 168

Balkan Wars (1912-13), 73 , 79 , 122 , 128

Baridi, Yusuf (councillor), 236 n.62, 257 n.55

Batrun (district), 9 , 38 , 54 , 70 , 82 , 83 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 105 , 106 , 134 , 156 , 165 , 181 , 236 n.63, 244 n.79, 250 n.4, 257 n.55

Baytar, 'Assaf, 89

Beirut (city), 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 77 , 81 , 89 , 90 , 97 , 116 , 122 , 139 , 152 , 153 , 166 , 167 , 170 , 175 , 180 , 196 , 201 , 204 , 223 n.80, 224 n.82;

commercial court of, 79 , 133 ;

customs of, 60 , 75 , 110 , 112 , 128 ;

harbor of, 62 , 65 -67, 74 -75;

population of, 12 , 13 ;

prosperity of, 23 ;

relations of Mount Lebanon with, 7 , 60 -62, 65 -67, 74 -75, 77 , 184 ;

roads to, 7 , 28 , 53 , 60 , 66 , 77 , 113 , 119 , 154 , 220 n.69, 227 n.37

Beirut (province), 31 , 58 , 71 , 92 , 110 , 125 , 169 , 171 , 189 , 199 , 202 , 229 n.51, 231 n.66

Berlin Treaty of 1878, 42 , 43 , 49

Biqa' valley, 6 , 7 , 19 , 36 , 39 , 64 , 175 , 180 , 184 , 186 , 189

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 18

Britain, 23 , 24 , 31 , 53 -54, 175 ;

and Druze, 26 , 27 , 153 ;

and France, 28 , 43 -44, 59 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 77 , 177 ;

and Mount Lebanon's autonomy, 75 , 79 , 97 ;

and tax distribution, 107 ;

and the Union & Progress Party, 73

Bsharri, 9

Bustani, Bishop Butrus, 43 , 153

C

Cadastral surveys, 29 , 104 , 105 (Table 1), 107 , 121 -23, 127 , 148 , 153 , 186

Cairo, 22 , 26 , 222 n.79

Capitulations. See Ottoman trade agreements and capitulations

Cemal Pasha, 199 , 231 n.66

Cevdet Pasha, Ahmed (Ottoman statesman), 49 , 251 n.33

Cezzar Ahmed (Jazzar Ahmad) Pasha (governor of Saida), 18 , 19 , 21

Civil war:

of 1841, 27 -28;

of 1860, 1 , 3 , 6 , 13 , 29 -30, 34 , 36 , 37 , 110 , 153 , 154 , 164 , 186 , 187 ;

of 1975-89, 2 , 4 -5, 183 , 190 , 206 n.5

Confessionalism, 44 , 46 , 133 , 135 , 137 , 141 , 145 , 147 -49, 159 , 161 -62, 178 , 180 -81, 185 , 190 -92

Corruption, 52 , 53 -54, 91 , 92 , 94 , 97 -98, 131 , 141 , 144 , 158 , 185 , 233 n.38, 237 n.65

D

Dahdah, Bishop Nimatullah, 165

Dair al-Qamar, 7 , 19 , 43 , 100 , 105 , 106 , 134 , 135 , 148 , 153 , 245 n.4, 246 n.7, 250 n.6, 257 n.55

Damascus (city), 7 , 18 , 20 , 30 , 42 , 54 , 59 , 60 , 77 , 113 , 129 , 154 , 168 , 173 , 179 , 202 , 207 n.3, 257 n.55

Damascus (province) ("Suriye"), 11 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 22 , 31 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 44 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 88 , 108 , 110 , 141 , 154 , 169 , 200 , 201 , 211 n.41, 221 n.74

Davud Pasha, Governor (1861-1868), 33 , 36 -40, 104 , 148 , 250 n.7;

and Administrative Council, 83 -84, 86 , 87 ;

career of, 194 ;

differences with the Porte, 39 -40;

finances under, 110 ;

judiciary under, 133 -34, 136 , 141 ;

and Karam, Yusuf, 37 -38;

and Maronite clergy, 37 , 63 , 87 , 141 , 152 -53, 164 , 171 ;

and notables, 149 , 153 ;

security force under, 110

Dibs, Bishop Yusuf, 43 , 54 -57, 58 , 70 , 142 , 165 , 222 n.77, 223 nn. 79-82, 255 n.31

Druze community, 10 -11, 123 , 148 , 157 ;

Administrative Council representatives of, 58 , 82 -83, 89 , 92 , 100 , 124 , 236 n.63, 238 n.76, 257 n.55;

during the amirate regime, 13 -26;

grievances of, 54 , 56 , 87 , 107 , 114 , 153 -54;

in Hauran, 14 , 20 , 24 , 154 , 221 n.74, 221 n.76;

and judgeships, 136 , 137 .

See also Arslan, Mustafa; Junblat family

Dual-districts regime (1841-1860), 28 -30, 34 , 87 , 102 , 108 , 111 , 164 , 259 n.14

Duval, Monsignor (Apostolic legate), 170

E

Edirne, 45 , 196

Egypt, 11 , 12 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 43 , 44 , 210 n.31, 222 n.79

Elridge, G. J. (British consulgeneral), 53 -54

Emigration and travelers, 61 -63, 65 -67, 104 , 112 , 116 , 120 -21

European powers, 2 -3, 22 -23, 41 , 183 , 187 -88;

as guarantors of mutasarrifiyya regime, 3 , 31 , 38 -40, 58 , 67 , 71 , 75 , 79 , 97 , 99 , 103 , 119 , 121 , 122 , 130 , 135 , 137 , 139 -40, 143 , 144 , 157 , 186 , 193 .

See also Austria-Hungary; Britain; France; Germany; Italy; Protocols to the Règlement ; Russia

F

Faisal, Amir, 175 -76, 178 , 180 , 257 n.57

Faris, Antuan, 95 , 235 n.56

Fiscal administration:

and budgetary problems, 43 -44, 48 , 53 , 63 , 84 -85, 111 , 121 -23, 126 -29, 130 , 186 ;

and customs, 60 , 65 -67, 74 -75, 79 , 112 , 125 , 127 , 128 ;

of imperial properties, 108 -9;

and monopolies, 59 , 65 , 117 -19;

role of Administrative Council in, 53 , 60 , 68 , 80 , 83 -86, 91 , 97 , 101 , 103 , 108 , 111 -23 passim, 125 , 130 -31, 186 ;

and subsidies to Mount Lebanon, 36 , 84 -85, 109 -12, 116 , 122 , 125 -28, 130 .

See also Taxation

Fraifir, Bishop Yusuf, 90 , 165

France:

and Administrative Council, 88 -90, 116 , 128 -30, 175 -80;

ambitions of, 43 -44, 46 , 51 , 59 , 71 , 75 , 77 , 88 , 97 , 118 , 130 , 175 -76, 179 , 180 , 182 ;

and appointment of governors, 41 , 44 , 45 -46, 64 , 71 , 79 ;

and Britain, 28 , 43 -44, 59 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 77 , 177 ;

demonstrations for, 41 , 46 , 63 , 254 n.21;

economic interests of, 17 , 23 , 59 , 65 -67, 77 -78, 79 , 112 , 116 -18, 130 ;

and Khazins, 170 ;

and Maronite Church, 24 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 43 , 45 -47, 50 -51, 55 -56, 75 , 77 , 79 , 82 , 87 , 107 , 142 , 152 , 166 -80 passim, 219 n.60, 244 n.80, 254 n.21, 255 n.34;

and Mehmed Ali, 23 , 24 ;

military intervention of (1860), 31 ;

as model for "liberals," 178 , 187 ;

and Muaissara, 108 ;

and officials of Mount Lebanon, 157 ;

opposition to military rule of (1918-1920), 177 -80, 181 -82, 258 n.61;

policy vicissitudes of, in Ottoman Middle East, 40 -41, 43 , 48 -50, 59 , 90 , 108 , 116 -17, 130 , 158 ;

and Union and Progress Party, 73 , 74 .

See also French Mandate Regime; Patrimonio, Salvator; Petiteville, Vicomte de.

See also under Ottoman government; Rüstem Pasha; Vasa Pasha

Franko Pasha (Kusa), Governor (1868-1872), 40 -41, 86 , 92 , 215 n.4, 260 n.1;

and Administrative Council, 84 , 86 ;

and administrative divisions and offices, 148 -49, 250 n.7;

career of, 194 -95;

and councillor elections, 86 ;

and Druze notables, 154 ;

finances under, 110 , 112 ;

judiciary under, 136 -37, 141 ;

and Khazins, 92 , 152 ;

and Maronite clergy, 63 , 87 , 92 , 141 , 153 , 164 -65,

253 n.8;

and Naum, 59 , 92 , 196 ;

and the Porte, 40 ;

and Yusuf Franko, 64

French mandate regime (1920-1943), 1 , 3 , 101 , 140 , 175 -80, 180 -83, 188 , 192

Fuad Pasha (Ottoman statesman), 30 , 31 , 36 , 37 , 40 , 194 , 253 n.7

G

Gaza, 211 n.41

Geertz, Clifford, 190

Gellner, Ernst, 191

Gendarmerie. See Security force

Germany, 23 , 25 , 27 -28, 31 , 41 , 73 , 129

Gharb, 7

Ghusn, Niqula (councillor), 238 n.77, 257 n.55, 258 n.62

Gouraud, General Henri, 177 -78, 179 -80

Gramsci, Antonio, 192

"Greater Lebanon," aspirations for, 101 , 129 , 175 , 178 , 180 , 188

Greek Catholic (Uniate Melchite) community, 11 -12, 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 136 , 176 , 177 , 194 , 198 , 252 n.36;

Administrative Council representatives of, 82 -83, 89 , 236 n.63, 257 n.55

Greek Orthodox Church, 9 , 12 , 246 n.7

Greek Orthodox community, 12 , 13 , 27 , 30 , 40 , 160 , 249 n.1, 252 n.36;

Administrative Council representatives of, 82 -83, 96 , 236 n.63, 237 n.65, 257 n.55;

and judgeships, 136 , 246 n.7

H

Hajj, Patriarch Yuhanna (1890-1898), 92 , 166 -70, 254 n.21

al-Hajjar, Husain (councillor), 257 n.55, 258 n.62

al-Hakim, Yusuf, 249 n.1, 252 n.44

Halil Rifat Pasha, Grand Vizier, 62 -63

Hamdi Pasha, Ahmed (governor of Damascus), 44 -46, 88 , 141 , 217 nn. 38, 44, 251 n.24

Hauran, 14 , 20 , 24 , 154 , 221 nn. 74, 76

Himada family, 14

Historiography of Lebanon, 2 -3, 181 , 182 , 183 , 206 n.5

Hubaish, Patriarch Ilias (1823-1845), 21

Hubaish, Yusuf (councillor), 71

Hubaish family, 13

Huwayyik, Patriarch Ilias, 70 , 166 , 170 -74, 176 , 178 , 180 , 183 , 228 n.41

Huwayyik, Sa'adallah (councillor), 70 , 99 , 181 , 183 , 236 n.63, 238 n.72, 257 n.55

I

Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, Grand Vizier, 76 , 98

Ibrahim Pasha (commander of Egyptian forces), 22 -25

Ihdin, 37 , 38

'Imad family, 14 , 19 , 238 n.76

Ismail Hakki Bey, governor (1916-1918). See Isma'il Haqqi

Isma'il Haqqi, 112 , 199 , 259 n.6

Istafan, Bishop Yusuf, 20

Istanbul (city), 13 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 59 , 67 , 69 -75 passim, 80 , 92 , 94 , 95 , 112 , 119 , 121 , 138 , 139 , 143 , 144 , 153 , 154 , 156 , 157 , 164 , 166 , 167 , 171 , 194 -203 passim

Italy, 38 , 71 ;

and the Ottoman-Italian war of 1911-12, 79 , 122

J

Jabal 'Amil, 6

Jazzin (district), 11 , 37 , 82 , 83 , 86 , 89 , 100 , 105 , 106 , 134 , 181 , 232 n.14, 236 n.63, 238 n.76, 257 n.55

Jerusalem, 12 , 31 , 43

Jubail, 9 , 53 , 220 nn. 69, 70, 244 n.79

Judiciary:

and Administrative Council as forum for investigations on judges and officials, 68 , 92 , 94 -95, 142 -45;

and Central Court, 136 -140, 247 n.17;

and clergy, 52 , 141 -42, 155 ;

and Commercial Court of Beirut, 79 , 132 -33;

confessionalist basis of, 83 , 133 -37 passim, 141 , 246 n.7;

and court fees, 120 ;

and courts of first instance (district courts), 133 -35, 246 n.7; 247 n.21;

and governors, 44 , 52 , 58 , 141 -46, 155 , 249 n.45;

and High Court of Appeal in Istanbul, 138 -39, 142 , 237 n.66;

and justices of the peace (village sheikhs), 83 , 133 , 145 ;

objections to reorganization of, 56 , 135 , 139 -40;

and standardization of court procedure, 138 -39, 184 ;

and trial of councillors, 75 -76, 94 -100, 235 n.56, 237 n.66

Junblat, 'Ali, 15

Junblat, Mahmud (councillor), 236 n.63, 238 n.76, 257 n.55, 258 n.62

Junblat, Nasib, 54 , 221 n.76, 224 n.82

Junblat, Sheikh Bashir, 18 -21

Junblat family, 14 -16, 19 , 69 -70, 153 , 154 , 156 -57, 159 , 160 , 223 n.80, 252 n.41;

and Arlans, 69 , 70 , 154 , 160 ;

versus the Yazbaki faction, 16 , 19

Junia, 7 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 75 , 79 , 124 , 241 n.25, 244 n.79

K

Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier, 49

Kan'an, Sulaiman (councillor), 181 -82, 257 nn. 55 60, 258 n.61

Karam, As'ad, 222 n.77, 223 n.80

Karam, Butrus, 222 n.77, 223 n.80

Karam, Yusuf, 37 -38, 84 , 215 n.17

Kazim, 'Ali, 96

Kharrub, 7 , 12

Khazin, Patriarch Yusuf (1845-1854), 164

Khazin, Philip, 55 , 222 n.79

Khazin, Rashid, 70 , 159

Khazin family, 13 , 15 -16, 29 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 92 , 152 , 157 , 160 , 163 -64, 170 , 252 n.41

al-Khuri, Bishara, 234 n.47, 241 n.24

Kisrawan (district), 10 , 11 , 13 , 25 , 29 , 70 , 71 , 82 , 83 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 96 , 98 , 105 , 106 , 134 , 142 , 148 , 155 , 163 , 164 , 170 , 172 , 236 nn. 62, 63, 246 n.7, 250 n.4, 257 n.55

Kupelyan Efendi, 54 , 196 , 249 n.1

Kura (district), 7 , 12 , 83 , 86 , 96 , 105 , 106 , 108 , 135 , 165 , 235 n.50, 238 n.77, 252 n.36, 257 n.55

Kusa, Fethi Franko, 195 , 198

Kusa, Franko Nasri. See Franko Pasha

Kusa, Nasri Franko, 195 , 196 , 197

Kusa, Yusuf Franko. See Yusuf Franko Pasha

Kusa family, 194 ;

and anti-Kusa faction, 64 , 68 , 69 , 72 , 93 , 94 , 159 -60;

and pro-Kusa faction, 64 , 72 , 95 , 159

Kuyumcuyan, Bedros, 196 , 197 , 199

Kuyumcuyan, Ohannes. See Ohannes Pasha

L

Latakia, 31 , 168

Law enforcement agency. See Security force

Lebanese National Pact (1943), 183 , 188 , 189

Lebanon, Republic of, 1 -5, 81 , 140 , 183 , 188 -90, 236 n.56, 255 n.32

Lebanonism. See under "Liberal" movement in Mount Lebanon; Maronite Church and clergy

"Liberal" movement in Mount Lebanon, 63 -64, 68 -71, 73 -75, 93 -94, 96 -100, 128 , 159 -60, 170 -74, 182 ;

and Lebanonism, 172 -73, 181 -83, 187 -88

M

Mahmud II, Sultan (1808-1838), 22 -23

Mahmud Sevket Pasha, Grand Vizier, 126 , 244 n.76

Ma'n, Husain, 13

Ma'n family, 11 , 13 .

See also Amirate regime; Ma'n, Amir Fakhr al-Din

Maronite Church and clergy:

archives of, 2 , 205 n.2;

and governors, 37 , 43 -47, 50 -52, 59 , 63 , 69 -71, 87 , 90 , 92 -93, 141 -42, 152 -53, 155 , 164 -73 passim, 228 n.41, 253 n.8;

and judgeships, 141 -42, 153 , 155 , 222 n.77;

and Khazins, 15 -16, 29 , 70 , 92 , 149 , 152 , 164 ;

Lebanonism of, 172 , 176 -77, 181 , 183 , 191 , 192 ;

organization of, 9 , 25 ;

political influence of, 20 -30, 49 , 51 -53, 74 , 87 , 90 -91, 97 , 107 , 114 , 153 , 157 , 164 , 170 -71, 173 ;

rivalries within, 50 , 166 , 168 , 170 ;

and the Vatican, 9 , 51 , 166 -68, 170 ;

wealth of, 15 , 21 , 26 , 49 , 51 , 87 , 186 .

See also Dibs, Bishop Yusuf; Hajj, Patriarch Yuhanna; Hubaish, Patriarch Ilias; Huwayyik, Patriarch Ilias; Khazin, Patriarch Yusuf; Mas'ad, Patriarch Bulus. See also under France; Ottoman government

Maronite community, 9 -12, 19 , 30 , 47 , 50 -52, 111 , 114 , 148 , 153 , 157 , 160 , 191 , 245 n.4;

Administrative Council representatives of, 58 , 71 , 82 -100 passim, 236 n.63, 244 n.80, 257 n.55;

and judgeships, 134 -35, 136 , 137 , 142 , 246 n.7;

secular leadership of, 13 , 15 -16, 21 , 29 , 46 , 64 , 70 -71, 149 , 152 -53, 170 , 172 -73;

tension and fighting with Druze, 21 -22, 24 , 27 -30, 42 , 46 , 110 , 153 -54.

See also Khazin family; Maronite Church and clergy

Mas'ad, Patriarch Bulus (1854-1890), 152 , 164 -66, 171 , 253 n.8, 255 n.32

Matn (district), 10 , 11 , 16 , 25 , 82 , 83 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 105 , 106 , 134 , 148 , 155 , 228 n.46, 236 n.63, 239 n.9, 257 n.55

Mehmed Ali Pasha (governor of Egypt), 20 , 22 , 23 , 102

Mehmed Rasid Pasha (governor of Damascus), 39 -40

Melhame Pasha, Selim, 197 , 238 n.78, 251 n.33

Missionaries, 12 , 23 , 51 , 52 , 180 , 186

Monopolies, 59 , 60 , 65 , 75 , 118 -19

Mount Lebanon:

geography of, 6 -9, 15 , 17 -18, 23 -24, 25 , 26 -27, 52 , 64 , 126 -27, 147 , 184 ;

name of, 6 , 30 -31;

population of, 105 -6 (Tables 1 -2), 185

Muaissara, 107 -8, 240 n.11

Muhmalât revenue. See under Taxation

Muhsin, Muhammad (councillor), 96 , 98 , 99 , 236 n.63, 257 n.55

Mukhtara, 20 , 21 , 153

Mümtaz Bey, Governor (1918), 199

Muqâta'ajis ("tax-farmers"), 15 -17, 19 -21, 26 -27, 29 , 115 , 149 , 154 -56;

debate on, 209 n.21, 212 n.50, 250 n.9;

definition of, 14 -15, 26 ;

and the Maronite patriarch, 163 -64.

See also Junblat family; Khazin family; Shihab, Amir Bashir; Shihab family

Mutasarrifiyya (Governorate) of Mount Lebanon:

boundaries of, 31 , 32 (Map 2), 39 , 40 , 64 , 68 , 108 , 128 ;

establishment of, 1 , 6 , 31 -33, 36 -38, 82 , 102 , 108 , 186 ;

in Lebanese history, 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 140 , 144 , 183 , 188 -92, 236 n.56

Muzaffer Pasha, Governor (1902-1907), 64 -71, 140 , 143 , 172 , 249 n.45;

and Administrative Council and elections, 68 , 71 , 93 -94, 144 ;

career of, 197 -98,

finances under, 114 , 116 ;

and harbors question, 65 -67;

and judiciary, 143 -44, 249 n.45;

and "liberals," 68 -71, 160 , 170 , 255 n.26;

and Maronite clergy, 69 -71, 228 n.41;

and monopolies, 65 , 119 ;

and the Porte, 64 -65, 67 , 228 n.42;

projects of, 69 ;

and roads, 68 , 227 n.37

Muzairib, 113 , 119

N

Nabi Yunus, 79

Nablus, 31

Najm, Bishop Yusuf, 170

Nation-state building, 1 , 3 -4, 191 -92, 206 n.5;

in Lebanon, 25 , 78 , 147 , 157 , 158 , 161 -62, 172 -75, 183 , 184 -92 passim, 259 n.6

Naum Pasha (Tütüncü), Governor (1892-1902), 59 -64, 68 , 159 , 225 n.15;

and Administrative Council, 60 , 64 , 92 , 234 nn. 44, 45;

and Arslan, Mustafa, 59 , 159 , 224 n.5;

and Beirut (city), 60 -61;

career of, 196 -97;

complaints against, 63 -64;

and contraband trade, 60 ;

and Franko, 59 , 92 , 196 ;

judiciary under, 139 -40, 142 -43;

and Lebanese emigration, 61 -63;

and Maronite clergy, 59 , 63 , 93 , 170 , 171 -72;

and monopolies, 65 , 118 -19;

and Ottoman laws, 59 -60;

and roads, 63

1908 Revolution, 72 -74, 94 , 96 , 121 , 160

Notables, 14 -17, 26 , 86 -87, 93 , 115 , 147 , 149 , 152 -57, 161 , 209 n.19, 252 n.45;

and land disputes and peasant unrest, 19 -21, 25 -27, 29 , 87 , 152 -53, 222 n.77, 251 n.33.

See also Arslan, Mustafa; Arslan family; Junblat family; Khazin family; Muqâta'ajis ; Shihab family

O

Ohannes Pasha (Kuyumcuyan), Governor (1912-1915), 79 -81, 244 n.76;

and Administrative Council, 80 , 100 -101, 128 , 239 n.79, 244 n.80;

career of, 199 ;

finances under, 121 -23, 127 -28;

and Maronite patriarch, 173 ;

and monopolies, 118 ;

and the mutiny, 123 -26;

resignation of, 81 , 174

Orontes valley, 9

Ottoman documents on Lebanon, 1 , 2 , 3 , 36 , 188 -89, 200 -204

Ottoman government (the Porte):

and the amirate, 11 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 163 ;

and confessionalism, 185 ;

controversy over the financial obligations of, 84 -86, 103 , 109 -12, 119 , 122 -23, 127 , 143 , 186 ;

and the dual-districts, 25 -30;

and efforts to reconcile Lebanese, 36 , 41 , 45 , 57 , 63 , 71 , 77 , 92 , 114 , 117 , 130 , 152 -54, 189 ;

and France, 40 -50 passim, 59 , 63 , 73 , 77 , 78 , 90 , 108 , 117 , 130 , 158 , 167 ;

governors of Mount Lebanon within the system of, 31 , 35 , 39 -40, 49 -50, 59 , 67 , 80 , 155 , 193 -99 passim;

and Lebanese appeals to, 44 , 53 -54, 56 , 58 , 63 -64, 91 -99 passim, 120 , 138 , 139 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 153 , 154 , 157 , 217 n.44, 255 n.33;

and Maronite bishops, 165 -66, 169 -70;

and Maronite patriarchs, 163 -64, 166 -68;

and Mehmet Ali, 20 , 22 -24;

military intervention of, 11 , 24 , 30 , 37 -38, 42 , 67 , 80 , 84 , 125 ;

military rule of (1915-1918), 80 -81, 129 , 140 , 173 -74, 187 , 255 n.86;

policy objectives of, 34 -36, 38 , 40 , 43 , 48 , 49 -50, 57 , 63 , 76 -78, 81 , 116 -17, 123 , 144 , 156 , 189 ;

political traditions of, 35 -36, 39 , 61 , 72 , 77 , 80 -81, 144 , 209 n.19;

prestige and legacy of, 55 , 59 , 77 -78, 145 , 188 -89;

problems of, 41 -42, 52 , 71 , 72 -73, 77 , 79 , 110 , 122 , 123 ;

and the Règlement , 38 , 58 , 88 , 132 , 135 , 139 , 140 , 143 , 144 , 148 ;

sovereignty rights of, 31 , 36 , 39 -40, 41 , 55 , 56 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 87 , 120 -21, 125 -26, 135 , 144 -45, 155 , 171 , 187 .

See also Davud Pasha; Emigration and travelers; Franko Pasha; Muzaffer Pasha; Yusuf Franko Pasha

Ottoman laws and regulations, 51 , 59 -60, 61 , 65 , 69 , 80 , 109 , 115 -16, 137 -38, 142 , 145 , 166 -67, 169 , 171 .

See also Ottoman trade agreements and capitulations

Ottoman Public Debt Administration, 42 , 59 , 65 , 75 , 79 -80, 112 , 118 , 230 n.58, 244 n.79

Ottoman trade agreements and capitulations, 23 , 29 -30, 78 -79, 97 , 99 -100, 184

P

Palestine, 11 , 18 , 120

Paris, 43 , 164 , 171 , 175 , 176 , 178 , 180 , 197

Paris Peace Conference (1919), Lebanese representation in, 175 -80

Pasha, definition of, 211 n.41, 252 n.33

Patrimonio, Salvator (French consul-general), 44 , 45 -46, 47 -48

Peasant unrest. See under Notables

Petiteville, Vicomte de (French consul-general), 48 -49

Piavi, Monsignor (Apostolic legate), 166 -68

Population counts, 61 , 104 , 105 (Table 1), 106 (Table 2), 121 -22, 148 , 186

Porte. See Sublime Porte

Protocols to the Règlement , 78 , 94 , 140 , 143 , 144 , 181 , 193 , 230 n.66, 260 n.1;

in 1861, 31 , 103 , 194 ;

in 1864, 33 , 37 , 103 , 194 ;

in 1868, 40 , 195 ;

in 1873, 41 , 194 ;

in 1883, 45 , 196 ;

in 1892, 58 , 92 , 139 , 142 -43, 197 ;

in 1897, 63 , 139 -40, 143 , 197 ;

in 1902, 64 , 140 , 143 , 198 ;

in 1907, 71 , 140 , 198 ;

in 1912, 79 , 99 -100, 121 -22, 123 , 128 , 140 , 160 -61, 186 , 199 , 238 n.76

Prussia. See Germany

Public education and schools, 51 , 52 , 55 , 110 , 186 , 223 n.81, 256 n.36

R

Règlement (organic statute of Mount Lebanon), 31 -33, 34 , 36 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 51 , 58 , 77 , 79 , 102 , 118 , 157 , 159 , 184 , 190 , 259 n.14;

on Administrative Council, 82 -84, 86 , 88 , 92 , 94 , 103 , 123 , 130 ;

on administrative divisions, 148 ;

on the governor, 31 , 141 , 193 ;

on judicial organization, 44 , 132 -46 passim, 245 n.1;

on muqâta'ajis , 149 , 155 , 250 n.9;

on taxation, 37 , 83 -86, 103 -4, 111 -12, 117 , 123 , 126 , 130 .

See also Protocols to the Règlement

Resid Bey (Muzaffer's son), 198 , 228 n.42

Resid Pasha (governor of Beirut), 65 -67, 227 n.29, 228 n.41

Roman Catholic Church. See Vatican

Rome, 164 , 168 , 171 , 195 , 199

Russia, 22 -23, 27 -28, 31 , 63 , 71 , 97 ;

and Russo-Ottoman War of 1877, 42 -43, 197

Rüstem Pasha, Governor (1873-1883), 41 -45, 49 -50, 63 , 155 , 260 n.1;

and Administrative Council and elections, 85 -88, 233 n.23;

career of, 195 ;

and Druze notables, 44 , 87 , 154 -55;

finances under, 84 -85, 110 -11;

and France, 41 , 43 -45, 47 , 49 ;

judiciary under, 44 , 134 , 137 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 217 n.38;

and Maronite clergy, 43 -45, 47 , 87 , 90 , 165 , 169 , 171 ;

and public security, 42 -43

S

Sa'ad, Habib, 68 , 71 , 80 , 94 , 99 , 100 , 124 , 125 , 157 , 223 n.80, 234 n.47, 237 n.65, 255 n.34, 257 n.55, 258 n.62

Sabra, Muhammad (councillor), 236 n.63

Said Pasha (Ottoman statesman), 49

Saida (city) (Sidon), 7 , 12 , 18 , 23 , 180

Saida (province), 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 27 , 31 , 200

Security force, 36 , 37 , 60 , 69 , 110 , 111 , 130 , 147 , 149 , 169 , 177 , 184 , 185 , 243 n.69, 258 n.2;

attempts at reform of, 69 , 121 -22;

local leaders' negligence of, 124 -25, 129 , 154 , 185 ;

mutiny of, 121 , 123 -29, 185

Sekib Efendi (Ottoman foreign minister), 28

Shidyaq, Yusuf, 55 , 222 n.79

Shihab, Amir Bashir, 18 -22, 24 -25

Shihab family, 13 -14, 15 -17, 19 ,

25 -26, 156 , 157 , 160 , 252 n.41.

See also Amirate regime

Shiite community, 10 , 11 , 21 , 30 , 136 , 148 , 252 n.36;

Administrative Council representatives of, 82 -83, 96 , 98 , 236 n.63, 257 n.55

Shuairi, Ilias (councillor), 96 , 98 , 234 n.39, 236 n.63, 237 n.65, 257 n.55

Shuf (district), 10 , 43 , 44 , 53 -54, 59 , 69 , 70 , 83 , 89 , 100 , 105 , 106 , 135 , 142 , 148 , 153 -56, 221 n.76, 224 n.5, 236 n.63, 238 n.76, 257 n.55

Spagnolo, John P., 43 , 46 , 53 , 75 , 205 n.4

Sublime Porte (Bâb-i 'Âli ), definition of, 31 , 33 , 213 n.62. See Ottoman government

Süleyman Pasha (governor of Akka), 18 , 19 , 21

Sunni community, 10 , 12 , 30 , 136 , 187 ;

Administrative Council representatives of, 82 -83, 236 n.63, 257 n.55

Syria (region), 7 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 29 , 59 , 154 , 182 , 194 , 210 n.31;

definition of, 207 n.3;

Egyptian rule in, 22 -24;

French ambitions over, 43 -47, 49 -50, 59 ;

French-Arab struggle over, 175 -81;

importance of, for Ottomans, 49 -50, 76 -77

T

Talat Pasha (Ottoman statesman), 74

Tali', Tawfiq, 123 -24

Tamar, Jirji (councillor), 96 , 238 n.77

Tanzîmât (Ottoman reforms), 24 , 30 , 39 , 77 , 193

Taxation:

before the mutasarrifiyya , 14 -15, 19 -20, 26 -28, 102 , 108 , 111 , 112 ;

burden of, 61 , 113 , 126 -27, 131 ;

court fees, 120 ;

military service tax, 104 ;

muhmalât revenue, 86 , 91 , 112 -21, 122 -23, 126 , 128 , 130 ;

passport and travel fees, 120 -21;

property tax, 104 , 107 -8;

under the Règlement and protocols, 37 , 83 -86, 103 -4, 111 -12, 117 , 123 , 126 , 130 ;

uneven distribution of the burden of, 107 , 122 , 129 , 186 .

See also Fiscal administration

Transportation and roads:

development of, 23 -24, 60 , 63 , 68 , 113 -14, 119 , 220 n.69;

difficulties encountered in the development of, 7 , 18 , 52 -53, 114 , 227 n.37;

financing of, 44 , 86 , 110 , 113 -15;

and integration of Mount Lebanon, 147

Tripoli (city), 7 , 10 , 12 , 18 , 31 , 108 , 165 , 180 , 211 n.41, 220 n.69, 223 n.80, 227 n.37

Tripoli (province), 14 , 17 , 163

Tuani, Iskandar, 63 , 159 , 160

Turkey, 188

Tütüncü, Naum. See Naum Pasha

Tyre, 180

U

Union and Progress Party, 68 , 72 -74, 80 , 126 , 129 , 229 n.51

V

Vasa Pasha, Governor (1883-1892), 45 -57, 58 , 61 , 67 -68, 99 , 202 , 218 n.50, 221 n.75, 224 n.84, 249 n.1;

and Administrative Council and elections, 52 , 53 -54, 85 -91, 117 ;

career of, 195 -96;

and France, 45 -46, 48 -50, 59 , 90 , 219 n.60;

judiciary reorganization under, 134 -35, 137 -40, 141 -42, 246 n.7;

machinations of, 53 -54, 89 , 142 ;

and Maronite clergy, 47 , 50 -53, 91 , 141 -42,

Vasa Pasha, Governor (continued )

155 , 165 -69, 171 ;

and notables, 155 -56;

objectives of, 48 ;

opponents of, 53 -59, 156 , 221 nn. 74, 76, 223 nn. 80-82;

and the press, 47 -48, 55 , 222 n.79;

and roads, 52 -53, 114 ;

supporters of, 51 -52, 55 , 63 , 64 , 90 -93, 223 n.80;

and taxation, 107 , 111 , 112 , 114 , 116 -17, 120

Vatican (Roman Catholic Church), 9 , 12 , 51 , 166 -68, 170 -71

W

Wadi al-Taim, 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 30

World War I, effects of, in Mount Lebanon, 73 , 80 -81, 101 , 115 , 129 , 161 , 173 -75, 184 , 185 , 187 , 199 , 229 n.51

Y

Yamin, Bishop Yuwakhim, 222 n.77

Yazbaki faction, versus the Junblati faction, 16 , 19

Yusuf Franko Pasha (Kusa), Governor (1907-1912), 64 , 71 -76, 79 , 93 , 160 , 195 ;

and Administrative Council, 72 , 74 , 75 , 94 -99, 101 , 144 , 234 n.44, 235 n.56;

career of, 198 ;

effect of 1908 Revolution on, 73 -74;

and judiciary, 144 ;

the Porte's warnings to, 75 -76, 98 , 144 ;

and taxation, 117

Z

al-Zahir, Kan'an, 68 , 70 , 89 , 223 n.80, 228 n.46, 234 n.39, 237 n.65

Zahir al-'Umar, 18

Zahla, 7 , 12 , 23 , 28 , 83 , 89 , 105 , 106 , 135 , 231 n.3, 232 nn. 12, 14, 236 n.63, 252 n.36, 257 n.55

Zamir, Meir, 176

Zuain, Jirjus (councillor), 68 , 71 , 96 , 98 , 99 , 237 n.66

Zughbi, Bishop Yusuf, 165 , 253 n.11

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